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An Overview: Citrus Maxima ISSN 2230-480X JPHYTO 2015; 4(5): 263-267 September- October P

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An Overview: Citrus Maxima ISSN 2230-480X JPHYTO 2015; 4(5): 263-267 September- October P The Journal of Phytopharmacology 2015; 4(5): 263-267 Online at: www.phytopharmajournal.com Research Article An overview: Citrus maxima ISSN 2230-480X JPHYTO 2015; 4(5): 263-267 September- October P. Vijaylakshmi*, R. Radha © 2015, All rights reserved ABSTRACT Plants have been used as traditional medicine for several thousands of years. Herbal medicine is still a mainstay of about 70-80% of the world’s population as they are easily available source for healthcare purposes P. Vijaylakshmi in rural and tribal areas. India being the largest producer of medicinal plants it is correctly known as “Botanical Department of Pharmacognosy, garden of the world”. The plant Citrus maxima (J. Burm.) Merr. is a widely distributed indigenous plants found College of Pharmacy, Madras in Indian subcontinent. Which is been widely used. The present study was aimed to review the ethanobotanical Medical College, Chennai-600003, properties, pharmacognostic, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Citrus maxima. The various Tamilnadu, India parts of this plant are widely used by different tribal communities. The leaves of plant are used in Epilepsy, chorea, Convulsive cough and also in the treatment of hemorrhage disease. Oil from fresh leaves posses anti R. Radha dermatophytic activity and Fungicidal activity. Flower are Used as sedative in nervous affection. Fruits acts as Department of Pharmacognosy, cardiotonic and are used in Leprosy, Asthma, Cough, hiccough, mental aberration, Epilepsy. Rind are College of Pharmacy, Madras Antiasthmatic, sedative in nervous affection, Brain tonic and Useful in vomiting, griping of abdomen, diarrhea, Medical College, Chennai-600003, Headache and eye troubles. Root and Bark: Antimicrobial activity. Following various claims for cure of Tamilnadu, India numerous diseases, efforts have been made by researchers to verify the efficacy of the plant through scientific biological screening. A scrutiny of literature reveals some notable pharmacological activities of the plant such as activity on CNS, anti diabetic and cholesterol reducing property, analgesic, anti inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidative property, cytotoxic activity, and many more medicinal values. Keywords: Citrus maxima, Etthanobotanical, Pharmacognosic, Phytochemical, Pharmacological. INTRODUCTION Man relies on plants for their basis needs of food clothing and shelter. These plants provides medicines, [1] crafts, cosmetics and also used as a source of income for rural areas . For about thousands of year plants have been used as medicine and WHO has reported that over 50% of the poorest part of Asia and Africa still lacks regular access to essential drugs. Traditional medicine offers the major and accessible [2] source . About 80% of the population in developing countries yet relies on plant based medicines to [3] obtain primary health care WHO 1978 . A genus of Citrus (Linn) of Rutaceae an evergreen aromatic shrub and small trees occupies an important place in the medicine and also in the fruit economy of India. Scientifically it is also known as Aurantium maximum Burm. Ex Rumph, Citrus aurantium L. Var grandis L., Citrus Decumana L, Citrus grandis Osbeck & Citrus pamplemos. Citrus grandis (Linn) Osbeck is a crop plant of India, China, Indonesia, America, Thailand etc. The pummelo tree is normally about16 to 50 ft tall. Pomelo is native plant of Malayu island and East of India. It is wide spread in China, Japan, Philipines, Indonesia, USA and [4, 5] Thailand . Citrus maxima are a perennial shrub commonly known as Papanus, distributed throughout India. Bark and root of Citrus maxima contain β-sitosterol, acridone alkaloid. Essential oil from the leaves and [6] unripe fruits contain limonin, nerolol, nerolyl acetate and geraniol . Like other citrus plant pommelos are rich in Vitamin C. They are generally used eaten as fruit. It has been used in indigenous system of medicine as sedative in nervous affections, convulsive cough and in the treatment of hemorrhagic [7] diseases and epilepsy. It is said to poses appetizing, cardiac stimulant and antitoxic property . Citrus maxima fruits also contains high amount of polyphenolic compound like hesperidin, naringin, caffeic [6] acid, P-Coumaric acid, Ferulic acid and vanillic acid . It shows various pharmacological activities which has been studied. In this work the review has been made on the reports of various studies on the plant Citrus maxima. Correspondence: P. Vijaylakshmi Taxonomy of plant: Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Madras Botanical name Citrus maxima ( Linn) Medical College, Chennai-600003, Taxanomical Classification Tamilnadu, India Kingdom: Plantae 263 The Journal of Phytopharmacology Phylum: Tracheophyta Division- Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Sapindales Family: Rutacea Sub family: Aurantioideae Genus: Citrus Species: maxima Common Names: Pamelo, Pomelo, Pommelo, Jabong, Shaddock, Chinese fruit, etc Vernacular name: Hindi: Sadaphal, Batawi nimbu, Cakotaraa Figure 3: Flowers and fruits Figure 4: Fruits बतावी नीबू चकोतरा Manipuri: Nobab Tamil: Pambalimasu Malayalam: Pamparamasan Telugu: Pampara Bengali: Chakotra Konkani: Toranji Sanskrit: Madhukarkati French: Pamplemmousse German: Pomelo Japanese: Zabon. Habit And Habitat: Tree of 16-50 ft (5-15 m) tall, with somewhat crooked trunk of 4-12 inches. North eastern region up to 1,500 m in Assam and Tirupura. It [8] Figure 5: Whole plant Figure 6: Bark is indigenous to East of India . PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDIES: Morphology: In Pharmacognostic study of plant macroscopy and microscopy of the Leaves: large evergreen oblong to elliptic leaves, 10.5 to 20 cm (4 to 8 leaf was performed. Macroscopic photographs of transverse sections in) long. Frequently emarginated, Pubescent beneath. Acute apex, of Citrus maxima leaves shown distinct presentation of arrangement Asymmetric base, entire margin, characteristic odour. of palisade cells, vascular bundles, oil globules, parenchymatous cell Petioles: broadly winged & trichomes. Flowers: Large, White Microscopy of the leaf shows abundant anisocytic stomata both Stamens: 16-24 surfaces of leaf, presence of vascular bundle in xylem vessels. Thick, Fruit: large, pale yellow, globose or pyriform, rind thick, pulp varying ovoid, rectangular epidermal cells were present. Uniserate, [9, 10] in colour from crimson to pale pink or yellow . multicellular, thin walled, unlignified, covering trichomes were present. Spongy parenchyma cells were present. Calcium oxalate TRADITIONAL USES: crystals were present in the parenchymatous cells. Starch grains were Leaves: Epilepsy, chorea, Convulsive cough and also in the treatment present except vascular bundle. Oil globules were present in leaf. of hemorrhage disease. Oil from fresh leaves posses anti Stomatal number of upper and lower surfaces of the leaves was found dermatophytic activity, Fungicidal activity. to be 48±1 and 21±1, whereas the stomatal index of the upper and the Flower: Used as sedative in nervous affection lower surfaces were 68.6±0.5 and 34.28±0.5. Vein islet number was Fruits: Leprosy, Asthma, Cough, hiccough, mental aberration, found to be 4±1 and vein termination number was 3±1. Epilepsy, cardiotonic. Standardization of leaf was done with the help of extractive values Rind: Antiasthmatic, sedative in nervous affection, Brain tonic, [Water soluble extractives (18.8 % w/w), Alcohol soluble extractives Useful in vomiting, griping of abdomen, diarrhea, Headache and eye (6.8 % w/w)], total ash value (4.66 % w/w), acid soluble ash value troubles. (0.316 % w/w), acid insoluble ash value (4.63 % w/w) and loss on [[3], 12] Root and Bark: Antimicrobial activity . drying (5.96 % w/w) [13]. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING: Alkaloids: 5-hydroxyacronycine, acriginine A, Atalafoline, Baiyumine A &B, Buntanine, Buntanmine, Grandisine I & II, Pumiline, honyumine, natsucrin, Prenyl citpressine, Citropone A & B, Glycocitrine I are present in the roots and the bark of the plant. Whereas the caffeine are present in the flowers of the Citrus maxima [14-19]. Amino Acids: Alanine, Asparigine, Aspartic acid, Coline, Glutamic acid, Glycine And proline are present in the leaves [20, 21]. Carbohydrates: Phytol, Synephrine, Methyl antralinate, Fructose, Glucose and Pectin are present in the Leaf, peel and flowers [22-25]. Carotenoids: Carotene [26] and Roseoside [27] present in the peels. Figure 1: Leaves Figure 2: Flowers Coumarins: 5-Geranoxy-7-methoxy-Coumarin, Aurapte, Auraptene, bergamottin [28-30] are present in the peels and 5-methoxy seselin[18], 5-methyltodannol, 6-hydroxy methylherniarin are present in the roots and stem bark. Flavonoids: acacetin, rutin, tangeretin, cosmosiin, diosmetin, diosmin, eriocitrin, hespeidin, naringin [31-33]. 264 The Journal of Phytopharmacology Monoterpenes: α-pinene, α-terpineol, anethole, β-pinene, Camphene, and increase in the climbing behavior were observed with the camphor, citral, citronellal, citroonellol, farnesol, geraniol, myrcene, ethanolic extract of citrus maxima leaf. neral, terpinene [34-36]. Sesquiterpenes: α-Bisabolol, α-cadinene, α-copaene, elemol [37-39]. Light-Dark Box test, Elevated plus Maze, Locomotor activity and Steroids: β-Sitosterol, Campesterol, daucosterol, stigmasterol40-41. Hole board test. The Light and dark test measured the increase in the Miscellaneous: α- tocopherol, ascorbic acid, chlorophylls, decyl number of crossing. Ethanolic extract of citrus maxima showed acetate, Malonic acid, Fumaric acid, succinic acid and Citric acid [21]. increase in the frequency of open arm entry
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