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Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship Merle Kling Undergraduate Honors Fellowship slideshow& The INQUIRY Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship Slideshow and The Inquiry The Journals of the Merle Kling Undergraduate Honors Fellowship and Mellon Mays Fellowship Programs Dedicated to Undergraduate Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences Published by The Center for the Humanities and the College of Arts and Sciences Washington University in St. Louis May 2012 contents Editor’s note __________________________________________________________ iv Foreword (Slideshow) ________________________________________________ v Gerald Early Merle Kling Professor of Modern Letters Faculty Director of the Merle Kling Undergraduate Honors Fellowship Program Director, The Center for the Humanities Washington University in St. Louis Violence In Ideology: The Meeting of Existentialism and Communism in Richard Wright’s The Outsider Stephen Aiken _____________________________________________________________ 1 Mapping the Sound: St. Louis’s Black Geographies and the Frameworks of Hip-Hop Annie-Rose Fondaw _______________________________________________________ 12 Re-thinking the “Black Hospital”: Race, Community, and Healing in the Jim Crow and Contemporary Eras Ezelle Sanford III __________________________________________________________25 Biographies for the authors of Slideshow _________________________________39 contents Foreword (The Inquiry) ____________________________________________ 41 Shanti A. Parikh Associate Professor of Anthropology and African & African American Studies Washington University in St. Louis From the Whores’ House to the Husband’s Domicile: Labeling the Culprit of Venereal Diseases in Semi-Colonial Egypt Parsa Bastani _____________________________________________________________44 North Sarah HOPE VI Mixed-Income Community: A Progressive, Yet Inadequate Approach to Catalyzing Urban Revitalization Efforts in Downtown St. Louis Caleb Bess ________________________________________________________________56 “Oil Made Pickaninny Rich”: Sarah Rector and the Social Construction of Race Liz Jordan _________________________________________________________________66 To Buy or Not to Buy? Mutual Assistance Housing Coopera- tives in Uruguay and the Challenges of Shifting Ideologies Mariana Oliver ____________________________________________________________76 Steven Barnes the Mythmaker: The Representation of the Black Hero in the Speculative Fiction Novels Lion’s Blood and Zulu Heart Marcia McIntosh _________________________________________________________ 88 Biographies for the authors of The Inquiry _______________________________100 editor’s note All the articles in this journal are formatted in the Chicago style, even social sciences papers that would normally use APA formatting. This was done for the sake of uniformity (to make the journal as professional looking as possible by giving it one style) and readability (to make the journal easier to read by not abruptly changing styles from article to article, particularly in regards for nonacademic readers, who constitute a significant portion of the journal’s audience). We wish to make social science professionals who may read this journal aware of this fact and why this formatting was used. Aside from normal copyediting and uniform format- ting, the content of these articles was not changed in any way. Gerald Early Merle Kling Professor of Modern Letters Faculty Director of the Merle Kling Undergraduate Honors Fellowship Program Director of the Center for the Humanities Washington University in St. Louis THE CENTER FOR THE HUMANITIES ADVISORY BOARD 2011-2012 Nancy Berg is Professor of Asian and Near Eastern Steven Meyer is Associate Professor in the Department of Languages & Literatures. English. Kenneth Botnick is Associate Professor of Graphic Design Anne Posega is Head of Special Collections, Olin Library. in the School of Art. Qiu Xiaolong is a novelist and poet. Gene Dobbs Bradford is Executive Director of Jazz at the Joseph Schraibmam is Professor of Spanish. Bistro.. Henry Schvey is Professor of Drama. Elizabeth Childs is Associate Professor and Chair of Art History, and Archaeology Wang Ning is Professor of English, Tsinghua University, China Mary-Jean Cowell is Associate Professor of Performing Arts. Jim Wertsch is Marshall S. Snow Professor of Arts and Sciences and Associate Vice Chancellor for International Phyllis Grossman is a retired financial executive. Affairs. Michael Kahn is an attorney, author and Adjunct Professor of Law. Ex Officio Zurab Karumidze is Director of US-Caucasus Institute, Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia. Edward S. Macias is Provost & Exec VC for Academic Affairs. Peter Kastor is Associate Professor of History and American Culture Studies Program. Gary S. Wihl is Dean of Arts & Sciences. Chris King is Editorial Director of The St. Louis American Newspaper. Olivia Lahs-Gonzales is Director of The Sheldon Art Gal- leries. iv foreword One of the most important aspects of the mission of science professor Merle Kling, was inspired by the Mellon the Center for the Humanities at Washington University Mays Undergraduate Fellowship Program, established at is reaching out to undergraduate students. Relatively few Washington University back in the early 1990s and, while humanities centers engage undergraduates, though this open to all students, meant particularly to encourage mem- is changing, most feeling that their universities provide bers of underrepresented minorities to consider pursuing enough services and activities for them. The centers are the Ph.D. and becoming university teachers. (The naming largely the province of faculty and graduate students. This of the program may have been in some small measure con- is an understandable prejudice, if not quite, at this time, a nected with the fact that I, as director of the program, hold sustainable one. Undergraduates occupy too large a por- an endowed chair named in honor of Kling, but it was the tion of the population and the reality of a university to late Dean of the College James McLeod’s idea to identify either ignore them or dismiss them as a necessary nuisance. the program more closely with the academic traditions and Many undergraduates are not particularly serious about personages of Washington University itself, a very sound their work or academic work in general, often lacking idea, indeed.) The MKUHF is a two-year program, which maturity. So, why should a humanities center be bothered accepts a small number of its applicants at the end of their with them, when there are others who are more capable and sophomore year. We pair the student with a mentor and interested in engaging what a humanities center can offer? guide the student through a long-term research project But there are many more serious undergraduates than we through the structure of weekly seminars devoted to the might think. Besides, if what a humanities center has to discussion and analysis of their research. Kling Fellows are offer is a crucial form of enrichment to the general public also provided with a summer stipend and support during with its colloquia and lectures, to graduate students with the academic year to facilitate their research, permitting its reading groups and faculty seminars, and to faculty with them even to travel to archives and attend conferences. its fellowships, why should undergraduates as a population Finally, Kling Fellows, like their peers in the Mellon Mays be exempt from engagement or why shouldn’t the center Program, produce annually a journal of their work, Slide- attempt to engage those who could profit from a connection show, the latest volume of which you hold in your hands. to it? It seems almost a form of prejudice, as if humanities (Copies of the earlier volumes may be requested from the centers should not take undergraduates seriously because Center for the Humanities at [email protected].) undergraduates do not have anything serious to offer and The seniors of the MKUHF produced the work that is what humanities centers have to offer is too weighty for featured here. Ezelle Sanford III has written on African them. This is nonsense. Americans and institution building with his exploration But how to engage undergraduates is the question: As of the “Black Hospital,” how it differed in concept from our Center offers few courses and has no teaching staff, the “Negro Hospital,” and what providing care to a mar- one way that this Center’s advisory board thought we could ginalized, powerless community means. Was the Black engage students is through encouraging and supporting Hospital an emblem of empowerment? Did it operate as independent research for a select number of students who did the Jewish Hospital or the Catholic Hospital? Or was majored in any humanities disciplines. We were interested the Black Hospital a stigma, a sign of inferiority? Ezelle as well in social science majors who, we thought, might examines these crucial questions in his examination of Lin- benefit from being around humanities students. We felt coln Hospital of Durham, North Carolina. Stephen Aiken that humanities students would benefit as well from being looks at African American novelist Richard Wright’s part of a group where they had to grapple with and take 1953 novel, The Outsider, in the context of how African seriously the work of their social science peers. In this way, American intellectuals of the period were interested in both it was felt that the Center might be able to contribute to the existentialism and Marxism. (Wright had been a Marx-
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