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Low Latency 5G Distributed Wireless Network Architecture: a Techno-Economic Comparison

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Low Latency 5G Distributed Wireless Network Architecture: a Techno-Economic Comparison inventions Article Low Latency 5G Distributed Wireless Network Architecture: A Techno-Economic Comparison Ibrahim Alhassan Gedel * and Nnamdi I. Nwulu * Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, Corner Kingsway and University Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa * Correspondence: [email protected] (I.A.G.); [email protected] (N.I.N.) Abstract: The most profound requirements of fifth-generation (5G) technology implementations are the architecture design and the radio base station technology to capably run applications such as device-to-device, machine-to machine and internet of things at a reduced latency. Owing to these requirements, the implementation of 5G technology is very expensive to mobile network operators (MNO). In this study we modified the existing 4G network to form a distributed wireless network architecture (DWNA); the picocell and distributed antenna system were modified to support the enabling technology of 5G technology were a multi-edge computer (MEC), software-defined networking (SDN), massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO), ultra-dense network (UDN), Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and device-to-device (D2D) communication at a reduced cost of ownership, improved coverage and capacity. We present a mathematical model for operational expenditure, capital expenditure and total cost of ownership (TCO) for the DWNA. A mathematical model for DWNA capacity and throughput was presented. Result shows that it is very economical for MNO to rent the space of the tower infrastructure from tower companies. The sensitivity analysis also shows a significant reduction in TCO for both the modified picocell and modified distributed antenna systems. Keywords: 5G technology; capital expenditure; operational expenditure; total cost of ownership; Citation: Gedel, I.A.; Nwulu, N.I. distributed wireless network architectures Low Latency 5G Distributed Wireless Network Architecture: A Techno-Economic Comparison. Inventions 2021, 6, 11. https://doi. 1. Introduction org/10.3390/inventions6010011 The introduction of new services such as device-to-device (D2D) communication, machine-to-machine (M2M) communication and the internet of things (IoT), as well as the Received: 11 October 2020 increased demand for mobile data, have necessitated the implementation of fifth-generation Accepted: 1 December 2020 Published: 24 January 2021 (5G) technology [1]. This is due to the dense coverage, high capacity, low latency and high quality of service that can be achieved with 5G technology. The 5G will require Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral gNodeB (macrocell) with other technology such as microcell, radio remote head (RRH), with regard to jurisdictional claims in distributed antenna system (DAS), relay-based systems, picocell and femtocell to form a published maps and institutional affil- heterogeneous network. Cognitive radio, network function virtualization, software-defined iations. networking (SDN), ultra-density and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) are other key 5G technologies. MIMO and massive MIMO technology will be integrated with 5G to improve network coverage, capacity and data rate at the macrocell level further. The 5G will further enhance the coverage, capacity, energy efficiency and spectral efficiency in a dead signal location. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Ultra-broadband backhaul links can be achieve using millimetre wave (mmWave) This article is an open access article technology, this is to carry traffic to or from either small base stations (BSs) or relay stations distributed under the terms and in 5G. The 5G technology can be either centralized or distributed architecture, depending conditions of the Creative Commons on how the baseband units and switch are deigned. The current 2G, 3G and 4G networks Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// are all distributed, with each cell having it baseband unit interconnected from the end site creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ to the backbone. The major backbone to the base station controller (BSC), universal mobile 4.0/). telecommunications system radio access network (URAN) and the evolved packet core Inventions 2021, 6, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6010011 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/inventions Inventions 2021, 6, 11 2 of 15 (EPC). These networks are complex, high-latency, high intercell interference and required serval hand-off during movement. The technology is not capable of handling the current data requirement and modern applications such as D2D, IoT and M2M. Although a lot of study on 5G shows that there will be a complete change in the radio access network and the core network, this study shows otherwise. This study is necessary to reduce the capital expenditure (Capex) and operational expenditure (Opex), but at the same time meet all the requirements of 5G technology to reduce low latency. The study proposed a distributed wireless network architecture (DWNA) to complement the drawbacks of the centralized wireless network architecture (CWNA) for 5G deployment. Unlike the CWNA, the DWNA will reduce Capex and Opex, improve network security, reduce traffic bottlenecks and reduce the cost of transmission backhaul and fronthaul, since the architecture will have a cluster of baseband units (BBU) and small centralized radio access network (C-RAN), which will again reduce latency because the subscribers are closed the C-RAN and the switching is better than that of the CWNA. DWNA is used in bridging a number of access point, for examples buildings or offices, through a wireless local area network [2]. 2. Structure of the Paper The paper is organised as follows: in Section3, we do a review of a related works in the area of study. Section4, we give detail description of the proposed architecture for the 5G mobile technology. Section5 is the techno-economic model formulation for the distributed wireless network, Section6 is the network capacity and throughput model formulation. Section7 we do the model verification. In Section8 is the model simulation and in Section9 is the conclusion followed by the referencing. 3. Review of Related Works The level of spatial densification in a 5G wireless network necessitates the use of small cells to form a distributed wireless network where mmWave technology is used for communication or data transfer [3,4] between cells and a multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) network or a fiber network is used for data transfer to the core network. Many scholars have recommended the use of mmWave for small cell 5G heterogamous networks. mmWave technology is more dependable when it comes to attenuation due to rain, provided the required spectrum is used with small cell technology, especially for indoor use. mmWave is more efficient when used with directional antennas. The proposed architecture will run on internet protocol (IP) backhauling and fronthaul- ing using fiber-optic technology. mmWave will also be used as fronthauling from the RRH to the BBU for traffic offloading. The mmWave technology will change backhauling tech- niques in the mobile industry owing to the available spectrum at this band. The mmWave will help to reduce antenna sizes, enabling the fabrication of hundreds or thousands of antenna elements, even at the user equipment (UE). The start of 5G happens together with a global economic crisis. Mobile network operators (MNO) can never terminate investment in innovative technologies to obtain profits without any economic analysis. According to reference [5], MNO will require augmentation of a 5G new ratio (NR) or gNodeB to be able to render modern services such as IoT, D2D and M2M communication. This will require better and cost-effective planning. Reference [6] presented an analysis comparing Capex, Opex, total cost of ownership (TCO), and network capacity based on antenna expansion, intercell interference and energy efficiency for a distributed antenna system (DAS) and femtocell. Reference [2] examined the techno-economic analysis of various small cell and DAS financial models, Capex and Opex. Reference [1] defined TCO for DAS as the sum of Capex and Opex and a sensitivity analysis was done on the bandwidth, running cost and interest rate. Reference [7] presented a techno-economic analysis for 5G architecture for DAS and MIMO. Reference [8] used an ordinary annuity model to predict the future annual repeating payment of the principal amount invested in Capex, Opex and TCO. Reference [9] stated that the principal cost for operations includes the running cost and backhaul cost, whereas the principal invested Inventions 2021, 6, 11 3 of 15 capital amount is made up of the eNodeB and the EPC, as well as the transmit and receive antenna. Reference stated that [10] infrastructure sharing will enhance the deployment of 5G technologies and will help MNOs meet the dense coverage, high capacity and reduced latency requirements. Passive infrastructure sharing will spread the infrastructure ex- penditure of 5G implementation among multiple players, which will reduce cost and increase profitability. Reference [11] argued that telecommunication infrastructure sharing will allow inde- pendent tower companies to manage the infrastructure, while the MNO focus on providing the best telecom service with no Capex and very limited Opex. A study by [12], shows that 5G infrastructure cost in Britain is very high and the economical way to reduce the cost of infrastructure is by infrastructure sharing and network virtualization [13]. This paper will develop a mathematical model that will be used
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