View of the Kelch-Repeat Domain and the Kelch-Repeat Protein Superfamily
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Multi-Ancestry Genome-Wide Gene-Sleep Interactions Identify Novel
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.29.123505; this version posted May 31, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-sleep interactions identify novel loci for blood pressure Heming Wang1,2,*, Raymond Noordam3,* , Brian E Cade1,2,*, Karen Schwander4,*, Thomas W Winkler5,*, Jiwon Lee1,*, Yun Ju Sung4,*, Amy R. Bentley6,*, Alisa K Manning2,7, Hugues Aschard8,9, Tuomas O Kilpeläinen10,11, Marjan Ilkov12, Michael R Brown13, Andrea R Horimoto14, Melissa Richard15, Traci M Bartz16, Dina Vojinovic17,18, Elise Lim19, Jovia L Nierenberg20, Yongmei Liu21, Kumaraswamynaidu Chitrala22, Tuomo Rankinen23, Solomon K Musani24, Nora Franceschini25, Rainer Rauramaa26, Maris Alver27,28, Phyllis Zee29, Sarah E Harris30, Peter J van der Most31, Ilja M Nolte31, Patricia B Munroe32,33, Nicholette D Palmer34, Brigitte Kühnel35,36, Stefan Weiss37,38, Wanqing Wen39, Kelly A Hall40, Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen41,42, Jeff O'Connell43,44, Gudny Eiriksdottir12, Lenore J Launer22, Paul S de Vries13, Dan E Arking45, Han Chen13,46, Eric Boerwinkle13,47, Jose E Krieger14, Pamela J Schreiner48, Stephen S Sidney49, James M Shikany50, Kenneth Rice51, Yii-Der Ida Chen52, Sina A Gharib53, Joshua C Bis54, Annemarie I Luik17, M Arfan Ikram17,55, André G Uitterlinden17, Najaf Amin17, Hanfei Xu19, Daniel Levy19,56, Jiang He20, Kurt -
An Update on Jacalin-Like Lectins and Their Role in Plant Defense
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review An Update on Jacalin-Like Lectins and Their Role in Plant Defense Lara Esch and Ulrich Schaffrath * ID Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-241-8020100 Received: 30 June 2017; Accepted: 20 July 2017; Published: 22 July 2017 Abstract: Plant lectins are proteins that reversibly bind carbohydrates and are assumed to play an important role in plant development and resistance. Through the binding of carbohydrate ligands, lectins are involved in the perception of environmental signals and their translation into phenotypical responses. These processes require down-stream signaling cascades, often mediated by interacting proteins. Fusing the respective genes of two interacting proteins can be a way to increase the efficiency of this process. Most recently, proteins containing jacalin-related lectin (JRL) domains became a subject of plant resistance responses research. A meta-data analysis of fusion proteins containing JRL domains across different kingdoms revealed diverse partner domains ranging from kinases to toxins. Among them, proteins containing a JRL domain and a dirigent domain occur exclusively within monocotyledonous plants and show an unexpected high range of family member expansion compared to other JRL-fusion proteins. Rice, wheat, and barley plants overexpressing OsJAC1, a member of this family, are resistant against important fungal pathogens. We discuss the possibility that JRL domains also function as a decoy in fusion proteins and help to alert plants of the presence of attacking pathogens. Keywords: fusion protein; JRL domain; plant resistance; dirigent protein; decoy; chimeric protein 1. -
Non-Cellulosomal Cohesin- and Dockerin-Like Modules in the Three Domains of Life Ayelet Peera, Steven P
1 Non-cellulosomal Cohesin- and Dockerin-like Modules in the Three Domains of Life Ayelet Peera, Steven P. Smithb, Edward A. Bayerc,*, Raphael Lameda and Ilya Borovoka aDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978 Israel bDepartment of Biochemistry, Queen’s University Kingston Ontario Canada K7L 3N6 cDepartment of Biological Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel *Corresponding author: Edward A. Bayer Tel: (+972) -8-934-2373 Fax: (+972)-8-946-8256 Email: [email protected] Supplementary Table S1. Compendium of cohesins and dockerins in the three domains of life. In order to discover new putative cohesin/dockerin-containing proteins, we used sequences of all the classical cohesin and dockerin modules from C. thermocellum, C. cellulovorans, C. cellulolyticum, B. cellulosolvens and Acetivibrio cellulolyticus as well as cohesins and dockerins recently discovered in rumen bacteria, Ruminococcus albus and R. flavefaciens as BlastP queries for the main NCBI Blast server against all non- redundant protein sequences deposited in GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ databases. We also performed extensive searches using the TblastN algorithm through all publicly available microbial genome databases including those attached to the NCBI BLAST server for bacterial genomes (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/genom_table.cgi?), as well as several additional microbial genome databases – Microbial Genomics at the DOE Joint Genome Institute (http://genome.jgi-psf.org/mic_home.html), the Rumenomics database at TIGR/JCVI (http://tigrblast.tigr.org/rumenomics/index.cgi) and Bacterial Genomes at the Sanger Centre (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/Microbes/). Once a putative cohesin or dockerin-encoding gene product was identified, gene-walking techniques were employed to analyze and locate possible cellulosome-like gene clusters. -
Supplementary Table S4. FGA Co-Expressed Gene List in LUAD
Supplementary Table S4. FGA co-expressed gene list in LUAD tumors Symbol R Locus Description FGG 0.919 4q28 fibrinogen gamma chain FGL1 0.635 8p22 fibrinogen-like 1 SLC7A2 0.536 8p22 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 2 DUSP4 0.521 8p12-p11 dual specificity phosphatase 4 HAL 0.51 12q22-q24.1histidine ammonia-lyase PDE4D 0.499 5q12 phosphodiesterase 4D, cAMP-specific FURIN 0.497 15q26.1 furin (paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme) CPS1 0.49 2q35 carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1, mitochondrial TESC 0.478 12q24.22 tescalcin INHA 0.465 2q35 inhibin, alpha S100P 0.461 4p16 S100 calcium binding protein P VPS37A 0.447 8p22 vacuolar protein sorting 37 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) SLC16A14 0.447 2q36.3 solute carrier family 16, member 14 PPARGC1A 0.443 4p15.1 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha SIK1 0.435 21q22.3 salt-inducible kinase 1 IRS2 0.434 13q34 insulin receptor substrate 2 RND1 0.433 12q12 Rho family GTPase 1 HGD 0.433 3q13.33 homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase PTP4A1 0.432 6q12 protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA, member 1 C8orf4 0.428 8p11.2 chromosome 8 open reading frame 4 DDC 0.427 7p12.2 dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) TACC2 0.427 10q26 transforming, acidic coiled-coil containing protein 2 MUC13 0.422 3q21.2 mucin 13, cell surface associated C5 0.412 9q33-q34 complement component 5 NR4A2 0.412 2q22-q23 nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2 EYS 0.411 6q12 eyes shut homolog (Drosophila) GPX2 0.406 14q24.1 glutathione peroxidase -
Structural and Functional Analysis of Muskelin and Other Kelch-Repeat Proteins
structural and Functional Analysis of Muskelin by Soren Prag Hansen A Thesis submitted to the University College London for the degree of PhD September 2003 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University College London Gower Street London UK ProQuest Number: U643396 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U643396 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract Muskelin is an intracellular, kelch-repeat protein that is functionally involved in cell spreading on thrombospondin-1. The aim of this thesis project was to investigate the role of muskelin domains in the subcellular distribution and the regulation of the protein using cellular, biochemical, and bioinformatic approaches. Using bioinformatics to compare muskelin orthologues from Mus musculus, Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus, Danio rerio, Drosophila meianogaster, and Anopheles gambiae, highly conserved regions within muskelin were identified, with the combination of a discoidin domain, a LisH motif, a C-terminal to LisH motif, and six kelch repeats. A further bioinformatic analysis of the kelch repeat proteins in whole genomes from Homo sapiens, Drosophila meianogaster, and Anopheles gambiae, demonstrated that muskelin has a unique molecular architecture amongst the large family of kelch repeat proteins. -
Characterization of the Long Terminal Repeat of the Endogenous
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Characterization of the Long Terminal Repeat of the Endogenous Retrovirus-derived microRNAs in Received: 31 May 2018 Accepted: 12 September 2019 the Olive Flounder Published: xx xx xxxx Hee-Eun Lee1,2, Ara Jo1,2, Jennifer Im1,2, Hee-Jae Cha 3, Woo-Jin Kim4, Hyun Hee Kim5,6, Dong-Soo Kim7, Won Kim8, Tae-Jin Yang 9 & Heui-Soo Kim2,10 Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) have been identifed at diferent copy numbers in various organisms. The long terminal repeat (LTR) element of an ERV has the capacity to exert regulatory infuence as both a promoter and enhancer of cellular genes. Here, we describe olive founder (OF)-ERV9, derived from chromosome 9 of the olive founder. OF-ERV9-LTR provide binding sites for various transcription factors and showed enhancer activity. The OF-ERV9-LTR demonstrates high sequence similarity with the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of various genes that also contain seed sequences (TGTTTTG) that bind the LTR-derived microRNA(miRNA), OF-miRNA-307. Additionally, OF-miRNA-307 collaborates with transcription factors located in OF-ERV9-LTR to regulate gene expression. Taken together, our data facilitates a greater understanding of the molecular function of OF-ERV families and suggests that OF- miRNA-307 may act as a super-enhancer miRNA regulating gene activity. Paralichthys olivaceus, known as olive founder (OF) is an economically important marine fatfsh which is exten- sively cultured in Korea, China and Japan. Due to their high economic value, there are several selective breed- ing programs in place, such as those involving sex manipulation, owing to diferences in growth speed and size between male and female olive founders1–3. -
Supplementary Data Genbank Or OSE Vs RO NIA Accession Gene Name Symbol FC B-Value H3073C09 11.38 5.62 H3126B09 9.64 6.44 H3073B0
Supplementary Data GenBank or OSE vs RO NIA accession Gene name Symbol FC B-value H3073C09 11.38 5.62 H3126B09 9.64 6.44 H3073B08 9.62 5.59 AU022767 Exportin 4 Xpo4 9.62 6.64 H3073B09 9.59 6.48 BG063925 Metallothionein 2 Mt2 9.23 18.89 H3064B07 9.21 6.10 H3073D08 8.28 6.10 AU021923 Jagged 1 Jag1 7.89 5.93 H3070D08 7.54 4.58 BG085110 Cysteine-rich protein 1 (intestinal) Crip1 6.23 16.40 BG063004 Lectin, galactose binding, soluble 1 Lgals1 5.95 10.36 BG069712 5.92 2.34 BG076976 Transcribed locus, strongly similar to NP_032521.1 lectin, galactose binding, soluble 1 5.64 8.36 BG062930 DNA segment, Chr 11, Wayne State University 99, expressed D11Wsu99e 5.63 8.76 BG086474 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 Igfbp5 5.50 15.95 H3002d11 5.13 20.77 BG064706 Keratin complex 1, acidic, gene 19 Krt1-19 5.06 9.07 H3007A09 5.05 2.46 H3065F02 4.84 5.43 BG081752 4.81 1.25 H3010E09 4.71 11.90 H3064c11 4.43 1.00 BG069711 Transmembrane 4 superfamily member 9 Tm4sf9 4.29 1.23 BG077072 Actin, beta, cytoplasmic Actb 4.29 3.01 BG079788 Hemoglobin alpha, adult chain 1 Hba-a1 4.26 6.63 BG076798 4.23 0.80 BG074344 Mesothelin Msln 4.22 6.97 C78835 Actin, beta, cytoplasmic Actb 4.16 3.02 BG067531 4.15 1.61 BG073468 Hemoglobin alpha, adult chain 1 Hba-a1 4.10 6.23 H3154H07 4.08 5.38 AW550167 3.95 5.66 H3121B01 3.94 5.94 H3124f12 3.94 5.64 BG073608 Hemoglobin alpha, adult chain 1 Hba-a1 3.84 5.32 BG073617 Hemoglobin alpha, adult chain 1 Hba-a1 3.84 5.75 BG072574 Hemoglobin alpha, adult chain 1 Hba-a1 3.82 5.93 BG072211 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, -
Molecular Signatures Differentiate Immune States in Type 1 Diabetes Families
Page 1 of 65 Diabetes Molecular signatures differentiate immune states in Type 1 diabetes families Yi-Guang Chen1, Susanne M. Cabrera1, Shuang Jia1, Mary L. Kaldunski1, Joanna Kramer1, Sami Cheong2, Rhonda Geoffrey1, Mark F. Roethle1, Jeffrey E. Woodliff3, Carla J. Greenbaum4, Xujing Wang5, and Martin J. Hessner1 1The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, and Department of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. 2The Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA. 3Flow Cytometry & Cell Separation Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. 4Diabetes Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA. 5Systems Biology Center, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20824, USA. Corresponding author: Martin J. Hessner, Ph.D., The Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA Tel: 011-1-414-955-4496; Fax: 011-1-414-955-6663; E-mail: [email protected]. Running title: Innate Inflammation in T1D Families Word count: 3999 Number of Tables: 1 Number of Figures: 7 1 For Peer Review Only Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online April 23, 2014 Diabetes Page 2 of 65 ABSTRACT Mechanisms associated with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) development remain incompletely defined. Employing a sensitive array-based bioassay where patient plasma is used to induce transcriptional responses in healthy leukocytes, we previously reported disease-specific, partially IL-1 dependent, signatures associated with pre and recent onset (RO) T1D relative to unrelated healthy controls (uHC). -
MKLN1 Splicing Defect in Dogs with Lethal Acrodermatitis
RESEARCH ARTICLE MKLN1 splicing defect in dogs with lethal acrodermatitis Anina Bauer1,2, Vidhya Jagannathan1,2, Sandra HoÈ gler3, Barbara Richter3, Neil A. McEwan4, Anne Thomas5, Edouard Cadieu6, Catherine AndreÂ6, Marjo K. HytoÈ nen7,8,9, Hannes Lohi7,8,9, Monika M. Welle2,10, Petra Roosje2,11, Cathryn Mellersh12, Margret L. Casal13, Tosso Leeb1,2* 1 Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2 DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 3 Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 4 Department of Small Animal Clinical a1111111111 Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, United Kingdom, 5 Antagene, a1111111111 Animal Genetics Laboratory, La Tour de Salvagny, France, 6 Institut de GeÂneÂtique et DeÂveloppement de a1111111111 Rennes (IGDR), CNRS-UMR6290, Universite Rennes1, Rennes, France, 7 Department of Veterinary a1111111111 Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 8 Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, a1111111111 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 9 FolkhaÈlsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 10 Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 11 Division of Clinical Dermatology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern,Bern, Switzerland, 12 Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom, 13 Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, OPEN ACCESS United States of America Citation: Bauer A, Jagannathan V, HoÈgler S, * [email protected] Richter B, McEwan NA, Thomas A, et al. (2018) MKLN1 splicing defect in dogs with lethal acrodermatitis. -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,989,232 B2 Burgess Et Al
USOO6989232B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,989,232 B2 Burgess et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jan. 24, 2006 (54) PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS Adams et al, Nature 377 (Suppl), 3 (1995).* ENCODING SAME Nakayama et al, Genomics 51(1), 27(1998).* Mahairas et al. Accession No. B45150 (Oct. 21, 1997).* (75) Inventors: Catherine E. Burgess, Wethersfield, Wallace et al, Methods Enzymol. 152: 432 (1987).* CT (US); Pamela B. Conley, Palo Alto, GenBank Accession No.: CAB01233 (Jun. 20, 2001). CA (US); William M. Grosse, SWALL (SPTR) Accession No.: Q9N4G7 (Oct. 1, 2000). Branford, CT (US); Matthew Hart, San GenBank Accession No.: Z77666 (Jun. 20, 2001). Francisco, CA (US); Ramesh Kekuda, GenBank Accession No. XM 038002 (Oct. 16, 2001). Stamford, CT (US); Richard A. GenBank Accession No. XM 039746 (Oct. 16, 2001). Shimkets, West Haven, CT (US); GenBank Accession No.: AAF51854 (Oct. 4, 2000). Kimberly A. Spytek, New Haven, CT GenBank Accession No.: AAF52569 (Oct. 4, 2000). (US); Edward Szekeres, Jr., Branford, GenBank Accession No.: AAF53188 (Oct. 4, 2000). CT (US); James E. Tomlinson, GenBank Accession No.: AAF55 108 (Oct. 5, 2000). Burlingame, CA (US); James N. GenBank Accession No.: AAF58048 (Oct. 4, 2000). Topper, Los Altos, CA (US); Ruey-Bin GenBank Accession No.: AAF59281 (Oct. 4, 2000). Yang, San Mateo, CA (US) GenBank Accession No.: AE003598 (Oct. 4, 2000). GenBank Accession No.: AE003619 (Oct. 4, 2000). (73) Assignees: Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., GenBank Accession No.: AE003636 (Oct. 4, 2000). Cambridge, MA (US); Curagen GenBank Accession No.: AE003706 (Oct. 5, 2000). Corporation, New Haven, CT (US) GenBank Accession No.: AE003808 (Oct. -
Supplementary Tables S1-S3
Supplementary Table S1: Real time RT-PCR primers COX-2 Forward 5’- CCACTTCAAGGGAGTCTGGA -3’ Reverse 5’- AAGGGCCCTGGTGTAGTAGG -3’ Wnt5a Forward 5’- TGAATAACCCTGTTCAGATGTCA -3’ Reverse 5’- TGTACTGCATGTGGTCCTGA -3’ Spp1 Forward 5'- GACCCATCTCAGAAGCAGAA -3' Reverse 5'- TTCGTCAGATTCATCCGAGT -3' CUGBP2 Forward 5’- ATGCAACAGCTCAACACTGC -3’ Reverse 5’- CAGCGTTGCCAGATTCTGTA -3’ Supplementary Table S2: Genes synergistically regulated by oncogenic Ras and TGF-β AU-rich probe_id Gene Name Gene Symbol element Fold change RasV12 + TGF-β RasV12 TGF-β 1368519_at serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade E, member 1 Serpine1 ARE 42.22 5.53 75.28 1373000_at sushi-repeat-containing protein, X-linked 2 (predicted) Srpx2 19.24 25.59 73.63 1383486_at Transcribed locus --- ARE 5.93 27.94 52.85 1367581_a_at secreted phosphoprotein 1 Spp1 2.46 19.28 49.76 1368359_a_at VGF nerve growth factor inducible Vgf 3.11 4.61 48.10 1392618_at Transcribed locus --- ARE 3.48 24.30 45.76 1398302_at prolactin-like protein F Prlpf ARE 1.39 3.29 45.23 1392264_s_at serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade E, member 1 Serpine1 ARE 24.92 3.67 40.09 1391022_at laminin, beta 3 Lamb3 2.13 3.31 38.15 1384605_at Transcribed locus --- 2.94 14.57 37.91 1367973_at chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 Ccl2 ARE 5.47 17.28 37.90 1369249_at progressive ankylosis homolog (mouse) Ank ARE 3.12 8.33 33.58 1398479_at ryanodine receptor 3 Ryr3 ARE 1.42 9.28 29.65 1371194_at tumor necrosis factor alpha induced protein 6 Tnfaip6 ARE 2.95 7.90 29.24 1386344_at Progressive ankylosis homolog (mouse) -
Comparative Sequence Analysis of the South African Vaccine Strain and Two Virulent field Isolates of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus
Arch Virol (2003) 148: 1335–1356 DOI 10.1007/s00705-003-0102-0 Comparative sequence analysis of the South African vaccine strain and two virulent field isolates of Lumpy skin disease virus P. D. Kara1, C. L. Afonso2, D. B. Wallace1, G. F. Kutish2, C. Abolnik1, Z. Lu2, F. T. Vreede3, L. C. F. Taljaard1, A. Zsak2, G. J. Viljoen1, and D. L. Rock2 1Biotechnology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa 2Plum Island Animal Disease Centre, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, U.S.A. 3IGBMC, Illkirch, France Received November 25, 2002; accepted February 17, 2003 Published online May 5, 2003 c Springer-Verlag 2003 Summary.The genomic sequences of 3 strains of Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) (Neethling type) were compared to determine molecular differences, viz. the South African vaccine strain (LW), a virulent field-strain from a recent outbreak in South Africa (LD), and the virulent Kenyan 2490 strain (LK). A comparison between the virulent field isolates indicates that in 29 of the 156 putative genes, only 38 encoded amino acid differences were found, mostly in the variable terminal regions. When the attenuated vaccine strain (LW) was compared with field isolate LD, a total of 438 amino acid substitutions were observed. These were also mainly in the terminal regions, but with notably more frameshifts leading to truncated ORFs as well as deletions and insertions. These modified ORFs encode proteins involved in the regulation of host immune responses, gene expression, DNA repair, host-range specificity and proteins with unassigned functions. We suggest that these differences could lead to restricted immuno-evasive mechanisms and virulence factors present in attenuated LSDV strains.