Higher Education Pays: The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities

Mark Schneider President, College Measures Vice President, American Institutes for Research

College Measures is a joint venture of A product of College Measures’ Economic Success Metrics the American Institutes for Research Project supported by the Lumina Foundation and Matrix Knowledge Contents

Executive Summary...... iv

Introduction...... 1

Exploring the Data on Labor Market Outcomes of Texas Graduates...... 1

About the Data Sources...... 3

The Overall Relationship Between Postsecondary Degrees and Earnings...... 4

Bachelor’s Degrees...... 6

First-Year Earnings of Bachelor’s Degree Recipients ...... 6

Variation by College/University...... 7

Variation by Program of Study...... 9

Variation Across Programs in Different Institutions...... 10

Master’s Degrees...... 17

The First-Year Earnings of Master’s Degree Graduates...... 17

Associate’s Degrees...... 21

The Earnings of Graduates from the Most Popular Associate’s Degree Programs...... 30

Variation Across Associate’s Degree Programs...... 31

Certificates...... 35

Conclusion...... 39

Higher Education Pays: But Far More for Some Programs Than for Others...... 39

Appendixes...... 40

Appendix A1: Match Rate for Bachelor’s Degree Graduates...... 40

Appendix A2: Match Rates for Community College Graduates...... 41

Appendix B: Economic Success Measures—Texas Methodology...... 43

Appendix C: Average Age of Bachelor’s and Master’s Graduates by Institution...... 44

ii Higher Education Pays List of Figures

Figure 1: Median First-Year Earnings by Degree...... 4

Figure 2: Median First-Year Earnings of Bachelor’s Degree Graduates by Institution...... 8

Figure 3: Median First-Year Earnings of Graduates from Popular Bachelor’s Degree Programs in Texas.....10

Figure 4: Median First-Year Earnings, Psychology Bachelor’s Graduates...... 12

Figure 5: Median First-Year Earnings: Business Bachelor’s Graduates...... 14

Figure 6: Median First-Year Earnings: Biology and Mathematics Bachelor’s Graduates...... 16

Figure 7: Master’s vs. Bachelor’s Graduates’ Median First-Year Earnings: Seven Large Programs...... 18

Figure 8: Median First-Year Earnings of Bachelor’s and Master’s Degree Graduates by Institution...... 19

Figure 9: Median First-Year Earnings of Academic Associate’s Degree Graduates by Institution...... 22

Figure 10: Median First-Year Earnings of Technical Associate’s Degree Graduates by Institution...... 24

Figure 11: Academic vs. Technical Degrees: Community Colleges With Technical Degree Recipients’ First-Year Earnings Median Less Than $50,000...... 27

Figure 12: Academic vs. Technical Degrees: Community Colleges With Technical Degree Recipients’ First-Year Earnings Median More Than $50,000...... 28

Figure 13: Median First-Year Earnings of Graduates With the Most Popular Academic Associate’s Degrees...... 30

Figure 14: Median First-Year Earnings of Graduates With the Most Popular Technical Associate’s Degrees...... 31

Figure 15: Median First-Year Earnings of Graduates With the Three Most Popular Academic Associate’s Degrees by College...... 32

Figure 16: Median First-Year Earnings of Graduates With the Three Most Popular Technical Associate’s Degrees by College...... 34

Figure 17: Median First-Year Earnings of Certificate vs. Associate’s Degree Holders in Six Popular Fields of Study...... 36

Figure 18: Median First-Year Earnings: Graduates With Highest-Earning Certificates by College and Subject...... 37

Figure 19: Median First-Year Earnings: Graduates With Lowest-Earning Certificates by School and Subject...... 38

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities iii Executive Summary

Texas, with more than 25 million residents, is home to more than 8% of the U.S. population. Texas is also fast growing: Between 2000 and 2010, its growth rate of 20.6% was more than twice that of the nation. Texas has a slightly larger concentration of students approaching traditional college age than the nation as a whole: About 7.5% of its population is between the ages of 15 and 19, higher than the 7.1% national average. This percentage translates into an existing pool of around 2 million young students who are or soon will be reaching traditional college age. In turn, high demand is likely to continue for admission to colleges and universities throughout the state.

As students make their decisions about where to invest their time and money in pursuit of postsecondary degrees, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) is working with College Measures to make publicly available the first-year earnings of recent graduates from two- and four-year public institutions across the state who are working in Texas one year after obtaining their degree or certificate.1

The results suggest that the degree a student earns matters, but that there are important variations in returns by program and by institution. This report documents some of the differences in first-year earnings ranging from certificate programs through master’s programs.

Among the findings are:

• Technical-oriented associate’s degree programs in the state of Texas are helping many students successfully enter the labor market by equipping them with skills that are in demand. On average, a year after graduation, students with two-year technical degrees have first-year median earnings of more than $50,000, just over $11,000 more than graduates of bachelor’s degree programs across the state.

• Graduates with these two-year technical degrees earn, on average, about $30,000 more than students who completed academically oriented two-year degrees and are now in the labor force.

1 First-year earnings represent the wages earned by graduates for four consecutive quarters, starting six months after graduation. The period after graduation is calculated based on the month and year of graduation. If an individual has multiple jobs, all wages are included.

iv Higher Education Pays • The first-year earnings of graduates from different community colleges vary widely. For academic associate’s degrees, the range is from around $10,000 (Ranger College) to more than $30,000 for graduates from the Trinity Campus of Tarrant County Junior College and from Central Texas Community College. For graduates with technical degrees the range is even greater, from approximately $20,000 for graduates from Clarendon College to more than $65,000 for graduates from seven community colleges: College of the Mainland Community College District, San Jacinto College South Campus, Tarrant County Junior College South Campus, Galveston College, El Centro College, Trinity Valley Community College, and Weatherford College.

• Certificates are one of the fastest-growing credentials offered by community colleges. The median first-year earnings of certificate holders often exceed those of graduates from academic and technical associate’s programs. For example, the median first-year earnings of certificate holders in Business Administration/Management ($36,987) exceed those with academic associate’s degrees in the same field of study by $11,000. In criminal justice/police sciences, the median first-year earnings of certificate holders ($48,230) exceed academic associate’s degree holders in criminal justice by more than $24,000 and those with a technical associate’s degree by about $11,500. In contrast, across Texas, graduates with technical associate’s degrees in Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse programs earn close to $50,000 more than new certificate holders in the same field of study ($68,059 vs. $19,729).

• The median first-year wages of graduates from some certificate programs are above $70,000, or $30,000 more than the Texas-wide median bachelor’s degree salary. Among these high- paying programs, health care is well represented, along with certificates in construction, such as Construction Engineering Technology/Technician (Brazosport College), Electrician (Lee College), and Pipefitting (Lee College). A number of certificate programs turning out technicians in engineering, industrial technology, and instrumentation (e.g., from Brazosport College, San Jacinto College Central Campus, and Frank Phillips College) are also on the list of high-paying programs.

• In contrast, in two dozen certificate programs, recipients earned less than $13,000 in their first year. The largest concentration of these low-paying certificate programs is in cosmetology (10 programs) and four are in nursing/patient care assistants. One program in computer and information systems (from Alamo Community College–San Antonio College) and one in Network and System Administration/Administrator (Laredo Community College) are on the list.

• The median first-year earnings of bachelor’s degree recipients statewide are around $39,000. However, there is a wide range in earnings, depending upon field of study: First-year earnings in popular fields of study range from around $25,000 (Biology) to around $47,000 (Accounting).

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities v • More generally, despite the interest in increasing the number of graduates in Science, Technol- ogy, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), biology graduates at both the bachelor’s and the master’s level earn below statewide medians. In contrast, there is a premium for bachelor’s graduates in mathematics, who out earn biology graduates by more than $20,000 statewide and all bachelor’s graduates by more than $9,000.

• Master’s degree graduates earn more—often far more—than students with a bachelor’s degree. The median first-year earnings of master’s graduates in Texas are $63,340, or $24,000 higher than the median first-year earnings of bachelor’s graduates.

• The smallest difference (less than $5,000) between graduates with a bachelor’s degree and those with a master’s degree is in multi- or interdisciplinary studies. A person with a master’s degree in engineering earns about $14,000 more than a person with a bachelor’s degree, but graduates with either degree are the highest paid in that field. Graduates with master’s degrees in accounting earn almost $20,000 more than recent bachelor’s degree recipients in accounting. The largest difference is in business administration, with an increment of more than $44,000 in first-year wages for master’s graduates versus bachelor’s graduates.

Together, these findings demonstrate why students, their families, and policy makers need to look more carefully at the data available at www.collegemeasures.org/esm/texas.

vi Higher Education Pays Introduction

With more than 25 million residents, Texas is the home to more than 8% of the U.S. population. Texas is also fast growing: Between 2000 and 2010, its growth rate of 20.6% was more than twice that of the nation. Texas has a slightly larger concentration of students approaching traditional college age than the nation as a whole. About 7.5% of its population is between the ages of 15 and 19, higher than the 7.1% national average. This percentage translates into an existing pool of ap- proximately 2 million students who soon will reach traditional college age.2 But, so far, Texas lags behind the nation in the percentage of its population with higher education: Only about 25.3% of Texans have a bachelor’s education or above, and about 8.5% have advanced degrees. That is lower than the 27.9% and the 10.3% of the U.S. population with bachelor’s and advanced degrees, respectively.3

Between the growing population of college-age students and the likely need of the state to catch up to the nation in terms of adults with postsecondary credentials, demand is likely to increase for admission to colleges and universities throughout the state. As students make their decisions about where to invest their time and money in pursuit of postsecondary degrees, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board is working with College Measures to make publicly available the first-year earnings of recent graduates from two-year and four-year institutions across the state who are working in Texas one year after obtaining their degrees or certificates.

The goal is to better inform prospective students, policy makers, and those who lead institutions of higher learning about the labor market success of graduates from different institutions and different programs across the state. We hope that these data will help students understand the likely earnings they will command with different degrees, and we hope that these data will also help them make better-informed decisions about how to fund their education—specifically about how much they might consider borrowing.

Exploring the Data on Labor Market Outcomes of Texas Graduates

Before examining indicators of the earnings of graduates from different programs across the state, we describe how these data were gathered as well as some limitations of the data that the reader should keep in mind when reading this report or accessing the more detailed data available at www.collegemeasures.org/esm/texas.

2 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, “Demographic Profiles: Census 2010.” See Table 16. State Resident Population by Age and Sex: 2010 3 http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0233.pdf.

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 1 With the support of the Lumina Foundation, College Measures is assisting state agencies such as the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board in its efforts to make publicly accessible informa- tion about the earnings of graduates from higher education programs.4 Together College Measures, Texas, and our other partner states are making it possible to compare the earnings of graduates at the state, institutional, and program levels. The data in this report show that earnings can vary across degree programs and across institutions in the state.5 Because students study a specific subject in a specific college, the detailed information reported here matters—students graduating, for example, with a business or psychology degree from one campus may earn substantially more than students graduating with the same degree from another school. The information provides prospective students with data they can use in selecting an institution and a program of study and for estimating the potential earnings they may achieve and thinking more carefully about the debt they may incur.

It is important to note that graduates’ earnings are not the only measure of how well a program or institution is performing. For example, individual students’ success reflects a variety of factors independent of their educational experience, such as each student’s background, the local job market, and so on.

Furthermore, students take many different paths after graduation. For some institutions and degree levels (for example, transfer-oriented academic associate’s degrees or bachelor’s degree programs focused on preparation for graduate study), wage outcomes soon after graduation may be less important than programs that usually represent the culmination of a student’s formal postsecondary education. Nonetheless, students who go into the job market within a year of completing their education represent an important segment of every school’s graduating class. In turn, the percentage of students covered by the wage data reported here varies across programs and institutions.6

4 Appendix B describes how earnings and other terms used in this report are computed. In this report, the term “earnings” refers to data reported by the state’s unemployment insurance (UI) records system. The report also focuses on what is termed “first-year earnings.” In this definition, students have six months (two quarters) to find work before starting their “first year.” The terms “program” or “field of study” refer to the Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) developed and maintained by the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). For more information about CIP codes, please visit the NCES Web site: http://nces. ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode. See the appendix for more information about this and other measures used. 5 Note that only public institutions are included in our database and this report. Across the nation, very few states have collected data from private institutions (either not-for-profit or for-profit), but most students attend public institutions. In Texas, public institutions enroll about 80% of all students in four-year and above colleges and universities and more than 90% of all students enrolled in two-year colleges. 6 Appendixes A1 and A2 lists the percentage of graduates found for bachelor’s and associate’s degrees at the college/university level.

2 Higher Education Pays In short, the data used in this report present a somewhat limited picture of the total contribution colleges make to the success of their graduates. However, from the perspective of any individual state, this limitation is less severe than it may seem at first glance. For example, by measuring the percentage of graduates who remain to work in the state after graduation, a state can see which campuses and programs are contributing the most toward improving the economic prospects and quality of life of state residents. And, despite data limitations, the earnings students achieve in the labor market represent valuable information, especially for students and their families as they consider their plans for higher education and how to finance those plans.

This report and its accompanying Web site (www.collegemeasures.org/esm/texas) focus on the variation in first-year earnings of graduates from public higher education institutions in the state of Texas who are working in Texas one year after graduation.7 In the past few months, College Measures has released Web-based reporting tools for other states (including Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, and Colorado). The patterns in those states can be compared to the results reported for Texas.

About the Data Sources

The program and graduation data used to inform this report were provided by colleges and universities to the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board as part of the state’s higher education accountability system. Records were limited to students who completed under- graduate or graduate programs at a public institution between 2006 and 2010. The employment data include Unemployment Insurance (UI) Wage Records for employment in Texas provided by the Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) and through national databases from the Office of Personnel Management, US Postal Service, and Department of Defense (military service records). They do not include nonfederal employees outside of Texas. First-year earnings are the sum of wages earned by graduates employed in Texas for quarters 3 through 6 for all levels of employment (full- and part-time). Many of the results presented here are for median income, the point at which half of the graduates earned above the amount and half earned below the amount. Median income is a useful measure because it is not highly sensitive to abnormally high or abnormally low values that would affect averages far more.

7 First-year earnings data are earnings from quarters three through six following graduation of students who graduated from a given program between 2006 and 2010. See Appendix B for more details on this and other measures. It is clearly necessary to more fully assess the labor market success of graduates. THECB is currently exploring the variation in graduates’ earnings growth over a decade.

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 3 The Overall Relationship Between Postsecondary Degrees and Earnings

Figure 1 shows the median earnings of graduates in the first year after graduation according to the degree they have completed. Several findings and cautions are suggested by the data.

Figure 1: Median First-Year Earnings by Degree

Academic Associate's $20,853

Bachelor's $39,725

Technical Associate's $50,827

Master's $63,537 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k

First, note the high value of a two-year technical degree. With median first-year earnings averag- ing more than $50,000, graduates with technical two-year degrees are earning about $30,000 more than recent graduates with an academic associate’s degree who are in the labor market.

There is a caution to keep in mind when considering this comparison: A number of students who graduated with associate’s degrees are currently enrolled in four-year institutions; this includes about 22% of technical associate’s degree graduates and around 42% of academic associate’s graduates. Graduates who are pursuing further postsecondary studies are likely to have lower earnings than graduates who are not continuing their studies. Thus, the far higher rate of academic associate’s graduates continuing their education likely depresses their median earnings more than for graduates with technical degrees. In turn, some part of the gap in median earnings between graduates from the two tracks traces to this enrollment pattern.

Keeping this in mind, we can still see the market value of the technical associate’s degree, a fact that is reinforced by another simple pattern evident in Figure 1: The median first-year earnings of graduates with technical associate’s degrees is more than $11,000 higher than bachelor’s degree graduates’.

Setting aside the technical associate’s degree, the data suggest the additional payoff for students with higher levels of more academically oriented education. There is a large increment for students who attain the next highest degree: Moving from an academic associate’s degree to a bachelor’s degree yields an increase of slightly less than $19,000; the increment for a master’s degree graduate compared to a bachelor’s graduate is around $24,000. Of course, many factors affect these median earnings: Master’s degree graduates are older than bachelor’s graduates and have more likely been in the job market longer; there is selection bias in that students

4 Higher Education Pays earning advanced degrees may be more talented than students who end their studies at earlier points in the academic pipeline, etc. Remember, our indicators are not causal—but they do contain important information about the value of different degrees in the labor market.

In the following sections, we look more closely at the data behind these overall patterns. We begin with bachelor’s degrees and look at earnings at different levels. We next look at the earnings outcomes of students with master’s degrees and then turn to the earnings of graduates with associate’s degrees across the state. We also present some data on the earnings of students with certificates granted by the state’s two-year colleges—perhaps the fastest- growing postsecondary credential in the nation.

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 5 Bachelor’s Degrees

First-Year Earnings of Bachelor’s Degree Recipients

The bachelor’s degree is the most common degree granted in the United States. Historically, a bachelor’s degree has been a good investment. According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, bachelor’s degree holders nationwide earn on average about 65% per year more than high school graduates, and bachelor’s degree holders are far less likely to be unemployed.8

However, these national data mask differences in the labor market outcomes of bachelor’s degree holders. As is evident in the following charts, there is a wide variation in returns to graduates from different institutions and with different majors. In short, graduates do not earn just a bachelor’s degree; they earn a degree from a specific institution and in a specific field of study. And these choices have consequences as graduates enter the labor market. The data in this report and on the College Measures Web site enable the reader to dig deeper into this variation.

First, we examine the range of first-year earnings of graduates from four-year bachelor degree- granting institutions in Texas. We then look at the median earnings of graduates who have specialized in different fields of study. And finally we look at how graduates from the same programs across various colleges and universities fared in the labor market. This last level of detail is the most important, because, as noted, students earn degrees in specific fields awarded by specific colleges and universities.

8 http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_chart_001.htm.

6 Higher Education Pays Variation by College/University

In Figure 2, we report the median first-year earnings of graduates by institution. Overall, the median earnings of bachelor’s degree recipients in Texas one year after graduation is $39,725. But there is considerable variation in the first-year earnings of graduates from the four-year colleges and universities across the state. When looking at the data in Figure 2, the reader should bear in mind that Texas is a large state, with many regional economies that vary widely in their demand for new workers and cost of living. These factors may affect the variation shown.

For example, graduates from Sul Ross State University have the lowest median earnings of any college/university in Texas. But Sul Ross is located in Alpine, Texas, classified by the National Center for Education Statistics as a remote town and is located in the foothills of the Davis Mountains in Far West Texas. In contrast, graduates from institutions with the highest earnings tend to have attended campuses located in larger metropolitan areas. Keeping that in mind, we find a wide range in the labor market outcomes of graduates from different campuses, with slightly under $20,000 separating the median earnings of graduates of Sul Ross (at $28,451) and graduates of the University of Houston–Clear Lake ($48,086). Although the range from top to bottom is large, in fact the earnings of graduates from many campuses cluster tightly around the state median. For example, graduates of 17 campuses earn within $2,000 of the statewide median, indicating that many paths into the labor market can benefit students.

We should also note that the median first-year earnings of graduates from the University of Texas–Austin, one of the state’s premier institutions, are below the state median. This is likely the result of a large proportion of their students—likely many of their most successful ones— choosing to go on to graduate training or to seek employment outside the state. Indeed, the percentage of graduates from University of Texas–Austin that we find in the state’s wage database (57%) is far below the state average (70%).

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 7 Figure 2: Median First-Year Earnings of Bachelor’s Degree Graduates by Institution

Sul Ross State University $28,451 Texas Southern University $33,578 Texas A&M University-Central Texas $33,641 The University of Texas at El Paso $33,991 Angelo State University $34,614 The University of Texas at Brownsville $35,888 Sul Ross State University Rio Grande College $36,237 Texas State University-San Marcos $36,916 The University of Texas at San Antonio $37,171 Prairie View A&M University $37,549 University of North Texas $37,786 Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi $37,817 The University of Texas at Austin $38,145 Texas A&M University-San Antonio $38,212 Texas Tech University $38,400 Stephen F. Austin State University $38,405 Sam Houston State University $38,615 Texas A&M University-Kingsville $38,864 Tarleton State University $39,043 Texas A&M University-Texarkana $39,055 Texas A&M International University $39,466 West Texas A&M University $39,714 Texas Statewide Median $39,725 Lamar University $39,738 Texas A&M University-Commerce $39,991 The University of Texas of the Permian Basin $40,309 The University of Texas-Pan American $40,423 The University of Texas at Dallas $41,660 The University of Texas at Tyler $41,981 University of Houston $42,319 Texas A&M University $42,662 Midwestern State University $42,680 Texas A&M University at Galveston $43,783 The University of Texas at Arlington $43,855 University of Houston-Victoria $44,157 University of Houston-Downtown $47,008 Texas Woman's University $47,494 University of Houston-Clear Lake $48,086 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k

8 Higher Education Pays Variation by Program of Study

In Figure 3, we display the median earnings of graduates from the 10 most popular programs across the state9. We can see that the graduates who majored in nursing, the top-paying program, earn almost three times the wages of biology majors, the bottom one. More generally, of the six programs where graduates earn more than the state median, four are business-related, and graduates with accounting degrees earn the most. Indeed, the median earnings of accounting graduates are more than $8,000 higher than the statewide bachelor’s graduate median. Close behind are graduates with finance degrees, out earning the statewide bachelor’s graduate median by about $7,500. Graduates with bachelor’s degree in business and marketing also earn more than the statewide median.

The most interesting entry on the list of above-median earnings is the strong showing of graduates with bachelor’s degrees in multi- or interdisciplinary studies. In other states for which College Measures has reported data, graduates with degrees in multidisciplinary studies lag statewide student wage performance10 and they lag business administration graduates by even more. Yet as shown in Figure 3, graduates from these programs are doing relatively well in the labor market. Much of this is likely driven by the popularity of this major for students who enter the teaching field. Indeed, many universities explicitly market their multidisciplinary (also called interdisciplinary) degree programs to students interested in becoming teachers.11 Initial teaching positions in Texas offer salaries of $35,000–$45,000, thus raising the median wages of graduates from these programs.

More typical is the pattern of majors with below-median first-year earnings. These programs are concentrated in traditional liberal arts and sciences, with the earnings of graduates having popular majors, such as psychology and English literature, lagging other graduates, at least in the early years after graduation.

Finally, we should note that although there is a national interest in producing more graduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, bachelor’s graduates in biology (the most widely chosen STEM subject) do not do well in the labor market (a pattern evident in other states as well). Indeed, of the 10 most popular undergraduate majors, biology graduates who enter the labor market lag behind all other graduates.

9 We are using “popular” as reflected by enrollments. Each of these majors had more than 9,000 graduates in our wage data. 10 For Tennessee, see: http://www.air.org/files/Earning_Power_TN_Graduates_Sept12.pdf. For Virginia see http://www.air.org/files/Virginia_EMS_Report1.pdf. 11 See for example the description of the Department of Interdisciplinary Learning and Teaching at http://utsa.edu/ucat/coehd/idscidept.html.

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 9 Figure 3: Median First-Year Earnings of Graduates from Popular Bachelor’s Degree Programs in Texas

Psychology $29,141

English Language and Literature $31,770

Health and Physical Education/Fitness $33,746

Texas Statewide Median $39,725

Business Administration $40,178

Marketing $40,957

Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies $45,671

Finance $47,153

Accounting $48,237

Nursing/Registered Nurse $73,347

$0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 80k

Variation Across Programs in Different Institutions

The program-level data we report here and on the College Measures Web site give more detail than most previous work on how much graduates earn in the labor market. For example, the Bureau of Labor Statistics12 and Georgetown University’s Center on Education and the Workforce13 have identified the nation’s highest-paying professions. For the last several years, PayScale14 has reported early and midcareer salaries of graduates from about 1,000 bachelor’s degree-granting institutions. More recently, with the support of College Measures, PayScale expanded its reporting to include salary data from graduates from approximately 600 two-year institutions, available at collegemeasures.org. These studies provide information on the median earnings of a field of study or median wages after graduating from a specific college. With the dataset we are making public now, the variation in earnings for graduates from individual programs in individual colleges can be explored.

12 http://www.bls.gov/bls/blswage.htm. 13 http://cew.georgetown.edu/collegepayoff. 14 http://www.payscale.com/college-education-value.

10 Higher Education Pays Our data show the variation in first-year earnings across programs and institutions can be substantial. In the next few figures, we look at the earnings of graduates from some of the most popular undergraduate majors across the state. We report both the median wage for each field of study as well as the state median for all bachelor’s degrees. This report allows a comparison of the relative performance of each program within a field of study as well as a sense of how well graduates from that program area are faring in the labor market relative to all bachelor’s degree graduates in the state.

We look at the earnings outcomes of graduates in four major areas of study: psychology, business, and two important STEM fields—biology and mathematics.

Psychology is one of the largest majors on most campuses. Figure 4 shows that the median earnings of graduates of psychology programs are less than the statewide median for all bachelor’s degree recipients. Indeed, the median first-year wages of graduates from the University of Houston–Downtown, the program whose graduates have the highest first-year earnings, fall below the state median for all bachelor’s graduates ($36,056 versus $39,725). Among graduates from psychology programs across the state, the range is substantial—from $18,516 (Texas A&M University–Central Texas) to $36,056 for psychology graduates from University of Houston–Downtown.

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 11 Figure 4: Median First-Year Earnings, Psychology Bachelor’s Graduates

Texas A&M University-Central Texas $18,516 The University of Texas at El Paso $20,671 Tarleton State University $23,326 Texas A&M University-Commerce $23,971 Prairie View A&M University $24,340 West Texas A&M University $24,386 Midwestern State University $25,379 Sul Ross State University $26,065 Angelo State University $26,269 Lamar University $26,296 Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi $26,800 The University of Texas at Austin $27,466 Texas Tech University $27,596 Texas A&M University $27,779 Stephen F. Austin State University $27,856 Texas State University-San Marcos $28,490 The University of Texas at Tyler $28,937 Texas Statewide Psychology Median $29,141 Texas Woman's University $29,269 The University of Texas at San Antonio $29,297 University of North Texas $29,768 Texas A&M University-Texarkana $30,272 Texas A&M University-Kingsville $30,509 Texas A&M International University $30,520 Sam Houston State University $30,603 The University of Texas at Arlington $30,619 The University of Texas-Pan American $30,620 Sul Ross State University Rio Grande College $31,068 Texas Southern University $32,069 The University of Texas at Dallas $32,222 University of Houston-Victoria $32,286 The University of Texas at Brownsville $33,194 University of Houston $33,239 The University of Texas of the Permian Basin $33,477 University of Houston-Clear Lake $34,371 Texas A&M University-San Antonio $34,452 University of Houston-Downtown $36,056

Texas Statewide Bachelor's Median $39,725 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k

12 Higher Education Pays In contrast to the relatively low starting wages of psychology graduates, students who complete a degree in business administration tend to earn more. This is immediately evident, as the median first-year wages for graduates of business programs statewide is higher than the statewide median for all bachelor’s degrees. However, as Figure 5 makes clear, there is substantial variation in the earnings of students from different business programs across the state. Graduates of Sul Ross University earn the lowest of graduates from all business programs, with a median of about $24,000. But, as noted earlier, the reader should keep in mind the remote location of that school. Graduates from two University of Houston campuses—one at Clear Lake, the other its Downtown branch—have median first-year earnings that top $50,000, and graduates from the University of Houston–Victoria and the University of Texas–Austin have median earnings just shy of the $50,000 mark.

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 13 Figure 5: Median First-Year Earnings: Business Bachelor’s Graduates

Sul Ross State University $23,800 The University of Texas at El Paso $31,666 Texas A&M University-Texarkana $32,049 The University of Texas at Brownsville $34,268 Texas A&M International University $34,282 Texas Southern University $34,547 Prairie View A&M University $35,000 Texas A&M University-Central Texas $35,269 Angelo State University $35,626 The University of Texas-Pan American $36,120 Midwestern State University $36,705 Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi $37,477 Texas A&M University-Kingsville $37,689 Texas Woman's University $38,006 The University of Texas at Tyler $38,807 West Texas A&M University $39,141 Texas A&M University-San Antonio $39,551 Lamar University $39,673 Tarleton State University $39,926 Texas Statewide Business Median $40,178 Stephen F. Austin State University $40,458 The University of Texas at San Antonio $41,015 Texas State University-San Marcos $41,095 Texas A&M University-Commerce $41,135 Texas Tech University $41,293 The University of Texas of the Permian Basin $42,586 Sam Houston State University $42,594 Texas A&M University $42,820 The University of Texas at Arlington $44,411 The University of Texas at Austin $48,844 University of Houston-Victoria $49,726 University of Houston-Clear Lake $50,228 University of Houston-Downtown $51,810

Texas Statewide Bachelor's Median $39,725 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k

14 Higher Education Pays In Texas, as in most of the nation, there is an interest in increasing the number of graduates with degrees in the STEM fields. However, as Figure 6 shows, the earnings of students completing majors in the largest science field, biology, are far lower than for students earning a bachelor’s degree in mathematics. This is evident by comparing the median first-year earnings for biology graduates (just less than $29,500, only about 55% of the median wages of students with bachelor’s degrees in mathematics). Recall that the median first-year earnings for all bachelor’s graduates are $39,725—about $10,000 higher than the median for biology graduates but $10,000 less than mathematics bachelor’s graduates. At the institutional level, the differences in the earnings of graduates with these two different STEM majors ranges from very small (slightly over $500 at The University of Texas at Arlington, where biology graduates actually have higher first-year earnings than mathematics graduates) to more than $15,000 in 24 campuses and to more than $25,000 at five schools: University of Houston, The University of Texas at El Paso, Texas A&M University, The University of Texas at Austin, and Texas A&M International in favor of mathematics graduates.

Clearly, the labor market is rewarding mathematics majors more than most graduates, and it is rewarding the “M” students in STEM far more than the most numerous “S” students who major in biology and enter the labor market after earning their bachelor’s degree.

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 15 Figure 6: Median First-Year Earnings: Biology and Mathematics Bachelor’s Graduates

$28,358 The University of Texas at Arlington Key: $29,015 $30,420 Mathematics Prairie View A&M University $25,197 Biology $39,103 Texas Tech University $22,049 $40,386 Texas A&M University-Texarkana $35,525 $41,021 Texas Southern University $29,143 $42,098 The University of Texas at Tyler $25,811 $42,727 The University of Texas at Dallas $20,854 $43,128 Stephen F. Austin State University $26,472 $43,781 West Texas A&M University $29,321 $43,790 University of Houston-Downtown $31,696 $43,852 University of Houston-Victoria $33,497 $44,692 Angelo State University $21,845 $45,440 The University of Texas of the Permian Basin $42,096 $46,136 Texas A&M University-Kingsville $25,495 $46,527 Sam Houston State University $31,188 $47,385 Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi $28,090 $47,786 Tarleton State University $32,731 $48,073 Midwestern State University $25,996 $48,255 University of Houston $21,998 $48,672 The University of Texas at San Antonio $27,642 $48,691 Texas State University-San Marcos $32,273 Mathematics $48,875 Texas Statewide Median Biology $26,430 $49,043 Texas A&M University-Commerce $29,459 $49,543 Texas Woman's University $27,721 $49,624 The University of Texas at Brownsville $27,340 $50,489 Lamar University $25,696 $50,692 University of North Texas $26,231 $52,597 The University of Texas-Pan American $31,945 $52,824 Texas A&M University $22,488 $52,836 The University of Texas at Austin $23,286 $54,448 The University of Texas at El Paso $20,918 $54,574 University of Houston-Clear Lake $37,384 $57,057 Texas A&M International University $26,731 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k

16 Higher Education Pays Master’s Degrees

The First-Year Earnings of Master’s Degree Graduates

Public institutions in Texas granted more than 120,000 master’s degrees during the years covered in this report, and more than 70% of these graduates are found in the wage database used in this report. Graduates with master’s degrees are rewarded in the labor market, often earning a large premium over the bachelor’s degree. Some of this is, no doubt, attributable to the fact that many master’s students are older students already launched in careers and we would expect their wages to be higher.15 Thus, further work is needed to separate the added value of the skills learned when attaining a master’s degree from the characteristics of the students who earn these degrees. But as our data make clear, master’s degree graduates earn more—often far more—than students with a bachelor’s degree. Consider for example that the median first-year earnings of master’s graduates in Texas is $63,537, or $24,000 higher than the $39,725 median first-year earnings of bachelor’s graduates.

Consider further the data in Figure 7. Note the substantial earnings premium that master’s students collect compared to bachelor’s graduates in each of seven large programs for which we have sufficient numbers of graduates to report. The smallest difference (less than $5,000) is for graduates of master’s programs in multi- or interdisciplinary studies—but bachelor’s graduates in this field are making an above-median wage of more than $45,000. English language master’s graduates earn approximately $6,000 more than bachelor’s graduates in the same field, but at both levels, they have the lowest first-year earnings among these programs. Master’s students with degrees in computer and information sciences earn a wage premium of $7,500 compared to bachelor’s students in the same field. Master’s degree graduates in engineering earn about $14,000 more than bachelor’s graduates (although at both levels, the graduates with this specialty are the highest paid). Far larger premiums are earned by master’s students in accounting (with an increment of almost $20,000) and business administration, with an increment of more than $44,000 in first-year wages.

15 The average age of a master’s student in Texas is 31 compared to 25 for students pursuing bachelor’s degree. See Appendix C for more detailed information on the average age of bachelor’s and master’s graduates.

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 17 Figure 7: Master’s vs. Bachelor’s Graduates’ Median First-Year Earnings: Seven Large Programs

Key: Bachelor’s Master’s

$31,770 English Language and Literature $37,681

$35,691 Social Work $48,612

$45,671 Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies $50,423

$58,483 Computer and Information Sciences $66,113

$48,237 Accounting $66,925

$40,178 Business Administration $84,470

Electrical Engineering $72,012 $85,653 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 80k 90k

Figure 8 shows the wage premium for the master’s degree for each institution across Texas with sufficient numbers of graduates in our database to report. With the exception of Texas A&M University at Galveston (where slightly more than $11,000 separates the first-year earnings of master’s and bachelor’s students), from every other campus, the difference exceeds $15,000. In seven institutions (Texas A&M University–Texarkana, Lamar University, Sam Houston State University, Prairie View A&M University, The University of Texas at Austin, Sul Ross State University Rio Grande College, and Texas Southern University), master’s graduates earned at least $25,000 more than bachelor’s graduates from the same school. In five more schools (The University of Texas at Dallas, The University of Texas at Brownsville, The University of Texas at El Paso, Texas A&M University–Central Texas, and Sul Ross State University), the wage premium topped $29,000.

18 Higher Education Pays Figure 8: Median First-Year Earnings of Bachelor’s and Master’s Degree Graduates by Institution

$38,400 Key: Bachelor’s Texas Tech University $54,248 Master’s $34,614 Angelo State University $54,909 $43,783 Part 1 Texas A&M University at Galveston $54,984 ◄ Chart detailed here

$36,916 Texas Tech University Texas State University-San Marcos Angelo State University $55,439 Texas A&M University at Galveston Texas State University-San Marcos

Stephen F. Austin State University $38,405 Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi Stephen F. Austin State University Texas A&M University-Kingsville $55,695 Midwestern State University West Texas A&M University $37,817 University of North Texas Texas Southern University Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi The University of Texas at Tyler $56,790 Sul Ross State University

The University of Texas at San Antonio $38,864 Texas A&M University-San Antonio The University of Texas of the Permian Basin Texas A&M University-Kingsville $57,319 Sul Ross State University Rio Grande College Tarleton State University

Texas A&M University-Central Texas $42,680 The University of Texas at El Paso Midwestern State University Texas A&M University-Commerce $59,058 Prairie View A&M University Sam Houston State University

Texas A&M International University

$39,714 The University of Texas-Pan American West Texas A&M University The University of Texas at Arlington $59,601 The University of Texas at Austin The University of Texas at Brownsville $37,786 University of Houston Texas A&M University University of North Texas $60,047 Texas Woman's University University of Houston-Clear Lake

Lamar University $33,578 Texas A&M University-Texarkana University of Houston-Victoria Texas Southern University $60,131 The University of Texas at Dallas University of Houston-Downtown $41,981 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 80k The University of Texas at Tyler $60,527 $28,451 Sul Ross State University $60,831 $37,171 The University of Texas at San Antonio $60,889 $38,212 Texas A&M University-San Antonio $61,235 $40,309 The University of Texas of the Permian Basin $62,430 $36,237 Sul Ross State University Rio Grande College $62,579 $39,043 Tarleton State University $62,733 $33,641 Texas A&M University-Central Texas $63,035 $33,991 The University of Texas at El Paso $63,240 $39,991 Texas A&M University-Commerce $63,248 $37,549 Prairie View A&M University $63,641 $38,615 Sam Houston State University $64,062 $39,466 Texas A&M International University $64,299 The University of Texas-Pan American$0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 80k

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 19 $38,400 $54,248 $34,614 $54,909 $43,783 $54,984 $36,916 $55,439 $38,405 $55,695 $37,817 $56,790 $38,864 $57,319 $42,680 $59,058 $39,714 $59,601 $37,786 $60,047 $33,578 $60,131 $41,981 $60,527 $28,451 $60,831 $37,171 $60,889 $38,212 $61,235 $40,309 $62,430 $36,237 $62,579 $39,043 $62,733 $33,641 $63,035 $33,991 $63,240 $39,991 $63,248 $37,549 $63,641 $38,615 Figure 8 continued $64,062 $39,466 Texas A&M International University $64,299 $40,423 Key: Bachelor’s The University of Texas-Pan American $64,379 Master’s $43,855 The University of Texas at Arlington $64,617 $38,145 Part 2 Texas Tech University The University of Texas at Austin $64,670 Angelo State University Texas A&M University at Galveston

Texas State University-San Marcos $35,888 Stephen F. Austin State University The University of Texas at Brownsville Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi $65,601 Texas A&M University-Kingsville Midwestern State University $42,319 West Texas A&M University University of North Texas University of Houston Texas Southern University $65,976 The University of Texas at Tyler

Sul Ross State University $42,662 The University of Texas at San Antonio Texas A&M University-San Antonio Texas A&M University $66,188 The University of Texas of the Permian Basin Sul Ross State University Rio Grande College

Tarleton State University $47,494 Texas A&M University-Central Texas Texas Woman's University The University of Texas at El Paso $66,819 Texas A&M University-Commerce Prairie View A&M University

Sam Houston State University

$48,086 Texas A&M International University University of Houston-Clear Lake The University of Texas-Pan American $66,982 The University of Texas at Arlington The University of Texas at Austin $39,738 The University of Texas at Brownsville University of Houston Lamar University $67,765 Texas A&M University Texas Woman's University

University of Houston-Clear Lake $39,055 Lamar University Texas A&M University-Texarkana Texas A&M University-Texarkana $67,841 University of Houston-Victoria The University of Texas at Dallas

University of Houston-Downtown $44,157 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 80k University of Houston-Victoria $68,540 ◄ Chart detailed here $41,660 The University of Texas at Dallas $71,165 $47,008 University of Houston-Downtown $71,338 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 80k

20 Higher Education Pays Associate’s Degrees

Figure 1 showed significant differences in the median first-year earnings of graduates with academic associate’s degrees versus those with technical associate’s degrees. The next two figures display separately the earnings of graduates with each type of degree.

Figure 9 shows the median first-year wages of graduates with academic associate’s degrees by institution. The range is from somewhat over $10,000 (Ranger College) to more than $40,000 at Central Texas College. Excluding these extremes, there is still substantial variation: Graduates from a dozen two-year schools with academic associate’s degrees have median earnings of less than $17,500, and graduates from nine two-year schools have median first-year earnings of more than $25,000.

Figure 10 shows the median earnings of graduates with technical degrees from Texas’ two-year colleges. The differences are considerable, ranging from first-year earnings of less than $18,000 (graduates of Clarendon College) to more than $73,000 (College of the Mainland Community College District).

Comparisons across tables show how much graduates with technical associate’s degrees earn compared to graduates with academic associate’s degrees. As noted earlier, the median first-year earnings of graduates with technical degrees are well over twice the median for academic associate’s degree holders. And while graduates with academic associate’s degree programs from only 10 two-year colleges have median earning above $25,000, graduates with technical degrees from only 3 schools have median earnings below $25,000. Furthermore, graduates with academic degrees from only one two-year college had median earnings over $40,000, whereas graduates with technical degrees from well over half of the schools exceeded $40,000.16

16 Again, a contributing factor to this large disparity is likely the higher proportion of students with academic associate’s degrees who are currently enrolled in higher education.

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 21 Figure 9: Median First-Year Earnings of Academic Associate’s Degree Graduates by Institution

Ranger College $10,071 Clarendon College $11,216 Part 1: Below state median Western Texas College $13,249 ◄ Chart detailed here

Ranger College Clarendon College Panola College $15,446 Western Texas College Panola College Frank Phillips College Coastal Bend College Frank Phillips College $15,468 Cisco College Tyler Junior College El Paso Community College District Kilgore College Coastal Bend College Laredo Community College $15,595 Angelina College Blinn College Weatherford College Vernon College Cisco College $16,403 Southwest Texas Junior College Howard College Del Mar College Trinity Valley Community College Tyler Junior College $16,633 Navarro College South Plains College South Texas College Wharton County Junior College Paris Junior College El Paso Community College District $16,877 Lamar State College-Port Arthur Hill College Grayson College Alvin Community College Kilgore College $16,882 Brazosport College Northeast Texas Community College McLennan Community College Amarillo College Galveston College Laredo Community College $17,088 Lamar State College-Orange Victoria College Lee College Texarkana College Angelina College $17,344 Alamo Community College - Northwest Vista College College of the Mainland Community College District Temple College Midland College Blinn College Alamo Community College - Palo Alto College $17,450 Texas Statewide Median Texas Southmost College El Centro College Richland College Weatherford College $17,585 Lone Star College - Cy-Fair North Central Texas College Alamo Community College - San Antonio College San Jacinto College South Campus Vernon College $17,745 Lone Star College - Montgomery Lone Star College - Kingwood Collin County Community College District San Jacinto College Central Campus North Lake College Southwest Texas Junior College $17,882 Lone Star College - Tomball Odessa College Lone Star College - North Harris Alamo Community College - St. Philips College Howard College $18,009 Cedar Valley College San Jacinto College North Campus Tarrant County Junior College Southeast Campus Eastfield College Tarrant County Junior College South Campus Del Mar College $18,151 Tarrant County Junior College Northwest Campus Houston Community College Tarrant County Junior College Northeast Campus Brookhaven College Trinity Valley Community College $18,179 Mountain View College Austin Community College Tarrant County Junior College Trinity River Campus Central Texas College Navarro College $18,460 0 50k 10k 15k 20k 25k 30k 35k 40k 45k South Plains College $18,472 continued on next page ► South Texas College $18,569 Wharton County Junior College $18,796 Paris Junior College $19,068 Lamar State College-Port Arthur $19,094 Hill College $19,335 Grayson College $19,579 Alvin Community College $19,696 Brazosport College $19,727 Northeast Texas Community College $19,802 McLennan Community College $19,908 Amarillo College $20,035 Galveston College $20,207 Lamar State College-Orange $20,238 Victoria College $20,304 Lee College $20,337 Texarkana College $20,368 Alamo Community College - Northwest Vista College $20,459 College of the Mainland Community College District $20,473 Temple College $20,496 Midland College $20,536 Alamo Community College - Palo Alto College $20,811 Texas Statewide Median $20,853

$0 5k 10k 15k 20k 25k 30k 35k 40k 45k

22 Higher Education Pays Figure 9 continued

Texas Statewide Median $20,853 Texas Southmost College $20,904 Part 2: Above state median

Ranger College Clarendon College El Centro College $21,036 Western Texas College Panola College Frank Phillips College Coastal Bend College Richland College $21,115 Cisco College Tyler Junior College El Paso Community College District Kilgore College Lone Star College - Cy-Fair Laredo Community College $21,255 Angelina College Blinn College Weatherford College Vernon College North Central Texas College $21,404 Southwest Texas Junior College Howard College Del Mar College Trinity Valley Community College Alamo Community College - San Antonio College Navarro College $21,455 South Plains College South Texas College Wharton County Junior College Paris Junior College San Jacinto College South Campus $21,503 Lamar State College-Port Arthur Hill College Grayson College Alvin Community College Lone Star College - Montgomery $21,503 Brazosport College Northeast Texas Community College McLennan Community College Amarillo College Galveston College Lone Star College - Kingwood $21,758 Lamar State College-Orange Victoria College Lee College Texarkana College Collin County Community College District $21,885 Alamo Community College - Northwest Vista College College of the Mainland Community College District Temple College Midland College San Jacinto College Central Campus Alamo Community College - Palo Alto College $22,873 Texas Statewide Median Texas Southmost College El Centro College Richland College North Lake College $23,219 Lone Star College - Cy-Fair North Central Texas College Alamo Community College - San Antonio College San Jacinto College South Campus Lone Star College - Tomball Lone Star College - Montgomery $23,249 Lone Star College - Kingwood Collin County Community College District San Jacinto College Central Campus North Lake College Odessa College $23,906 Lone Star College - Tomball Odessa College Lone Star College - North Harris Alamo Community College - St. Philips College Lone Star College - North Harris $23,977 Cedar Valley College San Jacinto College North Campus Tarrant County Junior College Southeast Campus Eastfield College Tarrant County Junior College South Campus Alamo Community College - St. Philips College $24,124 Tarrant County Junior College Northwest Campus Houston Community College Tarrant County Junior College Northeast Campus Brookhaven College Cedar Valley College $24,263 Mountain View College Austin Community College Tarrant County Junior College Trinity River Campus Central Texas College San Jacinto College North Campus $24,276 0 50k 10k 15k 20k 25k 30k 35k 40k 45k Tarrant County Junior College Southeast Campus $24,375 ◄ Chart detailed here Eastfield College $25,013 Tarrant County Junior College South Campus $25,112 Tarrant County Junior College Northwest Campus $25,159 Houston Community College $25,269 Tarrant County Junior College Northeast Campus $25,289 Brookhaven College $25,852 Mountain View College $25,996 Austin Community College $28,603 Tarrant County Junior College Trinity River Campus $31,161 Central Texas College $42,687 $0 5k 10k 15k 20k 25k 30k 35k 40k 45k

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 23 Figure 10: Median First-Year Earnings of Technical Associate’s Degree Graduates by Institution

Clarendon College $17,818 Part 1: Below state median Frank Phillips College $23,992 ◄ Chart detailed here

Southwest Texas Junior College Clarendon College $24,858 Frank Phillips College Southwest Texas Junior College Western Texas College Western Texas College Texas State Technical College-Harlingen $25,254 Alamo Community College - Palo Alto College Texas State Technical College-West Texas Alamo Community College - Northwest Vista College Laredo Community College Texas State Technical College-Harlingen $28,228 Coastal Bend College Cedar Valley College Texas State Technical College-Waco San Jacinto College North Campus Alamo Community College - Palo Alto College Howard College $28,561 Tarrant County Junior College Southeast Campus El Paso Community College District Lamar State College-Port Arthur Texas State Technical College-West Texas Texas State Technical College-Marshall $29,065 Eastfield College Angelina College South Plains College Mountain View College Alamo Community College - Northwest Vista College Richland College $30,047 Lamar Institute of Technology Alamo Community College - St. Philips College Tarrant County Junior College Northwest Campus Laredo Community College Central Texas College $31,358 North Lake College McLennan Community College Cisco College Tarrant County Junior College Northeast Campus Coastal Bend College $31,486 Tyler Junior College Amarillo College Houston Community College Texas Statewide Median Cedar Valley College Wharton County Junior College $35,562 Hill College Austin Community College Navarro College Texas State Technical College-Waco Lone Star College - Tomball $35,588 Texas Southmost College Kilgore College Blinn College Alamo Community College - San Antonio College San Jacinto College North Campus Northeast Texas Community College $36,812 Odessa College South Texas College Lone Star College - North Harris Howard College San Jacinto College Central Campus $36,876 Brookhaven College Midland College Temple College Del Mar College Tarrant County Junior College Southeast Campus $37,508 Lee College Lamar State College-Orange Collin County Community College District Paris Junior College El Paso Community College District Lone Star College - Montgomery $37,695 Texarkana College Lone Star College - Cy-Fair Victoria College Lamar State College-Port Arthur Grayson College $38,542 Vernon College Brazosport College Lone Star College - Kingwood Panola College Texas State Technical College-Marshall Alvin Community College $40,683 North Central Texas College Weatherford College Trinity Valley Community College Eastfield College El Centro College $40,785 Galveston College Tarrant County Junior College South Campus San Jacinto College South Campus Angelina College College of the Mainland Community College District $41,447 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 South Plains College $42,105 continued on next page ► Mountain View College $42,378 Richland College $42,922 Lamar Institute of Technology $44,021 Alamo Community College - St. Philips College $45,386 Tarrant County Junior College Northwest Campus $45,726 Central Texas College $47,010 North Lake College $47,176 McLennan Community College $47,790 Cisco College $48,103 Tarrant County Junior College Northeast Campus $48,775 Tyler Junior College $49,619 Amarillo College $49,682 Houston Community College $50,211 Texas Statewide Median $50,827 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 80k

24 Higher Education Pays Figure 10 continued

Texas Statewide Median $50,827 Part 2: Above state median

Clarendon College Frank Phillips College Wharton County Junior College $50,844 Southwest Texas Junior College Western Texas College Texas State Technical College-Harlingen Alamo Community College - Palo Alto College Hill College Texas State Technical College-West Texas $51,051 Alamo Community College - Northwest Vista College Laredo Community College Coastal Bend College Cedar Valley College Austin Community College $51,304 Texas State Technical College-Waco San Jacinto College North Campus Howard College Tarrant County Junior College Southeast Campus Navarro College El Paso Community College District $51,375 Lamar State College-Port Arthur Texas State Technical College-Marshall Eastfield College Angelina College Lone Star College - Tomball $52,750 South Plains College Mountain View College Richland College Lamar Institute of Technology Texas Southmost College $52,778 Alamo Community College - St. Philips College Tarrant County Junior College Northwest Campus Central Texas College North Lake College McLennan Community College Kilgore College $53,277 Cisco College Tarrant County Junior College Northeast Campus Tyler Junior College Amarillo College Blinn College $53,611 Houston Community College Texas Statewide Median Wharton County Junior College Hill College Austin Community College Alamo Community College - San Antonio College $53,759 Navarro College Lone Star College - Tomball Texas Southmost College Kilgore College Northeast Texas Community College $54,009 Blinn College Alamo Community College - San Antonio College Northeast Texas Community College Odessa College Odessa College South Texas College $55,529 Lone Star College - North Harris San Jacinto College Central Campus Brookhaven College Midland College South Texas College $55,758 Temple College Del Mar College Lee College Lamar State College-Orange Lone Star College - North Harris Collin County Community College District $55,879 Paris Junior College Lone Star College - Montgomery Texarkana College Lone Star College - Cy-Fair San Jacinto College Central Campus $56,684 Victoria College Grayson College Vernon College Brazosport College Brookhaven College $56,855 Lone Star College - Kingwood Panola College Alvin Community College North Central Texas College Weatherford College Midland College $56,887 Trinity Valley Community College El Centro College Galveston College Tarrant County Junior College South Campus Temple College $57,171 San Jacinto College South Campus College of the Mainland Community College District 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 Del Mar College $57,221 Chart detailed here Lee College $57,394 ◄ Lamar State College-Orange $57,577 Collin County Community College District $57,977 Paris Junior College $59,254 Lone Star College - Montgomery $59,369 Texarkana College $59,851 Lone Star College - Cy-Fair $61,004 Victoria College $61,074 Grayson College $61,756 Vernon College $61,788 Brazosport College $63,371 Lone Star College - Kingwood $63,452 Panola College $63,738 Alvin Community College $64,231 North Central Texas College $64,546 Weatherford College $64,770 Trinity Valley Community College $65,530 El Centro College $65,998 Galveston College $66,165 Tarrant County Junior College South Campus $66,867 San Jacinto College South Campus $69,443 College of the Mainland Community College District $73,509 $0 10K 20K 30K 40K 50K 60K 70K 80K

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 25 Figures 11 and 12 combine the information in the previous charts into a direct comparison of the median wages of graduates with academic associate’s degrees versus those with technical degrees from each two-year college in Texas that awarded enough degrees to be included in the database. Given the number of two-year colleges in Texas, schools are divided into two groups based on the median first-year earnings of their graduates. Figure 11 shows the comparative earnings data for colleges with median technical earnings of less than $50,000. Figure 12 shows colleges whose graduates had median earnings greater than $50,000.

In every institution, technical degree holders out earn their peers who completed academic associate degrees. The gaps in favor of technical degrees can be quite large. In six schools, the difference is in excess of $45,000: Galveston College, Trinity Valley Community College, Weatherford College, San Jacinto College—South Campus, Panola College, and College of the Mainland Community College District.

In contrast, six institutions show a difference of less than $10,000, but that is because—with the exception of Central Texas College—graduates with technical degrees in these schools are among the lowest paid in the state. The six are: Central Texas College, Clarendon College, Southwest Texas Junior College, Alamo Community College, Frank Phillips College, and Alamo Community College–Northwest Vista College.

26 Higher Education Pays Figure 11: Academic vs. Technical Degrees: Community Colleges With Technical Degree Recipients’ First-Year Earnings Median Less Than $50,000

Key: $11,216 Clarendon College $17,818 Median First-Year $15,468 Earnings Academic Frank Phillips College $23,992 $17,882 Median First-Year Southwest Texas Junior College $24,858 Earnings Technical $13,249 Western Texas College $25,254 $20,811 Alamo Community College - Palo Alto College $28,561 $20,459 Alamo Community College - Northwest Vista College $30,047 $17,088 Laredo Community College $31,358 $15,595 Coastal Bend College $31,486 $24,263 Cedar Valley College $35,562 $24,276 San Jacinto College North Campus $36,812 $18,009 Howard College $36,876 $24,375 Tarrant County Junior College Southeast Campus $37,508 $16,877 El Paso Community College District $37,695 $19,094 Lamar State College-Port Arthur $38,542 $25,013 Eastfield College $40,785 $17,344 Angelina College $41,447 $18,472 South Plains College $42,105 $25,996 Mountain View College $42,378 $21,115 Richland College $42,922 $24,124 Alamo Community College - St. Philips College $45,386 $25,159 Tarrant County Junior College Northwest Campus $45,726 $42,687 Central Texas College $47,010 $23,219 North Lake College $47,176 $19,908 McLennan Community College $47,790 $16,403 Cisco College $48,103 $25,289 Tarrant County Junior College Northeast Campus $48,775 $16,633 Tyler Junior College $49,619 $20,035 Amarillo College $49,682 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 27 Figure 12: Academic vs. Technical Degrees: Community Colleges With Technical Degree Recipients’ First-Year Earnings Median More Than $50,000

$25,269 Key: Houston Community College $50,211 Part 1 Median $18,796 ◄ Chart detailed here First-Year Wharton County Junior College $50,844 Houston Community College Earnings Wharton County Junior College $19,335 Hill College Academic Hill College Austin Community College $51,051 Navarro College

Lone Star College - Tomball $28,603 Texas Southmost College Austin Community College Kilgore College Median $51,304 Blinn College Alamo Community College - San Antonio College First-Year $18,460 Northeast Texas Community College Navarro College Odessa College Earnings $51,375 South Texas College Lone Star College - North Harris Technical $23,249 San Jacinto College Central Campus Brookhaven College Lone Star College - Tomball $52,750 Midland College Temple College $20,904 Del Mar College Lee College Texas Southmost College $52,778 Lamar State College-Orange Collin County Community College District $16,882 Paris Junior College Lone Star College - Montgomery Kilgore College $53,277 Texarkana College Lone Star College - Cy-Fair $17,450 Victoria College Grayson College Blinn College $53,611 Vernon College Brazosport College

Lone Star College - Kingwood

$21,455 Panola College Alamo Community College - San Antonio College $53,759 Alvin Community College North Central Texas College

Weatherford College

$19,802 Trinity Valley Community College Northeast Texas Community College $54,009 El Centro College Galveston College

Tarrant County Junior College South Campus $23,906 San Jacinto College South Campus Odessa College $55,529 College of the Mainland Community College District $18,569 South Texas College $55,758 $23,977 Lone Star College - North Harris $55,879 $22,873 San Jacinto College Central Campus $56,684 $25,852 Brookhaven College $56,855 $20,536 Midland College $56,887 $20,496 Temple College $57,171 $18,151 Del Mar College $57,221 $20,337 Lee College $57,394 $20,238 Lamar State College-Orange $57,577 $21,885 Collin County Community College District $57,977 $19,068 Paris Junior College $59,254 $21,503 Lone Star College - Montgomery $59,369 $20,368 Texarkana College $59,851 $21,255 Lone Star College - Cy-Fair $61,004 $20,304 Victoria College $61,074 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 80k

28 Higher Education Pays Figure 12 continued $61,074 $19,579 Key: Grayson College $61,756 Part 2 Median $17,745 Vernon College Houston Community College First-Year $61,788 Wharton County Junior College Hill College Earnings $19,727 Austin Community College Brazosport College Navarro College Academic $63,371 Lone Star College - Tomball Texas Southmost College $21,758 Kilgore College Lone Star College - Kingwood Blinn College Median $63,452 Alamo Community College - San Antonio College Northeast Texas Community College First-Year $15,446 Odessa College South Texas College Panola College $63,738 Lone Star College - North Harris Earnings San Jacinto College Central Campus $19,696 Brookhaven College Technical Midland College Alvin Community College $64,231 Temple College Del Mar College $21,404 Lee College Lamar State College-Orange North Central Texas College $64,546 Collin County Community College District Paris Junior College $17,585 Lone Star College - Montgomery Texarkana College Weatherford College $64,770 Lone Star College - Cy-Fair Victoria College

Grayson College

$18,179 Vernon College Trinity Valley Community College $65,530 Brazosport College Lone Star College - Kingwood

Panola College

$21,036 Alvin Community College El Centro College $65,998 North Central Texas College Weatherford College

Trinity Valley Community College $20,207 El Centro College Galveston College $66,165 Galveston College Tarrant County Junior College South Campus

San Jacinto College South Campus $25,112 College of the Mainland Community College District Tarrant County Junior College South Campus $66,867 $21,503 Chart detailed here San Jacinto College South Campus $69,443 ◄ $20,473 College of the Mainland Community College District $73,509 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 80k

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 29 The Earnings of Graduates from the Most Popular Associate’s Degree Programs

Figure 13 shows the median earnings of graduates from the 11 most popular academic associate’s degree programs in Texas.

The range is from $16,500 or less (teacher education and biology) to $25,500 or more for the two business-related programs of study. Paralleling the low first-year earnings of bachelor’s graduates specializing in biology, note that graduates with academic associate’s degrees in biology also earn less than graduates with other degrees.

In contrast, and consistent with the other data shown, graduates with technically oriented associate’s degrees tend to do better. See Figure 14. Of the technical programs, the lowest paid is the one related to education (child development); its graduates’ median earnings are less than $25,000. There is a large step up from that program to the others. Graduates with an associate’s degree in criminal justice have median earnings of $6,500 per year more than graduates in child development. Note that, of the six technical programs whose graduates have median wages above the state median, four programs are in the health professions. Given the centrality of the oil industry to the Texas economy, perhaps it is not surprising that graduates with degrees in chemical technology are the highest paid in the state (with median earnings exceeding $74,000).

Figure 13: Median First-Year Earnings of Graduates With the Most Popular Academic Associate’s Degrees

Biology/Biological Sciences, General $15,519 Teacher Education, Multiple Levels $16,491 Early Childhood Education and Teaching $17,318 Psychology, General $17,418 Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, Other $17,434 Liberal Arts and Sciences/Liberal Studies $19,905 Social Sciences, General $20,096 Texas Statewide Median $20,853 General Studies $22,107 Criminal Justice/Safety Studies $23,058 Business Administration and Management, General $25,530 Business/Commerce, General $27,110 $0 10k 20k 30k

30 Higher Education Pays Figure 14: Median First-Year Earnings of Graduates With the Most Popular Technical Associate’s Degrees

Child Development $24,823 Criminal Justice $31,192 Legal Assistant/Paralegal $32,947 Automotive Mechanics Technology $34,565 Business Administration $36,505 Drafting and Design Technology $38,984 Texas Statewide Median $50,827 Radiologic Technology $51,553 Respiratory Care Therapy $55,374 Physical Therapy Technician $58,814 Dental Hygienist $60,872 Nursing/Registered Nurse $69,826 Chemical Technology $74,470 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 80k

Variation Across Associate’s Degree Programs

Figure 15 displays the median first-year wages of graduates of two-year colleges that have all three of these large academic associate’s degree programs. The purpose of this figure is to demonstrate that not only what students study but where they study matters: Graduates with the same major can earn vastly different amounts depending on where they earned their degree.

Indeed, Figure 15 shows that graduates of the highest-paying programs in business and liberal arts have median wages twice those of graduates from the lowest-paying programs. In general studies, the salary range is nearly 5 to 1, with graduates in general studies from Central Texas earning more than $46,000 compared to graduates with the same field of study from Clarendon College, who earn on average less than $10,000 the first year after graduation.

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 31 Figure 15: Median First-Year Earnings of Graduates With the Three Most Popular Academic Associate’s Degrees by College

Key: Business Liberal Arts and Sciences General Studies

$18,387 Clarendon College $10,424 $9,819

$32,569 Collin County Community College District $22,951 $20,524

$20,112 El Paso Community College District $16,056 $20,672

$23,622 Alvin Community College $16,208 $21,293

$35,213 Alamo Community College - San Antonio College $22,633 $31,321

$31,769 Central Texas College $17,254 $46,855 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k

Although only a small number of two-year colleges offer all three of these academic associate’s programs, a far greater number of colleges—19—offer all three of the most popular technical associate’s degree programs. Of the two health-related programs (Radiography and Nursing) among these most popular programs, graduates with radiologic technology/science–radiographer degrees earn less than nursing graduates.

Within each program there is wide range in first-year earnings. For example, graduates in Radiography from Grayson College earn less than $30,000, whereas graduates in the same field of study from Brookhaven College have median first-year earnings of $61,408—twice that of Grayson’s graduates. The range for nursing graduates is not quite as large as for radiography. However nursing graduates from Amarillo College had first-year earnings of $60,839, roughly $15,000 less than nursing graduates from Southwest Texas Junior College.

32 Higher Education Pays Turning to the technical associate’s degree in Business Administration, we see first that first- year earnings are much lower than in the two health-related programs. In 17 of these colleges, Radiography program graduates earn more than Business graduates and in six of these schools the difference is greater than $20,000. In only two schools, business graduates earn more than radiography graduates. One of these is Grayson College and, as noted above, its radiography graduates were the lowest paid in the state. At San Jacinto College Central Campus, business graduates’ median first-year earnings are about $3,000 more than radiography graduates’. Indeed business graduates from San Jacinto have the highest median first-year earnings of all of the colleges in Table 16.

Looking at differences between the first-year earnings of nursing graduates and business graduates, we see gaps in favor of nursing graduates ranging from more than $20,000 at San Jacinto College Central Campus to somewhat less than $45,000 at Southwest Texas Junior College.

Many more comparisons of first-year earning outcomes across Texas programs can be found at www.collegemeasures.org/esm/texas. The analyses presented here are designed to show the importance of the program-level data now available. Graduates with the same major can earn tens of thousands of dollars more or less than graduates with the same major from different programs. Students should know these data before they attend a school or choose a program.

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 33 Figure 16: Median First-Year Earnings of Graduates With the Three Most Popular Technical Associate’s Degrees by College

$30,072 Key: Business Amarillo College $45,794 $60,839 Radiology $42,055 Nursing Austin Community College $58,890 $65,316 $32,200 Tyler Junior College $52,796 $66,375 $34,075 McLennan Community College $48,628 $66,489 $27,746 Kilgore College $47,480 $66,504 $25,242 South Plains College $44,360 $68,340 $37,597 Odessa College $50,771 $68,736 $29,087 Angelina College $44,106 $69,181 $46,258 Brookhaven College $61,408 $69,669 $34,948 Alamo Community College - St. Philips College $48,181 $69,761 $28,900 El Paso Community College District $52,215 $70,258 $28,889 Blinn College $55,463 $71,099 $39,869 Grayson College $29,675 $71,219 $46,397 El Centro College $59,356 $72,234 $51,416 San Jacinto College Central Campus $48,322 $72,650 $31,293 North Central Texas College $58,330 $73,467 $40,875 Houston Community College $53,777 $74,106 $32,981 Weatherford College $58,866 $74,206 $30,567 Southwest Texas Junior College $51,253 $75,519 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 80k

34 Higher Education Pays Certificates

Across the nation, certificates are among the fastest-growing credential offered by community colleges. Although these credentials are gaining in popularity, government statistics have not kept pace. Anthony Carnevale, Director of Georgetown University’s Center for Education and the Workforce and one of the nation’s leading scholars of the relationship between college education and earnings, recently noted that “only one of the major government socioeconomic surveys has information on certificate holding,” and certificates have received limited evidence-based attention.17 But as the report’s title—Certificates: Gateway to Gainful Employment and College Degrees—implies, certificates can be valuable credentials in the labor market. Certificates often involve a more specialized and shorter training program than the associate’s degree—and hence are often less expensive and faster to earn. But as Carnevale also has noted, we are only now beginning to develop the data that can help us determine whether (and which) certificates lead to high paying jobs. These Texas data represent an important step toward providing evidence about the value of certificates.

In Figure 17, we compare the median first-year earnings of certificate holders with first-year earnings of graduates from academic and technical associate’s programs. In many of these five popular fields of study, certificate holders earn as much or more than holders of technical associate’s degrees in the same area. Furthermore, in every program of study, certificate holders earn more in their first year than graduates with academic associate’s degrees.

The reader should recall that many students who hold academic associate’s degrees are pursuing additional studies, suppressing their current earnings. In addition, many students who pursue certificates may have degrees already and are seeking to improve existing skills and careers. That said, the data suggest that students should look carefully at the labor market outcomes of gaining certificates and judge whether or not a certificate represents a gateway to the career and earnings they desire.

Figures 18 and 19 provide some information that could help students as they begin that investigation—and we again refer students to www.collegemeasures.org/esm/texas for more information and comparisons. Figure 18 shows the certificate programs in Texas where graduates have the highest first-year earnings.

17 Carnevale, A., Rose, S., & Hanson, A., Certificates: Gateway to gainful employment and college degrees. Washington, DC: Center on Education and the Workforce, Georgetown University, June 2012, pp. 1, 3 [http://www9.georgetown. edu/grad/gppi/hpi/cew/pdfs/Certificates.ExecutiveSummary.071712.pdf].

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 35 Figure 17: Median First-Year Earnings of Certificate vs. Associate’s Degree Holders in Six Popular Fields of Study

Key: Associate Technical Associate Academic Certificate

$36,505 Business Administration $25,530 $36,987

$32,412 Business $27,110 $30,530

$36,823 Criminal Justice/Police Science $24,298 $48,192

$69,826 Nursing/Registered Nurse $18,686 $27,968

$51,553 Radiologic Technology/Science $54,794 $69,034

$0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k

Figure 18 shows the 17 programs across Texas whose graduates earn a median of more than $70,000 in the first year after graduation. Remember, this amount is $30,000 more than the median bachelor’s degree first-year salary and around $20,000 more than the median first-year earnings of students earning a technical associate’s degree.

A wide variety of specialties are represented. Not surprisingly, health care is well represented, but a number of these high-paying certificates are in construction, such as construction engineering technology/technician (Brazosport College), electrician (Lee College), and pipefitting (Lee College). A number of programs turning out technicians in engineering, industrial technology, and instrumentation (e.g., from Brazosport College and Frank Phillips College) are also on the list of high-paying certificate programs.

Figure 19 shows 22 certificate programs where completers earned less than $13,000 in their first year after completion. The largest concentration of these low-paying certificate programs is in cosmetology (10 programs) and another three are in nursing/patient care assistants. One program on the list is in computer and information systems (from Alamo Community College - San Antonio College) and another is network and system administration/administrator (Laredo Community College).

36 Higher Education Pays This is only a sampling of the range of first-year earnings that students completing different certificates across the state claim. Given the range of earnings (from less than $10,000 to more than $90,000), prospective students should study carefully the data available here and on the College Measures Web site before deciding that a certificate program is right for them.

Figure 18: Median First-Year Earnings: Graduates With Highest-Earning Certificates by College and Subject

Galveston College Radiology $70,562 El Centro College Emergency Medical Technology $73,003 Lee College Pipefitter and Sprinkler Fitter $73,207 McLennan Community College Hospital Administration $73,467 Lee College Electrician $73,520 Eastfield College Electronic Engineering $74,828 Brazosport College Construction Engineering $74,963 Lee College Airline Pilot and Flight Crew $75,014 Lee College Machinist $78,083 Lee College Welder $78,703 Richland College Electronic Engineering $78,846 El Centro College Radiology $79,325 Houston Community College Fire Prevention and Safety $80,647 El Paso Community College District Communications Systems Installation and Repair $81,109 Frank Phillips College Industrial Technologist $85,547 Midland College Business $88,881 Collin County Community College District Fire Prevention and Safety $92,794 $0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 80k 90k

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 37 Figure 19: Median First-Year Earnings: Graduates With Lowest-Earning Certificates by School and Subject

South Texas College Computer and Information Sciences $8,983 Laredo Community College Nursing Assistant/Aide $9,380 Western Texas College Plant Nursery Operations and Management $9,940 Texarkana College Cosmetology $10,379 Ranger College Welder $10,505 Alamo Community College - San Antonio College Computer and Information Systems Security $10,569 Laredo Community College Network and System Administration $11,198 Southwest Texas Junior College Cosmetology $11,242 Cedar Valley College Marketing $11,265 Weatherford College Cosmetology $11,317 San Jacinto College North Campus Cosmetology $11,492 South Texas College Nursing Assistant/Aide $11,794 Ranger College Cosmetology $11,898 Trinity Valley Community College Cosmetology $12,189 Lone Star College - Kingwood Medical Administrative $12,293 Laredo Community College Medical Assistant $12,394 Odessa College Cosmetology $12,521 Southwest Texas Junior College Automotive Mechanics Technology $12,548 Hill College Cosmetology $12,554 South Texas College Nurse/Nursing Assistant/Aide $12,770 Lamar State College-Port Arthur Cosmetology $12,827 Cisco College Cosmetology $12,897 $0 2k 4k 6k 8k 10k 12k 14k

38 Higher Education Pays Conclusion

Higher Education Pays: But Far More for Some Programs Than for Others

The Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau have documented the “big payoff” for higher education,18 but this report shows that the payoff varies considerably from program to program and from institution to institution. We also have confirmed an observation made by Georgetown University’s Center for Education and the Workforce: Associate’s degrees can have a payoff that exceeds that of a bachelor’s degree (at least in the short term that can be observed from our current data).

The bottom line: The degree students earn, and where they earn it, matters. Most notably, we have shown that many pathways to success exist in the labor market. Three aspects of the relationship between postsecondary education and earnings in particular merit special attention: (1) the high labor market value of technical associate’s degrees; (2) certain certificates may represent a new and efficient pathway into the labor market; and (3) at the bachelor’s degree level, graduates from many campuses in the state—not just the state’s best-known—earn on average roughly the same first-year wages. In short, many pathways to strong earnings are available to students in Texas, and we hope the data we are making available can help students find these pathways.

As students and others consider these data, we reiterate some of the cautions put forward earlier in this report. Although wide variation occurs in the first-year financial success of graduates from different programs, we generally have not tried to explain such variation, leaving that to further analysis. For example, we know that the credentials of incoming students vary across institutions, missions vary across institutions, and many schools serve regional labor markets where earnings vary. And the data reported here are all short-term labor market results. In the long term, graduates with bachelor’s degrees tend to increase their earnings faster than those with associate’s degrees, so that the large differences we document here may erode over time.

We also know that postsecondary education has many rewards in addition to the boost in earnings; however, if a student borrows $50,000 and is earning $25,000, he or she likely will be so consumed by trying to pay off the loan as to have little time to enjoy these other rewards.

We believe that government officials and political leaders should know about the variations in the economic payoff of degrees and programs of study—but they need to be careful about using these data in any program of institutional accountability. However, the data reported here should be made widely accessible to the public and should inform consumer decisions about which programs, degrees, and colleges to pursue.

18 See http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p23-210.pdf and more recently http://www.census.gov/ prod/2011pubs/acs-14.pdf

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 39 Appendixes

Appendix A1: Match Rate for Bachelor’s Degree Graduates

Percentage of Completers Institution With Wage Data Angelo State University 72% Lamar University 75% Midwestern State University 72% Prairie View A&M University 72% Sam Houston State University 75% Stephen F. Austin State University 74% Sul Ross State University 61% Sul Ross State University Rio Grande College 78% Tarleton State University 75% Texas A&M International University 78% Texas A&M University 66% Texas A&M University at Galveston 62% Texas A&M University-Central Texas 56% Texas A&M University-Commerce 77% Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi 71% Texas A&M University-Kingsville 75% Texas A&M University-San Antonio 76% Texas A&M University-Texarkana 64% Texas Southern University 69% Texas State University-San Marcos 73% Texas Statewide 70% Texas Tech University 66% Texas Woman's University 76% The University of Texas at Arlington 75% The University of Texas at Austin 57% The University of Texas at Brownsville 76% The University of Texas at Dallas 68% The University of Texas at El Paso 63% The University of Texas at San Antonio 71% The University of Texas at Tyler 77% The University of Texas of the Permian Basin 77% The University of Texas-Pan American 75% University of Houston 70% University of Houston-Clear Lake 77% University of Houston-Downtown 78% University of Houston-Victoria 80% University of North Texas 69% West Texas A&M University 73%

40 Higher Education Pays Appendix A2: Match Rates for Community College Graduates

Percentage of Completers Percentage of Completers Institution With Wage Data/ With Wage Data/Technical Academic Associates Associates Alamo Community College-Northwest Vista College 53% 59% Alamo Community College-Palo Alto College 51% 73% Alamo Community College-San Antonio College 52% 81% Alamo Community College-St. Philips College 53% 78% Alvin Community College 49% 85% Amarillo College 54% 82% Angelina College 44% 78% Austin Community College 55% 79% Blinn College 46% 85% Brazosport College 46% 86% Brookhaven College 55% 87% Cedar Valley College 53% 45% Central Texas College 52% 68% Cisco College 44% 80% Clarendon College 28% 37% Coastal Bend College 44% 71% College of the Mainland Community College District 50% 87% Collin County Community College District 53% 82% Del Mar College 47% 82% Eastfield College 54% 75% El Centro College 51% 85% El Paso Community College District 42% 71% Frank Phillips College 36% 53% Galveston College 47% 89% Grayson College 48% 80% Hill College 47% 76% Houston Community College 53% 75% Howard College 42% 77% Kilgore College 42% 80% Lamar Institute of Technology N/A 79% Lamar State College-Orange 47% 69% Lamar State College-Port Arthur 52% 79% Laredo Community College 45% 74% Lee College 47% 81% Lone Star College-Cy-Fair 51% 82% Lone Star College-Kingwood 49% 85% Lone Star College-Montgomery 50% 83% Lone Star College-North Harris 56% 81%

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 41 Appendix A2: continued Percentage of Completers Percentage of Completers Institution With Wage Data/ With Wage Data/Technical Academic Associates Associates Lone Star College-Tomball 52% 84% McLennan Community College 49% 84% Midland College 43% 84% Mountain View College 61% 79% Navarro College 47% 83% North Central Texas College 53% 79% North Lake College 50% 69% Northeast Texas Community College 51% 84% Odessa College 52% 84% Panola College 35% 70% Paris Junior College 48% 84% Ranger College 26% N/A Richland College 47% 68% San Jacinto College Central Campus 53% 85% San Jacinto College North Campus 56% 71% San Jacinto College South Campus 48% 87% South Plains College 50% 76% South Texas College 48% 82% Southwest Texas Junior College 47% 70% Tarrant County Junior College Northeast Campus 59% 78% Tarrant County Junior College Northwest Campus 57% 74% Tarrant County Junior College South Campus 59% 88% Tarrant County Junior College Southeast Campus 58% 69% Tarrant County Junior College Trinity River Campus 62% N/A Temple College 47% 87% Texarkana College 43% 78% Texas Southmost College 55% 84% Texas State Technical College-Harlingen N/A 67% Texas State Technical College-Marshall N/A 74% Texas State Technical College-Waco N/A 74% Texas State Technical College-West Texas N/A 70% Texas Statewide 50% 79% Trinity Valley Community College 43% 90% Tyler Junior College 45% 82% Vernon College 40% 85% Victoria College 54% 90% Weatherford College 46% 88% Western Texas College 24% 65% Wharton County Junior College 48% 85%

42 Higher Education Pays Appendix B: Economic Success Measures—Texas Methodology

Completer Cohort

The cohort includes all completers from undergraduate and graduate programs offered by Texas who graduated during the most recent five consecutive years. For example, the 2010 cohort includes all graduates from the last five years, beginning with 2006. Single-year data are not reported. Each graduate is identified by a valid Social Security Number, necessary for matching with employment records. The records are unduplicated between years.

Completers With Any Wage

This subgroup of the completer cohort includes all completers who have a first-year wage (see first-year wage). A completer does not need to have a wage in every quarter to be included.

Employment Records

The employment data include Unemployment Insurance (UI) Wage Records for employment in Texas provided by the Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) and through national databases from the Office of Personnel Management, US Postal Service, and Department of Defense (military service records). They do not include nonfederal employees outside of Texas.

Disclosable Program

The programs included in the report must have at least 10 graduates and more than 5 graduates in the matched data. A program is defined based on Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 6-digit codes. For program information see http://www.txhighereddata.org/Interactive/CIP/

First-Year Wage

The wage earned by graduates for four consecutive quarters, starting six months after graduation. The period after graduation is calculated based on the month and year of graduation. If an individual has multiple jobs, all wages are included.

All wages are adjusted for inflation, previous years being adjusted to the last year’s dollars, using the values from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ CPI inflation calculator (http://www.bls.gov/data/ inflation_calculator.htm).

Median First-Year Earnings

The median of the earnings from quarters three through six after the graduation of students in the cohort.

The Initial Earnings of Graduates of Texas Public Colleges and Universities 43 Appendix C: Average Age of Bachelor’s and Master’s Graduates by Institution

Institution Bachelor's Master's Angelo State University 25 31 Lamar University 26 34 Midwestern State University 27 33 Prairie View A&M University 24 33 Sam Houston State University 24 32 Stephen F. Austin State Univ 24 31 Sul Ross Rio Grande College 30 37 Sul Ross State University 25 36 Tarleton State University 26 33 Texas A&M International Univ 26 31 Texas A&M Univ At Galveston 23 30 Texas A&M Univ-Central Texas 33 35 Texas A&M Univ-Corpus Christi 26 32 Texas A&M University 22 26 Texas A&M University-Commerce 29 32 Texas A&M University-Texarkana 30 35 Texas A&M Univ-Kingsville 25 28 Texas A&M Univ-San Antonio 31 34 Texas Southern University 27 33 Texas State Univ - San Marcos 25 30 Texas Tech University 23 28 Texas Woman's University 28 34 U. Of Houston-Clear Lake 29 30 U. Of Houston-Downtown 29 37 U. Of Houston-Victoria 31 35 U. Of Texas At Arlington 29 33 U. Of Texas At Austin 22 28 U. Of Texas At Brownsville 28 35 U. Of Texas At Dallas 25 28 U. Of Texas At El Paso 27 33 U. Of Texas At San Antonio 25 31 U. Of Texas At Tyler 26 32 U. Of Texas-Pan American 25 31 U. Of Texas-Permian Basin 27 33 University Of Houston 25 29 University Of North Texas 25 31 West Texas A&M University 26 31 Statewide 25 31

44 Higher Education Pays Mark Schneider President, College Measures Vice President, American Institutes for Research

College Measures is a joint venture of A product of College Measures’ Economic Success Metrics the American Institutes for Research Project supported by the Lumina Foundation and Matrix Knowledge