DOCSLIB.ORG

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Effects of Tropical Citrus Peel Extracts to Improve the Shelf Life of Raw Chicken Drumettes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antibacterial and Antioxidant Effects of Tropical Citrus Peel Extracts to Improve the Shelf Life of Raw Chicken Drumettes International Food Research Journal 23(2): 700-707 (2016) Journal homepage: http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my Antibacterial and antioxidant effects of tropical citrus peel extracts to improve the shelf life of raw chicken drumettes 1,2*Klangpetch, W., 1Phromsurin, K, 1Hannarong, K, 1,2 Wichaphon, J. and 1,2Rungchang, S. 1Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand 2Centre of Excellence in Fats and Oils, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand Article history Abstract Received: 13 April 2015 The antibacterial and antioxidant effects of different tropical citrus peel extracts (Kaffir lime, Received in revised form: Lime and Pomelo) obtained from ethanol and ethyl acetate extraction in raw chicken drumettes 20 July 2015 during storage at 4°C were studied. All citrus peels showed antibacterial activities against Accepted: 29 July 2015 pathogenic bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration ranged from 0.4 to 50.0 mg/ml. The ethyl acetate-extracted Kaffir lime peel Keywords (KEa) indicated the highest antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents. The total viable counts, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values of KEa-treated chicken Citrus wing samples were lower than those of control samples while the sensory properties maintained Antimicrobial agents significantly (p<0.05) higher values during 14 days of storage. These results suggested that Antioxidant activity the tropical citrus peel extracts, especially Kaffir lime, are very effective against microbial Shelf life growth, lipid oxidation and has potential as a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant for shelf life Poultry extension of chicken drumettes. © All Rights Reserved Introduction also as spices and seasonings such as oranges, mandarins, lime, kaffir lime, lemons and grape Consumer demand for minimally processed fruits (Chanthaphon et al., 2008). Therefore, in foods preserved with natural ingredients has daily life and in processing line using citrus fruit as increased, whereas the safety aspect of chemical the major raw materials such as beverage, canning additives has been questioned. Many plant extracts and minimally processing, citrus peels remain, for containing phenolic compounds have recently the major part, unutilized and disposed as wastes. gained a great popularity and scientific interest. The Since it is well known that the extracts from citrus phenolic compounds presenting in the extracts have peels are rich source of antioxidant and antimicrobial been recognized as the bioactive components for the against various microorganisms, another way to antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The extracts, valorize these byproducts could be their application especially from many herbal plants were exhibited in food. The peels are an interesting source of antimicrobial activity against many pathogenic phenolic compounds which include phenolic acids microorganisms (Melendez and Capriles, 2006). and flavonoids (flavanones, flavones, flavonols, Most plant phenolic compounds are classified as anthocyanins and coumarins) and monoterpene Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) substances, hydrocarbons, exhibiting antimicrobial activity in therefore they could be good candidates to improve several studies (Cushnie and Lamb, 2005). There are the shelf life and the safety of certain food by many studies focus on the bioactivities of essential preventing growth of many food-borne and food oils from citrus peels. For instance, Kaffir lime and spoilage microorganisms and the oxidation in foods. Lime exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus Citrus fruits, which are native to the tropical and cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi, subtropical regions of Asia, belong to six genera both in the form of liquid and vapour (Chaisawadi et (Fortunella, Eremocitrus, Clymendia, Poncirus, al., 2003), in model systems and fruit product (Fisher, Microcitrus and Citrus). The major commercial et al, 2009). However, the ethyl acetate extracts of fruits belong to the genus Citrus, including several the citrus peels exhibited more effect against food- important fruits serving as fruits themselves and borne bacteria compared to the essential oil obtained *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Tel/Fax: +66 55 96 2742 701 Klangpetch et al./IFRJ 23(2): 700-707 from hydrodistillation (Chanthaphon et al., 2008). butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and trichloroacetic Minimally processed chicken products are acid (TCA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich gaining high popularity worldwide over the last Chemicals, Germany. Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB), decade due to low production cost, high nutritional Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and Plate Count Agar (PCA) value and distinct flavor. However, controlling the were purchased from Himedia Laboratories, India. cross-contamination of microorganisms during slaughtering, processing, storage, handling, and Bacterial cultures preparation is a complex challenge (Mandrell and Bacillus cereus TISTR 687, Staphylococcus Wachtel, 1999). Quartered chicken products to obtain aureus TISTR 118, Escherichia coli TISTR chicken drumettes resulting in an increased surface 780, Salmonella Typhimurium TISTR 292 from to weight ratio, and the skin covering the wing Microbiological Resources Center of Thailand with rough surface may further enhance product Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, quality deterioration due to additional microbial were kept at -20 °C. The cultures were grown on TSA contamination, difficulty of microbial elimination and subcultured in TSB at 35 °C for 24 h before used. and high risk for lipid oxidation. Consequently, Each of the bacterial cell concentration was then seeking the technology to prolong the shelf life adjusted to obtain final concentration of 107 CFU/ml. and overall safety and quality of highly perishable chicken wing products represents a major concern Preparation of citrus peel extracts of the poultry processing industry. Edible coating The grinded citrus peels were extracted by containing approved antimicrobials and antioxidants soaking with ethanol and ethyl acetate in the ratio could be applied on carcass washing process. The of 1:4 with shaking at room temperature for 3 days. agents would gradually diffuse from the coating The extracts were filtered through Whatman No.4. material into skin irregularities. filter paper (Whatman, Kent, UK). The filtrates were The main goal of this research was the evaluation evaporated to dryness by rotary-vacuum evaporator of the bioactivity of the extracts of various tropical (Buchi RTE-221, Flawil, Switzerland) and weighed citrus cultivars available in Thailand obtained by to determine the yields. ethanol and ethyl acetate, 2 kinds of solvents with different in polarity index and water solubility, Analysis of citrus peel extracts towards the antioxidant activity and the inhibition of pathogenic bacteria regarding Gram positives (S. Determination of total phenolic content (TPC) aureus and B. cereus) and Gram negatives (E. coli TPC of the extracts were measured according to and S. typhimurium). In the application part, the the Folin–Ciocalteu method of Singleton and Rossi bioactivity of the most effective citrus peel extract (1965) with slight modification. Briefly, 100 μL of in prolonging the shelf life of raw chicken drumettes the extract made into 5 mg/ml with methanol was was also investigated. mixed with Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (1:9 of Folin– Ciocalteu reagent :distilled water). The mixture was Materials and Methods added with 1.0 ml of sodium carbonate solution 15 % (w/v) and vigorously vortexed for 2 minutes. The Plant materials final volume was made up to 5.0 ml with methanol Fruits of three citrus cultivars of Kaffir lime and left in darkness at room temperature for 2 hours. (Citrus hystrix DC.), Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Then the absorbance of the mixture was recorded Swingle) and Pomelo (Citrus maxima Merr.) were at 750 nm using a spectrophotometer (Thermo obtained at the mature stage from local market around Scientific, Genesys, USA). Gallic acid was used as Phitsanulok province area during July to September, the standard for the calibration curve. The amount 2014. of total phenolic was calculated as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of sample. Chemicals and reagents Ethanol and ethyl acetate and dimethyl sulfoxide Determination of DPPH radical scavenging activity (DMSO) were obtained from Labscan, Poland. Free radical scavenging activity was determined Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was purchased from Loba by a DPPH radical scarvenging assay, according to Chemie, India. Tween 80, sodium carbonate and the modified method of Brand-Williams et al. (1995). peptone were purchased from Merck, Germany. Briefly, 100 μM of DPPH in methanol was prepared Gallic acid and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2 ml of this solution was added to 1 ml of 5 mg/ml (DPPH), chloramphenicol, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), of sample solution. The reaction mixture was shaken Klangpetch et al./IFRJ 23(2): 700-707 702 well and left in the darkness for 30 min at room Sukhothai province, Thailand. They were quartered temperature. The absorbance of the resulting solution within 1 h after slaughtering and after the meat had was recorded at 517 nm using a spectrophotometer. achieved 4°C after being stored in a chill chamber. Each sample was measured in triplicate and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reaction of Tangerines Genotypes to Elsinoe Fawcettiiunder
    Reaction of tangerines genotypes to Elsinoe fawcettii under natural infection conditions Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 11: 77-81, 2011 Brazilian Society of Plant Breeding. Printed in Brazil Reaction of tangerines genotypes to Elsinoe fawcettii under natural infection conditions Marcelo Claro de Souza1*, Eduardo Sanches Stuchi2 and Antonio de Goes3 Received 11 February 2010 Accepted 30 September 2010 ABSTRACT - A citrus scab disease, caused by Elsinoe fawcettii, is currently found in all citrus areas throughout Brazil. That being, given the importance of this casual agent, the behavior of tangerines and hybrids influenced by this pathogen was evaluated under natural infection conditions. This study was performed with plants around 15 years old without irrigation; 100 fruits of three plants were collected during harvest season, using a grade scale varying from 0 (absence of symptoms) to 6 (severe symptoms) the level of disease severity was determined. Among the cultivars, citrus scab resistance was observed in Citrus deliciosa, C. tangerina, C. nobilis; a mandarin hybrid (C. nobilis x C. deliciosa) and a satsuma hybrid (C. unshiu x C. sinensis). Among the other genotypes, symptoms were observed with levels of severity ranging from 1 to 3, indicating moderate resistance. Key words: Citrus scab, citrus crop, resistant varieties. INTRODUCTION In Brazil, E. fawcettii is responsible for citrus scab. The disease is widespread in many humid, citrus-cultivating In many citrus production areas around the world, areas around the world and decreases fruit values on the Elsinoe fawcettii is one of the main fungi diseases found. fresh-fruit market (Feichtenberger et al. 1986). In young It attacks a wide variety of citrus species and cultivars, plants or under severe infection, it may cause significant resulting in scab disease on leaves, twigs, and fruits (Timmer fruit drop.
    [Show full text]
  • Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid
    Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina Liberibacter citri Plant Name asiaticus Citrus Huanglongbing Psyllid Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.: bael, Bengal quince, golden apple, bela, milva X Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle: Chevalier’s aeglopsis X X Afraegle gabonensis (Swingle) Engl.: Gabon powder-flask X Afraegle paniculata (Schum.) Engl.: Nigerian powder- flask X Atalantia missionis (Wall. ex Wight) Oliv.: see Pamburus missionis X X Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr.: Indian atalantia X Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf: Uganda powder- flask X X Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle: Malay ghost-lime X Calodendrum capense Thunb.: Cape chestnut X × Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. Moore: citrange X Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman: Gillet’s cherry-orange X Citropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.) Swingle & Kellerm.: African cherry- orange X Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse: djerook leemo, djeruk-limau X Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle: lime, Key lime, Persian lime, lima, limón agrio, limón ceutí, lima mejicana, limero X X Citrus aurantium L.: sour orange, Seville orange, bigarde, marmalade orange, naranja agria, naranja amarga X Citrus depressa Hayata: shiikuwasha, shekwasha, sequasse X Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: see Citrus maxima X Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka: hassaku orange X Citrus hystrix DC.: Mauritius papeda, Kaffir lime X X Citrus ichangensis Swingle: Ichang papeda X Citrus jambhiri Lushington: rough lemon, jambhiri-orange, limón rugoso, rugoso X X Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka: xiang
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 1
    Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Lecture 32 Citrus Citrus: Citrus spp., Rutaceae Citrus are subtropical, evergreen plants originating in southeast Asia and the Malay archipelago but the precise origins are obscure. There are about 1600 species in the subfamily Aurantioideae. The tribe Citreae has 13 genera, most of which are graft and cross compatible with the genus Citrus. There are some tropical species (pomelo). All Citrus combined are the most important fruit crop next to grape. 1 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 The common features are a superior ovary on a raised disc, transparent (pellucid) dots on leaves, and the presence of aromatic oils in leaves and fruits. Citrus has increased in importance in the United States with the development of frozen concentrate which is much superior to canned citrus juice. Per-capita consumption in the US is extremely high. Citrus mitis (calamondin), a miniature orange, is widely grown as an ornamental house pot plant. History Citrus is first mentioned in Chinese literature in 2200 BCE. First citrus in Europe seems to have been the citron, a fruit which has religious significance in Jewish festivals. Mentioned in 310 BCE by Theophrastus. Lemons and limes and sour orange may have been mutations of the citron. The Romans grew sour orange and lemons in 50–100 CE; the first mention of sweet orange in Europe was made in 1400. Columbus brought citrus on his second voyage in 1493 and the first plantation started in Haiti. In 1565 the first citrus was brought to the US in Saint Augustine. 2 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Taxonomy Citrus classification based on morphology of mature fruit (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Production and Area of Pomelo in China (1990-2007)
    TThhee PPoommeellooIInndduussrrttyy iinn CChhiinnaa Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, China Yi Ganjun [email protected] 1800 2005 1580 1600 2006 2007 ) 1400 T 0 0 1200 0 1 × ( . 1000 n o i t 800 c u d 547 o r 600 P 390 430 400 245 290 175 176 178 182 200 0 Cuba Argentina India Turkey Israel Syrian Mexico South China USA Africa Country Fig.2 Top 10 of Pomelo Production(2005-2007) The top 10 pomelo production countries (2005-2007) Source: The data come from http://www.fao.org） 350 290. 9 ) 300 T 0 234 0 250 0 1 × 200 ( 154. 3 t r o 150 p x 100 67. 6 E 42. 6 39. 9 53. 5 50 17. 9 23. 7 19. 2 0 el ca d s a m A a a y a i n ru in iu S li in e r fr la p h g ra t rk Is o y C l U t n u -A e s e T S H C B u rg A A Country The top 10 pomelo export countries(2006) Source: The data come from http://www.fao.org） ) T 200 170. 9 0 0 123. 6 0 150 1 × 84. 3 ( 100 t 63. 9 r 47. 7 54. 4 50 56. 5 o 27. 5 29. 5 p 50 m I 0 a . y e a d d K d n ia n m c i n a . an a al pa iu n ss a n U l m tr a lg ra u l a o r s J e F R o C H e u B P G A Country The top 10 pomelo import countries (2006) Source: The data come from http://www.fao.org） China is the country of the largest acreage of pomelo production, and its output rank second in the world, just next to USA There is a very long history (more than 3000 years) of pomelo cultivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus from Seed?
    Which citrus fruits will come true to type Orogrande, Tomatera, Fina, Nour, Hernandina, Clementard.) from seed? Ellendale Tom McClendon writes in Hardy Citrus Encore for the South East: Fortune Fremont (50% monoembryonic) “Most common citrus such as oranges, Temple grapefruit, lemons and most mandarins Ugli Umatilla are polyembryonic and will come true to Wilking type. Because most citrus have this trait, Highly polyembryonic citrus types : will mostly hybridization can be very difficult to produce nucellar polyembryonic seeds that will grow true to type. achieve…. This unique characteristic Citrus × aurantiifolia Mexican lime (Key lime, West allows amateurs to grow citrus from seed, Indian lime) something you can’t do with, say, Citrus × insitorum (×Citroncirus webberii) Citranges, such as Rusk, Troyer etc. apples.” [12*] Citrus × jambhiri ‘Rough lemon’, ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Otaheite’ lime Monoembryonic (don’t come true) Citrus × limettioides Palestine lime (Indian sweet lime) Citrus × microcarpa ‘Calamondin’ Meyer Lemon Citrus × paradisi Grapefruit (Marsh, Star Ruby, Nagami Kumquat Redblush, Chironja, Smooth Flat Seville) Marumi Kumquat Citrus × sinensis Sweet oranges (Blonde, navel and Pummelos blood oranges) Temple Tangor Citrus amblycarpa 'Nasnaran' mandarin Clementine Mandarin Citrus depressa ‘Shekwasha’ mandarin Citrus karna ‘Karna’, ‘Khatta’ Poncirus Trifoliata Citrus kinokuni ‘Kishu mandarin’ Citrus lycopersicaeformis ‘Kokni’ or ‘Monkey mandarin’ Polyembryonic (come true) Citrus macrophylla ‘Alemow’ Most Oranges Citrus reshni ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin Changshou Kumquat Citrus sunki (Citrus reticulata var. austera) Sour mandarin Meiwa Kumquat (mostly polyembryonic) Citrus trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata) Trifoliate orange Most Satsumas and Tangerines The following mandarin varieties are polyembryonic: Most Lemons Dancy Most Limes Emperor Grapefruits Empress Tangelos Fairchild Kinnow Highly monoembryonic citrus types: Mediterranean (Avana, Tardivo di Ciaculli) Will produce zygotic monoembryonic seeds that will not Naartje come true to type.
    [Show full text]
  • (4 Colors) Pink Pomelo
    October 2020 Issue CELEBRATING FESTIVAL The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month each year. This year’s Mid-Autumn Festival is on Thursday, October 1, 2020. The Legend: The Mid-Autumn Festival is one of the most important traditional Chinese festivals. It has been celebrated for over 2,000 years. The moon on that night is believed to be fuller and brighter than any other month in the year. A full moon, in Chinese tradition, is a symbol of togetherness. As such, the Mid-Autumn Festival is a time for family reunions. The Festival is also a time to celebrate a good autumn harvest. The season is full of nutritious and delicious fruits. Fresh fruits & vegetables for the mid-autumn festival: - Asian Pears - Guava - Pomelos - Chestnuts - Mandarin Oranges - Purple Yams - Daikon / Lo Bok - Melons - Starfruits - Fuji Apples - Persimmons - Sweet Sop - Grapes - Pomegranates - Taro Roots (small / large) Pomelo Gift box (4 colors) Pomelo, the biggest fruit in the citrus family, has over 3,000 years of growing history and is mainly grown in Southeast Asian countries, such as China, Thailand, Vietnam, and Malaysia. There are different varieties of Pomelo, such as Golden Pomelo, Honey Pomelo, Shatin Pomelo, Pink Pomelo, and etc. Pomelos have a thick, soft rind and a long shelf life. They are sweet, tangy, and have juicy pulp. The colour of the pulp varies from pale yellow to pink, and red depending on the variety. The membranes of the segments are bitter and usually discarded, but they are sometimes used in Chinese cuisine.
    [Show full text]
  • Pomelo & Grapefruit Imports & Exports
    2000-2011 French grapefruit imports, 2000-2011 French pomelo-grapefruit exports Page 1 sur 2 NOVAGRIM Fresh Fruit Importer & Vegetable Supplier since 1999 NOVAGRIM HOMEPAGE ENGLISH FRANCAIS POMELO & GRAPEFRUIT ESPAÑOL IMPORTS & EXPORTS TÜRKCE Follow @NOVAGRIM_FRANCE STATISTICAL DATA FRENCH FRUIT IMPORTS Apple imports Apricot imports Avocado imports Cherry imports Clementine & Mandarin Fig imports Grapefruit & Pomelo European pomelo and grapefruit imports have risen by 25 per cent between 2001 and 2010.The EU countries imported 508 716 MT of grapefruits and pomelos Kiwi fruit imports in 2001. This import volume reached a total of 633 379 MT in 2010 and 580 015 MT in 2011. France is the second largest grapefruit importer among the EU-27 countries, Netherlands being the biggest importer. France and Netherlands imported 42 per cent of the total European Union grapefruit imports in 2010. While Lemon & Lime imports France imported 75 588 MT of grapefruits and pomelos in 2011 Netherlands imported 173 562 MT. Mango imports By the 1st of June 2012 ( January to June ) , France has already imported 34 888 MT of grapefuits and pomelos, mostly from Spain (12 151 MT), United States (8 612 MT), Israel (7 726 MT), Turkey (2 046 MT), China (1 369 MT) and South Africa (1 022 MT). Orange imports Peach & Nectarine imports France and Netherlands imported about 43 per cent of the total European Union grapefruit imports in 2012. While France imported 77 292 MT of grapefruits and pomelos in 2012 Netherlands imported 167 534 MT. The third largest grapefruit importer of 2012 has been Germany with a total of 55 567 MT of grapefruit imports.
    [Show full text]
  • Improvement of Subtropical Fruit Crops: Citrus
    IMPROVEMENT OF SUBTROPICAL FRUIT CROPS: CITRUS HAMILTON P. ÏRAUB, Senior Iloriiciilturist T. RALPH ROBCNSON, Senior Physiolo- gist Division of Frnil and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Tndusiry MORE than half of the 13 fruit crops known to have been cultivated longer than 4,000 years,according to the researches of DeCandolle (7)\ are tropical and subtropical fruits—mango, oliv^e, fig, date, banana, jujube, and pomegranate. The citrus fruits as a group, the lychee, and the persimmon have been cultivated for thousands of years in the Orient; the avocado and papaya were important food crops in the American Tropics and subtropics long before the discovery of the New World. Other types, such as the pineapple, granadilla, cherimoya, jaboticaba, etc., are of more recent introduction, and some of these have not received the attention of the plant breeder to any appreciable extent. Through the centuries preceding recorded history and up to recent times, progress in the improvement of most subtropical fruits was accomplished by the trial-error method, which is crude and usually expensive if measured by modern standards. With the general accept- ance of the Mendelian principles of heredity—unit characters, domi- nance, and segregation—early in the twentieth century a starting point was provided for the development of a truly modern science of genetics. In this article it is the purpose to consider how subtropical citrus fruit crops have been improved, are now being improved, or are likel3^ to be improved by scientific breeding. Each of the more important crops will be considered more or less in detail.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activities in Different Organs Of
    Online - 2455-3891 Vol 9, Suppl. 2, 2016 Print - 0974-2441 Research Article PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES IN DIFFERENT ORGANS OF POMELO (CITRUS MAXIMA [BURM.] MERR.) USING 2,2-DIPHENYL-1-PICRYLHYDRAZYL AND PHOSPHOMOLYBDENUM ASSAYS IRDA FIDRIANNY*, ELVIRA SARI, KOMAR RUSLAN Pharmaceutical Biology Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia. Email: irdafidrianny@gmail. com Received: 17 June 2016, Revised and Accepted: 11 July 2016 ABSTRACT Objectives: The aims of this research were to determine antioxidant activity from various organs extracts of pomelo using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and phosphomolybdenum assays, total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content, correlation of total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content in various extracts of chayote with their inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of DPPH antioxidant activities and exhibitory concentration 50% (EC50) of phosphomolybdenum capacity, and correlation between two antioxidant assays. Methods: Extraction was carried out by reflux using various polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays, determination of total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content were conducted by UV- visible spectrophotometry and its correlation with IC50 of DPPH and EC50 of phosphomolybdenum was analyzed by Pearson’s method. Results: The lowest IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity was shown by ethyl acetate cortex extract of pomelo (0.68 µg/ml), whereas the lowest EC50 of phosphomolybdenum capacity was given by ethyl acetate leaves extract of pomelo (101.36 µg/ml). Ethyl acetate cortex extract of pomelo had the highest total phenolic content and ethyl acetate leaves extract had the highest total flavonoid content (TFC).
    [Show full text]
  • Active Biodegradable Films Based on Sweet Lime Peel Residue and Its Effect on Quality of Fish Fillets
    polymers Article Active Biodegradable Films Based on Sweet Lime Peel Residue and Its Effect on Quality of Fish Fillets Yasir Arafat 1, Ammar Altemimi 2, Anubhav Pratap-Singh 3,* and Laxmikant S. Badwaik 1,* 1 Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Engineering, Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam 784028, India; [email protected] 2 Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq; [email protected] 3 Food, Nutrition & Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.P.-S.); [email protected] (L.S.B.) Abstract: Residual sweet lime peels after the extraction of essential oil by solvent free microwave extraction were used for developing biodegradable film. Glycerol as a plasticizer, soya lecithin as an emulsifier and sweet lime essential oil (0, 1, 2 and 3%) as an active agent was employed. Developed films were analyzed for their mechanical, barrier and antimicrobial properties. The films (with 3% essential oil) which reported highest antimicrobial property against E. coli (24.24 ± 2.69 mm) were wrapped on fish fillet and stored at the refrigerated condition for 12 days. The quality of fish fillets was evaluated every 4 days and compared with polyethylene wrapped and control fish fillets. The active film wrapped sample showed less surface microbial count (3.28 ± 0.16 log cfu/cm2) compared to polyethylene wrapped sample. The hardness values were increased during storage and cohesiveness and springiness of all wrapped samples decreased from day 0 to day 12.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview: Citrus Maxima ISSN 2230-480X JPHYTO 2015; 4(5): 263-267 September- October P
    The Journal of Phytopharmacology 2015; 4(5): 263-267 Online at: www.phytopharmajournal.com Research Article An overview: Citrus maxima ISSN 2230-480X JPHYTO 2015; 4(5): 263-267 September- October P. Vijaylakshmi*, R. Radha © 2015, All rights reserved ABSTRACT Plants have been used as traditional medicine for several thousands of years. Herbal medicine is still a mainstay of about 70-80% of the world’s population as they are easily available source for healthcare purposes P. Vijaylakshmi in rural and tribal areas. India being the largest producer of medicinal plants it is correctly known as “Botanical Department of Pharmacognosy, garden of the world”. The plant Citrus maxima (J. Burm.) Merr. is a widely distributed indigenous plants found College of Pharmacy, Madras in Indian subcontinent. Which is been widely used. The present study was aimed to review the ethanobotanical Medical College, Chennai-600003, properties, pharmacognostic, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Citrus maxima. The various Tamilnadu, India parts of this plant are widely used by different tribal communities. The leaves of plant are used in Epilepsy, chorea, Convulsive cough and also in the treatment of hemorrhage disease. Oil from fresh leaves posses anti R. Radha dermatophytic activity and Fungicidal activity. Flower are Used as sedative in nervous affection. Fruits acts as Department of Pharmacognosy, cardiotonic and are used in Leprosy, Asthma, Cough, hiccough, mental aberration, Epilepsy. Rind are College of Pharmacy, Madras Antiasthmatic, sedative in nervous affection, Brain tonic and Useful in vomiting, griping of abdomen, diarrhea, Medical College, Chennai-600003, Headache and eye troubles. Root and Bark: Antimicrobial activity. Following various claims for cure of Tamilnadu, India numerous diseases, efforts have been made by researchers to verify the efficacy of the plant through scientific biological screening.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Content of the Pulp and Peel of Various Citrus Fruit Cultivars
    Biological Trace Element Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01727-1 Mineral Content of the Pulp and Peel of Various Citrus Fruit Cultivars Anna Czech1 & Ewa Zarycka2 & Dmytro Yanovych2 & Zvenyslava Zasadna2 & Izabela Grzegorczyk1 & Sylwia Kłys1 Received: 29 January 2019 /Accepted: 9 April 2019 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract The aim of the study was to compare the mineral content between the peel and the pulp of citrus fruits and to determine which citrus fruit, among orange (Citrus sinensis), pomelo (Citrus maxima), mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), lemon (Citrus limon), key lime (Citrus aurantifolia), and red, yellow, or green grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), is the richest in minerals. The research material consisted of fresh citrus fruits belonging to the genus Citrus L in the family Rutaceae. The fruits were purchased at a supermarket at one time. To prepare laboratory samples, each fruit was cut in half, and one half was homogenized, treating the sample as a whole (peel + flesh), while the other half was peeled and the pulp (F) and peel (P) were homogenized separately. To determine the content of minerals (Na+,K+,Ca+2,Mg+2,Fe+2,Zn+2,Cu+2,Mn+2,andSe+2), the samples were mineralized and analyzed using an Analytik Jena PlasmaQuant PQ 9000 inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. The content of macro- and micronutrients in the peel of most of the fruits far exceeded their quantity in the pulp. Oranges and pomelos are the fruits richest in iron and copper, so they could be recommended in cases such as hemoglobin production disorders resulting from a deficiency of these elements.
    [Show full text]