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Lidský Mykobiom a Jeho Vliv Na Zdraví Bakalářská Práce

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Lidský Mykobiom a Jeho Vliv Na Zdraví Bakalářská Práce PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Lidský mykobiom a jeho vliv na zdraví Bakalářská práce PAULÍNA BELVONČÍKOVÁ Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Petra Vídeňská, Ph.D. Ústav experimentální biologie Brno 2019 1 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Paulína Belvončíková Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav Experimentální Biologie Název práce: Lidský mykobiom a jeho vliv na zdraví Studijní program: Experimentální biologie Speciální biologie Studijní obor: směr: Mikrobiologie a molekulární biotechnologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Petra Vídeňská, Ph. D. Akademický rok: 2018/2019 Počet stran: 71 Klíčová slova: mykobiom; fungální mikrobiom; houby; ústní dutina; gastrointestinální trakt; respirační trakt; vagína; pokožka; kolonizace; faktory; imunita; zdraví; metody 2 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Paulína Belvončíková Prírodovedecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav Experimentálnej Biológie Názov práce: Ľudský mykobióm a jeho vplyv na zdravie Študijný program: Experimentálna biológia Špeciálna biológia Študijný odbor: smer: Mikrobiológia a molekulárne biotechnológie Vedúci práce: Mgr. Petra Vídeňská, Ph. D. Akademický rok: 2018/2019 Počet strán: 71 Kľúčové slová: mykobióm; fungálny mikrobióm; huby; ústna dutina; gastrointestinálny trakt; respiračný trakt; vagína; pokožka; kolonizácia; faktory; imunita; zdravie; metódy 3 Bibliographic Entry Author: Paulína Belvončíková Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Experimental Biology Title of Thesis: Human mycobiome and its health effects Degree programme: Experimental biology Special Biology Field of Study: Specialization: Microbiology and Molecular Biotechnology Supervisor: Mgr. Petra Vídeňská, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2018/2019 Number of Pages: 71 Keywords: mycobiome; fungal microbiome; fungi; oral cavity; gastrointestinal tract; respiratory tract; vagina; skin; colonization; factors; immunity; health; methods 4 Abstrakt Tato bakalářská práce se věnuje složení bazálního mykobiomu člověka a jeho vlivu na zdraví. Lidský mykobiom tvoří méně než 1% z komplexního ekosystému mikroorganismů osídlujících naše tělo. Interaguje s dalšími komenzály ekosystému, jako jsou bakterie a archea, prostřednictvím synergických a antagonických vztahů. Lidský mykobiom osídluje ústní dutinu, gastrointestinální trakt, respirační trakt, vagínu a pokožku. Jeho kolonizace začíná hned po narození a ovlivňuje ji několik základních faktorů. Jsou jimi gestační věk novorozence, porodní váha, způsob porodu a fakt, či je novorozenec kojený, nebo krmený umělou stravou. Po dobu života je složení mykobiomu dále ovlivněné velkým množstvím endogenních a exogenních faktorů. Nejdůležitějšími faktory jsou strava, tělesná hmotnost, věk, pohlaví, antibiotická a antimykotická léčba. Mykobiom taktéž stimuluje vrozené a specifické imunitní odpovědi člověka. Děje se tak prostřednictvím rozpoznávání jednotlivých druhů mikroorganismů receptory imunitních buněk. V případě imunokompromitovaných jedinců může docházet ke kolonizaci oportunními patogeny, nebo k přemnožení běžných komenzálů, které pro zdravého člověka nepředstavují riziko. V současnosti víme, že mykobiom se podílí na vzniku a průběhu zánětlivých onemocnění střev a onemocnění respiračního traktu. Na jeho studium se využívá metoda sekvenování úseků ITS1, ITS2 a 18S eukaryotického genu pro ribozomální RNA nebo celometagenomové sekvenování. 5 Abstrakt Táto bakalárska práca sa venuje zloženiu bazálneho mykobiómu človeka a jeho vplyvu na zdravie. Ľudský mykobióm tvorí menej ako 1% z komplexného ekosystému mikroorganizmov osídľujúcich naše telo. Interaguje s ďalšími komenzálmi ekosystému, ako sú baktérie a archea, prostredníctvom synergických a antagonistických vzťahov. Ľudský mykobióm osídľuje ústnu dutinu, gastrointestinálny trakt, respiračný trakt, vagínu a pokožku. Jeho kolonizácia začína hneď po narodení a ovplyvňuje ju niekoľko základných faktorov. Sú nimi gestačný vek novorodenca, pôrodná váha, spôsob pôrodu a fakt či je novorodenec kojený alebo krmený umelou stravou. Počas života je zloženie mykobiómu ďalej ovplyvnené veľkým množstvom endogénnych a exogénnych faktorov. Najdôležitejšími faktormi sú strava, telesná hmotnosť, vek, pohlavie, antibiotická a antimykotická liečba. Mykobióm taktiež stimuluje vrodené a špecifické imunitné odpovede človeka. Deje sa tak prostredníctvom rozpoznávania jednotlivých druhov mikroorganizmov receptormi imunitných buniek. V prípade imunokompritovaných jedincov môže dochádzať ku kolonizácii oportúnnymi patogénami alebo premnoženiu bežných komenzálov, ktoré pre zdravého človeka nepredstavujú riziko. V súčasnosti vieme, že mykobióm ovplyvňuje patogenézu zápalových ochorení čriev a ochorení respiračného traktu. Na jeho štúdium sa využíva metóda sekvenovania úsekov ITS1, ITS2 a 18S eukaryotického génu pre ribozomálnu RNA alebo celometagenomové sekvenovanie. 6 Abstract This bachelor thesis is specifically concerned with the composition of the human basal mycobiome and its impact on health. Human mycobiome makes up less than 1% of the complex ecosystem of our body's microorganisms. It interacts with other commensals of ecosystem, such as bacteria and archaea through synergistic and antagonistic relationships. Human mycobiome inhabits the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, vagina, and skin. Its colonization begins right after the birth and it is influenced by several basic factors. These are gestational age of the newborn, birth weight, delivery method and whether the newborn is breast fed or fed by formula. During life, the composition of mycobiome is further influenced by a large number of endogenous and exogenous factors. The most important factors are diet, body weight, age, sex, antibiotic and antifungal therapy. Moreover, mycobiome stimulates innate and specific human immune responses. This process is done by recognizing individual species of microorganisms by immune receptors. In case of immunocompromised individuals, there might be a possibility of colonization of opportunistic pathogens or the overgrowth of common commensals, which do not pose any risk to a healthy person, however. It is currently known that mycobiome affect pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases and respiratory tract diseases. The method of targered amplicon sequencing ITS1, ITS2 and 18S segments of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA gene or metagenome sequencing is used for its study. 7 8 9 Poďakovanie Na tomto mieste by som chcela poďakovať vedúcej mojej bakalárskej práce Mgr. Petre Vídeňskej, Ph.D. za odbornú pomoc pri vypracovávaní tejto literárnej rešerše, predovšetkým za trpezlivosť, ochotu, konštruktívny názor a skvelé nápady. Ďalej by som sa rada poďakovala RNDr. Petre Šplíchalovej, Ph.D. a Ing. Monike Laichmanovej, Ph.D. za doplňujúce informácie ohľadom teoretických nejasností v tejto práci. V neposlednej rade ďakujem svojej rodine a priateľom za rady ohľadom gramatickej správnosti a za ich podporu pri písaní. 10 Prehlásenie Prehlasujem, že som svoju bakalársku prácu vypracovala samostatne s využitím informačných zdrojov, ktoré sú v práci citované. Text práce som vypracovala podľa pravidiel a zodpovedám za jeho jazykovú správnosť. Brno, 30. apríla 2019 …………………………………. Paulína Belvončíková 11 Obsah Zoznam použitých skratiek ............................................................................................. 14 1. Úvod ........................................................................................................................ 16 2. Cieľ práce ................................................................................................................ 17 3. Definícia mykobiómu .............................................................................................. 18 3.1. Vymedzenie základných pojmov a taxonómie ................................................ 18 3.2. Historický vývoj štúdia mykobiómu ................................................................ 19 4. Bazálny mykobióm .................................................................................................. 22 4.1. Kolonizácia ľudského tela mykobiómom ........................................................ 22 4.2. Zloženie bazálneho mykobiómu ...................................................................... 23 4.2.1. Orálny mykobióm ............................................................................................ 24 4.2.2. Mykobióm GIT ................................................................................................ 25 4.2.3. Mykobióm respiračného traktu ........................................................................ 26 4.2.4. Vaginálny mykobióm ....................................................................................... 27 4.2.5. Kožný mykobióm ............................................................................................. 28 5. Faktory ovplyvňujúce mykobióm ........................................................................... 30 5.1. Faktory ovplyvňujúce mykobióm novorodencov ............................................ 30 5.1.1. Gestačný vek a pôrodná pôrodná váha novorodenca ....................................... 30 5.1.2. Spôsob pôrodu .................................................................................................. 31 5.1.3. Kojenie a strava ................................................................................................ 31 5.1.4. Zdravotný stav matky ....................................................................................... 32 5.2. Faktory ovplyvňujúce mykobióm počas života ............................................... 32 5.2.1.
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