Prevent, Detect, Respond

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Prevent, Detect, Respond PREVENT, DETECT, RESPOND. An Ethnography of Global Health Security RAAD FADAAK Department of Anthropology McGill University, Montreal. A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Anthropology. October 2018 ©Raad Fadaak 2018 Contents Abstract (EN/FR) .............................................................................................................. i! Preface and Acknowledgements .................................................................................... iv! List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................ vii Arriving In Amazonia ..................................................................................................... 1! 1— The Jigsaw Puzzle of Global Health Security ..................................................... 32! 2— Technical Daydreaming ........................................................................................ 67! 3— An Upending .......................................................................................................... 81! 4— Data’s Decisions ................................................................................................. 109! 5 – Ebola: Redux ........................................................................................................ 131! 6 – Seeing Vital Numbers .......................................................................................... 145! 7—Define / Design: Reimagining Catastrophe ........................................................ 165! Epilogue – An Ear To The Ground ........................................................................... 186 References .................................................................................................................. 201! Abstract (EN/FR) Beginning in the early 1990s, a new manner of articulating the threat posed by epidemics of infectious diseases took shape. ‘Global health security’ (GHS) emerged as a novel epistemic space as a response to the perceived threats posed by circulations and appearances of ‘global’ diseases. Marked throughout the 2000s by major events both political and pathogenic, GHS has undergone profound changes; from primarily a policy-legal framework to a forum for reconfiguring global health 'action'. This research examines how the problems that emerged in the 1990s are changing since the 2014 West African Ebola crisis and the announcement of new global health security projects and initiatives. How might these transformations constitute a new manner of thinking about, and acting on, epidemics as a ‘global’ problem? Contrasting genealogical-archival research with a series of field-based episodes, this dissertation explores how public health experts and technicians worked to define new problems and design the interventions aimed at addressing them. It juxtaposes a historical account of the emergence and transformation of GHS across the 2000s and 2010s against field-based ethnography of GHS during 2016 and 2017. Based on over a year working with a global health non-profit, the text’s episodes attend to day-to-day work that translated diffuse concepts of ‘threat' and ‘risk' into discrete technical practices and projects to mitigate and minimize those threats. Working with experts through the early stages of project development, attention is paid to the relational processes that went into making global health security a workable concept. Together, the episodes illustrate the routines and technical artistry that made GHS into a space not only to reimagine a ‘safer’ or ‘healthier’ world, but to build the means to realize it. The text also examines how communities of experts reworked their projects and programs during great destabilizations and disruptions, including both the 2016 US Presidential election as well as an Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It explores how global health organizations and experts attempted to better 'prevent, detect, and respond' to public health emergencies after Ebola in 2014. Unpacking various understandings of the ‘global’ in GHS, it examines how experts worked to build novel 'global assemblages’ and reposition ‘reciprocal obligations between nations'. The research looks at novel techniques and technologies designed to ensure a ‘global’ community of healthy nations—ones able to live up to their responsibilities to care for and protect their vulnerable populations. In 2014, Ebola set the stage for dramatic changes to global health as new actors and organizations came to understand a pressing need for change. ‘GHS' emerged as a response to these calls for reform and improvement, an urgent effort to improve vulnerable health systems in developing countries. This research explores how GHS and some of its technicians became entangled with these emerging and evolving mix of policies, practices, and possibilities for global health practice. ABSTRACT i Depuis le début des années 1990 est apparue une nouvelle façon d’envisager la menace que représente les maladies infectieuses. Le nouvel espace épistémique de la « sécurité sanitaire mondiale » (SSM) a pris forme en réponse aux menaces que semblent constituer la circulation et l’apparition de maladies « globales ». Pendant toutes les années 2000, la SSM a été marquée par des événements majeurs à la fois politiques et pathogènes qui l'ont bouleversée profondément. D’abord un cadre principalement politique-juridique, la SSM est devenue une scène où se voit réaménager « l’action sanitaire mondiale ». Ce projet de recherche doctoral examine comment les problèmes qui ont émergés dans les années 90 ont été transformés depuis l’épidémie d’Ebola de 2014 en Afrique de l’Ouest et l’annonce de nouveaux projets et initiatives de sécurité sanitaire mondiale dans la foulée. Comment ces transformations pourraient-elles constituer une nouvelle manière de penser et répondre aux épidémies en tant que problème « mondial» ? Juxtaposant du travail d’archives afin de tracer des généalogies et une série de d’épisodes issus d’un travail de terrain, cette thèse explore comment les experts et techniciens de santé publique ont travaillé pour définir de nouveaux problèmes et concevoir les interventions destinées à les résoudre. Cette thèse présente à la fois un compte rendu historique de l’émergence et la transformation de la SSM au cours des années 2000 à 2010 ainsi qu’un récit ethnographique de la SSM au cours de 2016 et 2017. Fondés sur plus d'un an de travail avec un association de santé mondiale à but non lucratif, les épisodes de cette thèse témoignent du travail quotidien nécessaire pour transposer les concepts vagues de « menace » et « risque » en de spécifiques pratiques techniques et projets visant à atténuer ces menaces. Ayant travaillé aux côtés d’experts depuis les premières étapes de développement du projet, nous attirons l’attention sur les processus relationnels qui ont contribué à faire de la sécurité sanitaire mondiale un concept viable et réalisable. Ensemble, les épisodes illustrent les routines et le savoir-faire technique qui ont servi à établir la SSM comme un espace non seulement pour réimaginer un monde plus « sûr » ou plus « sain », mais aussi pour se donner les moyens de le mettre en place. Cette thèse analyse également la manière dont les communautés d'experts ont retravaillé leurs projets et programmes au cours de grandes perturbations et déstabilisations, notamment l'élection présidentielle américaine de 2016 et l'épidémie d'Ebola en République Démocratique du Congo. Nous explorons comment les organisations et experts en santé mondiale ont tenté de mieux prévenir, détecter et répondre aux urgences de santé publique après l’épidémie d’Ebola de 2014. En décrivant différentes compréhensions du « mondial » dans la SSM, nous examinons comment les experts ont travaillé pour construire de nouveaux « agencements mondiaux » et pour repositionner les « obligations réciproques entre les nations ». Nous interrogeons les nouvelles techniques et les technologies conçues pour engendrer et soutenir une « communauté mondiale de pays sains », capables de prendre soin et protéger leurs populations vulnérables. En 2014, le virus Ebola a préparé le terrain pour des changements radicaux dans la santé mondiale alors que des nouveaux acteurs et des nouvelles organisations réalisaient aussi le besoin urgent de changement. La « SSM » est apparue comme une ii ABSTRACT réponse à ces appels à la réforme et à l'amélioration, un effort urgent pour améliorer les systèmes de santé vulnérables dans les pays en développement. Cette thèse explore la façon dont la SSM et certains de ses techniciens se sont retrouvés impliqués dans ce mélange à la fois naissant et changeant de politiques publiques, de pratiques, et de possibilités pour la mise en place de la santé mondiale. ABSTRACT iii Preface and Acknowledgements On the sidelines of an international event for global health security in 2016, I sat down for lunch with a policymaker at the twilight of their illustrious career. The mood was both candid and reflective. In between bites of food, they suggested that the story of global health security (and, as we will see later, its related “Agenda”) was a story of an “idea whose time had come”. Again and again, during this period of research, I was asked what I would write about in this text. The best answer I can give now is that this research has been a sustained reflection on what this statement meant. The following episodes
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