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Home , Florida woods cockroach, Rhynchophorini, Rhynchophorus, Rhynchophorus cruentatus, Rhynchophorus palmarum, Rhynchophorus phoenicis

Biology and management of palm

Robin M. Giblin-Davis University of /IFAS Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center Dryophthoridae:

Palm Weevils:()  species  Dynamis borassi /Palm Weevils: (Sphenophorini)  hemipterus and other species  Rhabdoscelus obscurus Typical Dryophthorine Life Cycle:

Egg

Larva Adult

Pupa

Last-instar larva

Prepupa Cocoon 1 1 scutellum

Dynamis borassi 1. R. cruentatus Rhynchophorus R. ferrugineus Distribution ca 1966

R. ferrugineus expansion since 1966

R. bilineatus R. palmarum

R. phoenicis R. quadrangulus R. bilineatus R. cruentatus R. ferrugineus

1 2

R. palmarum R. phoenicis R. quadrangulus 4 3 3

Rhynchophorus quadrangulus Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Male rostrum without setae 3 3a Nasal plate Male rostrum without 3b setae 3 No nasal plate

Mandible unidentate

Rhynchophorus quadrangulus Mandible unidentate Rhynchophorus cruentatus 3b 3a Submentum Submentum narrow wide

Rhynchophorus quadrangulus Rhynchophorus cruentatus Rhynchophorus cruentatus

female

male 4 4

4 4 Rhynchophorus ferrugineus 4

4

1 Rhynchophorus palmarum 5 4a Scutellum Scutellum Tapers broadly tapers acutely

Rhynchophorus phoenicis

Rhynchophorus bilineatus

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus 5a 5b Submentum Submentum straight bowed

Rhynchophorus bilineatus Rhynchophorus ferrugineus R. bilineatus R. cruentatus R. ferrugineus R. palmarum R. phoenicis R. quadrangulus R. bilineatus R. cruentatus R. ferrugineus R. palmarum R. phoenicis R. quadrangulus Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Rhynchophorus cruentatus Rhynchophorus phoenicis R. cruentatus

Stressed Intraspecific Semiochemical:  Releaser pheromone: Chemical released by sender with immediate reversible effects on receiver (i.e. sex and aggregation pheromones)  Primer pheromone: Chemical with long term effects on physiology and development of receiver (i.e. caste determination and reproductive synchrony) Interspecific Semiochemical:  Kairomone: Chemical released that benefits the receiver, but not the sender.

 Allomone: Chemical that benefits sender or sender and receiver. 10 live R. cruentatus Weekly Counts from Traps Baited with 10 Live Rhynchophorus cruentatus and/or 1.5 kg of Sabal palmetto Tissue

A 20

15

10

D 5 CD D BC 0 B Empty Females Males Palm Tissue Females + Tissue Males + Tissue Dryophthoridae:

Palm Weevils:(Rhynchophorini)  Rhynchophorus species YES  Dynamis borassi YES Sugarcane/Palm Weevils: (Sphenophorini)  Metamasius hemipterus and other species YES  Rhabdoscelus obscurus YES AERATION CHAMBERS

Porapak-Q packed glass columns Gas Chromatograph with Electroantennographic Sample Detector (GC-EAD) insertion Flame ionization detector (FID)

Carrier gas (Helium) Split vent

Electroantennographic detector (EAD) GC Column Oven Electroantennogram

Amplifier 1:100 Ground electrode Chart recorder

Input electrode Ground

Antenna

Fractions from the Saline gas chromatograph solution Rhynchophorus cruentatus FID 5-methyl-octan-4-ol = Cruentol

EAD Weekly Rhynchophorus cruentatus Counts from Traps Baited with 5-methyl-octan-4-ol (0.4 mg/d) and/or 1.5 kg of Sabal palmetto Tissue

A 50 40 30 20 C BC 10 B 0

Empty Palm Tissue Cruentol Tissue + Cruentol R. cruentatus Rhynchophorus R. ferrugineus Pheromone Distribution

5-methyl-octan-4-ol 4-methyl-nonan-5-ol

(2E) 6-methyl-hepten-4-ol

4-methyl-nonan-5-ol

3-methyl-octan-4-ol unknown

R. bilineatus R. palmarum

R. phoenicis R. quadrangulus R. cruentatus R. ferrugineus Metamasius “Ferrugineol” hemipterus Distribution

4-methyl-nonan-5-ol

5-methyl-octan-4-ol 4-methyl-nonan-5-ol

(2E) 6-methyl-hepten-4-ol 4-methyl-nonan-5-ol 4-methyl-nonan-5-ol

R. bilineatus R. palmarum Dynamis borassi Metamasius hemipterus FID

Volatiles from unfed males

EAD Metamasius hemipterus

FID

Sugarcane host volatiles

EAD Metamasius hemipterus Counts from Traps Baited with Ethyl Acetate (600-720 mg/d), 250 g of Sugarcane, and/or Metalure A 250 200 150 B 100 B C B C C 50 0 Metalure Tissue Ethyl Tissue + Acetate EA + Metalure (EA) EA + Metalure EA + Tissue Tissue + Metalure Metamasius hemipterus Counts from Traps Baited with Metalure, 250 g of Sugarcane, and Different Rates of Ethyl Acetate

A A 100 80 60 B 40 B 20 0

1663 mg/d 403 mg/d 29 mg/d

0 mg/d Ethyl Acetate Release Rate Towards Making a Better Weevil Trap:  Semiochemicals: (Critical...need aggregation pheromone(s) and host plant volatiles)  Design: (Simple is best...a bucket works)  Moisture: (Weevils seek high relative humidity to conserve water because of high cuticular permeability...Traps need moisture)  Size: (Larger buckets are better)  Color of trap: (Not critical)  Height: (Not critical for M. hemipterus... Not critical for R. cruentatus if trap connected to tree base) Rhynchophorus cruentatus life cycle

last-instar larva female

cocoon pre-pupa male pupa Palm Hosts of R. cruentatus  Sabal palmetto stressed trees  canariensis healthy trees  Bismarkia nobilis healthy trees  repens stressed trees  Phoenix dactylifera rare  robusta rare  Thrinax radiata rare  rare  Roystonea rare  Cocos nucifera rare  rare  rare Symptoms of Rhynchophorus cruentatus damage Laboratory culture of Rhynchophorus cruentatus Canary Island :

Overall Palm 1) Non-native palm versus native Height weevil 2) Apparently healthy palms can decline rapidly with R. cruentatus infestation Spear Leaf 3) 20-250 larvae per palm cause irreparable damage to apical meristem 4) We have documented the loss of entire palm groves once epizootic starts Booted Stem Maximum Booted Height Stem Diameter Bare Stem Height Categories of decline for Canary Island date palms infested with Rhynchophorus cruentatus

9 - 8 7 6

Palms healthy, Dying, 3-4 oldest petioles Dying, spear leaf and asymptomatic, drooping, weevil frass stem beginning to lean (8) weevil frass first detected in petioles (5-45º), weevil frass detected in petioles detected in petioles Categories of decline for Canary Island date palms infested with Rhynchophorus cruentatus

5 4 - 3 2 - 1

Dying, spear leaf and Dead/dying, crown and Dead, crown and stem collapsing (>45º), stem collapsed, spear green stem collapsed, fronds lots of weevil frass other fronds necrotic, necrotic, lots of weevil lots of weevil frass frass

Palm weevil damage to older Washingtonia Florida woods ( floridana) is often found in the leaf bases of Sabal and Phoenix palms. One of its first common names was “palmetto bug”. They do not do any damage to the palms. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTjFmXXRlGg Florida DPI Reports of Rhynchophorus cruentatus Adults (1956-1991)

Mean Temperature

Mean Rainfall Seasonal Capture of Rhynchophorus cruentatus Adults to Traps Baited with 2.5 kg Chopped Sabal palmetto Crown and Stem Tissue

Mean Temperature

Mean Rainfall Flight Initiation of Rhynchophorus cruentatus at Different Temperatures Management approaches for Rhynchophorus cruentatus: Promote plant vigor and protect from wounding. Prophylactic treatment of transplanted or stressed palms. Early detection and phytosanitation. Awareness of susceptibility of Phoenix canariensis. ECOPALM is an Italian Company that is marketing a physical method of disinf Canary Island date palms of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in Europe.

Rhynchophorus palmarum adult

Red ring nematodes

R. palmarum larvae

Classical Red ring disease symptoms Red Ring caused by Bursaphelenchus cocophilus

Some adult weevils emerge infested with nematodes

Healthy palm

Palm weevils deposit nematodes Larva and pupa become associated into leaf bases or wounds on healthy palm with dispersal stage of nematode

Palm weevils attracted to and oviposit in dying RRD palm Nematodes propagate on palm parenchymal cells

Cross-section of coconut palm Palm wilts stem with symptomatic red ring Red ring diseased Cocos nucifera in Trinidad. Red ring diseased Cocos nucifera symptoms Red ring diseased Cocos nucifera tissue extraction Red ring diseased guineensis (African oil palm). Little leaf symptoms in (African oil palm). Red ring nematode: Bursaphelenchus cocophilus Red ring nematode: Bursaphelenchus cocophilus SSU molecular phylogeny

100 Pseudaphelenchus yukiae AB470971 Pseudaphelenchus vindai AB537559 1 100 Aphelenchoides besseyi AY508035 100 Laimaphelenchus penardi AY593919 100 Aphelenchoides sp. H1 EU287591 2a 100 Laimaphelenchus preissii EU287590 100 Schistonchus guangzhouensis DQ912924 100 100 Aphelenchoides bicaudatus AY284643 Aphelenchoides sp. K1 EU287589 99 100 Aphelenchoides fragariae AB067755 Aphelenchoididae 60 Aphelenchoides blastophthorus AY284644 2b 100 100 Laimaphelenchus heidelbergi EU287587 100 Schistonchus centerae DQ912923 Schistonchus aureus DQ912922 100 Cryptaphelenchus sp. K2 EU287588 100 Noctuidonema sp. RGD802 AB470969 96 Ektaphelenchus obtusus 754E AB368532 3 Seinura sp. JH-2004 AY284651 92 100 Bursaphelenchus abruptus AY508010 Aphelenchoides stammeri AB368535 100 B. rainulfi AM397017 100 100 B. abietinus AY508011 B. hellenicus AY508017 ? 55 B. paracorneolus AY508027 99 B. hofmanni AY508018 B. pinasteri AM397016 B. parvispicularis AB218829 100 91 B. sinensis AB232162 81 B. gerberae AY508024 84 83 Ruehmaphelenchus sp. B. antoniae AM279709 NK202 AB368534 87 75 B. hylobianum AY508019 B. rufipennis AB368529 90 99 B. poligraphi AY508028 83 B. borealis AY508012 100 B. sexdentati AY508031 100 B. vallesianus AM397020 100 B. yongensis AM397023 100 B. clavicauda AB299221 B. tusciae AY508033 100 94 B. eggersi AY508013 94 B. hildegardae AM397013 100 B. cocophilus AY509153 4 B. platzeri AY508026 100 B. arthuri AM397010 100 100 B. seani AY508029 B. fungivorus AY508016 83 B. willibaldi AM397021 100 100 B. thailandae AM397019 100 B. kiyoharai n. sp. NK221 XX000001 Loss of P1 100 B. kiyoharai n. sp. NK215 XX000002 Bursaphelenchus platzeri male Distribution of Metamasius hemipterus (Florida, Caribbean, Mexico, Central and South America) Metamasius hemipterus Metamasius hemipterus Rhynchophorus cruentatus Palm Hosts of M. hemipterus  Ravenea rivularis  Hyophorbe verschaffeltii  Phoenix canariensis  Phoenix dactylifera  Roystonea  Cocos nucifera Symptoms of Metamasius Hemipterus infestation

Royal palm Spindle palm Sugarcane Canary Island date palm Teratorhabditis synpapillata from Rhynchophorus ferrugineus