The Planck Length and the Constancy of the Speed of Light in Five Dimensional Spacetime Parametrized with Two Time Coordinates
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Planck Mass Rotons As Cold Dark Matter and Quintessence* F
Planck Mass Rotons as Cold Dark Matter and Quintessence* F. Winterberg Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, USA Reprint requests to Prof. F. W.; Fax: (775) 784-1398 Z. Naturforsch. 57a, 202–204 (2002); received January 3, 2002 According to the Planck aether hypothesis, the vacuum of space is a superfluid made up of Planck mass particles, with the particles of the standard model explained as quasiparticle – excitations of this superfluid. Astrophysical data suggests that ≈70% of the vacuum energy, called quintessence, is a neg- ative pressure medium, with ≈26% cold dark matter and the remaining ≈4% baryonic matter and radi- ation. This division in parts is about the same as for rotons in superfluid helium, in terms of the Debye energy with a ≈70% energy gap and ≈25% kinetic energy. Having the structure of small vortices, the rotons act like a caviton fluid with a negative pressure. Replacing the Debye energy with the Planck en- ergy, it is conjectured that cold dark matter and quintessence are Planck mass rotons with an energy be- low the Planck energy. Key words: Analog Models of General Relativity. 1. Introduction The analogies between Yang Mills theories and vor- tex dynamics [3], and the analogies between general With greatly improved observational techniques a relativity and condensed matter physics [4 –10] sug- number of important facts about the physical content gest that string theory should perhaps be replaced by and large scale structure of our universe have emerged. some kind of vortex dynamics at the Planck scale. The They are: successful replacement of the bosonic string theory in 1. -
Dark Energy and Dark Matter in a Superfluid Universe Abstract
Dark Energy and Dark Matter in a Superfluid Universe1 Kerson Huang Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA , USA 02139 and Institute of Advanced Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639673 Abstract The vacuum is filled with complex scalar fields, such as the Higgs field. These fields serve as order parameters for superfluidity (quantum phase coherence over macroscopic distances), making the entire universe a superfluid. We review a mathematical model consisting of two aspects: (a) emergence of the superfluid during the big bang; (b) observable manifestations of superfluidity in the present universe. The creation aspect requires a self‐interacting scalar field that is asymptotically free, i.e., the interaction must grow from zero during the big bang, and this singles out the Halpern‐Huang potential, which has exponential behavior for large fields. It leads to an equivalent cosmological constant that decays like a power law, and this gives dark energy without "fine‐tuning". Quantum turbulence (chaotic vorticity) in the early universe was able to create all the matter in the universe, fulfilling the inflation scenario. In the present universe, the superfluid can be phenomenologically described by a nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equation. It predicts halos around galaxies with higher superfluid density, which is perceived as dark matter through gravitational lensing. In short, dark energy is the energy density of the cosmic superfluid, and dark matter arises from local fluctuations of the superfluid density 1 Invited talk at the Conference in Honor of 90th Birthday of Freeman Dyson, Institute of Advanced Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 26‐29 August, 2013. 1 1. Overview Physics in the twentieth century was dominated by the theory of general relativity on the one hand, and quantum theory on the other. -
Quantum Vacuum Energy Density and Unifying Perspectives Between Gravity and Quantum Behaviour of Matter
Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, Volume 42, numéro 2, 2017 251 Quantum vacuum energy density and unifying perspectives between gravity and quantum behaviour of matter Davide Fiscalettia, Amrit Sorlib aSpaceLife Institute, S. Lorenzo in Campo (PU), Italy corresponding author, email: [email protected] bSpaceLife Institute, S. Lorenzo in Campo (PU), Italy Foundations of Physics Institute, Idrija, Slovenia email: [email protected] ABSTRACT. A model of a three-dimensional quantum vacuum based on Planck energy density as a universal property of a granular space is suggested. This model introduces the possibility to interpret gravity and the quantum behaviour of matter as two different aspects of the same origin. The change of the quantum vacuum energy density can be considered as the fundamental medium which determines a bridge between gravity and the quantum behaviour, leading to new interest- ing perspectives about the problem of unifying gravity with quantum theory. PACS numbers: 04. ; 04.20-q ; 04.50.Kd ; 04.60.-m. Key words: general relativity, three-dimensional space, quantum vac- uum energy density, quantum mechanics, generalized Klein-Gordon equation for the quantum vacuum energy density, generalized Dirac equation for the quantum vacuum energy density. 1 Introduction The standard interpretation of phenomena in gravitational fields is in terms of a fundamentally curved space-time. However, this approach leads to well known problems if one aims to find a unifying picture which takes into account some basic aspects of the quantum theory. For this reason, several authors advocated different ways in order to treat gravitational interaction, in which the space-time manifold can be considered as an emergence of the deepest processes situated at the fundamental level of quantum gravity. -
Arxiv:Hep-Ph/9912247V1 6 Dec 1999 MGNTV COSMOLOGY IMAGINATIVE Abstract
IMAGINATIVE COSMOLOGY ROBERT H. BRANDENBERGER Physics Department, Brown University Providence, RI, 02912, USA AND JOAO˜ MAGUEIJO Theoretical Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, UK Abstract. We review1 a few off-the-beaten-track ideas in cosmology. They solve a variety of fundamental problems; also they are fun. We start with a description of non-singular dilaton cosmology. In these scenarios gravity is modified so that the Universe does not have a singular birth. We then present a variety of ideas mixing string theory and cosmology. These solve the cosmological problems usually solved by inflation, and furthermore shed light upon the issue of the number of dimensions of our Universe. We finally review several aspects of the varying speed of light theory. We show how the horizon, flatness, and cosmological constant problems may be solved in this scenario. We finally present a possible experimental test for a realization of this theory: a test in which the Supernovae results are to be combined with recent evidence for redshift dependence in the fine structure constant. arXiv:hep-ph/9912247v1 6 Dec 1999 1. Introduction In spite of their unprecedented success at providing causal theories for the origin of structure, our current models of the very early Universe, in partic- ular models of inflation and cosmic defect theories, leave several important issues unresolved and face crucial problems (see [1] for a more detailed dis- cussion). The purpose of this chapter is to present some imaginative and 1Brown preprint BROWN-HET-1198, invited lectures at the International School on Cosmology, Kish Island, Iran, Jan. -
Chapter 5 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity
Chapter 5 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Motivation. In this chapter we discuss the planning, presentation, and interpretation of experimental data. We shall try to convince you that such data are best presented in dimensionless form. Experiments which might result in tables of output, or even mul- tiple volumes of tables, might be reduced to a single set of curves—or even a single curve—when suitably nondimensionalized. The technique for doing this is dimensional analysis. Chapter 3 presented gross control-volume balances of mass, momentum, and en- ergy which led to estimates of global parameters: mass flow, force, torque, total heat transfer. Chapter 4 presented infinitesimal balances which led to the basic partial dif- ferential equations of fluid flow and some particular solutions. These two chapters cov- ered analytical techniques, which are limited to fairly simple geometries and well- defined boundary conditions. Probably one-third of fluid-flow problems can be attacked in this analytical or theoretical manner. The other two-thirds of all fluid problems are too complex, both geometrically and physically, to be solved analytically. They must be tested by experiment. Their behav- ior is reported as experimental data. Such data are much more useful if they are ex- pressed in compact, economic form. Graphs are especially useful, since tabulated data cannot be absorbed, nor can the trends and rates of change be observed, by most en- gineering eyes. These are the motivations for dimensional analysis. The technique is traditional in fluid mechanics and is useful in all engineering and physical sciences, with notable uses also seen in the biological and social sciences. -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. -
How Are Units of Measurement Related to One Another?
UNIT 1 Measurement How are Units of Measurement Related to One Another? I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind... Lord Kelvin (1824-1907), developer of the absolute scale of temperature measurement Engage: Is Your Locker Big Enough for Your Lunch and Your Galoshes? A. Construct a list of ten units of measurement. Explain the numeric relationship among any three of the ten units you have listed. Before Studying this Unit After Studying this Unit Unit 1 Page 1 Copyright © 2012 Montana Partners This project was largely funded by an ESEA, Title II Part B Mathematics and Science Partnership grant through the Montana Office of Public Instruction. High School Chemistry: An Inquiry Approach 1. Use the measuring instrument provided to you by your teacher to measure your locker (or other rectangular three-dimensional object, if assigned) in meters. Table 1: Locker Measurements Measurement (in meters) Uncertainty in Measurement (in meters) Width Height Depth (optional) Area of Locker Door or Volume of Locker Show Your Work! Pool class data as instructed by your teacher. Table 2: Class Data Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Width Height Depth Area of Locker Door or Volume of Locker Unit 1 Page 2 Copyright © 2012 Montana Partners This project was largely funded by an ESEA, Title II Part B Mathematics and Science Partnership grant through the Montana Office of Public Instruction. -
A Different Derivation of the Calogero Conjecture
1 A Different Derivation of the Calogero Conjecture Ioannis Iraklis Haranas Physics and Astronomy Department York University 314 A Petrie Science Building Toronto – Ontario CANADA E mail: [email protected] Abstract: In a study by F. Calogero [1] entitled “ Cosmic origin of quantization” an expression was derived for the variability of h with time, and its consequences if any, of such an idea in cosmology were examined. In this paper we will offer a different derivation of the Calogero conjecture based on a postulate concerning a variable speed of light, [2] in conjuction with Weinberg’s relationship for the mass of an elementary particle. Introduction: Recently, Calogero studied and reconsidered the “ universal background noise which according to Nelsons’s stohastic mechanics [3,4,5] is the basis for the quantum behaviour. The position that Calogero took was that there might be a physical origin for this noise. He immediately pointed his attention to the gravitational interactions with the distant masses in the universe. Therefore, he argued for the case that Planck’s constant can be given by the following expression: 1/ 2 h ≈α G1/ 2m3/ 2[]R(t) (1) where α is a numerical constant = 1, G is the Newtonian gravitational constant, m is the mass of the hydrogen atom which is considered as the basic mass unit in the universe, and finally R(t) represents the radius of the universe or alternatively: “part of the universe which is accessible to gravitational interactions at time t.” [6]. We can obtain a rough estimate of the value of h if we just take into account that R(t) is the radius of the -28 universe evaluated at the present time t0 ie. -
Table of Contents (Print)
PERIODICALS PHYSICAL REVIEW D Postmaster send address changes to: For editorial and subscription correspondence, American Institute of Physics please see inside front cover Suite 1NO1 „ISSN: 0556-2821… 2 Huntington Quadrangle Melville, NY 11747-4502 THIRD SERIES, VOLUME 66, NUMBER 4 CONTENTS 15 AUGUST 2002 RAPID COMMUNICATIONS Density of cold dark matter (5 pages) ................................................... 041301͑R͒ Alessandro Melchiorri and Joseph Silk Shape of a small universe: Signatures in the cosmic microwave background (4 pages) . 041302͑R͒ R. Bowen and P. G. Ferreira Nonlinear r-modes in neutron stars: Instability of an unstable mode (5 pages) . 041303͑R͒ Philip Gressman, Lap-Ming Lin, Wai-Mo Suen, N. Stergioulas, and John L. Friedman Convergence and stability in numerical relativity (4 pages) . 041501͑R͒ Gioel Calabrese, Jorge Pullin, Olivier Sarbach, and Manuel Tiglio Stabilizing textures with magnetic ®elds (5 pages) . 041701͑R͒ R. S. Ward Friction in in¯aton equations of motion (5 pages) . 041702͑R͒ Ian D. Lawrie Singularity threshold of the nonlinear sigma model using 3D adaptive mesh re®nement (5 pages) . 041703͑R͒ Steven L. Liebling ARTICLES Neutrino damping rate at ®nite temperature and density (11 pages) . 043001 Eduardo S. Tututi, Manuel Torres, and Juan Carlos D'Olivo Numerical and analytical predictions for the large-scale Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (13 pages) . 043002 Alexandre Refregier and Romain Teyssier In¯ation, cold dark matter, and the central density problem (12 pages) . 043003 Andrew R. Zentner and James S. Bullock Size of the smallest scales in cosmic string networks (4 pages) . 043501 Xavier Siemens, Ken D. Olum, and Alexander Vilenkin Semiclassical force for electroweak baryogenesis: Three-dimensional derivation (9 pages) . -
Variable Planck's Constant
Variable Planck’s Constant: Treated As A Dynamical Field And Path Integral Rand Dannenberg Ventura College, Physics and Astronomy Department, Ventura CA [email protected] [email protected] January 28, 2021 Abstract. The constant ħ is elevated to a dynamical field, coupling to other fields, and itself, through the Lagrangian density derivative terms. The spatial and temporal dependence of ħ falls directly out of the field equations themselves. Three solutions are found: a free field with a tadpole term; a standing-wave non-propagating mode; a non-oscillating non-propagating mode. The first two could be quantized. The third corresponds to a zero-momentum classical field that naturally decays spatially to a constant with no ad-hoc terms added to the Lagrangian. An attempt is made to calibrate the constants in the third solution based on experimental data. The three fields are referred to as actons. It is tentatively concluded that the acton origin coincides with a massive body, or point of infinite density, though is not mass dependent. An expression for the positional dependence of Planck’s constant is derived from a field theory in this work that matches in functional form that of one derived from considerations of Local Position Invariance violation in GR in another paper by this author. Astrophysical and Cosmological interpretations are provided. A derivation is shown for how the integrand in the path integral exponent becomes Lc/ħ(r), where Lc is the classical action. The path that makes stationary the integral in the exponent is termed the “dominant” path, and deviates from the classical path systematically due to the position dependence of ħ. -
Variable Planck's Constant
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 29 January 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0612.v1 Variable Planck’s Constant: Treated As A Dynamical Field And Path Integral Rand Dannenberg Ventura College, Physics and Astronomy Department, Ventura CA [email protected] Abstract. The constant ħ is elevated to a dynamical field, coupling to other fields, and itself, through the Lagrangian density derivative terms. The spatial and temporal dependence of ħ falls directly out of the field equations themselves. Three solutions are found: a free field with a tadpole term; a standing-wave non-propagating mode; a non-oscillating non-propagating mode. The first two could be quantized. The third corresponds to a zero-momentum classical field that naturally decays spatially to a constant with no ad-hoc terms added to the Lagrangian. An attempt is made to calibrate the constants in the third solution based on experimental data. The three fields are referred to as actons. It is tentatively concluded that the acton origin coincides with a massive body, or point of infinite density, though is not mass dependent. An expression for the positional dependence of Planck’s constant is derived from a field theory in this work that matches in functional form that of one derived from considerations of Local Position Invariance violation in GR in another paper by this author. Astrophysical and Cosmological interpretations are provided. A derivation is shown for how the integrand in the path integral exponent becomes Lc/ħ(r), where Lc is the classical action. The path that makes stationary the integral in the exponent is termed the “dominant” path, and deviates from the classical path systematically due to the position dependence of ħ. -
Quick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments
E4329 Quick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments Coordinate Measuring Machines Vision Measuring Systems Form Measurement Optical Measuring Sensor Systems Test Equipment and Seismometers Digital Scale and DRO Systems Small Tool Instruments and Data Management Quick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments Quick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments 2 CONTENTS Meaning of Symbols 4 Conformance to CE Marking 5 Micrometers 6 Micrometer Heads 10 Internal Micrometers 14 Calipers 16 Height Gages 18 Dial Indicators/Dial Test Indicators 20 Gauge Blocks 24 Laser Scan Micrometers and Laser Indicators 26 Linear Gages 28 Linear Scales 30 Profile Projectors 32 Microscopes 34 Vision Measuring Machines 36 Surftest (Surface Roughness Testers) 38 Contracer (Contour Measuring Instruments) 40 Roundtest (Roundness Measuring Instruments) 42 Hardness Testing Machines 44 Vibration Measuring Instruments 46 Seismic Observation Equipment 48 Coordinate Measuring Machines 50 3 Quick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments Quick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments Meaning of Symbols ABSOLUTE Linear Encoder Mitutoyo's technology has realized the absolute position method (absolute method). With this method, you do not have to reset the system to zero after turning it off and then turning it on. The position information recorded on the scale is read every time. The following three types of absolute encoders are available: electrostatic capacitance model, electromagnetic induction model and model combining the electrostatic capacitance and optical methods. These encoders are widely used in a variety of measuring instruments as the length measuring system that can generate highly reliable measurement data. Advantages: 1. No count error occurs even if you move the slider or spindle extremely rapidly. 2. You do not have to reset the system to zero when turning on the system after turning it off*1.