BEFORE THE SPECIAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE NGARURORO AND CLIVE RIVERS WATER CONSERVATION ORDER

IN THE MATTER of the Resource Management Act 1991

AND

IN THE MATTER of a Special Tribunal appointed under section 202 of the Act to consider an application for a Water Conservation Order made by Fish and Game, the Hawkes Bay Fish and Game Council, Ngati Hori ki Kohupatiki, Whitewater New Zealand, Jet Boating New Zealand, and the Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand (the Applicants) in relation to the Ngaruroro River and Clive River.

STATEMENT OF EVIDENCE OF SHONA CLAIRE MYERS FOR THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL CONSERVATION

Ecology

Department of Conservation

QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE

1. My full name is Shona Claire Myers.

2. I hold the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Master of Science (First Class Honours) in ecology and botany. I am the Director and Principal Ecologist of Myers Ecology Ltd. I have been a self-employed ecologist and running my own ecology company since October 2015. I have over 30 years' experience as an ecologist and have been employed by regional and central government agencies, and more recently in private consultancy.

3. Prior to running my own company, I was employed by the Department of Conservation as a Resource Management Advisor, assisting with prioritisation of the Department's resource management advocacy work, and with the Department’s refresh of the NZ Biodiversity Strategy. I was previously employed by the former Auckland Regional Council, as Group Manager Heritage. In that role, I managed natural and cultural heritage teams undertaking biodiversity and heritage conservation work throughout the Auckland region. I have also previously been employed as a senior ecologist at Wildlands Consultants in Auckland, as a scientist with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, a conservation officer with the Department of Conservation, and as a natural heritage scientist and natural heritage team leader with the former Auckland Regional Council.

4. I am an Honorary Life Member of the New Zealand Ecological Society, and a past- president and past secretary of that society. I am also a committee member of the Auckland Botanical Society, and a member of the New Zealand Conservation Network and the New Zealand Wetland Trust. I am the immediate Past President of the International Association for Ecology (INTECOL) and was president of INTECOL from 2013 to August 2017, and a Board member since 2009.

5. I have undertaken ecological surveys in many parts of New Zealand including forests, shrublands, wetlands and coastal ecosystems. I was involved in developing the Protected Natural Areas Programme and the first national wetland inventory (WERI) in the 1980s.

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6. I published a major review of protection mechanisms for wetlands in NZ in 2013. I am currently working with Greater Wellington Regional Council to develop ecological monitoring programmes for measuring the state and condition of wetlands in Wellington. I am a joint author of the DOC guidelines on assessing ecological significance.

CODE OF CONDUCT

7. I have read and agree to comply with the Code of Conduct for Expert Witnesses produced by the Environment Court. My qualifications as an expert are set out above. Other than any matters identified within my evidence as being from other experts, I confirm that the issues addressed in this brief of evidence are within my area of expertise. I have not omitted to consider material facts known to me that might alter or detract from the opinions expressed.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

8. The ecological, botanical and freshwater values of the Kaweka Lakes are of outstanding significance. The lakes clearly have characteristics as described in Section 199 of the RMA including outstanding habitat for terrestrial and aquatic organisms and outstanding scientific and ecological values. The reasons for my assessment are for the following combination of values.

9. The lakes and surrounding vegetation contain a high diversity of vegetation types (aquatic, sedgeland, shoreline, seral shrubland, pumice filled hollows, forest remnants). A large number of indigenous plant species and vegetation types are present for a relatively small catchment area. The lakes are surrounded by indigenous vegetation, and contain intact sequences from aquatic ecosystems to freshwater wetland to terrestrial shrubland and forest habitats. Lakes and wetlands with a primarily indigenous vegetation catchment and intact sequences such as this are now nationally rare.

10. Eight nationally Threatened and At Risk indigenous plant species have been recorded in the area, including one Nationally Endangered species, three Nationally Vulnerable species, and four At Risk species (Clarkson and Druce 1984, Townsend et al. 2008).

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11. The lakes contain native aquatic charophyte meadow communities which are an indicator of good water quality and intact ecological integrity. The Lake SPI Index for the Western Lake, an indicator of overall lake condition, has been measured as excellent.

12. There is a large population of the nationally At Risk indigenous fish species, koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis) (threat status: declining) in the Eastern Lake1. Longfin eels (Anguilla dieffenbachii) (at risk declining) are thought to be present in the catchment of the lakes. The macroinvertebrate communities are in good condition with a healthy population of species found in lakes (such as damselflies, dragonflies, Chironomids)2.

13. The complex of lakes and surrounding wetland and shrubland ecosystems meet all of the criteria for assessing ecological significance set by the Department of Conservation, and are of high ecological value.

14. The lakes meet three of the four national priorities for protecting indigenous biodiversity (MFE and DOC 1987), as they contain extensive indigenous wetland vegetation; naturally uncommon ecosystem types (shoreline communities); and a number of At Risk and Threatened species.

SCOPE OF EVIDENCE

15. The Director General of Conservation is supporting an application by New Zealand Fish and Game and Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society for a Water Conservation Order for the Ngaruroro River including all waters above the Whanawhana cableway. Included in the upper catchment of the Ngaruroro River are the Kaweka Twin Lakes. My evidence describes the outstanding ecological values and significance of the Kaweka Lakes. My evidence covers the following matters:

• Ecological context and values of the lakes;

• Ecological significance of the lakes;

1 Pers. comm. Tom Drinan, Technical Advisor, Freshwater, Department of Conservation 2 Pers. comm. Tom Drinan, Technical Advisor, Freshwater, Department of Conservation 3

• Outstanding values of the lakes with respect to the proposed water conservation order.

ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT AND VALUES

16. The lakes lie on the western edge of the Maungaharuru Ecological District (bordering Kaimanawa Ecological District) in the Hawkes Bay Ecological Region (McEwen 1987). The Kaweka Lakes (Roto Tuna and Roto Roa) are two small lakes (8ha and 5ha) located at 677m in the southern half of Kaweka Forest Park (see Annexure A and B, for topographical and aerial maps of the lakes, and Annexure C for photographs of the lakes). They were formed as a result of damning of two stream valleys by debris from a slip many thousands of years ago. A botanical survey recognising the lakes special ecological and botanical values was first undertaken by Botany Division, DSIR in 1984 (Clarkson and Druce 1984). They contain a diversity of shoreline lacustrine3 and sedgeland wetland communities, and seral shrubland habitats. The lakes are surrounded by native vegetation, and contain intact sequences from aquatic ecosystems to terrestrial shrubland and forest habitats.

17. In New Zealand, wetlands are a threatened ecosystem type with less than 10% of their original extent remaining (Ausseil et al. 2011; Myers et al. 2013). Freshwater wetlands are now estimated to cover only 1% of the New Zealand land mass (Ausseil et al. 2008), and the rate and extent of wetland loss have been recognised as among the highest in the world (Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000; Myers et al. 2013). Only 3% of the extent of freshwater wetlands is remaining in the Hawkes Bay biogeographic unit. (Ausseil et al. 2008). The Kaweka Lakes are diverse and intact ecosystems, and are important examples of the remaining wetlands and lakes in the region and nationally.

18. The western lake has a fluctuating water level with a gravelly and sandy shoreline with fringing lake edge wetland vegetation comprising herbfields and sedgelands (Clarkson and Druce 1984). The lake level of the eastern lake is relatively stable and is surrounded

3 Wetlands associated with the waters, beds and immediate margins of lakes (Johnson and Gerbeaux 2004) 4

by Baumea (Machaerina rubignosa) sedgeland. Secondary kanuka- manuka shrubland surrounds the catchment of the lakes.

19. The lakes contain a diversity of vegetation types dominated by native species (Clarkson and Druce 1984). These range from submerged aquatic , fringing wetland sedegland communities and shrubland and forest habitats. The lakes contain native aquatic charophyte species which are an indicator of good water quality and intact ecological integrity. The Western Lake contains intact Charophyte meadows with native Charophyte species, pondweeds, and water milfoils4. The exotic curled pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) and water buttercup (Ranunculus trichophyllus) are also found in the Western Lake.

20. A high diversity of vegetation types and a large number of plant species are present in the area. A total of 288 indigenous plants species have been recorded, including eight nationally Threatened and At Risk species (Clarkson and Druce 1984; de Lange et al. 2012) (a list of plant species recorded is in Annexure H). On a national basis, this is a high diversity and richness of species and vegetation types to be recorded for a wetland site and associated vegetation. Wetland vegetation types associated with the lakes are described below (I have mapped these in Annexure D, based on Clarkson and Druce 1984.):

Western Lake – vegetation types

• Aquatic plants and charophyte meadows dominated by native species, including water milfoil (Myriophyllum propinquum), red pondweed (Potamogeton cheesemanii) and Charophyte species.

• Shoreline gravelfield and sandfield, sparsely vegetated with herb and turf taxa such as Gnaphalium spp., Centipeda sp., Galium sp., Lilaeopsis sp. and Dichondra sp.

4 NIWA Freshwater Biodiversity Information Aquatic Plants Database https://ei.niwa.co.nz/details/FBIS/fbis_sampling_events.33772 5

• Shoreline herbfield with water milfoil, red pondweed, Hydrocotyle hydrophile, and Lilaeopsis sp.

• Alluvial fan herbfield with Juncus edgariae, Yorkshire fog, creeping buttercup, Carex spp., and some patches of raupo.

Eastern Lake – wetland vegetation types.

• Baumea sedgeland – fringes of the eastern lake dominated by Machaerina rubiginosa and kuta (Eleocharis sphacelata).

• Manuka/Baumea-Carex shrub sedgeland at northern end of the eastern lake.

21. The vegetation in the catchment surrounding the lakes is dominated by: kanuka/manuka scrub; monoao (Dracophyllum subulatum) -manuka shrubland; and pockets of black and red beech forest.

22. The lakes contain significant freshwater ecological values due to the predominantly indigenous catchment and high water quality. The lakes have an intact aquatic macrophyte flora dominated by native species (listed in Annexure E)5. The Western Lake has a Lake SPI (Lake Submerged Plant Index) of excellent (79)6. The Lake SPI Index measures native plant condition, invasiveness and overall lake ecological condition (Clayton and Edwards 2006). Submerged plants are good indicators of the ecological quality of lakes as they are attached to the bed of lakes, are easy to observe and identify, and they are unable to move.

23. Native aquatic plants help maintain lake ecosystem processes and provide food and habitat for other aquatic organisms. Invasive aquatic plants can negatively impact on native species and lake ecosystem processes. Lakes such as the Kaweka Lakes with high ecological condition have a high number and diversity of native aquatic and wetland plants, and an absence or a low number and diversity of invasive aquatic plants.

5 NIWA Freshwater Biodiversity Information Aquatic Plants Database https://ei.niwa.co.nz/details/FBIS/fbis_sampling_events.33772 6 https://lakespi.niwa.co.nz/#lakename=Lake%20Kaweka%20West,&tab=map&map-center=19617410.460433,%20- 4811649.6105747&map-zoom=9 6

24. Fish surveys undertaken by DOC in 2017 have identified a large koaro population in the Eastern lake7. As a land locked population this is unusual and was likely to have been stocked by Maori. Brown trout are present in the Western Lake and longfin eel are thought to be present in the catchment of the lakes. The relatively low diversity of fish species present is likely due to the lakes being a long way from the sea and having a relatively high gradient. Exotic trout are present in the stream and some of the tributaries and this will also impact on native fish abundance. The macroinvertebrate communities are in good condition with a healthy population of species found in lakes (such as damselflies, dragonflies, Chironomids)8..

ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

25. The lakes are recognised as being of considerable botanical significance for the diversity of species and ecosystem types present (Clarkson and Druce 1984). They have been identified as having high natural heritage value (Department of Conservation 1994).

26. I have assessed the ecological significance of the lakes against six criteria in the DOC guidelines for assessing significant ecological values (Davis et al. 2017). I have ranked the level at which the area meets each criterion (high, medium or low). I note that the Hawkes Bay Resource Management Plan does not contain a set of ecological significance criteria for assessing significance under Section 6(c) of the RMA. The criteria in Davis et al. 2017 are based on the Protected Natural Areas Programme criteria and are similar to criteria used in other RMA plans. The criteria are:

• Representativeness;

• Diversity and Pattern;

• Rarity and special features;

• Naturalness;

7 Pers. comm. Tom Drinan, Technical Advisor, Freshwater, Department of Conservation 8 Pers. comm. Tom Drinan, Technical Advisor, Freshwater, Department of Conservation 7

• Ecological Context;

• Long term ecological viability (this is a management criterion only, and is used for assessing the management requirements of a site, not ecological significance).

Representativeness (the extent to which indigenous biodiversity is typical of the natural diversity of the relevant ecological district)

27. The Kaweka Lakes are diverse and intact ecosystems, and are important representative examples of the remaining wetlands and lakes in the ecological district, the region and nationally. They have a predominantly native catchment, a diversity of shoreline, sedgeland and shrubland vegetation types, and aquatic macrophyte flora.

28. In comparison, Lake Tutira, a lake in the Hawkes Bay Region also created by a land slide, has a more modified catchment and poor water quality (eutrophic)9.

29. I have assessed the Kaweka Lakes as having a High representativeness score.

Diversity and Pattern (the extent to which the expected range of diversity and pattern is present for the relevant ecological district)

30. The lakes and surrounding vegetation contain a high diversity of vegetation types (aquatic, sedgeland, shoreline, seral shrubland, pumice filled hollows, forest remnants). A large number of indigenous plant species and vegetation types are present for a relatively small catchment area. There are intact sequences from aquatic ecosystems, to freshwater sedgeland, to terrestrial shrubland and forest habitats. Lakes with a primarily indigenous vegetation catchment and intact sequences such as this are now rare.

31. I have assessed the lakes as having High diversity and pattern.

Rarity and special features (the natural or induced scarcity of biological, physical and ecological features within an area; special features identify unusual or distinctive features of an area)

9 http://www.lawa.org.nz/explore-data/hawkes-bay-region/lakes/

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32. The two contrasting lakes, which are less than 100m apart, are described as having a very special ecological situation (Clarkson and Druce 1984).

33. Eight nationally Threatened and At Risk indigenous plant species have been recorded in the area, including one Nationally Endangered species, three Nationally Vulnerable species, four At Risk species, and one Data Deficient species (Clarkson and Druce 1984; De Lange et al. 2012, Townsend et al. 2008). These are:

• Amphibromus fluitans (nationally vulnerable);

• Carex cirrhosa (nationally vulnerable);

• Deschampsia caespitosa var. macrantha (at risk declining);

• Lobelia ionantha (at risk declining);

• foliata (greenhood orchid) (at risk naturally uncommon);

• Pterostylis micromega (swamp greenhood) (nationally endangered);

• Ranunculus macropus (swamp buttercup) (data deficient)

• Senecio glaucophyllus10 (at risk naturally uncommon);

• Spiranthes novae-zelandiae11 (nationally vulnerable).

34. Also recorded from the lake shore were an undescribed herb species Galium sp. (aff. G. perpusillum), and Rorippa palustris, a herb which grows on only a few lake shores in NZ (Clarkson and Druce 1984).

35. Lake margins with threatened and uncommon plant species present (e.g. Amphibromus fluitans (nationally vulnerable)) such as at the Kaweka Lakes, are recognised as a naturally

10 Recorded by Clarkson and Druce as unnamed aff. S. glaucophyllus 11 Recorded by Clarkson and Druce as Spiranthes sinensis ssp. australis 9

uncommon ecosystem type with the threatened status of ‘vulnerable’ (Williams et al. 2007; Holdaway et al. 2012).

36. Nationally At Risk indigenous fish species, Koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis) (threat status: at risk declining) have been recorded in the lakes12. Longfin eels (Anguilla dieffenbachii) (at risk declining) are thought to be present in the catchment of the lakes.

37. I have assessed rarity and special features of the lakes as High.

Naturalness (the relative absence of human disturbance or modification within an ED)

38. The Kaweka lakes constitute an intact wetland and lake system, dominated by native species, and with a predominantly indigenous shrubland and beech forest catchment, with a small area of plantation pine forest. There have been no fires in the catchment since mid 1990s.

39. The Lake SPI Index of Lake Kaweka West has been measured as excellent 7913. Lake SPI (Lake Submerged Plant Indicators) is an indicator that measures native plant condition and invasiveness and measures overall lake ecological condition.

40. I have scored the naturalness of the lakes as High.

41. Sedimentation from forestry and earthworks in the catchment is a significant threat to the lake and wetland ecosystems. Runoff of suspended sediments into wetlands can cause direct smothering of indigenous vegetation and reduce the light penetration of standing water. Increasing organic matter will cause the habitat to be more anaerobic and may result in vegetation decline, and loss of species, including invertebrates (Clarkson et al. 2003).

Ecological context (the extent to which the size and configuration of an area and its degree of buffering from a surrounding landscape affects its ability to maintain its ecological integrity)

12 Pers. comm. Tom Drinan, Technical Advisor, Freshwater, Department of Conservation 13 https://lakespi.niwa.co.nz/#lakename=Lake%20Kaweka%20West,&tab=map&map-center=19617410.460433,%20- 4811649.6105747&map-zoom=9

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42. The lakes and associated wetland vegetation are well buffered by native vegetation in the surrounding catchment. Having two lake habitats in close proximity provides stepping stones and connections for wildlife.

43. There are intact sequences from aquatic ecosystems, to freshwater sedgeland, to terrestrial shrubland and forest habitats. As discussed above, lakes with a primarily indigenous vegetation catchment and intact sequences such as this are now rare.

44. I have scored the ecological context of the lakes as High.

Long term ecological viability (The ability of an area of indigenous biodiversity to retain its ecological health and values over time with minimal management input) – this is a management criterion only

45. The lakes and wetland vegetation are in good ecological condition and have a low level of invasive species. The Lake SPI Index for the Western Lake has been assessed as excellent.

46. I have scored the long term ecological viability of the lakes as High.

National Priorities

47. The lakes meet three of the four national priorities for protecting indigenous biodiversity (MFE and DOC 1987), as they contain indigenous wetland vegetation; naturally uncommon ecosystem types (shoreline communities); and a number of At Risk and Threatened species.

National priority 2

To protect indigenous vegetation associated with sand dunes and wetlands; ecosystem types that have become uncommon due to human activity.

National priority 3

To protect indigenous vegetation associated with ‘originally rare’ terrestrial ecosystem types.

National priority 4

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To protect habitats of acutely and chronically threatened indigenous species.

48. The lakes lie in a land environment with >30% remaining indigenous vegetation cover, so do not meet National priority 114.

OUTSTANDING VALUES OF THE LAKES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PROPOSED WATER CONSERVATION ORDER

49. Section 199 (1) (a) of the RMA sets out the purpose of water conservation orders as being ‘to recognise and sustain outstanding amenity or intrinsic values which are afforded by waters in their natural state’.

50. Section 199 (2) of the RMA sets out that a water conservation order may provide for

(a) the preservation as far as possible in its natural state of any water body that is considered outstanding.

(b) the protection of characteristics which any water body has or contributes to, and which are considered to be outstanding…, including:

- as a habitat for terrestrial or aquatic organisms - for scientific and ecological values.

51. As I have discussed in my evidence, the ecological, botanical and freshwater values of the Kaweka Lakes are of outstanding ecological significance at a regional and national scale. The lakes and surrounding vegetation contain a high diversity of vegetation types and plant species, have an intact catchment of predominantly indigenous vegetation, and provide habitat for a number of threatened and at risk species. Lakes and wetlands with a primarily indigenous character, and with intact ecotones (aquatic to freshwater wetland to indigenous shrubland and forest) such as this, are now rare nationally. The complex of lakes and surrounding wetland and shrubland ecosystems meet all of the six criteria for assessing ecological significance set by the Department of Conservation.

14 National Priority 1 is - To protect indigenous vegetation associated with land environments, (defined by Land Environments of New Zealand at Level lV), that have 20 percent or less remaining in indigenous cover.

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52. In my opinion, the lakes clearly have characteristics as described in Section 199 of the RMA, including outstanding habitat for terrestrial and aquatic organisms and outstanding scientific and ecological values.

Shona Claire Myers 27 October 2017

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REFERENCES Ausseil, A.G., Gerbeaux, P., Chadderton, W.L., Stephens, T., Brown, D., Leathwick, J., 2008. Wetland ecosystems of national importance for biodiversity. Landcare Research Contract Report LC0708/158. Prepared for Department of Conservation, Wellington, NZ

Ausseil, A.E., Chadderton, W.L., Gerbeaux, P., Stephens, R.T.T., Leathwick, J.R., 2011. Applying systematic conservation planning principles to palustrine and inland saline wetlands of New Zealand. Freshwater Biol. 56, 142–161.

Clarkson B.R and A.P. Druce 1984. Flora and Vegetation of Kaweka Lakes, Kaweka State Forest Park. Botany Division, DSIR.

Clarkson B.R., Sorrell B.K., Reeves P.N., Champion P.D., Partridge T.R., Clarkson B.D. 2003: Handbook for monitoring wetland condition (Revised October 2004). Coordinated Monitoring of New Zealand Wetlands. A Ministry for the Environment

Clayton J and Edwards J 2006. Lake SPI. A method for monitoring ecological condition in New Zealand lakes. Technical Report Version 2. NIWA Project: CRBV062. NIWA, Hamilton.

Davis, M.; Head, N.J.; Myers, S.C.; Moore, S.H. 2016: Department of Conservation guidelines for assessing significant ecological values. Science for Conservation 327. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 73 p.

De Lange, P.J., Rolfe, J.R., Champion, P.D., Courtney, S.P., Heenan, P.B., Barkla, J.W., Cameron, E.K., Norton, D.A., Hitchmough, R.A. 2013. Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 3. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 70 p.

Department of Conservation 1994. Hawkes Bay Conservancy Conservation Management Strategy. Volume 1. For Hawkes Bay Conservancy 1994-2004.

Goodman, J.M.; Dunn, N.R.; Ravenscroft, P.J.; Allibone, R.M.; Boubee, J.A.T.; David, B.O.; Griffiths, M.; Ling, N.; Hitchmough, R.A.; Rolfe, J.R. 2014: Conservation status of New Zealand freshwater fish, 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 7. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 12 p. 14

Holdaway RJ, Wiser SK, Williams PA 2012. Status assessment of New Zealand's naturally uncommon ecosystems. Conservation Biology 26: 619–629.

Johnson P and P Gerbeaux 2004. Wetland Types in New Zealand. Department of Conservation and Ministry for the Environment.

McEwen, W.M. 1987. Ecological Regions and Districts of New Zealand. Third Revised Edition in four 1:500 000 Maps. Sheet 1 Northern North Island from Kermadec to Mayor. New Zealand Biological Resources Centre Publication No. 5.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human well-being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.

Ministry for the Environment and Department of Conservation 2007. Protecting our Places. Introducing the national priorities for protecting rare and threatened native biodiversity on private land. 7p brochure.

Mitsch, W.J., Gosselink, J.G., 2000. Wetlands, 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Myers S.C., B.R. Clarkson, P.N. Reeves, B.D. Clarkson 2013. Wetland management in New Zealand: Are current approaches and policies sustaining wetland ecosystems in agricultural landscapes? Ecological Engineering 56 (2013) 107–120.

Townsend A.J, P. J de Lange, C. A.J. Duffy, C. M. Miskelly, J Molloy and D A. Norton 2008. New Zealand Threat Classification System. Department of Conservation

Williams PA, Wiser S, Clarkson B, Stanley MC 2007. New Zealand's historically rare terrestrial ecosystems set in a physical and physiognomic framework. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 31: 119-128.

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Annexure A – Catchments of Kaweka Lakes

Figure 1. Topographical map

Figure 2. Vegetation Types in Kaweka Lake Catchments – Land Cover Database (LCDB4)

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Annexure B - Aerial photograph of Kaweka Lakes

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Annexure C – Photographs of Kaweka Lakes (photos taken by Tim Drinan, Department of Conservation, 16 October 2017)

Fig 1. Western Lake – shoreline herbfield and surrounding catchment of indigenous forest

Fig 2. Eastern Lake – Baumea sedgeland fringing lake, surrounding catchment of indigenous shrubland and forest, with some pine

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Fig 3. Eastern Lake – Baumea- Eleocharis sedgeland

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Annexure D - Vegetation Types of Kaweka Lakes (mapped from Clarkson and Druce 1984)

Key:

1. Aquatic macrophytes

2. Shoreline gravelfield and sandfield

3. Shoreline herbfield

4. Alluvial fan herbfield

5. Baumea sedegland

6. Manuka/Baumea-Carex sedgeland

7. Kanuka/Manuka scrub

8. Monoao-manuka shrubland

9. Beech forest

10. Grassland 20

Annexure E - Submerged Macrophytes present in Kaweka Lakes (NIWA Environmental Information15)

• Chara australis (stonewort), recorded 2007 • Chara fibrosa (stonewort), recorded 2007 • Chara globularis (stonewort), recorded 2007 • Myriophyllum triphyllum (water milfoil), recorded 2007 • Potamogeton cheesemanii (red pondweed), recorded 2007 • Potamogeton crispus (curled pondweed), recorded 1996* • Ranunculus tricophyllus (water buttercup), recorded 1984*

*exotic species

15 https://ei.niwa.co.nz

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Annexure F – New Zealand Threat Classification System (Townsend et al. 2008)

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Annexure G- Plant Species List (Clarkson and Druce 1984)

Higher Plants (Lycopods, Ferns, Gymnosperms, Flowering Plants)16 in Vicinity of Kaweka Lakes, Eastern Foot of Kuripapango Hill, Kaweka Range 600-750m

A.P. Druce, Botany Division, DSIR (revised May 1984)

Indigenous Species Cyathodes empetrifolia Gymnosperm Trees and Shrubs C. junipirina var. Dracopyhllum subulatum Phyllocladus alpinus Epacris alpina Podocarpus hallii x P. nivalis Gaultheria antipoda G. sp (unnamed) Monocot Trees G. antipoda x G. sp (unnamed) Cordyline australis G. antipoda x Perettya macrostigma Hebe stricta var. stricta Dicot Trees Helichrysum aggregatum var. aggregatum Carpodetus serratus Kunzea ericoides var. Griselinia littoralis Leptospermum scoparium var. fusca Leucopogon fasciculatus Nothofagus solandri L. fraseri ss. Nothofagus fusca x N. solandri Olearia arborescens Pittosporum ralphii O. furferacea ss. P. tenuifolium x P. ralphii O. nummularifolia var. nummularifolia Pseudopanax arboreus var. arboreus Ozothamnus leptophyllus P. colensoi Pernettya macrostigma Pimelea longifolia var. longifolia Dicot Shrubs P. prostrata Brachyglottis repanda Carmichaelia arborea var. flagelliformis Dicot Lianes and Related Plants Coprosma acerosa Clematis forsteri (incl. C. austalis, C. hookeriana, C. cheesemanii C. petrei) C. propinqua ssp. propinqua Muehlenbeckia australis C. rhamniodes ssp. rhamniodes M. axillaris C. robusta M. australis x M. axillaris C. rugosa ssp. rugosa Rubus cissoides var. C. sp (a) (unnamed; aff. C. cheesmanii) C. sp. (b) (unnamed; included in C. parviflora) Lycopods C. propinqua x C. robusta Lycopodium australianum Coriaria arborea var. arborea L. fastigiatum C. kingiana L. scariosum C. arborea x C. kingiana L. volubile C. arborea x C. pteridioides Corokia cotoneaster Ferns

16 Taxonomy largely follows nomenclature from Druce 1984 and most species on the list have not been updated with the latest species names 23

Adiantum cunninghamii P. micromega Asplenium flabellifolium P. sp (unnamed; aff. P. gramine and P. montana) A.flaccidum Spiranthes novae-zelandiae A. hookerianum Thelymitra cyanea A. appendiculatum ssp. appendiculatum T. decora Blechnum chambersii T. hatchii B. colensoi T. longifolia B. fluviatile T. pauciflora B. penna-marina B. minus Grasses B. vulcanicum Amphibromus fluitans B. sp (B. capense agg.) Chionochloa rubra Botrychium austral Cortaderia fulvida Ctenopteris heterophylla Deschampsia caespitose var. macrantha Dicksonia fibrosa Deyeuxia avenoides Gleichenia dicarpa D. sp (D. quadriseta agg.) Histiopteris incisa Dichelachne crinita Hymenophyllum cupressiforme Echinopogon ovatus H. multifidum Erharta stipiodes Hypolepis sp. Elymus sp. (E. rectisetus agg.) Leptopteris hymenophylloides Hierochloe redolens Ophioglossum copriaceum Lachnagrostis filiformis Paesia scaberula L. striata Parablechnum procerum L. sp (unnamed) Pellaea rotundifolia L. filiformis x L. striata Phymatisorus diversifolius Microlaena stipoides Polystichum richardii Poa anceps var. anceps P. vestitum P. colensoi Pteridium esculentum P. imbecilla Pyrossia serpens P. sp (P. laevis auct.) Rytidosperma clavatum Orchids R. gracile Aporostylis bifolia R. setifolium Caladenia catenata R. viridae Chiloglottis cornuta Trisetum sp.(a) (unnamed; aff. T.antarcticum) Corybas macranthus T.sp (b) (unnamed aff. T. antarticum) C. oblongus T. sp (c) (unnamed) C. rivularis C. trilobus (syn. C. orbicularis) Sedges Gastrodia cunninghamii Carex breviculmis G. minor C. cirrhosa Microtis unifolia C. dipsacea var. Orthoceras strictum C. dissita Prasophyllum colensoi C. echinata var. P. nudum C. flagellifera Pterostylis patens C. gaudichaudiana P. foliate C. inversa 1

C. maorica C. gracilenta var. C. sect ass. C. spectibilis var. spectibilis C. sinclarii C. setacea C. solandri Centipeda sp. C. testacea ss. Craspedia minor var. minor C. virgata C. viscosa C. sp (cf. C. coriacea and C. geminate) C. sp (unnamed) Carpha alpine Gnaphalium audax ss Eleocharis acuta G. delicatum E. gracilis G. gymnocephalum E. sphacelata G. involucratum Isolepis distigmatosa G. limosum I. fluitans G. sphaericum I.pottsii G. sp (unnamed; aff. G. keriense) I. reticularis Helichrysum bellioides ss. I. subtilissima H. filicaule Machaerina rubiginosa H. sp (unnamed; aff. H. bellioides) Machaerina tenax Lagenifera pumila Uncinia rubra Microseris scapigera U. rupestris Pseudognaphalium sp. (P. luteoalbum aff.) U. scabra Raoulia albosericea U. uncinata R. tenuicaulis Senecio glaucophyllus ssp. raoulii Rushes S. minimus Juncus edgariae S. quadridentatus J. planifolius S. sp (unnamed; aff. S. glaucophyllus) J. novae-zelandiae Vittadinia australis ss. Luzula decipiens L. migrata Dicot Herbs other than Composites L. picta ss. Acaena anserinifolia L. subclavata A.novae-zelandiae A. sp. (unnamed; aff. A. anserinifolia) Monocot Herbs other than Orchids, Grasses, Aciphylla sp. (unnamed; aff. A. squarrosa) Sedges, Rushes Anisotome aromatic Arthropodium candidum Cardamine sp (a) (C. debalis agg.) Astelia fragrans C. sp (b) (C. debalis agg.) Lemna minor C. sp (c) (C. debalis agg.) Phormium cookianum Centella uniflora P. tenax Dichondra repens var. Potamogeton cheesemanii D. sp. (cf. D. brevifolia) P. subulongus Drosera binate Triglochin striatum D. peltata ssp. auriculata Typha orientalis Epilobium alsinoides ss. E. atriplicifolium ss. Composite Herbs E. brunnescens ss. Brachyglottis lagopus E. billardierianum ss. Celmisia glandulosa var. glandulosa E. chionanthum 2

E. cinereum Potentilla anserinoides E. insulare Pratia angulate E. komarovianum P. perpusilla E. glabellum ss. Ranunculus glabrifolius E. melanocaulon R. hirtus ss. E. microphyllum R. limosella E. nerteroides R. macropus E. nummularifolium R. rivularis E. pedunculare Rorippa palustris E. pubens Rumex flexuosus E. rotundifolium Scleranthus uniflorus E. tenuipes Stackhousia minima E. sp. (unnamed) Urtica incisa Euphrasia cuneata Viola cuunninghamii Galium perpuslium V. lyallii G. propinquum Wahlenbergia albomarginata var. pygmaea G. trilobum W. colensoi G. sp (unnamed; aff. G. perpusillum) W. sp. (cf. W. gracilis) Gentiana grisebachii Geranium microphyllum G. potentilloides var. potenilloides Adventive Species G. sessilifoilum var. novaezelandiae Grasses Gratiola sexdentata Agrostis tenuis Gunnera prorepens Aira caryophyllea Hydrocotyle elongate Anthoxanthum odoratum H. hydrophila Bromus mollis H. microphylla Dactylis glomerata H. moschata Festuca arundinacea H. novae-zelandiae ss. F. rubra ssp. commutate Hypericum japonicum Holcus lanatus Hypsela rivalis Poa pratensis Lilaeopsis sp. (L. novae-zelandiae) Rytidosperma racemosum Linum monogynum Vulpia bromoides Mentha cunninghamii Montia fontana ss. Sedges Myriophyllum pedunculatum ssp novae-zelandiae Carex ovalis M. propinquum Juncus articulates M. triphyllum J. bufonius Nertera ciliate J. effusus N. depressa J. tenuis N. setulosa Oreomyrrhis ramosa Monoct Herbs other than Grasses, Sedges, O. sp. (unnamed) Rushes Ourisia macrophylla var. robusta Ottelia ovalifolia Oxalis exilis Potamogeton crispus Pelargonium inodorum Planrago raoulii var. 3

Composite Herbs Cirsium arvense C. vulgare Conyza floribunda Crepis capillaris Gnaphalium spicatum Hieracium pilosella Hypochoeris radicata Leontodon taraxacoides Mycelis muralis Senecio jacobaea S. sylvatica Sonchus asper Taraxacum officinale

Dicot Herbs other than Composites Acaena agnipila Anagallis arvensis Actium sp Arenaria serpyllifolia Centaurium erythraea Cerastium fontanum ssp. triviale Epilobium ciliatum Hypericum humifusum Linum catharticum Lotus pedunculatus Myosotis laxa ssp. caespitosa Plantago major Polygonum hydropiper P. prostratum Prunella vulgaris Ranunculus repens R. sp. Rumex acetosella R. crispus R. obtusifolius Sagina procumbens Solanum nodiflorum Trifolium dubium T. repens Verbascum creticum V. thapsis Veronica sp. Wahlenbergia marginata

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