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Biología Del Curculiónido Ferruginoso De Las Palmeras Rhynchophorus

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Biología Del Curculiónido Ferruginoso De Las Palmeras Rhynchophorus Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 24: 737-748, 1998 Biología del curculiónido ferruginoso de las palmeras Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) en laboratorio y campo: ciclo en cautividad, peculiaridades biológicas en su zona de introducción en España y métodos biológicos de detección y posible control (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhynchophorinae) J. ESTEBAN-DURÁN, J. L. YELA, F. BEITIA-CRESPO y A. JIMÉNEZ-ÁLVAREZ Se estudian, en condiciones de laboratorio y sobre caña de azúcar, diferentes pará- metros del ciclo biológico de Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleóptera: Curcu- lionidae), especie recientemente introducida en España. En concreto, se ha estudiado la longevidad de los adultos, el potencial biótico o fecundidad, la fertilidad y mortalidad en fase de huevo, la duración de los desarrollos larvario y pupal y sus mortalidades asociadas, la duración total del ciclo biológico (o período de desarrollo total) y el rendi- miento de la cría (en condiciones de cría en masa y cría individual). Se ha examinado, en el área de la introducción (Almuñecar, Granada), el rango de especies de palmeras hospedantes, y se han analizado algunos de los resultados producidos por la red de trampas equipadas con sustancias atrayentes (feromona + cairomona) situada en el área de Almuñecar y aledaños. Los resultados indican cierta ligera reducción, en cuanto a los valores medios, de la longevidad de los adultos y del potencial biótico o fecundi- dad, y cierto alargamiento en la duración de las diferentes fases de desarrollo (y en el ciclo total) respecto a los datos aportados por la bibliografía. La principal planta hospe- dante en Almuñecar es Phoenix canariensis (Palmaceae). Los adultos de R. ferrugi- neus muestran un sedentarismo muy acusado en su nueva zona de ocupación; se propo- ne alguna hipótesis que podría explicar este fenómeno, que deberá ser comprobada más adelante. J. ESTEBAN-DURAN, J. L. YELA, F. BEITIA-CRESPO y A. JIMÉNEZ-ÁLVAREZ: Laborato- rio de Entomología, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, SGIT-INIA, Ctra. de La Co- ruña km 7, 28040 Madrid. Palabras clave: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, parámetros biológicos, control bioló- gico, cría en masa, captura en masa, plantas hospedantes, síntomas INTRODUCCIÓN vestigaciones por parte del Departamento de Entomología de la Universidad de Almería La aparición y detección en España, du- y del Laboratorio de Entomología del Insti- rante 1995, del curculiónido ferruginoso de tuto Nacional de Investigaciones y Tecnolo- las palmeras, Rynchophorus ferrugineus gía Agraria (SGIT-INIA), Madrid, así como (Olivier) (BARRANCO et ai, 1996a, b), ori- las actuaciones pertinentes del Servicio de ginó la puesta en práctica de ciertas medidas Sanidad Vegetal de la Junta de Andalucía. tanto técnicas como administrativas encami- Aunque se precisaba conocer la bioecolo- nadas a determinar el alcance de los daños, gía del insecto y su distribución en España la distribución del insecto, la biología y los de la forma más detallada posible, la impor- métodos de control. Se iniciaron así las in- tancia del citado curculiónido como especie exótica introducida en Europa y potencial- car, Motril, Salobreña y La Herradura (Gra- mente muy dañina (véase ESTEBAN-DURÁN nada) en cuatro períodos diferentes desde et al., 1998b) exigió iniciar inmediatamente Abril de 1996 hasta Mayo de 1997. las medidas de control y aislamiento más El sustrato soporte y alimenticio de los efectivas. La aplicación de tratamientos in- insectos fue la caña de azúcar (Saccharum secticidas experimentales y la colocación de officinale L., Gramineae), ya empleada co- una red de trampas cebadas con atrayentes múnmente en la cría semiartificial de ésta y sintéticos (feromonas de agregación y sinér- otras especies del género Rhynchophorus gicos vegetales), así como el arranque y (RAHALKAR et a/., 1973, 1985). Los trozos destrucción de los hospedantes manifiesta- de caña de azúcar limpia, cepillada y lavada mente afectados, han interferido sin duda al chorro de agua, previamente cortados en con el desarrollo del insecto en su nuevo ha- porciones de 20 a 25 cm de longitud, se de- bitat y han frenado su proliferación. jaban unas horas en laboratorio hasta que se Al tiempo de la puesta en marcha de estos equilibraran térmicamente con la temperatu- tratamientos de urgencia, se ha procedido a ra ambiente (puesto que provenían del con- estudiar los parámetros bioecológicos bási- gelador). Para facilitar las puestas, dichos cos tanto en el campo como en laboratorio, trozos de caña se cortaban longitudinalmen- de acuerdo a un protocolo previamente esta- te antes de introducirse en las cajas (jaulas) blecido. Los datos reunidos, de parte de los destinadas a albergar los adultos. cuales se da cuenta en este trabajo, pueden Las condiciones ambientales de la cámara contribuir a conocer los aspectos básicos del de cría se ajustaron a 26 °C (16 horas) y desarrollo, aclimatación y dispersión del in- 23 °C (8 horas), con una humedad relativa secto en cuestión. Objetivos del presente que oscilaba entre 70% y 85% y un fotope- trabajo son, por tanto, (1) describir los pará- riodo diario de 16 horas de luz y 8 horas de metros biológicos básicos del insecto criado oscuridad. en laboratorio sobre un hospedante sustituti- vo (caña de azúcar); (2) proporcionar infor- mación acerca de las prospecciones realiza- das sobre el terreno respecto a las especies de plantas hospedantes atacadas y los sínto- mas que éstas presentan; y (3) aportar datos sobre los posibles ajustes de la biología del insecto a las condiciones bioclimáticas del nuevo habitat colonizado, tanto en función de observaciones directas como de los resul- tados de las capturas en la red de trampas equipadas con sustancias atrayentes (fero- mona + cairomona). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS Experimentos de laboratorio Los insectos empleados para el inicio de los experimentos se obtuvieron de pupas (Fig. 1) recolectadas en el interior de palme- ras manifiesta e irreversiblemente atacadas, Fig. 1.-Capullo de Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, durante inspecciones efectuadas en Almuñe- del que está emergiendo un adulto. Los insectos adultos (Figs. 2, 3 y 4) se dispusieron en tres tipos de lotes: A) Parejas aisladas en cajas paralelepipé- dicas de material plástico con tapadera par- cialmente enrejillada, de dimensiones 31 X 21x11 cm (longitud, anchura y altura). B) Grupos de 5 parejas en idénticos reci- pientes. C) Grupos de 10 parejas en idénticos re- cipientes. El fondo de cada caja se cubría con una capa de papel de filtro humedecido, que se recambiaba cada vez que se procedía a un conteo o control. Para otros aspectos del método se siguió a RAHALKAR et al. (1985). Los conteos de huevos (Fig. 5) se efectua- ron cada dos o tres días, cambiando comple- tamente el sustrato en cada ocasión y trans- firiendo los huevos no deteriorados por las manipulaciones a trozos de caña (sobre la zona del corte longitudinal). En dicha zona Fig. 2.-Adulto de R. ferrugineus. se habían practicado previamente, con la Fig. 3.-Abdomen de macho de R. ferrugineus Fig. 4.-Abdomen de hembra de R. ferrugineus en norma ventral. en norma ventral. Fig. 6.-Larva L5 de R. ferrugineus en condiciones de campo, frente a una galeria escavada en el tejido Fig. 5.-Huevo de R. ferrugineus. de una planta hospedante, Phoenix canariensis. lanceta, huecos donde depositarlos, que examen de las zonas internas del corazón de posteriormente servían para controlar el de- la planta, tras cortar lo más cuidadosamente sarrollo larvario. El control de superviven- posible el exterior del tallo y de la corona. cia de adultos se efectuó también cada dos o Asimismo, se efectuaron controles y reco- tres días. Las larvas (Fig. 6) se criaron en gida de formas vivas del insecto estudiado idénticas cajas que los adultos (ya descri- (larvas de los estadios LI a L5, capullos y tas). El alimento para las larvas se facilitaba, adultos), así como observaciones respecto a según las necesidades, a medida que se iba huevos y larvas de los estadios LI a L4. agotando o deteriorando el sustrato. Por otro lado, se registraron datos de los adultos capturados en la red de trampas ce- badas con feromonas sintéticas de agrega- ción (ferrugineol o 4-metil-5-nonanol) y si- Observaciones de campo nérgicos sintéticos INRA (véase ESTEBAN- DURÁN et ai, 1998a). Estas trampas forma- Desde Abril de 1996 hasta Septiembre de ban un conjunto o red (véase OEHLSCHLA- 1997 se han completado 12 salidas de dos a GER et a/., 1993 y 1996) concebido para de- cuatro días de duración cada una, en las que tectar y aislar, en su caso, los puntos geo- se recogieron datos respecto a plantas ataca- gráficos afectados por la plaga. La red de das, se llevaron a cabo observaciones sobre trampas inicial (diferente de la recomendada los posibles ajustes de la biología del insec- posteriormente a la Junta de Andalucía para to a las nuevas condiciones ambientales y se aislar eficazmente los focos de R. ferrugi- efectuó un seguimiento detallado del siste- neus) se dispuso en los términos de Motril, ma de trampas de feromona + cairomona, Salobreña, Almuñecar (Velilla, San Cristó- destinado al aislamiento de los focos de in- bal y El Majuelo) y La Herradura (provincia festación. de Granada). Por circunstancias obvias, las El reconocimiento de las palmeras afecta- trampas no pudieron colocarse a nivel del das por R. ferrugineus se efectuó inicial- suelo, y se situaron atadas a la parte alta de mente mediante examen externo del aspecto las palmeras (al menos 4 m sobre el suelo), de la planta. Posteriomente se efectuaba otro justo bajo la corona de hojas. Las trampas constan de un recipiente fa- Adultos mantenidos en grupos de 5 parejas: bricado a partir de un cubo de basura, con tapadera ajustable, con varias aberturas a n = 10 grupos de 5 parejas (100 individuos) modo de ventanas en el tercio superior, así L mínima: 32 días como perforaciones circulares de 2 a 3 mm.
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