Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce – APSTRACT Agroinform Publishing House, Budapest SCIENTIFIC PAPERS ANALYSIS OF THE OBJECTIVE INDICATORS OF QUALITY OF LIFE IN HAJDÚ-BIHAR COUNTY Anett Sôrés & Károly Petô University of Debrecen, Faculty of Applied Economics and Rural Development 4032 Debrecen Böszörmény út 138. Abstract: The rate of unemployment in Hajdú-Bihar County is several percent higher than the national average and the actual number of unemployed people is the highest, resulting in considerable social problems. The majority of families living under the minimum subsistence level cannot cover their housing maintenance costs. These costs include the rents of tenement flats, public charges, water, electricity, gas and district heating charges. Cutting the number of unemployed people and stimulating economic activity is a high priority. Important tools towards achieving these goals include the promotion of non-agricultural activities by households engaged in agriculture, incentives for rural micro- enterprises, the development of rural and agro-tourism and support for traditional arts and crafts. As for general subjective well-being, although its average value is positive, merely 50% of the population is contented. Naturally it does not mean that we are unhappy. 4 respondents out of 5 claim that they are rather happy. This may suggest that the picture is not so pessimistic as it is revealed by questions about living conditions. Key words: Unemployment, Quality of life, Rural development I. Introduction answer the question, many use the measuring sticks of life quality and contentment to recalibrate political for the future. On what bases can a nation’s quality of life be assessed, In other words, the level of the quality of life of the citizens and in making such an assessment, how should one gauge the of a nation, and especially its improvement, is the gauge by current state of affairs and developmental history of e.g. such which one should distinguish between good and bad a relatively small environment as that of Hajdú-Bihar governance. The way forward, which leads governments County? Are conclusions from such an assessment drawn responsible for the realization of the “public good” by unconsciously on the basis of findings with the help of a adopting quality of life-centred economic and social policies, mathematical formula or is a single “indicator” simply appear necessary. Of late, interest in the analysis of life chosen (e.g. income, number of friends, professional quality has increased and the idea of life quality-centred accolades) to help us in the assessment of quality of life? planning has already emerged in Hungarian public We might agree that it is much easier to answer the administration. (Kovács-Horkay-Michalkó, 2006) question as to why one even bothers measuring the quality of life, than to find an answer to the question as to how this should be measured. Accordingly, one should perhaps begin II. Assessment of the quality of life by answering the easier question. Quality of life should be measured because life is much more than survival. On the Research on well-being consistently reveals that the one hand, any improvement of public health is judged in characteristics and resources valued by society correlate with terms of any increase in a population’s average lifespan, happiness. For example, marriage (Mastekaasa, 1994), a com- while on the other hand, it is equally judged in terms of the fortable income (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002), superior improvement of overall life quality (e.g. quality of palliative mental health (Koivumaa-Honkanen et al., 2004), and a long care, improvement in the ability to of health care life (Danner, Snowdon, & Friesen, 2001) all appear as factors professionals to function properly). in reports of high happiness levels. Such associations between Today, policy-makers have started to realize that the desirable life outcomes and happiness have led most effectiveness of economic and social policies preaching investigators to assume that success makes people happy. This slogans, such as “job creation”, “GDP growth” and assumption can be found throughout the literature in this area. “motorway construction” to alleviate the resentment at their For example, Diener, Suh, Lucas, and Smith (1999) reviewed failure to improve the nation’s quality of life are running out. the correlations between happiness and a variety of resources, Increasingly, Hungarians feel that more meaningful desirable characteristics, and favourable life circumstances. decisions will also be needed to make them contented (Diener, King, Lyubomirsky, 2005) enough to give their votes to any political party, than has been In this decade, empirical studies related to subjective the case since 1990. But what does this actually mean? To well-being have been made with particular attention paid to 84 Anett Sôrés & Károly Petô developing economies. Some of the key publications on this the past three decades, the health of the Hungarian has topic include the work of Graham and Pettinato (2001, population deteriorated significantly and showed a markedly 2002), Gough and McGregor (2007), Kingdon and Knight unfavourable picture in international comparison. (2006), Rojas (2008) and Pradhan and Ravallion (2000). The physical or man-built environment primarily When dealing with rural areas in emerging economies, includes infrastructure and housing circumstances. The studies must take into account differences in the relevant viewpoints in their assessment are the accessibility determinants of subjective well-being between people from of residences, the reliability and headway of transport modes, developed and developing economies. the quality of road networks, public lighting, coverage of There are subjective and objective sides in life quality telephone network and shopping facilities. Personal researches. The two significant life quality research models relationships and security must also be mentioned, as these are the Scandinavian, starting with the availability of two factors are closely linked. Personal relationships resources and their possession, thus laying emphasis on primarily refer to the family and security provided by it. objective factors; and the American, which rather finds However, priority will be given to individuals’ secure subjective perception and evaluation important. A kind of livelihood as well. Families’ secure livelihood is determined mixture of these two is the life quality approach used by Erik by the degrees of accumulated wealth and whether stable job Allart. Following Maslow’s model, he also created a opportunities are available for family members in the vicinity hierarchy of needs and distinguished 3 levels: of their residences, in accordance with their qualifications “Having, loving, being” (material–environmental and and skills and also, of course, by the public security of their social needs and needs for personal development as well). residential area. Moreover, he differentiated objective factors and the related subjective attitudes on all the three levels. In the present Health study the level of “having” is the most relevant, so objective and subjective indicators will be highlighted at this level: Security • Objective: objective measurement of the standard of Physical (man-built) environment living and environmental conditions Quality • Subjective: contentment with the standard of living, of Personal life the feeling of contentment (Utasi, 2007) development Provision of consumer Inglehart and Klingemann claim that the communist past goods of certain countries or their democratic conditions looking back to previous traditions are significant factors in the Personal relationships, Natural resources assessment of the subjective quality of life. community development In formerly socialist countries, the evaluation of Figure 1. Factors influencing the quality of life (Source: Author’s own work) individual welfare is lower than in traditional democracies; moreover, it is often far below the level of those of presently communist systems. Veenhoven (2003) finds the reasons for 2. Contentment with the quality of life in this state of affairs in the fact that the more equal distribution Hungary of happiness is rather characteristic of those countries where income differences are low and social security is high. In Hungary, the rate of contended citizens lags well Lengyel and Hegedûs (2002) suggest that the economic crisis behind the average measured in all the EU member states and the ensuing political transformation in itself exerted a (78%) by the Eubarometer. The positive attitude of Denmark negative influence on citizens’ well-being in post-socialist (98%), Luxemburg (96%), Sweden (96%), the Netherlands countries. This situation has been further aggravated by – (95%), Finland (95%) and the United Kingdom (91%) are immediately or at least quickly developing – disappoint- worth mentioning. In the spring of 2009, 56% of the ments in the fulfilment of expectations related to the trans- respondents in Greece were pessimistic, but their rate formation, decreasing social security and its concomitant decreased to 42% within 6 months, whereas the rate of uncertainty of existence. (Inglehart – Klingemann, 2000) contented citizens grew from 44% to 58%. (Eurobarometer 72, 2010) Almost all the Hungarian respondents claim that the state 1. Factors influencing the quality of life of economy (97%) and employment are definitely poor (96%). Somewhat fewer people think that the state of the The precise