EPTRI‐ENVIS Centre (Ecology of Eastern Ghats)

ETHNOMEDICINAL USED BY TRIBES IN EASTERN GHATS – A REVIEW ARTICLE

Review of literature reveals that from ancient times the local tribes were depending on these medicinal plants for treatment of various diseases. This review article focuses on the ethnomedicinal value of Kolli hills used by various tribes in the study area. The Kolli region is surrounded by various resources. These plant resources are being utilized by the tribes residing in the study area in the form of food, shelter, fodder and also used for medicinal purpose to treat their ailments.

The main objective of this review article is to give the information and documentation of medicinal plant used by various tribes in the study area. The ethnomedicinal information was gathered from various articles / publications of more than a decade on ethnomedicinal value.

The paper highlights the rich plant resources and the vast wealth of ethnomedicinal information available with the various tribes of the region. The usage of the plant parts include, stem, leaf, flower, bud, whole plant, seed, root, etc used in the form of decoction, juice or in paste to alleviate various ailments such as cold, cough, fever, headache, body ache, tooth ache, throat infection, skin disease, diabetes, digestion, jaundice, wound healing, asthma, dysentery, edema, erysipelas, eye infection, fever, gum infection, headache, jaundice, etc.

In this paper, some new and less known ethnomedicinal value for treating various ailments has been discussed. Few medicinal plants of this area are presented with their botanical name followed by family, local names, medicinal uses, journal published and the year for reference.

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Table-1: Medicinal value

Sl. Botanical name Family name Local name Medicinal uses Journal Year

1 Abrus precatorius Fabaceae Kundumani Roots used to treat IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( 2011, L. poisonous bite Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et 2013, al) APSR (kadirvelmurugan et 2014 al) AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

2 Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Thuthi Leaf juice is used for IJTK (Francies et al.) APSR 2011, L. the treatment of (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2013, toothache. Roots and (Natarajan et al) 2014 leaves decoction is Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) given for diuretic and IJBLS (Natarajan et al) stimulate purgative. 3 Acacia caesia (L.) Mimosaceae Nanjupatti Paste of fresh bark is IJTK (Francies et al.) 2011 Willd applied externally for skin diseases

4 Acacia farnesiana Mimosaceae Kasthurivelan Bark decoction is used NPR (Anand et al) 2005 (Linn.) Willd to treat inflamed skin 5 Acacia Mimosaceae Velam Juice of leaf mixed Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, leucophloea Willd. with milk used to treat IJBLS (Natarajan et al) APSR 2013, bleeding piles. Leaf (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2014 juice is given to treat (Natarajan et al) fever and stomachache. 6 Acacia nilotica L. Mimosaceae Shikakaai Paste of stem bark is IJTK (Francies et al.) 2011 applied topically on skin diseases and scabies 7 Acacia pennata Mimosaceae Kattuchikai Stem bark decoction is JBR (Senthil et al.) JNR ( 2012, (L.) Willd. taken orally to cure Senthil et al.) AJPSR 2013 diarrhea (Vaidyananthan et al)

8 Acalypha indica L. Euphorbiaceae Kuppaimeni The whole plant IJTK (Francies et al.) AJPSR 2011, powder is used to treat (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES 2013 toothache. Freshly (Natarajan et al) prepared leaf paste is Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) applied externally to IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRAP treat scabies. (kuru et al)

9 Acalypha Euphorbiaceae Siruchinni Powdered leaves and IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, racemosa indica sakkarakolli (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 L. (gymnema sylvestre) leaves with milk taken internally for diabetic

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10 Acasia farnesiana Mimosaceae Kasthuri Bark decoction is AJPSR (Vaidyanathan et al.) 2013 (Linn) Willd. velan used to treat demulcent and astringent. 11 Achrus zapota (L.) Sapotaceae Sappoda Raw fruit is taken JBR (Senthil et al.) JNR ( 2012, P. Royen. orally to treat stomach Senthil et al.) 2013 ailments 12 Leaf paste is used to IJTK (Francies et al.) APSR 2011, treat cut wounds, eye (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, pain and dog bite. AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2014 Leaf decoction with IJRES (Natarajan et al) water/milk is used to Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) cure stomach IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( problems, diuretic, Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et piles and skin al) Achyranthes Amaranthacea diseases. aspera L. e Nayuruvi 13 The whole plant extract is used to Achyranthes Amaranthacea Sen treat blood AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et bidentata, Blume e naiyurivi circulation al) 2013 14 Acorus calamus L. Araceae Vasambu Paste of rhizome is JBR (Senthil et al.) IJBLS 2005, used to treat (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil 2012, stomachache et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al) NPR 2013, (Anand et al) APSR 2014 (kadirvelmurugan et al) AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

15 Actiniopteris Pteridaceae Saava sedi, The juice extracted JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 radiata (Sw.) Link. from the stem is taken orally twice a day to treat diarrhoea and fever. 16 Adathoda vasica Acanthaceae Adathoda Decoction obtained Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2005, Nees from the leaf and roots NPR (Anand et al) 2011 are given to treat asthma, dysentery and diarrhea. 17 Adhatoda Acanthaceae Adathodai Powdered leaf mixed IJTK (Francies et al.) 2011 zeylanica Medi. with water is given orally for cough

18 Adiantum Pteridaceae Roaddu The whole plant is JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 capillaris-veneris Keerai made into a paste L. along with aloe gel and applied externally in the affected places to treat cuts and wounds. The paste is also used as hair tonic by applied on head.

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19 Adiantum Pteridaceae Roaddu The whole plant is JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 lunulatum Keerai, ground into a paste with turmeric and applied over the affected places to treat pimples and wounds; The whole plant is boiled with water and the decoction is applied externally on the affected places to get relief from body pain and chest ache.

20 Aegle marmelos L. Rutaceae Vilvam Juice extracted from Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2005, Correa the fruits is used to IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRAP 2011, treat dysentery and (kuru et al) NPR (Anand et al) 2013, dyspepsia. Stem juice APSR (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2014 and root powder is AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) used to cure fever. IJRES (Natarajan et al) Leaf juice used for diarrhea 21 Leaf extract is used to Aerva lanata (L.) Amaranthacea cure kidneystones JNR ( Senthil et al.) AJPSR Juss. e Sirupeeelai (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 22 The whole plant extract is used to cure Agave Americana cut sores and wounds L. Agavaceae Kathalai AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 23 Agave sisalana Agavaceae Narkatralai Fresh leaf juice is IJTK (Francies et al.) 2011 Perr. dropped into ear for ear disease 24 Alangium Alangiaceae Alangi Leaf powder with IJTK (Francies et al.) APSR 2011, salvifolium (L.F.) water is given for (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, Wangerin diarrhea, dog bite, AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2014 fever. Fresh leaf IJRES (Natarajan et al) paste applied Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) externally for skin IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( infections. Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al)

25 Leaf paste in combination with root bark of jasminum angustifolium and rhizome of Cyperus rotundus heated with neem oil to treat Albizia amara, poisonous bites and JNR ( Senthil et al.) AJPSR Boiv. Mimosaceae Usilai skin infections (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 26 Leaf extract is used to Albizia lebbeck, cure scorpion bite (L.) Mimosaceae Vagei AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013

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27 Velugu Leaf paste is used to Albizia thompsonii, Chinta treat skin infections Brandis Mimosaceae and ulcers AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 28 Allium cepa L. Alliaceae Vengayam Juice obtained from IJTK (Francies et al.) APSR 2011, bulb is used to treat (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, headache. Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2014 IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

29 Allium sativum L. Alliaceae Poondu Bulb paste taken twice IJTK (Francies et al.) 2011 a day to treat gastric Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) stimulant.

30 Aloe vera L. Liliaceae Sothu Juice obtained from IJTK (Francies et al.) APSR 2011, kathalai leaf is used to (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2013, maintain body cooling. (Natarajan et al) 2014 Sucker juice is taken Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) orally for sexual IJBLS (Natarajan et al) debility and fever. 31 Alpinia calcarata, Rosc. Zingiberaceae Sitharathai AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 32 Alpinia galangal Zingiberaceae Perarathai Paste of rhizome is IJTK (Francies et al.) NPR 2005, Willd. given twice a day for (Anand et al) 2011 impaction 33 Alpinia officinarum Zingiberaceae Chitrattai Rhizome powder used IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRES 2013 Hance to treat phlem (Natarajan et al) 34 Ripe fruits are used to NPR (Anand et al) AJPSR 2005, treat syphilis, worms (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 Alstonia venenata, Anali vegam and seizures R. Br. Apocynaceae /chinnapalai 35 Alternanthera Amaranthacea Ponnonkanni Juice of stem and IJBLS (Natarajan et al) APSR 2013, sessilis (L) e leaves is used to cure (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2014 R.Br.exDc. snake bite AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

36 Amaranthus Amaranthacea Mullukeerai Leaf decoction is IJBLS (Natarajan et al) APSR 2013, spinosus L. e taken orally for (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2014 stomachache AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

37 Leaf extract is used to Amaranthus viridis Amaranthacea Kuppa treat scorpion bite L. e cheera AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 38 Amorphophallus Araceae Kattukarunai Rhizome boiled with IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, paeoniifolius kizhangu tamarind taken (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 Dennst. internally to cure piles.

39 Leaf extract is used to NPR (Anand et al) AJPSR 2005, treat dental problems (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 Anacyclus Akkara and seizures pyrethrum, (L.) Asteraceae karam

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40 Andrographis Acanthaceae Periyanangai Paste of leaf and root IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, alata (Vahl) Nees. used to treat snake (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 bite 41 Andrographis Acanthaceae Siriyanangai Paste of leaves is IJTK (Francies et al.) 2011 likineate Wallich applied topically for ex. snake bite 42 Andrographis Acanthaceae Nilavembu/ Leaf powder blended IJTK (Francies et al.) NPR 2005, paniculata (Burm. Siriya with milk is taken (Anand et al) APSR 2011, F.) wallich. nangai internally for diabetes, (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, Ex.Nees snake bite and fever. AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2014 Leaves decoction IJRES (Natarajan et al) used to treat Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) dyspepsia and IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( stomach ache. Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al)

43 Leaf decoction is used Andrographis to treat snake bite serpyllifolia (Vahl.) Kattu Wight. . Acanthaceae pooraan kodi AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 44 Angiopteris evecta Marantaceae Yanai vanagi Decoction obtained JNPPR (Karthik et al) 2011 from the leaf is taken orally along with lemon juice to treat intestinal ulcer and stomachache. 45 Anisochilus Lamiaceae Saetthupun Leaf paste applied IJTK (Francies et al.)IJRAP 2011, carnosus Wallich thazhai/ topically for cut (kuru et al) AJPSR 2013 & ex Benth. saetrupoont wounds (Vaidyananthan et al) hulai

46 Leaf paste is used to Anisomeles indica treat snake bite (L.) Kuntze. Lamiaceae Paeimiratti AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 47 Anisomeles Lamiaceae Paeimiratti Stem paste mixed with IJTK (Francies et al.) AJPSR 2011, malabarica (L.) coconut oil is applied (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 R.Br. Ex.Sims topically over the wounds.

48 Root paste is used to Annona squamosa cure scorpion bite IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, L. Annonaceae Sitaphal (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 49 Stem bark extract is adminisistered twice a Anogeissus Vellai naga day for 3 days to treat latifolia Wall. Combretaceae maram cough AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 50 Argemone Papaveraceae Brumma Fresh leaf paste is IJTK (Francies et al.) AJPSR 2011, maxicana Linn. thundu/ used externally for (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 skin diseases 51 Arisaema Araceae Kattuchenai Rhizome boiled with IJRAP (kuru et al) 2011 tortuosum (Wall). tamarind taken orally Schott to treat piles

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52 Aristolochia Aristolochiacea Aduthinna Fresh leaf paste is IJTK (Francies et al.) APSR 2011, bracteata L. Retz. e pazhi given internally in (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, combination with AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2014 castor oil as remedy IJRES (Natarajan et al) for colic. Whole plant Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) paste applied IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( externally on the Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et wound of snake bite. al)

53 Seed oil is used to Aristolochia reduce body heat heterophylla, Hemsl. Moraceae Palamaram AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 54 Leaf paste is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Aristolochia indica Aristolochiacea treat menstrual (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 L. e Eswara mooli problems 55 Aristolochia tagala Aristolochiacea Keradalum Paste of whole plant is IJBLS (Natarajan et al) APSR 2013, Cham. e used to treat (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2014 stomachache AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

56 Artemisia Asteraceae Masipattari Leaf juice used to treat IJBLS (Natarajan et al) NPR 2005, nilagirica (C.B. antileprotic (Anand et al) IJRES 2013 Clarke) (Natarajan et al)

57 Bark paste is used for IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Artocarpus bone treatment (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 hirsutus, Lam. Moraceae Kattupala 58 Asparagus Litiaceae Thanner Powder obtained from Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2005, racemosus Vittan the root is mixed with IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( 2011, Kizhangu freshwater as tonic to Senthil et al.) NPR (Anand et 2013, treat liver disorders, al) APSR (kadirvelmurugan et 2014 jaundice, dysentery, al) AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et chronic fevers and al) IJRES (Natarajan et al) enhance lactation.

59 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Vembu Decoction obtained IJTK (Francies et al.) APSR 2011, A. Juss from the bark is used (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, to treat liver diseases. AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2014 Fresh paste obtained IJRES (Natarajan et al) from leaves is applied Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) externally for skin IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( diseases and small Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et pox. The young stem al) cuttings are used as tooth brush to develop strong teeth. 60 Azima tetracantha Salvadoraceae Sangumullu Root paste is applied IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRAP 2013 Lam. externally for cut (kuru et al) AJPSR wounds (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

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61 Bacopa monnieri Scrophulariace Neerbrami Whole plant paste is NPR (Anand et al) AJPSR 2005, (L.) Pennell ae applied externally for (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 dog bite 62 Bambusa Poaceae Moongil Cooked tender shoots JBR (Senthil et al.) IJBLS 2012, arundinacea is used to treat (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil 2013, (Retz.) Willd. indigestion. et al.) APSR (kadirvelmurugan 2014 et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

63 Root paste is used to Barleria strigosa cure snake bite Willd. Acanthaceae Nilam baram AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 64 Basella alba L. Basellaceae Pasalai Leaf juice is used as Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, keerai drops for eye IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2013 infections. (Vaidyananthan et al)

65 Narayana Leaf juice in Kaltamarai combination with JNR ( Senthil et al.) IJRAP Begonia ginger is used to treat (kuru et al) AJPSR malabrica, Lam. Begoniaceae asthma (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 66 Blechnum Blechanaceae - Juice extracted from JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 orientale the leaf is used to cure intestinal wounds; the paste made from the rhizome is used to cure urinary bladder. 67 Leaves in combination Blepharis with egg and onion is JNR ( Senthil et al.) IJRAP maderaspatensis, used to cure bone (kuru et al) AJPSR (L.) Acanthaceae Elumpu ottei fracture (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 68 Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Mukkuratai/M The whole plant IJTK (Francies et al.) AJPSR 2011, L. ookarattai decoction is used to (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 treat cough, fever and Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) jaundice. Fresh leaf IJRAP (kuru et al) paste is used to treat externally for skin infections. 69 Boswellia serrata Burseraceae Vellaikunkiliu Leaf juice is applied IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Roxb. m externally for skin (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 infections

70 Botrychium Ophioglossace Nandu Shade dried whole JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 lanuginosum Wall. ae Kuddhi plant parts are ground with the seeds of pepper and cumin seeds and taken orally to get relief from body pain. Leaves are boiled with water and ground into paste and applied over the affected places to heal wounds.

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71 Bougainvillaea Nyctaginaceae Kaaghithapo Juice extracted from Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011 spectabilis Willd. o leaf is used to treat jaundice, dysentery and diarrhoea. Roots are used to treat cough and fever 72 Leaf juice is used to Brassica juncea, treat ear wounds Hk. f. & T. Cruciferae Kadugu AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 73 Leaf paste in IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR combination with egg (Vaidyananthan et al) fruticosa is used for bone 2011, (L.) Druce. Vizhuthi fracture 2013 74 Caesalpinia Caesalpiniacea Kazharchikka Seed juice is used to IJBLS (Natarajan et al) NPR 2005, bonducella (L.) e ai treat diuretic (Anand et al) IJRES 2013 Flem. (Natarajan et al)

75 Calendula Asteraceae Marikollundh Flower juice is taken IJBLS (Natarajan et al) APSR 2013, officinalis L. u internally for (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2014 stomachache (Natarajan et al)

76 Calotropis gigantia Asclepiadacea Erukku Boiled leaf paste is IJTK (Francies et al.) AJPSR 2011, (Linn.) R.Br. e applied topically for (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES 2013 tumours. The plant (Natarajan et al) powder blended with Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) milk is used to treat IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( leprosy, syphilis, ulcer, Senthil et al.) dysentery, diarrhoea and rheumatism. 77 Calotropis procera Asclepiadacea Vellerukku Roots paste is used to Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, L. e treat toothache. The JNR ( Senthil et al.) 2013 flowers powder mixed with black pepper to treat snake bite. 78 Leaf juice applied IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Canarium strictum Karunkunikili externally for skin (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 Roxb. Burseraceae um infections 79 Young pods are taken Canavalia virosa Kattu with diet to treat Baker. Fabaceae thambatan asthma AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 80 Paste of root and leaf IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR Canthium is used to treat diuretic (Vaidyananthan et al) coromandelicum, 2011, (Burm.f.) Rubiaceae Karai 2013 81 Roasted whole plant IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR Caralluma Asclepiadacea paste is used to treat (Vaidyananthan et al) 2011, umbellate, Haw. e Chirukalli indigestion 2013

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82 Cardiospermum Sapindaceae Mudakkathan Paste of whole plant is IJTK (Francies et al.) APSR 2011, halicacabum Linn. / Kothan kodi taken twice a day for (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, WC fits. AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2014 IJRES (Natarajan et al) Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al)

83 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Pappali Decoction obtained Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, from fruit is used to IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( 2013 maintain blood Senthil et al.) IJRES pressure. Latex is (Natarajan et al) used to treat scorpion string 84 Leaf paste is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) Carmona retusa Korangu treat for digestion (Vahl) Cordiaceae vethalai 2011 85 Carum Apiaceae Omum Fruit juice is used to NPR (Anand et al) 2005 roxburghianum treat respiratory Benth. ailments and flatulence 86 Root juice is used to Koonthal treat snake bite and Caryota urens, L. Arecaceae panai gastric ulcers AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 87 Leaf decoction is used NPR (Anand et al) AJPSR 2005, Caesalpiniacea Seemaiy to treat fungal (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 Cassia alata L. e agathi problems 88 Cassia auriculata Caesalpiniacea Avvarai Flowers decoction IJTK (Francies et al.) APSR 2011, L. e blended with goat’s (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, milk taken orally to AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2014 treat white discharge IJRES (Natarajan et al) in women. Leaf paste Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) is applied topically for IJBLS (Natarajan et al) skin rashes. Seeds juice is used to treat diabetes and leaf juice is used to treat heart diseases and eye infections. 89 Flower decoction is used to cure fever, Caesalpiniacea abdominal pain and JNR ( Senthil et al.) AJPSR Cassia fistula L. e Sarai konnai skin infections (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 90 Cassia Caesalpiniacea Ponnavarai Leaf paste is applied IJTK (Francies et al.) NPR 2005, occidentalis L. e externally for healing (Anand et al) 2011 bone fracture

91 Cassia tora L. Caesalpiniacea Thagarai Leaf and seed paste is IJBLS (Natarajan et al) APSR 2013, e applied externally for (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2014 skin infections (Natarajan et al)

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92 Catharanthus Apocynaceae Nithya Plant juice is used to IJBLS (Natarajan et al) NPR 2005, roseus (L.) G. kalyani treat anticancer (Anand et al) APSR 2013, Don. (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2014 (Natarajan et al)

93 Cayratia pedata, Vitaceae Pannikodi Leaf paste in IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Juss. combination with milk (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 is used to treat ulcer

94 Root paste is used Ceiba pentandra Gratean Java externally for scorpion (Linn.) Malvaceae cotton bite AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 95 Centella asiatica Apiaceae Vallarai Leaves decoction is IJTK (Francies et al.) NPR 2005, (Linn) Urban used to treat gastritis, (Anand et al) APSR 2011, cardiac ailments and (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, blood purification. AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2014 Fresh leaf juice is IJRES (Natarajan et al) given to improve Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) memory power. IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al)

96 Dried seed powder is Centratherum used to cure diabetes anthelminticum, O. Kattu Kze. Asteraceae seeragam AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 97 Ceratopteris Pteridaceae - The whole plant parts JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 thalictroides are ground into paste and mixed with turmeric. The mixture is applied over the affected places to treat cure skin diseases and wounds. 98 Cheilanthes Pteridaceae - Juice obtained from JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 the leaves is mixed with hot water and taken orally along with honey to treat throat pain. 99 Leaf juice applied IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Chenopodium Chenopodiacea externally for skin (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 ambrosioides, L. e Kattu oomam infections 100 Christella Thelypteridace The juice obtained JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 ae from the leaf is taken orally to treat swellings. 101 Cinnamomum Lauraceae Lavangapatri Leaf and bark IJBLS (Natarajan et al) NPR 2005, tamala Nees & decoction is taken (Anand et al) IJRES 2013 Eberm. internally for (Natarajan et al) diaphoretic

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102 Cinnamomum Lauraceae Pattai Bark decoction is used IJBLS (Natarajan et al) NPR 2005, zeylanicum Breyn. to treat stimulant (Anand et al) IJRES 2013 (Natarajan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

103 Cipadessa Meliaceae Pullipuchedi Leaf paste is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, baccifera (Roth) treat diarrhea (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 104 Cissampelos Menispermace Appatta Whole plant is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, pareira, L. ae treat diarrhea (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 105 Cissus Vitaceae Pirandai Stem paste is used IJTK (Francies et al.) IJRAP 2011, quadrangularis L. topically to treat dog (kuru et al) AJPSR 2013 bites. The whole plant (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES powder is combination (Natarajan et al) with milk is used to Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) treat asthma. Plant IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( extract taken orally to Senthil et al.) cure skin ailments.

106 Leaf juice is used to Cissus setosa, cure intestinal worms Roxb. Vitaceae Puli naralai AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 107 Citrus aurantifolia Rutaceae Elumitchai Root decoction is used IJTK (Francies et al.) APSR 2011, (Christm.) Swingle to treat asthma. Fruit (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2013, juice is given as an (Natarajan et al) 2014 emollient. Leaves Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) taken as decoction for IJBLS (Natarajan et al) headache, cold and fever. 108 Citrus limon (L.) Rutaceae Elumichai Fresh ripe skin used to IJBLS (Natarajan et al) APSR 2013, Burm. f. treat skin infections (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2014 (Natarajan et al)

109 Citrus medica L. Rutaceae Naraththanka Juice extracted from Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, yi leaves is used to treat JNR ( Senthil et al.) 2013 fever and dyspepsia.

110 Fruits are used to treat IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Cleistanthus poisonous bites (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 collinus, Benth. Euphorbiaceae Oduvan 111 Leaves is used to treat Cleome gynandra, cold L. Capparaceae Nalvelai AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 112 Cleome viscosa L. Capparidaceae Naikadugau/ Leaf paste is used IJTK (Francies et al.) 2011 Nayi-velai externally to treat Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) wounds. Seed paste taken orally with milk/water to treat liver disorders. 113 Clerdendron Verbenaceae Thaluthalai/ Leaves decoction is IJTK (Francies et al.) AJPSR 2011, phlomides Lina. Daluthalai taken twice a day for (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 urinary tract disorders

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114 Clerodendrum Verbenaceae Sirutekku Leaf and root IJBLS (Natarajan et al) NPR 2005, serratum (Linn.) decoction is used to (Anand et al) IJRES 2013 treat gastric ailments (Natarajan et al)

115 Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae Sankupoo Juice obtained from Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, leaves is taken orally AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 to treat dropsy and antipyretic. 116 Leaf extract is used to treat ulcer JNR ( Senthil et al.) IJRAP Coccinia grandis (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, (L.) J.Viogt Cucurbitaceae Koovaikodi (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 117 Cocculus hirsutus, Menispermace Kattukodi Leaf juice is taken to JBR (Senthil et al.) JNR ( 2011, Diels. ae cure leukemia. Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et 2012, al) AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et 2013 al)

118 Gum from the bark is IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR Cochlospermum Cochlospermac used to treat bone (Vaidyananthan et al) 2011, religiosum, (L.) eae Thanukku fracture 2013 119 Coconut ash in IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, combination with (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 Thenna coconut oil is used for Cocos nucifera, L. Arecaceae maram poisonous insect bites 120 Paste of pseudobulbs applied externally for Coelogyne insect bites and breviscapa Lindl. Orchidaceae Paraiottu swellings. JFMA, Dwarakan et al 1994 121 Coleus aromaticus Lamiaceae Omavalli Leaf juice is taken IJTK (Francies et al.) NPR 2005, Benth. orally for cough. (Anand et al) APSR 2011, (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2013, (Natarajan et al) 2014 Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al)

122 Bark juice is used to Combretum cure jaundice ovalifolium, Roxb. Combretaceae Oodang kodi AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 123 Rhizome is used to Cryptocoryne treat piles spiralis, Fisch. Araceae Kolla sapai AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 124 Milky latex is applied IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR Cryptolepis topically to treat (Vaidyananthan et al) buchananii, R. & Asclepiadacea poisonous insect bites 2011, S. e Karunkodi 2013 125 Rhizome is used to treat aphrodisiac. Root paste is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) NPR 2005, Curculigo Amaryllidaceae treat toothache (Anand et al) AJPSR 2011, orchoides, Gaertn. / hypoxidaceae Nilpanai (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013

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126 Rhizome paste is applied externally to treat snake bite JNR ( Senthil et al.) AJPSR Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Manchal (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 127 Cymbidium Orchidaceae Uttuchedi Tuber paste is applied IJTK (Francies et al.) 2011 aloifolium (L.) SW topically for wounds 128 Leaf juice is used to Cymbopogan Elumpichai treat headache flexuosus, Wats. Poaceae pull AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 129 Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Arugampullu The whole plant IJTK (Francies et al.) IJRAP 2011, L. decoction given orally (kuru et al) AJPSR 2013 to treat diabetes, (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES ulcers and body (Natarajan et al) cooling. Leaf juice is Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) given for digestion. IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil et al.)

130 Root paste is used to Dalbergia latifolia, treat menorrhagia Roxb. Fabaceae Eatti maram AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 131 Dalbergia sissoo, Fabaceae Desi maram Leaf juice is used to Roxb. reduce the body temperature AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 132 Datura metel Linn. Solanaceae Umathai Leaf paste is used to IJTK (Francies et al.) AJPSR 2011, treat eye diseases. (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES 2013 Leaf juice is used to (Natarajan et al) treat asthma and Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) chronic ulcers. IJBLS (Natarajan et al)

133 Datura Solanaceae Karuoomattai Leaf juice is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, stramonium L. treat asthmatic (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 problems 134 Delonix elata L. Caesalpiniacea Vadanarayan Juice of fresh twig is IJBLS (Natarajan et al) APSR 2013, e used to treat cold (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2014 (Natarajan et al)

135 Dicranopteris Gleichiniaceae The rhizome is made JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 linearis (Burn.f.) into a paste and taken orally to cure asthma.

136 Tubers are used IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Dioscorea Kavali externally to reduce (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 opposiifolia, L. Dioscoreaceae kizanku swellings 137 Root juice is used to Dioscorea Kattuvalli cure cough pentaphylla, L. Dioscoreaceae kodi AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 138 Stem bark paste is Diospyros used externally for montana, Roxb. Ebenaceae Vakkanai scabies AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 139 Diplazium Athyriaceae Handful of leaves are JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 made into juice and taken orally twice a day to get relief from cold and cough.

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140 Dipteracanthus Acanthaceae Surawangi Paste of stem and leaf IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRES 2013 patulus Jacq. is used to treat (Natarajan et al) swelling 141 Whole plant decoction is useful to treat rheumatism, skin Dodonaea diseases, fever and angustifolia, L.f. Sapindaceae Virali sore throat. AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 142 Whole plant paste is Drosera used to cure diarrhea burmannii, Vahl. Droseracae Alukanni AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 143 Drymaria cordata Caryophyllacea Puliarai Leaf paste to treat IJBLS (Natarajan et al) APSR 2013, L. e headache (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2014 (Natarajan et al)

144 Drynaria Polypodiaceae Aattukal Skin removed rhizome JNPPR (Karthik et al.) IJRAP 2011 quercifolia (L.) is made into a paste (kuru et al) J.Sm. and boiled with pepper, cumin seeds, onion and garlic along with water. The mixture thus obtained is taken orally to get relief from body pain, knee pain and joint pain. 145 Dryopteris filix- Polypodiaceae Mailsikki Rhizome extract is NPR (Anand et al) 2005 mass (Linn). used to treat worms Schott 146 Eclipta alba Asteraceae Karishalanga Leaves decoction is Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2005, Hassk. nni used as tonic for NPR (Anand et al) AJPSR 2011, jaundice and skin (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 diseases. 147 Eclipta prostrate L. Asteraceae Karisalangaa Dried leaves powder IJTK (Francies et al.) IJBLS 2011, ni mixed with coconut oil (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil 2013 is applied topically on et al.) AJPSR (Vaidyananthan skin diseases et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

148 Elettaria Fruit is used as mouth cardomomum, freshner Mat. Zingiberaceae Ealakaai AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 149 Leaves juice is used to cure skin infections, Embelia ribes, Vaai dyspepsia and Burm.f Myrsinaceae vilakkam intestinal worms. AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 150 Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae Nelli Dried fruit powder is Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, Gaerth. used to treat AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 diarrhoea, anemia, jaundice and dyspepsia. Juice extracted from leaf is blended with black pepper to treat

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scorpion sting.

151 Root extract is used to Emilia sonchifolia, Seedevi cure dysentery DC. Asteraceae senkaluner AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 152 Enicostema Gentianaceae Vellaragu Leaf paste is used to IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRES 2013 axillare Lam. treat stomachache (Natarajan et al) 153 Cotyledons paste is used externally to treat Entada pursaetha, Paparan inflammation IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, DC. Mimosaceae kottai (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 154 Root decoction is used to cure indigestion, Ervatamia Nandhiya rheumatoid and coronaria, Steapf. Apocynaceae vatai diarrhea AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 155 Dried flower bud NPR (Anand et al) 2005 Eugenia extract is used to treat caryophyllata toothache Thunb. Myrtaceae Kirambu 156 Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae Palperuki Leaf juice is taken IJTK (Francies et al.) 2011 cyathophora Linn. twice a day to induce lactation in women

157 Leaf extract is used to Euphorbia treat diarrhea heterophylla, L. Euphorbiaceae Pall sedi AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 158 Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Ammanpatch Juice of whole plant is IJTK (Francies et al.) NPR 2005, Linn. arist given twice a day in (Anand et al) APSR 2011, haemorrhagic enteritis (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2014 IJRES (Natarajan et al) Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al)

159 Stem bark in combination with Euphorbia nivulia, ginger is used to treat B.-Ham. Euphorbiaceae Illaikalli dog bite IJRAP (kuru et al) 2011 160 Leaf juice is used to Euphorbia cure asthma, cough rothiana, Spr. Euphorbiaceae Vandu kolli and diarrhea AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 161 Evolvulus Convolvulacea Vishnugandhi Fresh plant juice is alsinoides L. e used to cure fever and worms. JNR ( Senthil et al.) IJRAP 2005, (kuru et al) NPR (Anand et al) 2011, AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013

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162 Ficus Moraceae Alamaram Bark decoction and Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011 benghalensis L. seed powder of the plant is used to cure gonorrhoea and dysentery. Latex is applied on sores, ulcers and rheumatism. 163 Ficus exasperate, Moraceae Paa perungai Leaves decoction is Vahl. used to cure cough, stomach ailments, piles and ulcer. AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 164 Whole plant juice is used to treat jaundice, diabetes and anemia JNR ( Senthil et al.) AJPSR Ficus hispida, L. f. Moraceae Peyathi (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 165 Leaf extract is used to JBR (Senthil et al.) JNR ( 2012, cure dysentery and Senthil et al.) 2013 Ficus microcarpa stomach disorders. L. Moraceae Echi maram 166 Leaf paste is used to treat asthma Ficus mollis, Vahl. Moraceae Kattarasu AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 167 Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Athi The stem latex is IJTK (Francies et al.) JNR ( 2005, applied on cracked Senthil et al.) NPR (Anand et 2011, hills al) AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et 2013 al)

168 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Arashamara Leaves paste are Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, m applied to treat skin JNR ( Senthil et al.) 2013 ailments. The dried bark powder mixed with honey is used as an anti-inflammatory agent. 169 Boiled leaves are IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, taken twice a day to (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 Flueggea cure stomach leucopyrus, Willd. Euphorbiaceae Vella poola problems 170 Gadenia Rubiaceae Kambil Resin is used to treat IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRES 2013 gummifera L. headache (Natarajan et al) 171 Garuga pinnata Burseraceae Karuvambu Leaf juice is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Rox. treat asthma (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 172 Gloriosa superba Liliaceae Senganthal/ Rhizome paste is IJTK (Francies et al.) IJBLS 2011, L. Kanvalipoo applied to treat (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil 2013 Kazhappaikil wounds. et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al) angu AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

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173 Glycyrrhiza glabra Fabaceae Athimathura Root decoction is used IJBLS (Natarajan et al) NPR 2005, Linn. m to treat ulcer (Anand et al) APSR 2013, (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2014 (Natarajan et al)

174 Ripened fruits are IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, crushed and applied (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 Gmelina asiatica, externally for dandruff L. Verbenaceae Kumizha 175 Leaf juice and root Grewia gamblei, Karadi bark is used to cure Drumm. Tiliaceae kasavu scorpion bite AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 176 Gymnema Asclepiadacea Sirukurinja Leaf and root IJTK (Francies et al.) NPR 2005, sylvestre (Retz) R. e decoction used to treat (Anand et al) APSR 2011, Br. diabetes (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2014 IJRES (Natarajan et al) Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al)

177 Fresh tubers are used Habenaria to treat fever longicorniculata Granham Orchidaceae Kozhikilangu IJRAP (kuru et al) 2011 178 Fruit powder in combination with water to treat diarrhea and dysentery JNR ( Senthil et al.) AJPSR Helicteres isora, L. Sterculiaceae Valampuri (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 179 Hemidesmus Asclepiadacea Nannani Whole plant juice is IJTK (Francies et al.) IJBLS 2011, indicus Linn. R.Br. e chedi used to reduce body (Natarajan et al) IJRAP (kuru 2013, Muell heat. et al) APSR (kadirvelmurugan 2014 et al) AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

180 Hemionitis arifolia Pteridaceae Kambithamar Root is mixed with JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 ai turmeric ground into paste. The mixture is applied over the affected places to cure cuts, wounds, body pains and swellings. 181 Hibiscus Malvaceae Kasturi Flower paste is used IJBLS (Natarajan et al) NPR 2005, abelmoschus Linn. vendai to treat skin infections (Anand et al) APSR 2013, (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2014 (Natarajan et al)

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182 Hibiscus rosa- Malvaceae Sembarutthi Dried leaves blended Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, sinensis L. with water for healthy IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( 2013 and black hair. Senthil et al.) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

183 Holarrhena Root bark decoction is IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR pubescens, used to treat (Vaidyananthan et al) (Buch.-Ham.) dysentery 2011, Wall. ex DC. Apocynaceae Palai 2013 184 Huperzia Lycopodiaceae Easwaran/ The whole plant is JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 ground into a paste and applied over wounds; tribal people used this plant as a religious plant and they kept the plant in their pooja room and they believe that the plant will cure their body sickness. 185 Leaf decoction is used IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR Hybanthus to treat fever and (Vaidyananthan et al) enneaspermus, Orithal aphrasiadic 2011, (L.) F. Muell Violaceae hamarai 2013 186 The whole plant juice IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Indigofera is used to treat (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 aspalathoides, Sivanar diarrhea Vahl. Fabaceae vembu 187 Ipomoea Leaf paste is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, staphylina Roem Convolvulacea treat diarrhea (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 & Schultes e Onnankodi 188 Whole plant extract is used to treat ulcers, Jasminum Manmatha skin infections and cut JNR ( Senthil et al.), AJPSR grandiflorum, L. Oleaceae panam wounds (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 189 Latex is used to treat IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, bleeding gums and (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 Jatropha curcas, Kat toothache L. Euphorbiaceae amanakku 190 Leaf juice is used to Justica adhatoda cure fever L. Acanthaceae Adhatoda IJRAP (kuru et al) 2011 191 Whole plant extract is Justicia used to treat gendarussa, L. f. Acanthaceae Neer notchil headache AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 192 Justicia Leaf juice is used to tranquebariensis Thavasi cure snake bite L. Acanthaceae murungai AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 193 Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae Kuttipodum Leaf decoction is used IJBLS (Natarajan et al) 2013 Lam. Pers. to reduce body AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) temperature IJRES (Natarajan et al)

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194 Leaf paste is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR cure joints pains and (Vaidyananthan et al) Kleinia grandiflora, ear problems 2011, (wallich ex DC.) Asteraceae Muyal kathu 2013 195 Fruit juice is used to JBR (Senthil et al.) JNR ( 2012, Lagenaria treat stomach acidity, Senthil et al.) 2013 siceraria (Mol.) ulcers and indigestion. Stan. Cucurbitaceae Sorakkai 196 Leaf paste applied for IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Lannea body pains and (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 coromandelica, Udaya inflammation (Houtt.) Merr. Anacardiaceae maram 197 Lantana camera L. Verbenaceae Unnichedi Leaf decoction is IJTK (Francies et al.) APSR 2011, used to treat stomach (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2013, ache (Natarajan et al) 2014 Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al)

198 Leaf extract is used to NPR (Anand et al) 2005 Launaea Ezhuthani stimulate purgative nudicaulis Hook.f. Asteraceae poondu 199 Leaves decoction is used to treat skin JNR ( Senthil et al.) NPR Lawsonia inermis, infections (Anand et al) AJPSR 2005, L. Lythraceae Maruthani (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 200 Decoction from leaves Lepidagathis Karapan is used to treat cristata, Willd. Acanthaceae poondu malarial fever AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 201 Leaf extract is used to Lepisanthes cure cough tetraphylla, Radlk. Sapindaceae Gukamathi AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 202 Leucas aspera Lamiaceae Thumbai Leaf paste is used to IJTK (Francies et al.) IJRAP 2011, Link chedi treat skin problems. (kuru et al) APSR 2012, Juice extracted from (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2013, leaves is used to treat (Natarajan et al) 2014 dysentery, headache JBR (Senthil et al.) IJBLS and fever. (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil et al.)

203 Leucostegia Dryopteridacea The rhizome is mixed JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 immersa Wall. ex e with water and C. turmeric and made into a paste. The mixture is tied with cloth over the affected places to treat swellings. 204 Whole plant extract is Lobelia used for dog bite, eye nicotianaefolia, Campanulacea Kattu pukai infections and asthma Heyne e illai AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013

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205 Leaf juice is used to Luffa cylindrica cure snake bite (L.) Roemer Cucurbitaceae Nurai peerku AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 206 Lycopodium Lycopodiaceae - The juice made from JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 cernum the whole plant is mixed with honey and cow’s milk and given orally to children to get relief from cough and cold. Paste made from the whole plant is applied over the affected places to heal wounds. 207 Lygodium Lygodiaceae Mullu Kodi, Leaf is ground into JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 microphyllum paste with turmeric and applied over the affected places to heal wounds; Juice made from the plant is taken orally along with pepper to get relief from cough. 208 Bark is used to treat IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, back pain and also for (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 Macaranga kidney stones peltata, M.Arg. Euphorbiaceae Vattakanni 209 Madhuca longifoila Sapotaceae Ellupai Leaf paste is used to IJBLS (Natarajan et al) APSR 2013, (L.) JFMacbr. cure skin ailments (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2014 (Natarajan et al)

210 Dried seed powder mixed with cow’s milk Mangifera indica, to treat diabetics and JNR ( Senthil et al.) AJPSR L. Anacardiaceae Ma maram dysentery (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 211 Maranta Rhizome decoction is NPR (Anand et al) 2005 arundinaceae used to treat amoebic Linn. Marantaceae Kuvai kilangu dysentery 212 Leaf powder in IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR Marsdenia combination with hot (Vaidyananthan et al) brunoniana, W. & Asclepiadacea Peru water to treat diabetics 2011, A. e kurunjan 2013 213 Marsilea Marsileaceae Aarakkeerai Handful of leaves are JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 quadrifolia L. mixed with pepper and garlic and ground into paste. The paste is taken orally to treat cold and cough. The paste is mixed with turmeric and applied over the affected places to cure skin diseases.

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214 Memecylon Leaf paste is applied umbellatum, Melastomatace Sarkarai topically for skin Burm. ae vilvam infections AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 215 Bark decoction is used NPR (Anand et al) AJPSR 2005 to stimulate purigative (Vaidyananthan et al) and expectorant. Leaf Michelia juice is used to treat champaca Linn. Magnoliaceae Sembagam snake bite 216 Microsorium Polypodiaceae Nundu Leaf is ground into JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 punctatum (L.) Kuddhi juice applied over the Copel. affected places twice a day with hot water to heal wounds. 217 Fresh stem extract is Mimosa hamata, Nintral used to cure snake Willd. Mimosaceae surungi bite AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 218 Mimosa pudica L. Mimosaceae Thottalsurung Leaf paste is used to IJTK (Francies et al.) NPR 2005, i cure cold (Anand et al) APSR 2011, (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2014 IJRES (Natarajan et al) Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al)

219 Fruit is used to treat Mimusops elengi, infertility L. Sapotaceae Magilam AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 220 Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae Andhimalli Leaf juice mixed with Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011 water to cure jaundice, dysentery, diarrhoea and dyspepsia. 221 Leaves boiled in water IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR is used to reduce body (Vaidyananthan et al) Mollugo temperature 2011, pentaphylla, L. Aizoaceae Par padagam 2013 222 Leaf juice is taken IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR after urination in the (Vaidyananthan et al) Momordica morning to treat 2011, charantia, L. Cucurbitaceae Paavakkodi menstrual disorders 2013 223 Leaf juice is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR Momordica treat vermifuge (Vaidyananthan et al) dioica, Roxb. Ex. 2011, Willd Cucurbitaceae Athalai 2013 224 Morinda tinctoria Rubiaceae Nuna Leaves decoction is Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011 L. taken as tonic. Fruit decoction mixed with black pepper is used to treat diarrhoea and dysentery.

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225 Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Murangai Fresh flower is taken IJTK (Francies et al.) JNR ( 2011, Lam. as food to increase Senthil et al.) 2012, sperm count in men JBR (Senthil et al.) 213

226 Roots are grounded and applied topically on the stomach to Mucuna Perum cure stomach upset gigantean, DC. Fabaceae poonai kali AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 227 Mucuna pruriens Fabaceae Poonai kali Seed powder is used IJBLS (Natarajan et al) NPR 2005, (Linn.) DC. to treat urinary (Anand et al) APSR 2013, diseases (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2014 (Natarajan et al)

228 Musa paradisica Musaceae Vazhai Bark juice mixed with Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, L. milk used as anti- IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( 2013, venom. Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et 2014 al) APSR (kadirvelmurugan et al) AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

229 Seed paste in Myristica combination with dactyloides, water is used to treat Gaertn. Myristicaceae Jathi Kaai dysentery AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 230 Seeds decoction is NPR (Anand et al) AJPSR 2005, used to treat flatulence (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 Myristica fragrans, Jathikai and aphrodisiac Houtt. Myristicaceae maram 231 Naravelia Ranunculaceae Vatamkolli Leaf juice is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, zeylanica, DC. treat paralysis (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 232 Neanotis Rubiaceae Kodi urinchi Powder of root, stem monosperma (Wt. and leaf is applied & Arn.) externally to cure scorpion bite AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 233 Nephrolepis Davalliaceae - Leaf is ground into JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 auriculata paste with pepper and (L.)Trimen taken orally twice a day to get relief from cough. 234 Nerium indicum, Apocynaceae Alari Leaves and root bark Mill. paste is used to cure skin infections, ulcer, hemmorhoids and ringworm AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 235 Root paste is used to treat urination problem Nymphaea in children nouchali, Var. Oleaceae Alli AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013

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236 Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae Thirunetrupa Leaf juice is used to Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2005, L. chilai treat urinary problems. IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( 2011, Leaf juice when mixed Senthil et al.) NPR (Anand et 2013, with water is used for al) APSR (kadirvelmurugan et 2014 gonorrhoea. al) AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

237 Ocimum canum Lamiaceae Naai thulasi Juice extracted from Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011 Sims. leaves is used to cure cold, cough and fever.

238 Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Tulasi Leaf juice is used for Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, L. the treatment of fever, IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRES 2013 leprosy, diabetes and (Natarajan et al) cough. 239 Ocimum Lamiaceae Thulasi Leaves juice is given Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011 tenuiflorum L. orally for scorpion sting and chest pain.

240 Seed paste is used to Oenothera reduce cholesterol glazioviana, Anthi level Micheli. Onagraceae mantharai AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 241 Opuntia dillenii Cactaceae Sappathikali Fruits paste is applied Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011 Haw. on snake bite and dog bite. Fruits are used to treat gonorrhoea.

242 Orthosiphon Lamiaceae Karpooravalli Whole plant paste is Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011 diffuses Benth. used to treat skin ailments. 243 Whole plant decoction is used to cure piles, Orthosiphon diarrhea and cut glabratus, Benth. Lamiaceae Nai thulasi wounds AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 244 Seed powder and pepper taken with milk IJRAP (kuru et al) NPR 2005, Passiflora edulis, to cure asthma (Anand et al) AJPSR 2011, Sims. Passifloraceae Thatpoot (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 245 Leaves decoction is used treat Pavetta indica L. Rubiaceae Pavattai hemorrhoids pain. AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 246 Plant extract is used to NPR (Anand et al) 2005 Pavonia zeylanica stimulate purgative (Linn.) Cav. Malvaceae Citramutti 247 Plant extract in IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, combination with (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 Peperomia ginger is used to cure tetraphylla, cold and asthma (G.Forst.) Piperaceae Kalbirahmi

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248 Pergularia daemia Asclepiadacea Veliparutthi Leaf juice is used to JBR (Senthil et al.) IJBLS 2011, (Forssk.) Chiov. e treat fever, asthma, (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil 2012, gas troubles and urinal et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al) 2013 complaints. AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

249 Phyllanthus Euphorbiaceae Kilanelli Whole plant juice Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, amarus L. blended with sugar is IJBLS (Natarajan et al) APSR 2013, taken as excellent (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2014 remedy for jaundice AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) and liver disorders. IJRES (Natarajan et al)

250 Physalis minima Solanaceae Sodukku Boiled fruits are taken IJTK (Francies et al.) JNR ( 2011, Linn. thakkali for kidney problems Senthil et al.) 2013 251 Seeds is used to NPR (Anand et al) 2005 Physalis Sodukku stimulate laxative peruviana Linn. Solanaceae thakkali 252 Root juice is taken for Piper anorexia, asthma, brachystachyum, Kattu milagu indigestion and Wall. Piperaceae kodi bronchitis AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 253 Piper longum L. Piperaceae Thippili Seed decoction is IJBLS (Natarajan et al) NPR 2005, used to treat fever (Anand et al) APSR 2013, (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2014 AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

254 Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae Milaku Seed paste is used to IJBLS (Natarajan et al) NPR 2005, cure fever (Anand et al) APSR 2013, (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2014

255 Dried fruit is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Piper trioicum, treat cough and cold (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 Roxb. Piperaceae Kattu milagu 256 Pityrogramma Pteridaceae Whole plant parts are JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 calomelanos (L.) boiled with water and the decoction thus obtained is taken orally early in the morning to treat kidney problem, fever, cough and cold. Rhizome is ground into juice and taken orally to treat asthma. 257 Leaf extract with IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Plectranthus pepper to cure cold (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 barbatus, (Andr.) and cough Benth Lamiaceae Oomavalli 258 Pluchea indica (L.) Asteraceae Andhimandar Seed and flower paste IJBLS (Natarajan et al) APSR 2013, Less. i is used internally for (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2014 body cooling

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259 Root extract is used to Plumbago indica, Plumbaginacea treat leucoderma and L. e Senkodi velli leprosy AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 260 Plumbago Plumbaginacea Chittramoola Latex is used IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( 2005, zeylanica L. e m externally to cure Senthil et al.) NPR (Anand et 2013 inflammation of eye al) AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al)

261 Leaves extract is used NPR (Anand et al) 2005 Polygala chinesis to treat cough. Linn. Polygalaceae Kakurthothe 262 Polypodium Polypodiaceae - The rhizome and JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 vulgare leaves are mixed and made into a paste and applied over the affected places to treat swellings. 263 Stem bark decoction JBR (Senthil et al.) IJBLS 2005, with pepper is used to (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil 2012, cure stomach ulcer. et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al) NPR 2013 Pongamia pinnata (Anand et al) (L.) Pierre Fabaceae Pongamaram 264 Pouzolzia cymosa, Urticaceae All vanangi Leaves decoction in W. heated in water along with leaves of Cassia senna and Narvelia zeylanica to cure skin infections AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 265 Leaf juice is used to Pouzolzia treat worms and zeylanica, (L.) stomachache Benn. Urticaceae Kalluriki AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 266 Young leaf juice is Psidium guajava, used to cure diarrhea JNR ( Senthil et al.) AJPSR L. Myrtaceae Gyyaa (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 267 Psilotum nudum Psilotaceae Whole plant parts are JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 (L.) soaked in water for an hour and the decoction thus obtained is mixed with turmeric and applied over the affected places to heal wounds. 268 Karbogarisi Seed juice is used to NPR (Anand et al) 2005 Psoralea treat poisonous bites corylifolia Linn. Fabaceae 269 Erumbaratha Leaf extract in IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR n earkolli combination with (Vaidyananthan et al) Psydrax dicoccos, maram banana is used for 2011, Gaertn. Rubiaceae easy delivery 2013

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270 Pteris biaurita L. Pteridaceae Nandu The rhizome is ground JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 Kuddhi into paste and applied over the affected places to get relief from body pain. 271 Pteris cretica L. Pteridaceae Nandu The paste made from JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 Kuddhi the leaf is tied with cloth and applied over the affected places to heal wounds. 272 Pteris vittata L. Pteridaceae Yanai vanaji The whole plant parts JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 are ground into paste and applied over the affected places for wound healing. The paste is mixed with pepper and taken orally to get relief from cold, cough and fever.

273 Pterocarpus Fabaceae Vengaimara Stem bark decoction is IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( 2013, marsupium Roxb. m used to treat stomach Senthil et al.) APSR 2014 ailments (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

274 Punica granatum Punicaceae Madulai Flower buds mixed Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, L. with salt are used to IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRES 2013 cure bronchitis, (Natarajan et al) dysentery and diarrhoea. The fruits is used to cure stomach problems. 275 Pyrrosia Polypodiaceae - Leaf is made into JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 lanceolata paste with pepper and taken orally to treat sore throat and itching. 276 Dried fruit powder is used to treat Randia rheumatoid arthritis dumentorum, and inflammatory Lam. Rubiaceae Marakarai disease AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 277 Rauwolfia Apocynaceae Sarpagandha Root paste is used IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRAP 2011, serpentine L. externally to cure (kuru et al) APSR 2013, snake bite (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2014 AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

278 Pombu kala Leaf juice is used to Rauwolfia treat hemorrhoids tetraphylla, L. Apocynaceae AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013

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279 Juice from roots, NPR (Anand et al) AJPSR 2005, seeds and leaves is (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 used to treat skin Rhinacanthus infections and ring communis Nees. Acanthaceae Nagamalli worms 280 Richardia scabra Rubiaceae Pachai- Leaf paste along with Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011 L. amman coconut oil is applied paccharisi externally to treat skin problems.

281 Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Amanakku Leaf decoction mixed Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, L. with salt is applied for JNR ( Senthil et al.) AJPSR 2013 eye infections. (Vaidyananthan et al)

282 Rubia cordifolia Rubiaceae Sevalaikodi Stem and root powder IJBLS (Natarajan et al) NPR 2005, Linn. is used to treat (Anand et al) APSR 2013, diabetes (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2014 (Natarajan et al)

283 Rumex Polygonaceae Kurukan sedi Leaf juice is applied nepalensis, Spr. externally to treat headache. Root decoction is applied topically to treat dislocated bones. AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 284 Whole plant extract is used to treat bronchitis Rungia pectinata, and asthma Nees. Acanthaceae Kodaka salai AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 285 Paste of whole plant is JBR (Senthil et al.) IJBLS 2005, applied over baby’s (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil 2012, body to reduce et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al) NPR 2013 stomach pain. (Anand et al) AJPSR Aruvathan (Vaidyananthan et al) Ruta graveolens Rutaceae thalai 286 Bark decoction is used to treat diarrhea, cold, Samanea saman, Thoonka sore throat and (Jacq.) Mimosaceae maram headache AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 287 Leaf extract is used to Sansevieria cure pimples and skin IJRAP (kuru et al) NPR 2005, roxburghiana, infections (Anand et al) AJPSR 2011, Schult.f. Liliaceae Marul (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 288 Santaium album L. Santalaceae Santhanam Stem paste is used to IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRAP 2011, treat body cooling (kuru et al) APSR 2013, (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2014 AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

289 Plant milk extract is IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR Sarcostemma used to stimulate (Vaidyananthan et al) intermedium, Asclepiadacea vomiting in case of 2011, Dcne. e Kodikalli poisoining 2013

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290 Bulb paste is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Scilla hyacinthina, Kattu treat inflammatory (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 (Roth) JF Macbr. Liliaceae vengayam swellings 291 Selaginella tenera Seleginellacea - The whole plant parts JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 e are ground into paste and applied over the affected places get relief from body pain and swellings. 292 Seeds is used to cure Senna auriculata, Caesalpiniacea diabetics L. Roxb. e Avarampoo IJRAP (kuru et al) 2011 293 Root extract is used to Senna Caesalpiniacea treat stomach ailments IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, occidentalis, L. e Paayavarai (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 294 Root juice is used to Shorea roxburghii, Dipterocarpace Gugilia cure diarrhea and G. Don. ae maram cholera AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 295 Leaf paste is used to treat cut wounds JNR ( Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Sida acuta, Burm. Malvaceae Pazham pasi (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 296 Root and bark IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( 2005, decoction is used to Senthil et al.) NPR (Anand et 2013, treat fever and facial al) APSR (kadirvelmurugan et 2014 paralysis al) AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al) Kuruthan Sida cardifolia, L. Malvaceae kanni 297 Solanum Solanaceae Kattuchundai Unripe fruits is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, erianthum D.Don treat diarrhea (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 298 Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Manathakkali Leaf juice with IJTK (Francies et al.) JNR ( 2005, L. groundnut oil is taken Senthil et al.) NPR (Anand et 2011, as food to treat mouth al) AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et 2012, ulcers. Juice al) 2013 extracted from leaves JBR (Senthil et al.) and flowers mixed with salt and black pepper to cure skin diseases, piles and ulcer. 299 Solanum torvum Solanaceae Sundaikkai Boiled fruits are taken IJTK (Francies et al.) NPR 2005, Sw. as food for killing (Anand et al) 2011 worms in stomach

300 Solanum Solanaceae Thuthuvalai Leaf juice is taken to IJTK (Francies et al.) APSR 2011, trilobatum L. treat asthma, cold, (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, cough and lung AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2014 ailments. IJRES (Natarajan et al) Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRAP (kuru et al)

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301 Sonchus oleraces Asteraceae Karpooravalli Leaf paste is used to IJBLS (Natarajan et al) APSR 2013, L. cure skin ailments (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2014 (Natarajan et al)

302 Spermacoce Rubiaceae Nathai suri Whole plant extract is hispida, L. used to cure diarrhea JNR ( Senthil et al.) AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 303 Whole plant juice is used to treat open Stachytarpheta sores and cataract urticaefolia, D.&G. Verbenaceae Tubutubu AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 304 Bark and seed Sterculia foetida, Pootha decoction is used to L. Sterculiaceae karappan treat skin infections AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 305 Leaf juice is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR cure leukemia and (Vaidyananthan et al) also applied topically to treat wound Sterculia urens, fractures and cracked 2011, Roxb. Sterculiaceae Senthanku skin. 2013 306 Strychnos nux- Loganiaceae Etti Fruit decoction is used IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRAP 2011, vomica L. to treat cut-wounds (kuru et al) APSR 2013, (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2014 AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

307 Strychnos Loganiaceae Thethankottai Seed is used to treat potatorum L. poisonous bites IJRAP (kuru et al) 2011 308 Leaves decoction is JBR (Senthil et al.) JNR ( 2012, Synedrella Kamalai given orally to cure Senthil et al.) 2013 nodiflora (L.) Asteraceae poondu diarrhoea. 309 Bark ground with ghee JBR (Senthil et al.) JNR ( 2011, is used to get relief Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et 2012, from chest pain and al) AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et 2013 painful menstruation. al) Syzygium cumini, Seed powder is used (L.) Myrtaceae Naval maram to treat diabetic 310 Tamarindus Caesalpiniacea indica,L. e Puliya maram AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 311 Tectaria Tectariaceae The root is mixed with JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 coadunata pepper and cumin seeds and boiled with water. The decoction thus obtained is taken orally twice a day to cure asthma; the juice made from the root is applied over the wound to heal soon; the juice made from the leaves is taken orally to treat stomachache.

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312 Tephrosia Fabaceae Kolingi Root paste is used to APSR (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, purpurea (L.) cure stomachache IJRES (Natarajan et al) 2014 Pers. 313 Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Maruthamara Bark juice is taken for IJTK (Francies et al.) AJPSR 2011, Roxb. Ex. De m indigestion. Stem (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 Wight & Arn bark decoction to Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) reduce blood pressure. 314 Terminalia bellirica Combretaceae Thanrikkaai Seed powder is used IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRAP 2005, Roxb. to treat dysentery (kuru et al) NPR (Anand et al) 2011, APSR (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2013, AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2014 IJRES (Natarajan et al)

315 Terminalia Combretaceae Kadukkai Seed decoction is IJBLS (Natarajan et al) IJRAP 2011, chebula Retz. used to cure digestive (kuru et al) APSR 2013, disorder (kadirvelmurugan et al) 2014 AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) IJRES (Natarajan et al)

316 Leaf paste is applied externally on the snake bitten area and root decoction is used Tiliacora Menispermace Perunkattu to relieve pain of the acuminate, Miers. ae kodi bite AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 317 Plant juice is used to IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR Tinospora Menispermace treat gas problems (Vaidyananthan et al) 2011, cordifolia, Miers. ae Senthilkodi 2013 318 Tinospora Stem decoction is sinensis, (lour.) Menispermace used to treat merr ae Porseenthil rheumatoid arthritis AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 319 Fruits is used to cure digestive problems, Toddalia asiatica antiseptic and diuretic IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, (L.) Lam. Rutaceae Milakaranai (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 320 Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae Nerunchimul Root decoction is IJTK (Francies et al.) APSR 2011, L. given to cure urinary (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2013, problems. Whole (Natarajan et al) 2014 plant powder used to Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) cure fever, headache IJBLS (Natarajan et al) and heel cracks. 321 Seed juice is used to Trichosanthes treat tumors and fever cucumerina, L. Cucurbitaceae Peiputal AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 322 Leaf extract is used to Trichosanthes treat asthma palmate, Roxb. Cucurbitaceae Savari AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013

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323 Tridax Asteraceae Vettukaya Young leaf paste is IJTK (Francies et al.) APSR 2011, procumbens L. Poondu used to treat wounds (kadirvelmurugan et al) IJRES 2013, (Natarajan et al) 2014 Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) IJBLS (Natarajan et al) JNR ( Senthil et al.) IJRAP (kuru et al)

324 Leaves decoction is Triumfetta used to treat diarrhea rhomboidea, Jacq. Tiliaceae Karadiotradai in children AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 325 Leaf paste is applied externally at the snake bite and leaf juice mixed with hot water is Tylophora indica Asclepiadacea used to treat snake (Burm.f.) Merr. e Asthamakodi bite AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 326 Root bark is used to Ventilago treat fever and madraspatana Vambadamk stomach disorders IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR 2011, Gaertn. Rhamnaceae odi (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 327 Whole plant juice is Vernonia cinerea Mukkutti used to treat scorpion Less. Asteraceae punta bite AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 328 Root extraction is used externally for Vetiveria skin infections zizanoides, Nash. Poaceae Vettiver AJPSR (Vaidyanathan et al.) 2013 329 Leaf extract is used to Nithiya cure cancer Vinca rosea, L. Apocynaceae kalyani AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 330 Plant juice is used to Viscum relieve ear pain. heyneanum DC. Viscaceae Ottucheddi JFMA, Dwarakan et al 1994 331 Leaf extract is used to Vitex altissima, L. treat fever f. Verbenaceae Mailai notchi AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 332 Vitex negungo L. Verbenaceae Notchi Leaves are crushed IJTK (Francies et al.) IJRAP 2005, and boiled in water (kuru et al) NPR (Anand et al) 2011, and the vapour from AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 boiled water is inhaled Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) to treat headache and fever. Leaf juice and flowers powered and mixed with milk are taken orally to cure cholera and liver ailments. 333 Root extract is used to NPR (Anand et al) AJPSR 2005, Vetiveria treat diaphoresis (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 zizaniodes (Linn.) Nash. Poaceae Vettiver

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334 Vittaria elongata Pteridaceae The leaf is ground into JNPPR (Karthik et al.) 2011 a paste and applied over the affected places to get relief from knee pain and therapeutic pain. 335 Boiled plant extract is IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR Waltheria indica, 2011, used to treat cough (Vaidyananthan et al) L. Sterculiaceae Chempoondu 2013 336 Wedelia Asteraceae Karisalankan Leaf juice is used to NPR (Anand et al) 2005 calandulaceae ni treat leprosy, liver Less. disorders and jaundice

337 Wedelia chinensis Asteraceae Manjal Juice extracted from Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011 karesalankan leaves is taken orally ni to treat jaundice

338 Plant juice with IJRAP (kuru et al) AJPSR Wedelia Manjalkarisal keelanelli is used to (Vaidyananthan et al) 2011, urticaefolia, DC. Asteraceae ai treat jaundice 2013 339 Withania Solanaceae Amukramkizh The root powder Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2005, somnifera Dun. angu mixed with black NPR (Anand et al) 2011 pepper used to cure rheumatic swellings. 340 Leaf extract is used to Wrightia tinctoria, treat toothache. R. Br. Apocynaceae Vetpalai AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 341 The whole plant extract is used externally to treat Xanthium Marul rheumatoid joint pains strumarium, L. Asteraceae oomathai and itching. AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 342 Zanthoxylum Rutaceae Virasingampa Corky ash coloured tetraspermum ttai bark is used to treat cold cough. JFMA, Dwarakan et al 1994 343 Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Inji The rhizome juice is Article 029 (Palanisamy et al.) 2011, Rosc. given orally for the AJPSR (Vaidyananthan et al) 2013 treatment of fever, headache and body pain.

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Reference:

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