Appendix: Some Taurine Analogues Referred to in This Book

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APPENDIX: SOME TAURINE ANALOGUES REFERRED TO IN THIS BOOK

(a) Some metabolites and natural analogues

TAURINE

2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid NH2-CH2-CH2-SO3H

N-chlorotaurine NH(CI)-CH2-CH2-SO3H (TAURINE- MONOCHLOROAMINE)

2-hydroxyethane-SUI fonic HO-CH2-CH2-SO3H acid (ISETHIONIC ACID)

2-aminoethane-sulfinic acid NH2-CH2-CH2-SO2H (HYPOTAURINE)

2-amino-3-sulfo-propionic HOOC-CH(NH2)-CH2-SO3H acid (CYSTEIC ACID)

cysteinesulfinic acid HOOC-CH(NH2)-CH2-SO2H

y-L-glutamyl-taurine COOH-CH(NH2)-CH2-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-CH2-SO3H (LITORALON)

2-amino-3-hydroxy-1- NH2-( OH-CH2)CH-CH2-SO3H propanesulfonic acid

N-(2,3-dihydroxy-n- NH-(CH2-CHOH-CH2OH)-CH2-CH2-SO3H propyl)taurine

633 634 Appendix

Decanoylsarcosyl-taurine CH3-(CH2)8-CO-N(CH3)-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-CH2-SO3H

N-(1-carboxyethyl)-taurine COOH-(CH3)CH-NH-CH2-CH2-SO3H

cerilipin R2-CH(OH)-CO2-CH(R1)-CH2-CO-NH-CH((CH2)3NH2)

CO-NH-CH2-CH2-SO3H

γDPLQREXW\ULF acid NH2-CH2-CH2- CH2- COOH (GABA)

(b) Substitutions and simple modifications

-NH2 GROUP MODIFIED

N-methyltaurine NH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-SO3H

N,N-dimethyltaurine N(CH3)2-CH2-CH2-SO3H

+ N, N, N-trimethyltaurine N(CH3)3-CH2-CH2-SO3-

guanidinoethanesulfonic acid NH=C(NH2)-NH-CH2-CH2-SO3H

guanidinoethanesulfinic acid NH=C(NH2)-NH-CH2-CH2-SO2H

N-(2-acetamido)-2- CH3COCH2NH-CH2-CH2-SO3H aminoethanesulfonic acid

-SO3 GROUP MODIFIED

2-aminoethylphosphonic acid NH2-CH2-CH2-PO3H2

2-aminoethylarsonic acid NH2-CH2-CH2-AsO3H2

3-aminopropionic acid NH2-CH2-CH2-COOH (ß-ALANINE)

ethanolamine-O-sulphate NH2-CH2-CH2-O-SO3H Appendix 635

CARBON CHAIN-LENGTH ALTERED

aminomethanesulfonic acid NH2-CH2-SO3H

3-aminopropanesulfonic acid NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-SO3H (HOMOTAURINE)

pyridine-3-sulfonic acid

piperidine-3-sulfonic acid

aniline-2-sulfonic acid

(±)-2-aminocyclohexanesulfonic acid (cis and trans)

N-[ 1 '-aza-cyclohepten-2'-y1]-2- aminoethane-sulfonic acid and N-[ 1 '-aza-cyclopenten-2 '-yl]-2- aminoethane-sulfonic acid 636 Appendix

N- [1'-aza-cyclohepten-2 '-yl]-3- aminopropane-sulfonic acid and N-[1'-aza-cyclopenten-2'-yl]-3- aminopropane-sulfonic acid

2-aminocyclopentanesulfonic acid

piperazine-N, N '-bis( 2-ethanesulfonic acid)

R= -CH2CH2SO3-

quinoline-8-sulfonic acid

1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-8-sulfonic acid

norbornene derivatives

3-amino-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane- 2-sulfonic acid Appendix 63 7

(d) Others

6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H-1,2,4- benzotiadiazine-1,1-dioxyde (TAG)

aminoacetic acid (GLYCINE) retinylidentaurine (TAURET)

Taurocholic acid

3-acetamido-1-propanesulfonic acid (calcium salt) (ACAMPROSATE) INDEX

A23187, 542, 591, 593 AIDA, 259 Acamprosate, 1, 377, 379, 380, 637 ß-Alanine, 37, 345, 349, 353, 404 ACAT: see Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol cardiac TAUT and, 530, 532 acyltransferase cardiomyopathy and, 58, 59, 62, 66 ACE inhibitors, 64 chemical formula, 634 N-(2-Acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid DNA damage protection and, 355, 357, 360, (ACES) 361, 364, 365 chemical formula, 634 erythrocyte damage protection and, 412, 413, H2O2-induced erythrocyte damage and, 412, 414, 421, 423, 425, 505, 511, 512, 515, 413, 417, 418, 419, 420, 423, 424-425 516, 519 PHZ-induced erythrocyte damage and, 505, hypochlorous acid and, 563, 567, 568 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 516, 518 PDGF-BB and, 591, 592 thermoregulation and, 274, 277 retinal taurine transport and, 433 Acetylcholine, 325 streptozotocin-induced diabetes and, 571-576, N-Acetylcysteine (NACYS) 579, 580

H2O2-induced erythrocyte damage and, 412, supraoptic nucleus taurine release and, 233 413, 419, 420, 421 TAUT activity in macrophages and, 127, 128, ,N%α and, 558 129, 130 PHZ-induced erythrocyte damage and, 505, thermoregulation and, 274, 276, 277 510, 513, 516, 518 Alcohol: see Ethanol N-Acetylhomotaurine, 375 Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 205 Actin, 63,64 Alcoholism, 1 Actinomycin D, 128 Aldose reductase, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245- Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 246, 247 (ACAT), 177, 179, 180-181,183, 184 Alkenes, 397-401 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Alzheimer’s disease, 9, 356 detrusor muscle and, 325 Amiloride, 251, 253 myocardial ischemia and, 111, 112, 113 3-Amino-bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane-2-sulfonic acid, 636 retina and, 465, 466, 469, 470, 471, 472, 474, ß-Aminobutyric acid, 128 475,477,480, 481,482,483 γ$PLQREXW\ULF acid: see GABA sulfur biochemistry and, 4, 6, 7 2-Aminocycloalkanesulfonic acids, 397-401 swelling-induced taurine efflux and, 489-490, 2-Aminocyclopentanesulfonic acid, 636 494 2-Aminoethane thiosulfate, 124 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent potas- 2-Aminoethylarsonic acid (AEA), 274, 276, 634 sium channels (KATP), 46, 50-51,53, 54 S-Aminoethylcysteine, 28 S-Adenosylhomocysteine, 5 S-Aminoethylcysteine ketimine, 29 S-Adenosylmethionine, 6, 37 2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP), 274, 276, AEP: see 2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid 327, 328, 330, 331, 634 Agarose gel electrophoresis, 189 2-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid, 633

639 640 Index

2-Amino-6,8,hydroxypurine: see 8-hydroxy gua- Atherosclerosis nine apoliprotein E deficiency and, 193-200 Aminomethanesulfonic acid (AMSA), 274 high-fat diet, taurine treatment and, 177-184 chemical formula, 635 in Japan and China, 143-148 H2O2-induced erythrocyte damage and, 412, PDGF-BB and, 589-594 413, 417, 418, 419, 420, 422 ATP see Adenosine triphosphate PHZ-induced erythrocyte damage and, 505, Atropine, 326, 328 510,511, 512, 513,514,516,518 AVP: see Arginine vasopressin 3-Aminopropanesulphonic acid (OMO), 274, 276 2-Azidosulfonic acids, 401 Aminopyridine, 250, 251, 253 2-Aminosulfonic acids, 401 Baclofen, 260, 262, 274 Ammonia Bacteria, 3, 4, 12, 383 hepatic encephalopathy and, 305-311 Bay-K 8644, 340 treatment of poisoning with taurine and bcl-2 gene, 94 unithiol, 627-630 Bepridil hydrochloride, 284, 288, 290 AMPA, 293-295 Betaine, 239, 246, 247 AMSA: see Aminomethanesulfonic acid Betaine-GABA transporter (BGTI), 240, 241, Angiotensin 11, 64-66, 111 242, 243,244, 245,246 Aniline-2-sulfonic acid (ANSA), 274, 278, 635 BHT, 169 6-Anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: see LY83583 Bile acid, 182-183 Anoxia, 325-332 conjugation of, 187, 192, 199 Anthracene-9-carboxylic acid, 46 Bile salt conjugation, 12-15 Antidepressants, 6 Bleomycin, 545-559 Antidiuresis, 243 Blood-brain barrier, 214, 314 Antioxidants, 12, 29, 163-164,364 endogenous cryogens and, 336 L-AP3, 259 ethanol and, 210 L-AP4, 260 taurine transport mechanism through, 321-324 Apolipoprotein A-1, 169, 184 BO-653, 199 Apolipoprotein E, 193-200 Brain, 35 Apoptosis, 110, 111, 113-114, 115, 504 cysteine and, 7, 8-9 3-APPA, 260 cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase and, 11 APV, 265, 267, 268, 269, 271, 290 ethanol and, 203-204, 207, 208, 210 AQP4, 235 extracellular taurine in glioma of, 621-624 Arachidonic acid, 488, 490-494 hypotaurine and, 12 Arginine, 432 phospholipid-taurine interactions in, 18 Arginine vasopressin (AVP), 222, 228, 232, 233, subarachnoid hemorrhage in, 595-602 234, 338, 339 synthetic taurine derivative effect on, 313-318 Aromatic-amino-acid decarboxylase (AADC), 373 taurine biosynthesis in, 36-37 Arthritis, 6 TauT gene expression in, 241-242 ASBA: see a-Sulfo-palanine Brain ischemia Ascorbic acid, 169-174, 564 ion channels in taurine release and, 249-254 Aspartate, 9 subarachnoid hemorrhage and, 595, 596, 599, brain ischemia and, 253 601-602 heat stress and, 336, 337, 340 8-Bromoadenine, 357 hepatic encephalopathy and, 305-311 8-Bromo-adenosinecyclic 3'5' monophosphate, isovolumic regulation and, 221, 222-224 527, 530 subarachnoid hemorrhage monitoring and, 595, 596 CA: see Cysteic acid taurine-metal ion interaction and, 347, 348-349 Cadmium, 471, 475 Aspartate aminotransferase, 9-10, 11 CAHS: see cis-2-Aminocyclohexane sulfonic acid Astrocytes Calcium, 15, 16-17,20, 21 isovolumic regulation and, 222, 224 brain ischemia and, 249, 252-253, 254 taurine release from hippocampal, 213-218 cardiomyopathy and, 57, 58-62, 64 taurine release from supraoptic nucleus. 227, cerebral insult monitoring and, 271 229-231 heart disease and, 33 TauT gene expression in, 239, 240-241,245 heat stress and, 339-340 Index 641

Calcium (cont.) Cell volume matrix metalloproteinases and, 391 in HELA cells, 487-494 mitochondrial permeability transition and, 87, in hepatic encephalopathy, 305-311 88-89, 91, 92, 93, 94 Central nervous system (CNS), 35-41 myocardial ischemia and, 114 Cerebral cortex PDGF-BB and, 593 hepatic encephalopathy and, 305-311 reperfusion injury and. 327, 332 post-operative monitoring of hemorrhage in, retina uptake of, 466, 469-475, 477-484 595-602 sarcoplasmic reticulum uptake of, 403, 405, Cerebral insults, on-line monitoring of, 265-271 406,407-408 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 335-342 in skeletal muscle, 45-46, 51-52, 53, 54 Cerilipin, 634 supraoptic nucleus taurine release and, 229, c-fos gene, 64, 65, 590-593 23 1 Chelation, 19 swelling-induced taurine efflux and, 491,494 Chelerythrine (CHT), 462, 465, 466 synaptic potentiation and, 283, 285-288, 290- China, 143-148 292 Chlordiazepoxide, 377, 378-380 taurine biosynthesis and, 35, 38, 40-41 Chloride, 219, 564 taurine interaction with ions, 345, 353 Chloride channels TAUT and, 132, 133 brain ischemia and, 254 TauT gene regulation and, 535-543 skeletal muscle, 45, 46-48, 53, 54 Calcium acetyl taurine, 375-376 supraoptic nucleus taurine release and, 230, 232 Calcium ATPase, 51 swelling-induced taurine efflux and, 487-489, Calcium channels 494 brain ischemia and, 252, 253 3-Chloronorbomane-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt, hippocampal taurine release and, 257 400,401 synaptic potentiation and. 286, 290 m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA), 397,401 Calmidazolium, 127, 128, 129, 133 2-Chlorosulfonate, 397 Calmodulin 2-Chlorosulfonic acids, 400-401 calcium uptake in retina and, 477-484 Chlorotaurine, 384, 385-386, 633 swelling-induced taurine efflux and, 491, 494 Cholesterol, 188, 189-191, 192: see also TAUT and, 128, 133 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Calmodulin antagonists, 477-484 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: Very Carbon tetrachloride, 504 low-density lipoprotein cholesterol N-(1-Carboxyethyl)-taurine, 634 apoliprotein E deficiency and, 195, 196-197 Cardiac, see also Entries beginning with Heart changes in metabolism of, 169-174 Cardiac ischemia comparative studies in Japan and China, 144, in Japan, 137, 143, 148, 149 145 potassium channels and, 50-51,54 long-term taurine treatment and, 177-184 taurine prevention of, 109-115 CholesterolαK\GUR[\ODVH Cardiac muscle, 523-533 apoliprotein E deficiency and, 199 CARDIAC Study, 137, 143, 177 long-term taurine treatment, 177, 178, 179, 181, Cardiomyocytes, 109-115 182-183, 184 Cardiomyopathy, taurine-deficient, 57-66,503 (S)-3C4H-PG, 259 Catalase Cinnarizine, 340 erythrocyte damage protection and, 506, 507, civ-2-Aminocyclohexane sulfonic acid (CAHS) 515, 516, 517 chemical formula, 635 hyperoxia and, 150, 152, 154 thermoregulation and, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278- singlet oxygen and, 157, 158. 160, 161 279 Cats c-jun gene, 64 cardiomyopathy in, 58 Cloning 3p-syndrome in, 613-618 of cardiac TAUT, 525, 526 Cavallini, Doriano, 27-29 of TauT gene flanking region, 535-536 cDNA of TauT gene promoter region. 97-107 cardiac TAUT, 525, 526, 529 CNOX, 259, 261 cysteine dioxygenase, 73 Coenzyme A (CoA), 28 CDO: see Cysteine dioxygenase Colchicine, 128, 527, 531 642 Index

Computed tomography (CT), 596, 597, 599-600 Cysteinesulfinic acid (CSA), 9, 10, 11, 19, 239, Congestive heart failure, 64-66 383, 592 Copper Cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), 36- DNA binding by, 364 37, 40, 613 LDL and, 29 Cytochalasin D, 128, 531 taurine interaction with ions, 346-353 Cytochrome c, 89, 90, 92-93, 164 COX-2, 564 Cytochrome P-450, 171, I72 (S)-4C-PG, 259 Cytoprotection, 563-569 CPPG, 260 Cytosolic calcium signaling, 535-543 Creatine, 6-7 Creatine phosphate, 58 DCG IV, 261 Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), 7, 110, 111, 112, DDT, 169 113, 115 Decanoylsarcosyl-taurine, 634 cRNA, 525-526, 529-531,532 Decarboxylation, 4, 5, 9 Cromolyn sodium (CROM), 412, 413, 419-422, Deletion analysis, 100-102 423 Detrusor muscle, 325-332 Cryogens, 335-342 DHA: see Docosahexaenoic acid CsA: see Cyclosporin A DHPG, 259 CSAD: see Cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase Diabetes: see Streptozotocin-induced diabetes CSD: see Cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase 1,2-Diaminoethane, 346 Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP), 9, 541, Dibutyryl cGMP (DBG), 473-474 542-543 Dideoxyforskolin, 488 Cyclic guanosine-3’,5’-monophosphate (cGMP), DlDS 473-474, 475 brain ischemia and, 250, 251-252, 253 Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNG), 469475, supraoptic nucleus taurine release and, 229 478, 482, 483 swelling-induced taurine efflux and, 488, 489, Cyclohexene, 397 492 Cycloheximide, 128 Dietary fat Cyclopentene, 397 apoliprotein E deficiency and, 194 Cyclophilin, 240 hyperlipidemia and, 189-191 Cyclophosphamide, 504 long-term taurine treatment and, 177-184 Cyclosporin A (CsA) Dietary taurine ionomycin effect on TAUT and, 127-133 in ascorbic acid and cholesterol metabolism, mitochondrial permeability transition and, 91, 169-174 93 intake in Japan, 137-142 Cyctocholasin D, 527 N-(2,3-Dihydroxy-n-propyl)taurine, 633 Cystathionine, 5, 28 N,N-Dimethyltaurine (DMT), 274, 276, 277, Cystathionine ß-synthase, 7 634 Cystathionine ketimine, 28 I ,2-DioctanoylglyceroI (DOG), 527, 530 Cysteic acid (CA), 375 Disodium phosphate, 412, 505 chemical formula, 633 Diuresis, 243

H2O2-induced erythrocyte damage and, 412, Dizocilpine, 259 413, 417, 418, 419, 420, 422 DNA PHZ-induced erythrocyte damage and, 505, hypochlorous acid damage and, 564 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 516, 518 myocardial ischemia and, 110, 113 Cysteine, 4, 5, 7, 19, 137 oxidative damage to, 355-365 functions and metabolism of, 8-12 sulfonic acids and spectrophotometric proper- Cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) ties of, 117-124 post-transcriptional regulation of in liver, 71-84 DNA binding nuclear factor KB: see NF-KB TauT gene in hyperosmotic state and, 239, 240, DNQX, 293, 294, 295 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 145, 147 Cysteine ketimine, 28 DOG: see 1 ,2-DioctanoylglyceroI Cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase (CSD), 11 L-Dopa in liver, 72 DNA damage and, 356, 357, 358-359, 362, TauT gene and, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 363, 364, 365 245, 246 TH-immunoreactive cells and, 373 Index 643

Dopaminergic cells, 369-374 External osmolarity, 219, 220, 233 DPC, 229 Extracellular taurine DTNB, 412, 505, 508 in glioma, 621-624 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 52 monitoring of cerebral insults with, 265-271 Dystrophic mdx mouse, 52 Fat, dietary: see Dietary fat Edema, 497-501 Fatty acids, 144-145, 147, 148 EDSA: see 1 ,2-Ethanedisulfonic acid Ferric chloride-hexahydrate, 357 EDTA, 129, 391 Ferric iron, 362, 363, 364 EGLU, 259-260 Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs), EGTA, 284, 537, 538, 539, 543 285, 286, 287, 288 Eicosapentaneonic acid (EPA), 145, 147 Fish, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 149 Electric-field stimulation (EFS), 325, 326, 328, FK506, 128, 130 331, 332 Fluorocitrate, 229 Electron microscopy, 371-373 Free radicals, 364, 365; see also specific types Electron paramagnetic (EPR) spectroscopy, 352- Frog retina, 441-449, 453-458 353 Fura-2, 403 Enantiostasis, 20-21 Enteral nutrition, 605-611 EPA: see Eicosapentaneonic acid GABA, 97 Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 558 biosynthesis of, 36, 37 Epinephrine, 7 brain ischemia and, 254 Erythrocytes chemical formula, 634

H2O2-induced damage protection for, 411-425, as an endogenous cryogen, 335-342 504-505,517 hippocampal taurine release and, 260 in vitro) studies of, 503, 504, 506-507,510 -512 PDGF-BB and, 591,592 in vivo studies of, 503, 507, 513-516 retinal taurine and, 432, 433 PHZ-induced damage protection for, 503-519 subarachnoid hemorrhage monitoring and, 595, ESA: see Ethanesulfonic acid sodium salt 596 Escherichia coli endotoxin. 340, 341 substantia nigra release of, 293-295 ETH 615139, 493 synaptic potentiation and, 283 1,2-Ethanedisulfonic acid (EDSA) TAUT activity in macrophages and, 128 H2O2-induced erythrocyte damage and, 412, thermoregulation and, 273, 274-277,279, 280, 413, 417, 418, 419, 420, 423 281 PHZ-induced erythrocyte damage and, 505, GABA, receptors 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 518 ethanol detoxification and, 380 Ethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (ESA) hippocampal taurine release and, 257, 261-

H2O2-induced erythrocyte damage and, 412, 262 418, 419, 420, 422 supraoptic nucleus taurine release and, 227, PHZ-induced erythrocyte damage and, 505, 232, 233 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 518 synaptic potentiation and, 283 Ethanol thermoregulation and, 273, 274, 275, 276, 279, DNA damage and, 362, 364 280, 281 sulphoacetaldehyde outflow and, 297-304 GABA, receptors taurine analogue during detoxification from, hippocampal taurine release and, 257, 260, 375-380 261-262 taurine role in osmolarity and, 203-211 thermoregulation and, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, Ethanolamine-0-sulphate (EOS), 274, 276, 634 279, 280, 281 DL-Ethionine. 346 Galactose, 503 Ets- 1 gene, 592, 593 GATI, 432 ETYA, 493 GCG IV, 259 Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), 283, GCS: see γ*OXWDP\OF\VWHLQH synthetase 290 Gelatin zymography, 391, 392 Extensor digitorurn longus (EDL) Genistein, 397 GES effect on, 403-408 GES: see Guanidinoethane sulfonate ion channels in, 46, 47, 49, 52 Giotti, Alberto, 31-33 644 Index

GLAST-1, 432 GSSG Rx: see Glutathione reductase Glial cells GST: see Glutathione transferase taurine release from hippocampal, 213-218 Guanidinoacetate, 6 taurine release from supraoptic nucleus, 227, Guanidinoethanesulfinic acid, 634 228-231 Guanidinoethane sulfonate (GES), 6, 7, 18, 37 Glioma, 621-524 cardiomyopathy and, 58, 62-64 Glucopenia, 325-332 chemical formula, 634 Glucose, 301, 412, 505, 595, 597 retinal taurine and, 431, 462, 464, 466, 479, Glutamate agonists, 252, 297-304 481, 483 L-Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), 36, 37 skeletal muscle and, 47-48, 51-52, 403-408 Glutamate receptors thermoregulation and, 274, 276 ionotropic, 257 Guanidinoethanesulfonic acid see metabotropic, 257-262 Guanidinoethane sulfonate synaptic potentiation and, 283 Guanidinoethyl sulfate, 580 Glutamic acid, 9, 37, 38, 39, 203, 222, 377, 378, Guanidinopropionate, 6, 7 380 Guanidinopropionic acid, 58, 404 brain ischemia and, 249, 253, 254 Guanine, 357, 358 cerebral insult monitoring and, 269 Guinea pigs ethanol detoxification and, 380 phospholipid-taurine interactions in, 18 heat stress and, 336, 337, 340-341 polychlorinated biphenyls and, 174 hepatic encephalopathy and, 305-311 reperfusion injury in, 325-332 subarachnoid hemorrhage monitoring and, 595, 598, 600, 602 H-7, 397 Glutamine, 305-311 HA 1004, 397 γ*OXWDP\OF\VWHLQH synthetase (GCS), 72 Hamsters, hyperlipidemia in, 187-192 γ*OXWDP\Otransferase γ*7 377-378 Heart, 45-46; see also Entries beginning with Car- Glutathione (GSH), 12, 19, 504 diac cysteine and, 7, 8 Heart disease, 32-33 DNA damage protection and, 355, 357, 360, Heat stress, 335-342 36 I Heinz bodies, 504, 505, 517 erythrocyte damage protection and, 412, 414, HELA cells, 487-494 415, 419, 421, 422, 424, 425, 505, 506, Hepatic encephalopathy, 305-311 507, 508, 512, 514, 515-516,517, 518 5-HETE: see 5-Hydroxyoxyeicosatetraenoic acid hypochlorous acid and, 563, 564, 567, 568 High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, 187, singlet oxygen and, 158, 159, 160, 161 188, 191, 192, 267 Glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) apoliprotein E deficiency and, 193, 194, 195, hyperoxia and, 150, 152-153, 154 197, 199 singlet oxygen and, 157-158, 160, 161 comparative studies in Japan and China, 147, Glutathione reductase (GSSG Rx) 149 hyperoxia and, 150, 152, 153, 154 dietary taurine changes in metabolism of, 169, singlet oxygen and, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161 170, 171, 174 Glutathione transferase (GST). 150 long-term taurine treatment and, 177, 180, 182, GLUT1 gene, 542 I84 Glycine, 274 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) atherosclerosis and, 144, 147, 148, 149 of amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy, 308 chemical formula, 637 of cardiac TAUT, 524 conjugation of, 12 of cardiomyoctes. 111 hyperlipidemia and, 187, 191 of DNA adducts. 355, 358 PDGF-BB and, 592 ethanol effects measured by, 204, 205 supraoptic nucleus taurine release and, 227, of extracellular taurine, 622, 624 232-233 of phospholipid-taurine interactions, 15 taurine-metal ion interaction and. 347-352 of skeletal muscle taurine content, 48, 52 GLYTIB, 432 in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, 498 Goldfish retina. 431, 432, 433, 435-436, 437,438 of subarachnoid hemorrhage dialysate, 595, 597 GSH: see Glutathione of sulphoacetaldehyde, 297, 299-300, 384, 385 GSH Px: see Glutathione peroxidase of tauret. 449, 453-458 Index 645

Hippocampus, 211 Hypotaurine (cont.) ethanol and, 203-204,206, 210 singlet oxygen damage protection and, 157-161 ion channels in, 249-254 Hypothalamus, 274 isovolumic regulation and, 222-224 metabotropic receptors in, 257-262 ,N%α 546, 550, 554, 557, 558 osmotic sensitivity in, 213-218 Immediate early genes, 589-594 synaptic potentiation in, 283-291 Immobilization stress, 313-318 HMG-coenzyme A reductase, 179, 180, 183, 192 Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 127, 546, Homocysteine, 19 552, 555, 557, 559, 564 Homotaurine Inner Mongolia, China, 143-148 chemical formula, 635 Insulin, 579-586 DNA damage protection and, 355, 357, 361, ,QWHUIHURQγ ,)1−γ 129, 390 362, 363, 364, 365 Interleukin la ,/α 546, 548, 551, 552, 557 erythrocyte damage protection and, 412, 413, Interleukin 1ß(IL-1ß), 340, 342 417, 418, 419, 420, 422, 505, 510, 511, Interleukin 6 (IL-6), 397, 546 512, 513, 514, 518, 519 lnterleukin 8 (1L-8), 397 ethanol detoxification and, 375 Internal osmolarity, 219

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 564 Ion channels, see also Metal ions DNA damage and, 355, 362, 364, 365 brain ischemia-induced taurine release and, erythrocyte damage and, 411-425, 504-505, 517 249-254 hypotaurine protection of SOD against, 163-167 taurine effect on skeletal muscle, 45-55 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 87, 94, 373 Ionization, 19 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid (ISE), 274, 276 Ionomycin 2-Hydroxyethane thiosulfate, 120, 121, 123, 124 calcium signaling and, 537, 538-539, 541, 542- Hydroxyl radicals, 159 543 bleomycin and, 545, 555 CsA-treated macrophages and, 127-133 DNA damage and, 364-365 Ionotropic glutamate receptors, 257 H2O2 and, 164, 167 Iron, 362, 363, 364 hypochlorous acid and, 564 Ischemia: see Brain ischemia; Cardiac ischemia; 5-Hydroxyoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), Myocardial ischemia; Reperfusion injury 493-494 Isethionic acid (ISA), 298, 383, 385-386 Hydroxyproline, 547-548 chemical formula, 633 Hyperlipidemia, 187-192 DNA damage protection and, 355, 357, 361, Hy pernatremia 362, 364, 365 cardiac TAUT and, 523-524, 531, 533 erythrocyte damage protection and, 412, 413, TauT gene expression and, 241-242, 245-246 417, 418, 419, 420, 423, 505, 510, 511, Hyperosmotic states 512, 513, 514, 516, 517, 518, 519 cardiac TAUT and, 527 hypochlorous acid and, 563,567,568 TauT gene expression and biosynthetic en- Isobarbituric acid: see 5-hydroxy uracil zymes in, 239-247 Isoguvacine, 276 Hyperoxia, 149-154 Isoproterenol, 503 Hyperthyroidism, 37 Isovolumic regulation (IVR), 219-225 Hypochlorous acid (HOCI), 411, 563-569 Hypotaurine, 9, 10, 11-12,28, 404 J-8, 478, 479, 480 chemical formula, 633 Japan DNA damage protection and, 355, 356, 357, atherosclerosis in, 143-148 361, 362, 363, 364 daily dietary taurine intake in, 137-142 erythrocyte damage protection and, 412, 413, 417, 418, 419, 420, 423, 425, 505, 510, Kainic acid, 293-295, 442 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 518 Ketamine, 265, 267, 268, 269, 271 hyperoxic treatment and, 149-154 Kidney oxidation to taurine, 10, 28, 36 hypotaurine and, 12 PDGF-BB and, 592 taurine deficiency damage and, 615 peroxidation of, 163, 166, I67 TauT gene expression in, 97-107, 239-240, protection of SOD against H2O2, 163-167 242-243, 246, 539-540,615 retinal taurine transport and, 433 Kynurenic acid, 284, 286, 290 646 Index

Lactate, 595, 597,598, 602, 624 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), 621, Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) 622,624

H2O2-induced erythrocyte damage and, 414, Malondialdehyde (MDA), 199

415, 416, 418, 419, 421, 422, 424 H2O2-induced erythrocyte damage and, 414, PHZ-induced erythrocyte damage and. 507, 415, 419, 421, 422, 423, 425 511, 513, 514, 515 PHZ-induced erythrocyte damage and, 503, Lanthionine, 28 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 511, 512, 515, Lanthionine ketimine, 28-29 516, 518,519 L-Leucine, 129 synthetic taurine derivative and, 313, 315, 317, Leukotriene D, (LTD,), 493 318 Lipid peroxidation, 313-318 Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 389-397 Lipids, 179, 181, 195, 197; see also MCPBA: see m-Chloroperbenzoic acid Hyperlipidemia MDA: see Malondialdehyde Lipoperoxide, 144, 145 MDCK cells, 100, 104, 239, 244, 536, 541, 542- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 504 543 taurine chlorine and, 389-397 Meat, 138, 140, 142 LipovitanTM, 1 2-Mercaptoethanesulfonic acid (MESA), 117, 122, 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO), 491, 493-494 124 Litoralon, 633 H2O2-induced erythrocyte damage and, 412, Liver, 6 413, 417, 418, 419, 420, 423 cholesteroland, 179, 180, 183, 189, 191 PHZ-induced erythrocyte damage and, 505, cysteine dioxygenase regulation in, 71-84 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 518, cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase and, 11 519 enzyme activity and taurine treatment, 180-181 Metabolic inactivity of taurine, 19 hepatic encephalopathy and, 305-311 Metabotropic receptors, 257-262 hypotaurine and, 12 Metal ions, 345-353; see also Ion channels mitochondrial permeability transition in, 87-95 Met-hemoglobin, 412, 414, 417, 419, 422, 504, phospholipid-taurineinteractionsin,I8 505, 507, 508, 514, 515, 517, 518 polychlorinated biphenyls and, 169-174 Methionine, 10, 13-14, 19, 137, 346 taurine biosynthesis in, 36, 37 cardiomyopathy and, 62 triglycerides and, 189, 19 1 cysteine dioxygenase and, 78, 81, 83 LLC-PK1 cells, 100, 104, 535-543 functions of, 4-7 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 283, 290, 291 Methionine-homocysteine cycle, 4-7 Long-term taurine treatment, 177-184 N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), 8 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, 29, brain ischemia and, 249,254 187, 190, 191, 192 cerebral insult monitoring and, 265, 266, 267, apoliprotein E deficiency and, 193, 194, 195, 268-269, 270-271 196-197, 199 ethanol and, 203, 211, 376, 380 long-term taurine treatment and, 177, 178, 180, hippocampal taurine release and, 261 182, 183 sulphoacetaldehyde and, 299, 300, 301, 303, LPS: see Lipopolysaccharide 304 Lubeluzole, 266, 269, 270, 271 supraoptic nucleus taurine release and, 229 LY83583, 470, 472, 473, 475 synaptic potentiation and, 283, 290, 291 Lysine, 360, 361 α,β0HWK\OHQH$73 328, 332 Lysophosphatidic acid, 492 Methylene blue (MB), 157, 158, 159, 160, 161 Lysophosphatidylcholine, 491-492, 494 Methyl neogenesis, 6, 7 Lysophosphatidylethanolamine, 492 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), 87, 94 Lysophosphatidylinositol, 492 TH-immunoreactive cells and, 369-374 Lysophosphatidylserine, 492 Methyl recycling, 6 N-Methyltaurine (MMT), 634 Macrophages H2O2-induced erythrocyte damage and, 412, ionomycin effect on TAUT in CsA-treated, 413, 417, 418, 419, 420, 423 127-133 PHZ-induced erythrocyte damage and, 505, matrix metalloproteinases in LPS-activated, 510, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 518, 519 389-397 thermoregulation and, 274, 276 Magnesium ions, 353 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, 5 Index 647

Mice n-3 fatty acids, 144-145,147, 148, 149 apoliprotein E-deficient, 193-200 n-6 fatty acids, 144-145 bile salt conjugation in, 13-14 NF-KB, 545-559 bleomycin-induced effects in, 545-559 Niacin, 504 brain ischemia in, 249-254 suppression of bleomycin-induced NO and NF- dystrophic mdx, 52 KB, 545-559 GES effect on skeletal muscle, 404, 406 Nickel chloride, 284, 286, 290 high-fat diet and taurine treatment in, 177-184 Nickel ions, 346 ionomycin effect on TAUT in, 127-133 Nifedipine, 284, 286, 340 metabtropic receptors in, 257-262 Nimodipine, 251, 252 taurine biosynthesis in, 37 Nitric oxide (NO), 504 taurine chlorine effect on macrophages of, 389- cerebral insult monitoring and, 265, 266, 270 397 in CsA-treated macrophages, 127, 130, 133 Microdialysis studies taurine and niacin suppression of, 545-559 of ethanol and glutamate agonist effects on taurine chlorine and, 390, 397 SAA, 297-304 Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), 546, 548,550; see of extracellular taurine in glioma, 621-624 also Inducible nitric oxide synthase of extracellular taurine release, 265-271 Nitrite, 391, 393, 397, 548 of osmolarity in ethanol intoxication, 203-211 NMDA: see N-Methyl-D-aspartate of subarachnoid hemorrhage, 595-602 N-Nitro L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) Milk, 15 cerebral insult monitoring and, 265, 267, 268, Mitochondrial membrane potential, 90-91 269, 270, 271 Mitochondrial permeability transition, 87-95 in CsA-treated macrophages, 127, 129 MK801, 204, 205, 206, 209, 211 Norbornene, 400, 636 MK886, 493 Northern blot analysis MMT: see N-Methyltaurine of cardiac TAUT, 526 N6-Monomethylarginine, 546 of cysteine dioxygenase, 75 Monosodium phosphate, 412, 505 of PDGF-BB, 590 MPP see 1 -Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium of TauT gene, 537, 538 MPPG, 260 NPPB, 229 MSOP, 260 NRK-52E cells, 100 MSOPPE, 259-260 Nutrition MTPG, 259 enteral, 605-611 Muscimol, 274, 276 total parenteral, 613-614 Myeloperoxidase (MPO), 564 Myocardial ischemia, 109-115 O-Due, 32 Myoinositol, 239, 246, 247 2-hydroxy adenine, 357, 358 Myotonia congenita, 46 8-hydroxy adenine, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361. 364 NACYS: see N-Acetylcysteine 5-hydroxy cytosine, 355, 357, 358, 360, 364 NAD, 205, 297 8-hydroxy guanine, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361 NADH, 205, 297, 385 5-hydroxy uracil, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, NADPH, 159, 385, 388, 422 3 64 L-NAME: see N-Nitro L-arginine methyl ester Okadaic acid, 431, 434, 435, 436, 437, 527, 530 Naphtysin, 627, 629, 630 OMO: see 3-Aminopropanesulphonic acid NBQX, 259, 261 OPA: see o-Phtalaldehyde NDGA, 493 ORE: see Osmotic responsive element NEFA, 188, 189, 191 Osmoregulation and osmolarity Nervous tissue, 219-225 cardiomyopathy and, 57, 62 Net charge of taurine, 19 in ethanol intoxication, 203-211 Neurons in nervous tissue, 219-225 taurine release from hippocampal, 213-218 in supraoptic nucleus cells, 227-235 taurine release from supraoptic nucleus, 232- in taurine release from hippocampal cells, 213- 233 218 Neuropeptide Y (NP-Y), 373 Osmotic responsive element (ORE), 240 Neutrophils, 384, 385, 387 Ouabain, 442 648 Index

Oxidation PIP, 276 of hypotaurine to taurine, 10, 28, 36 Piperazine-N,N-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) in sulfur biochemistry, 3-4, 5 (PIPES), 274, 277, 636 Oxidative damage Piperidine-3-sulfonic acid, 274. 635 to DNA, 355-365 Plasma cholesterol, 179, 180, 183, 196-197 to erythrocytes, 503-519 Plasma ethanol, 207, 208 Oxidative stress, 383-388 Plasma fatty acids, 144-145, 147, 148 Oxytocin, 228, 234 Plasma lipids, 188, 195 Oysters, 141 Plasma lipoproteins, 189 Plasma osmolality, 335, 336, 338 p53, 107 Plasma taurine, 143, 144 L-4PA, 261 enteral nutrition and, 605-611 Pancreatic ß-cells ethanol and, 207, 208 insulin localization in, 579-586 Platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA), taurine and ß-alanine effects on, 571-576 591, 592, 593 Pantetheine, 28 Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), Paraquat, 558 589-594 Paraventricular nucleus (PVN), 228, 234 Plavastatin, 192 Parkinson’s disease, 9, 356, 369 PMA: see Phorbol myristate acetate PBSG, 419, 420, 423, 510 PMSF, 391 PC12 cells, 563-569 Polyami+ne synthesis, 6 PDGF: see Platelet-derived growth factor Poly(A)+mRNA, 525, 526, 528 Perchloroethylene, 504 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 169-174 Peroxynitrite, 545, 555 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Pertussis toxin sensitive guanine nucleotide kinase of bleomycin-affected tissue, 548, 552 (PKG), 397 of cardiac TAUT, 525, 526, 529 Phaclofen, 260, 276 of PDGF-BB, 590 1 ,10-Phenanthroline, 391 of TauT gene, 98, 104, 535, 536 Phenylalanine, 7 Polysome profile analysis, 75-76, 80, 83 Phenyldiazene, 518 Positron emission tomography (PET), 621, 624 Phenylhydrazine (PHZ), 503-519 Post-transcriptional regulation of cysteine pH-metric studies, 346, 348-349 dioxygenase, 71-84 Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), 431, 434, 435, Potassium 436, 437, 438 cerebral insult monitoring and, 265, 266, 269, Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) 271 cardiac TAUT and, 527, 530, 531, 533 erythrocyte damage protection and, 414, 415, PDGF-BB and, 591, 592 416,417,418,419, 421,422, 424, 506, retinal taurine and, 432, 462, 464 507,511,516,517,518 TAUT activity in macrophages and, 127, 128, isovolumic regulation and, 219, 222, 224 129, 133 retinal taurine and, 442 Phosphatidylcholine, 15-16, 18, 61, 314, 318, streptozotocin-induced diabetes and, 498, 500 423 supraoptic nucleus taurine release and, 231 Phosphatidylethanolamine, 18, 61, 314, 318, 423 Potassium channels Phosphatidylinositol, 314 ATP-depedent, 46, 50-51, 53, 54 Phosphatidylserine, 15-16, 17, 314 brain ischemia and, 251-252, 253 Phospholemman channels, 498, 500-501 hippocampal taurine release and, 257 Phospholipase A, (PLA2), 491, 493, 494 skeletal muscle, 54 Phospholipase C, 261 Potassium chloride, 231 Phospholipids, 188, 189 Potassium phosphate, 89-90,91, 92, 93 cardiomyopathy and, 57, 59-62 Probucol, 199 interactions with taurine, 15-18 Prostaglandin E, (PGE1), 274, 336 synthetic taurine derivative effect on, 313-318 Prostaglandin E, (PGE2), 341, 342, 390, 397, 564 o-Phtalaldehyde (OPA), 308 Protein PHZ: see Phenylhydrazine cardiomyopathy and, 62-64 Picrotoxin, 284, 288 cysteine and, 11 Pimozide, 491 Protein kinase A (PKA), 432, 530, 532 Index 649

Protein kinase C (PKC), 37 Rats (cont.) cardiac TAUT and, 530, 532, 533 synaptic potentiation in, 283-291 chloride channels and, 48 taurine biosynthesis in, 37 congestive heart failure and, 64-65 taurine biosynthetic enzymes in, 239-247 glioma and, 624 taurine transport through blood-brain barrier, LPS and, 397 321-324 retinal taurine and, 431, 432, 434, 435, 437, TauT gene in, 97-107, 239-247 438, 462, 464, 466 TAUT isolated from cardiac muscle of, 523- taurine biosynthesis and, 40 533 TAUT and, 128, 133 TH-immunoreactive cells in striatum of, 369- Protein synthesis, 7, 8, 64, 65 374 Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), 397 RAW264.7 cells, 127-133 Pulmonary edema, 627-630 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 503-504 Pulmonary fibrosis, bleomycin-induced, 545- bleomycin and, 545, 546, 555, 557 559 hypotaurine and, 149, 153, 154, 159, 160-161, Puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy, 503 163, 164 Pyridine-3-sulfonic acid (PYR), 274, 276, 635 Red BullTM, 1 Pyrrlidine dithiocarbamate, 558 Regulatory volume decrease (RVD) Pyruvate, 597, 598, 602 in HELA cells, 487, 491 in nervous tissue, 219, 224 Quercetin, 199 in supraoptic nucleus, 227, 230, 231 Quinine, 488 Rehydration, 497-501 Quinoline-8-sulfonic acid, 636 Renal papilla, 243 Quinones, 355-356, 358-359, 362-363, 364, Reperfusion injury, 325-332 365 Retina. 35, 605-606, 617 Quisqualate, 258, 259 calcium uptake in, 466, 469-475, 477-484 characterization of taurine uptake in, 461-466 Rabbits high-affinity taurine transport in, 431-438 heat stress in, 335-342 osmotic and light stimulation effects in, 441- high-fat diet and taurine treatment in, 183 449 thermoregulation in, 273-281 tauret synthesis in, 441-449, 453-458 Rapamycin, 127, 128, 129, 131-132 Retinylidene taurine: see Tauret Rats Riluzole, 251, 253, 254 ammonia poisoning in, 627-630 RNA ascorbic acid and cholesterol metabolism in, bleomycin-affected tissue, 548 169-174 cysteine dioxygenase, 75 bile salt conjugation in, 13, 14-15 PDGF-BB, 590 cerebral insult monitoring in, 265-271 sulfonic acids and spectrophotometric proper- cysteine dioxygenase in liver of, 71-84 ties of, 117-124 erythrocyte damage protection in, 411-425 Ro 31-4639, 491 ethanol administration and, 203-211, 297-304 Rod outer segments (ROS) GES effect on skeletal muscle, 404, 407-408 calcium uptake in, 469470,474,478, 479, 481, hepatic encephalopathy in, 305-311 482, 483 hyperoxia in, 149-154 osmotic and light stimulation effects in, 441- immobilization stress in, 313-318 449 ischemic damage in cardiomyocytes of, 109- tauret synthesis in, 441-449, 457 115 taurine uptake in, 462, 464, 465. 466 kainic acid and AMPA effect on, 293-295 mitochondrial permeability transition in liver SAA: see Sulphoacetaldehyde of, 87-95 Saclofen, 260 phospholipid-taurine interactions in, 18 Salmonella typhosa endotoxin, 336, 341 retinal taurine in, 431, 433, 437, 461-466 Salt: see Hypematremia; Sodium chloride spontaneously hypertensive, 321-324 Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), 403, 405, 406, 407- streptozotocin-induced diabetes in, 497-501, 408 571-576, 579-586 L-Serine, 129, 130 sulphoacetaldehyde outflow and, 297-304 Serum: see Plasma 650 Index

Shellfish, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 149 Sulfur biochemistry. 1-21 Singlet oxygen, 157-161 biological sulfur cycle in, 3-4 Skeletal muscle Cavallini’s work on, 27-29 GES effect on contraction, 403-408 sulfur metabolism and function in. 4-12 taurine effect on ion channels, 45-55 Sulfur-containing amino acids (SAA), 169 SKF 9754, 260, 262 Sulfur-containing compounds

S-MCGP, 258-259 H2O2-induced erythrocyte damage and, 411- SMIT: see Sodium-dependent myo-inositol trans- 425 porter PHZ-induced erythrocyte damage and, 503- S1 nuclease protection assay, 99, 100 519 SOD: see Superoxide dismutase Sulfur cycle, biological, 3-4 Sodium Sulfur metabolism, 4-12 erythrocyte damage protection and, 516 Sulfur mustard, 123 hippocampal taurine release and, 260, 262 Sulphoacetaldehyde, sulfoacetaldehyde (SAA) streptozotocin-induced diabetes and, 500 ethanol and glutamate agonist effects on, 297- supraoptic nucleus taurine release and, 229 304 TAUT and, 130 metabolism of taurine to during oxidative stress, Sodium azide, 412 383-388 Sodium-calcium exchanger Superoxide anion, 397, 505 cardiomyopathy and, 59, 61, 62 Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 5 17

synaptic potentiation and, 286-288, 290 H2O2 and, 163-167 taurine effect on reverse mode of, 38, 40, 41 hyperoxia and, 149-150, 152, 153, 154 Sodium channels singlet oxygen and, 157, 158, 160, 161 brain ischemia and, 253-254 Superoxide radicals, 545, 555, 558, 564 skeletal muscle, 48-50, 53, 54 Supraoptic nucleus (SON), 227-235 Sodium chloride Suramin, 326, 328, 332 cardiac TAUT and, 523-524 Swelling-induced taurine efflux, 487-494 taurine release from hippocampal cells and, Synaptic potentiation, 283-291 213, 216 Synaptosomes, 313-318 Sodium-dependent myo-inositol transporter Synthetic taurine derivative (STD), 313-318 (SMIT), 240, 241-242, 243, 244, 245, 246 Sodium-potassium ATPase, 224, 424, 504 TAG, 274, 276, 335, 637 L-SOP, 260, 261 TAHS: see Trans-2-Aminocyclohexane sulfonic Sorbitol, 239, 246, 247, 487 acid Southern blot analysis, 98 Tauret Sphingomyelin, 314, 318 chemical formula, 637 Spontaneously hypertensive rats, 321-324 HPLC evidence on, 449, 453-458 Spl transcription factor. 103-104, 106 osmotic and light stimulation effects on, 441- SSA: see Succinic semialdehyde 449 Starfish, 31 Taurine analogues, 633-637 Staurosporine, 128, 129, 432, 462, 464 cyclic, 635-636 Streptozotocin-induced diabetes DNA damage prevention and, 355-365 pancreatic ß-cells in, 571-576,579 -586 ethanol detoxification and. 375-380 taurine fluxes and rehydration in, 497-501 substitutions and modifications, 634-635 Striatum, 369-374 synthesis from alkenes, 397-401 Strychnine, 232-233 thermoregulation and, 273-281 Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 595-602 Taurine biosynthesis, 35-41 Substantia nigra, 293-295, 369-370 Taurine biosynthetic enzymes, 239-247 Succinic semialdehyde (SSA), 297, 301, 303-304 Taurine chloramine, 297, 564 ß-Sulfinylpyruvate. 10 Taurine chlorine. 389-397 a-Sulfo-palanine (ASBA) Taurine transport H,O,-induced erythrocyte damage and, 412, in retinal cells, 431-438 413, 417, 418, 419, 420, 422 through blood-brain barrier. 321-324 PHZ-induced erythrocyte damage and. 505, Taurine transporter (TAUT) 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 519 from cardiac muscle. 523-533 Sulfonic acids, 117-124 ionomycin effect on in macrophages. 127-133 Index 651

Taurine transporter (TauT) gene Trifluorperazine (TFP), 478, 479, 480-482, 483 cloning of promoter region, 97-107 Triglycerides, 188, 189, 191-192 in hyperosmotic states, 239-247 N,N,N-Trimethyltaurine (TMT), 274, 276, 277, 634 promoter elements and calcium signaling in, Tropomyosin, 63 535-543 Troponin, 63 3p-syndrome and, 106-107, 613-618 Tryphostin, 397 Taurocholic acid, 637 TTX: see Tetrodotoxin TAUT: see Taurine transporter Tumor necrosis factor-α 71)α TauT gene: see Taurine transporter gene bleomycin and, 546, 548, 551, 553, 557 TBA: see 2-Thiobarbituric acid taurine chloramine and, 564 TBARS: see Thiobarbituric acid reactive sub- taurine chlorine and, 390, 397 stances Tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive cells, 1,1,3,3-Tetraethoxypropane (TEP), 412, 505, 508 369-374 Tetraethyl-ammonium chloride (TEA), 284, 288, Tyrosine kinase, 230 289, 291 Tetrahydrofolate, 5, 6 Unithiol, 627-630 1,2,3,4,-Tetrahydroquinoline-8-sulfonic acid, 636 Uranyl ions, 346 Tetrodotoxin (TTX), 294, 295, 328 Urinary taurine excretion, 137, 143, 144, 147, TFP: see Trifluoroperazine 605-611 TGF see Transforming growth factor TG repeat, 104-105,106 Valine, 623 TH: see Tyrosine hydroxylase Valproate, 385, 388 Thapsigargin, 284, 285 Vasopressin: see Arginine vasopressin Thermoregulation, 273-281 Verapamil, 340 Thin layer chromatography (TLC), 441, 448-449, Veratridine glutamate, 442 453, 454, 456, 457 Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, Thioacetamide, 305-306 190, 192 2-Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 412, 505 apoliprotein E deficiency and, 193, 194, 195, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) 196-197,199 apoliprotein E deficiency and, 193, 195, 198- long-term taurine treatment and, 177, 180, 182, 199 184 erythrocyte damage protection and, 415,425, Vitamin A, 454, 457-458 508, 511, 518 Vitamin E, 199 Thiosulfate, 117-124 Volume-sensitive organic osmolyte anion channel 3p-syndrome, 106-107,613 -618 (VLOAC), 487-488 Thymidine, 487 TNF: see Tumor necrosis factor Western blot analysis Topoisomerase, 123 of cysteine dioxygenase, 75 Total parenteral nutrition (TNP), 613-614 of cytochrome c, 90 Toyama, Japan, 143-148 of NOS and,N%α 550 Trans-ACPD, 259 Transamination, 4, 5, 9-10, 15 Xanthine oxidase (XO), 164 trans-2-Aminocyclohexane sulfonic acid (TAHS), Xenopus oocytes, 438 274, 277, 278, 279, 635 ion channels in, 47 Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß), 548, 551, TAUT and, 526-527, 528, 529-531,532 553, 556, 557 Transmethylation, 5, 6 Zaprinast, 470. 474, 475 Transsulfuration, 4, 5, 6, 7 Zinc, 345, 353, 391