DOCSLIB.ORG

Labyrinth of Highly Skilled Migration in Japan: Society, Labour and Policy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Labyrinth of Highly Skilled Migration in Japan: Society, Labour and Policy This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Wakisaka, Daisuke Title: Labyrinth of Highly Skilled Migration in Japan: Society, Labour and Policy General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Labyrinth of Highly Skilled Migration in Japan : Society, Labour and Policy Daisuke Wakisaka September 2018 A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, School for Policy Studies 80,416 words Farewell to me, who negotiated today from poem Farewell by Misuzu Kaneko (1920s) iii Abstract Japan is enigmatic for migration scholars. The country will lose a quarter of its population in 40 years with the elderly ratio climbing to nearly 40%, remaining one of the most aging economies. Nevertheless, it still retains the lowest share of migrants in the labour market among OECD members. It seems no grand design for the future generation is shared by policymakers or citizens: how should the country open up a practical prospect under this hard reality? This research addresses the enigma through the optics of highly skilled migration which has been one of the pivotal agendas of the recent policy development in Japan. In attempting to fuel the economy, the Japanese government has lately devoted themselves to attracting highly skilled migrants (HSMs). One of the implemented policies is a points-based system; however, it has failed to deliver the expectation at the outset. With this policy failure in mind, this study aims to fill the important research gaps on HSMs in Japan: the mechanism of skilled migration and its interplay with policies. In other words, what makes HSMs decide to work in Japan and how the public policies influence their decisions. The study centres on these micro-macro interplays. For this, the dissertation is structured to explore the labyrinth made up of three mazes—societal, labour and policy dimensions that HSMs in Japan face. Based on the qualitative inquiry, the study will unfold the dynamism of the mazes through the perception of HSMs and migration experts. In so doing, the research offers new insights to academic arguments by producing concepts such as ‘coerced harmonisation’ and ‘no choice democracy’, whose implications are not limited to skilled migration but cover the overall migration agendas. Throughout, the discussion will present how the lessons drawn from Japan can contribute to addressing the pressing migration issues in other countries. v Acknowledgements Doing a PhD is a lonely journey as it requires independent work—this might be shared by many PhD students, whereas I have never felt isolated. It was indeed arduous, but it is really worth the challenge. Throughout the PhD journey, I have enjoyed a myriad of support, which made this dissertation a 'joint' project. In a sense, this is a co-product with those who have generously cooperated. First and foremost, this dissertation has been shaped by my research participants. Although they remain anonymous, they made tremendous contributions to unravelling the intellectual puzzles posed here. Various organisational assistance allowed me to complete this study. The first two years of my PhD were sponsored by the Nippon Foundation International Fellowship. The Fellowship also gave me precious opportunities in widening my academic networks and horizons. Where it did not cover, I also benefitted from other grants such as Postgraduate Studentship and John Crump Studentship from BAJS (British Association for Japanese Studies) in addition to Japan Foundation Study Support Programme. The PhD project was enabled by a study leave offered by my employer (Keidanren). On the academic front, I am grateful to the two supervisors, Ms Ann Singleton and Professor Jonathan Beaverstock. Without their enlightening and thoughtful guidance, this research would not have borne fruit. In Japan, I was genuinely inspired and encouraged by Professor Gracia Liu-Farrer, Professor Glenda Roberts, and Professor Hiroko Mikami, to name only a few. With colleagues, I especially appreciate Masaki-san, Horiuchi-san, Ohta-san and Kashimura-san for their heartfelt succour. When it comes to my UK life, thanks are due to numerous local friends and institutions. Among others, my life was brilliantly coloured by Richard and Helen; Peter and Carol; Paul and Janet; Lai Meng and Lundy island (and Spiny Lobster); Wenjing; Muriel and Mervyn; John and Sandra; Cyrille and Nathalie; Ashton Court and Bird in Hand; and, Vyvyan Terrace and its communal garden. Finally, this dissertation is dedicated to the excellent companions of this challenging and enjoyable journey, my family. vii Author's Declaration I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the regulations of the University of Bristol. The work is original, except where indicated by special reference in the text, and no part of the dissertation has been submitted for any other academic award. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author. ix Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ v Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... vii Author's Declaration ........................................................................................................... ix Contents .............................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xvi List of Tables.................................................................................................................... xvii Glossaries & Abbreviations ............................................................................................. xix Chapter 1 Introduction: Labyrinth .................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research aims ............................................................................................... 2 1.2 Research questions........................................................................................ 3 1.3 Justification for the intellectual investigation ................................................... 3 1.4 Theoretical framework .................................................................................... 5 1.5 Definition of important terminologies .............................................................. 7 1.5.1 Migration/Migrants ................................................................................... 7 1.5.2 Highly skilled migrants ........................................................................... 10 1.5.3 Visa ........................................................................................................ 10 1.5.4 Western/Asian ....................................................................................... 11 1.5.5 Migration policies ................................................................................... 12 1.6 Dissertation outline ....................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................ 19 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 19 2.2 Interdisciplinary approach: theoretical underpinning .................................... 20 2.3 Definition of highly skilled migrants .............................................................. 21 2.4 Meaning of accepting highly skilled migrants ............................................... 24 2.4.1 War for talent ......................................................................................... 24 2.4.2 Economic impacts on the host society ................................................... 25 2.5 Causal mechanism of migration ................................................................... 27 2.5.1 Push pull model ..................................................................................... 27 2.5.2 Neoclassical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Response of the Japanese-Brazilian Community of São Paulo to the Triple Disaster of 2011
    Disaster, Donations, and Diaspora: The Response of the Japanese-Brazilian Community of São Paulo to the Triple Disaster of 2011 Peter Bernardi The triple disaster or 3/11, the devastating combination of earthquake, tsunami and the meltdown of reactors at the nuclear power plant Fukushima Daiichi that happened in Japan on March 11, 2011, was a globally reported catastrophe. The Japanese diasporic communities especially demonstrated their willingness to help, organize campaigns and send donations. While a commitment to restor- ing and relating to the homeland in some way confirms William Safran’s (1991: 84) initial criteria for diasporas, the study of the Japanese diasporic communi- ties’ response to 3/11 also offers insights into these communities and their status. This paper offers an analysis of the impact of 3/11 drawn from the reaction of the Japanese-Brazilian diaspora in São Paulo. Although initiatives to help Japan were started throughout Brazil, São Paulo hosts the largest and most influential nikkei community that organized the biggest campaigns. Furthermore, the ar- ticle is my attempt to relate observed connections between disaster, donations and diaspora. I had originally scheduled fieldwork on Japanese immigration for March 2011, but after arriving in Brazil on March 12, reactions to the catas- trophes of 3/11 were a constant topic in many encounters and overlapped my intended research on the nikkei community of São Paulo. Donations played an important role, and in this article I argue that help (especially financial) after 3/11 was not only about Japan but also the self-perception of the nikkei community in São Paulo.
    [Show full text]
  • Popular Movements and Violence in East Asia in the Nineteenth Century: Comparing the Ideological Foundations of Their Legitimation
    Popular Movements and Violence in East Asia in the Nineteenth Century: Comparing the Ideological Foundations of their Legitimation Hang-seob Bae Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies, Volume 17, Number 2, October 2017, pp. 233-260 (Article) Published by Duke University Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/678111 [ Access provided at 6 Oct 2021 19:55 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.17 No.2 © 2017 Academy of East Asian Studies. 233-260 DOI: 10.21866/esjeas.2017.17.2.006 Popular Movements and Violence in East Asia in the Nineteenth Century: Comparing the Ideological Foundations of their Legitimation Hang-seob BAE Sungkyunkwan University ABSTRACT In the nineteenth century, people in China, Korea, and Japan actively participated in popular protests. The rebellions in those countries had much in common, but one of the most striking differences is the degree of violence inflicted by these popular movements on their opponents. Chinese popular rebels were much more likely to kill or injure others than their counterparts in Korea and Japan. Such differences seem to be closely associated with the question of whether the rebel forces fought due to conflicting interests within the polity, or were seeking to build a new kingdom by pursuing a newly-risen religion while rejecting the existing ruling system and ideology that legitimized it. This paper will examine how the rebel forces based the legitimacy of their actions in relation to each country’s “political culture.” While popular movements in the West or the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were based on the idea that God was more powerful than the secular ruler, popular movements in Korea or Japan did not have a transcendent source of authority that was superior to the monarch.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration Discourses in the U.S. and in Japan Chie Torigoe
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Communication ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 7-1-2011 Immigration Discourses in the U.S. and in Japan Chie Torigoe Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cj_etds Recommended Citation Torigoe, Chie. "Immigration Discourses in the U.S. and in Japan." (2011). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cj_etds/25 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i IMMIGRATION DISCOURSES IN THE U.S. AND IN JAPA by CHIE TORIGOE B.A., Linguistics, Seinan Gakuin University, 2003 M.A., Communication Studies, Seinan Gakuin University, 2005 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Communication The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2011 ii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to the memory of Dr. Tadasu Todd Imahori, a passionate scholar, educator, and mentor who encouraged me to pursue this path. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to those who made this challenging journey possible, memorable and even enjoyable. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Mary Jane Collier. Mary Jane, without your constant guidance and positive support, I could not make it this far. Throughout this journey, you have been an amazing mentor to me. Your intelligence, keen insight and passion have always inspired me, and your warm, nurturing nature and patience helped me get through stressful times.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Acts of Being and Belonging: Shin-Issei Transnational Identity Negotiations Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/05v6t6rn Author Kameyama, Eri Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Acts of Being and Belonging: Shin-Issei Transnational Identity Negotiations A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Asian American Studies By Eri Kameyama 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Acts of Being and Belonging: Shin-Issei Transnational Identity Negotiations By Eri Kameyama Master of Arts in Asian American Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, Chair ABSTRACT: The recent census shows that one-third of those who identified as Japanese-American in California were foreign-born, signaling a new-wave of immigration from Japan that is changing the composition of contemporary Japanese-America. However, there is little or no academic research in English that addresses this new immigrant population, known as Shin-Issei. This paper investigates how Shin-Issei who live their lives in a complex space between the two nation-states of Japan and the U.S. negotiate their ethnic identity by looking at how these newcomers find a sense of belonging in Southern California in racial, social, and legal terms. Through an ethnographic approach of in-depth interviews and participant observation with six individuals, this case-study expands the available literature on transnationalism by exploring how Shin-Issei negotiations of identities rely on a transnational understandings of national ideologies of belonging which is a less direct form of transnationalism and is a more psychological, symbolic, and emotional reconciliation of self, encompassed between two worlds.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Santa Cruz UC Santa Cruz Previously Published Works
    UC Santa Cruz UC Santa Cruz Previously Published Works Title Educational Reform for Immigrant Youth in Japan Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2bg0r9q0 Journal Journal of International Migration and Integration, 16(3) ISSN 1488-3473 Author Gordon, JA Publication Date 2015-08-27 DOI 10.1007/s12134-014-0365-1 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Educational Reform for Immigrant Youth in Japan June A. Gordon Journal of International Migration and Integration ISSN 1488-3473 Int. Migration & Integration DOI 10.1007/s12134-014-0365-1 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media Dordrecht. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Int. Migration & Integration DOI 10.1007/s12134-014-0365-1 Educational Reform for Immigrant Youth in Japan June A. Gordon # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 Abstract Transnational migration is seldom associated with Japan even though Japan has been dependent on immigrants for several generations.
    [Show full text]
  • Righting an Injustice Or American Taliban? the Removal Of
    Southern New Hampshire University Righting an Injustice or American Taliban? The Removal of Confederate Statues A Capstone Project Submitted to the College of Online and Continuing Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Master of Arts in History By Andreas Wolfgang Reif Manchester, New Hampshire July 2018 Copyright © 2018 by Andreas Wolfgang Reif All Rights Reserved ii Student: Andreas Wolfgang Reif I certify that this student has met the requirements for formatting the capstone project and that this project is suitable for preservation in the University Archive. July 12, 2018 __________________________________________ _______________ Southern New Hampshire University Date College of Online and Continuing Education iii Abstract In recent years, several racial instances have occurred in the United States that have reinvigorated and demanded action concerning Confederate flags, statues and symbology. The Charleston massacre in 2015 prompted South Carolina to finally remove the Confederate battle flag from state grounds. The Charlottesville riots in 2017 accelerated the removal of Confederate statues from the public square. However, the controversy has broadened the discussion of how the Civil War monuments are to be viewed, especially in the public square. Many of the monuments were not built immediately following the Civil War, but later, during the era of Jim Crow and the disenfranchisement of African Americans during segregation in the South. Are they tributes to heroes or are they relics of a racist past that sought not to remember as much as to intimidate and bolster white supremacy? This work seeks to break up the eras of Confederate monument building and demonstrate that different monuments were built at different times (and are still being built).
    [Show full text]
  • Diaspora Tourism and the Issue of Belonging - the Case of Second-Generation Pakistanis in Denmark
    Diaspora tourism and the issue of belonging - The case of second-generation Pakistanis in Denmark Salik Rehman, Aalborg Universitet Table of content Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Diaspora tourism and Pakistani diaspora communities .......................................................................... 6 1.2 Research question & Relevance .............................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Significance of Research .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Key Terms ................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.5 Thesis outline ......................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2: Literature review ........................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Understanding diaspora tourism – its definition and characteristics. .................................................. 12 2.2 Diaspora tourism, identity and belonging
    [Show full text]
  • How Does Diaspora Mobilization Become a Causal Feature of Structural Change?
    How does diaspora mobilization become a causal feature of structural change? Myung Ja Kim1 Department of Politics & International Studies, SOAS University of London Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square, London WC1H 0XG Tel: +44 (0)20 7637 2388 Email:[email protected] 1. Introduction National integration policies of host states towards a non-assimilated population will often generate complicated results. This can be seen when considering one specific empirical puzzle— the ambiguous identification of the postcolonial Korean diaspora in Japan (the Zainichi Koreans), who possess legal claims to their Korean homeland but are culturally Japanese. The Zainichi are of particular interest because they represent the only Korean migrant group that has not been granted citizenship by host states, in contrast to ethnic Koreans in China and Russia as well as Korean Americans. The Japanese expected the group to return to Korea en masse at the end of World War II, but North-East Asia’s complicated geopolitical environment meant that the Zainichi were in fact unable to return, and now remain in Japan—still existing in a state of comparative limbo, living outside the protection of Japanese citizenship or Korean law. Although most of the Zainichi came originally from southern Korea, and retain their Korean nationality, they speak Japanese rather than Korean; their appearance reflects Japanese culture and fashion rather than Korean and they use Japanese names; in other words, they are highly acculturated to Japanese society (Chung 2010). There are still approximately
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Citizenship Practices in Transnational Social Spaces : Chinese Migrant Academics in Japan Since 1978
    This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Cultural citizenship practices in transnational social spaces : Chinese migrant academics in Japan since 1978 Jia, Yonghui 2019 Jia, Y. (2019). Cultural citizenship practices in transnational social spaces : Chinese migrant academics in Japan since 1978. Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/92251 https://doi.org/10.32657/10220/48555 Downloaded on 29 Sep 2021 17:09:52 SGT CULTURAL CITIZENSHIP PRACTICESIN TRANSNATIONAL SOCIAL SPACES CULTURAL CITIZENSHIP PRACTICES IN TRANSNATIONAL SOCIAL SPACES: CHINESE MIGRANT ACADEMICS IN JAPAN SINCE 1978 JIA YONGHUI JIA YONGHUI SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES 2019 2019 Cultural Citizenship Practices in Transnational Social Spaces: Chinese Migrant Academics in Japan since 1978 JIA YONGHUI JIA YONGHUI School of Humanities A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As a girl growing up in Northern China, living in a place without winter has been a dream since my childhood. Upon arriving in tropical Singapore for my postgraduate study, I realized there was a place in the world with four seasons of summer. I owe my thanks to many teachers, who have not only helped me realize my childhood dream, but also given their best effort to cultivate a “new me” over the years. I am very grateful to my supervisor Professor Els van Dongen. She is the most ideal supervisor one could wish for. With her expertise in the research area of my dissertation, she has offered important constructive suggestions on this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Lifestyle Migrants in Southeast Queensland
    Japanese lifestyle migrants in Southeast Queensland: Narratives of long-term residency, mobility and personal communities Jared Denman BA Honours (Japanese); BEd A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2014 School of Languages and Comparative Cultural Studies Abstract Contemporary Japanese migration and overseas residency are being increasingly understood through the lens of lifestyle migration, whereby those who leave Japan prioritise lifestyle factors ahead of other considerations. Studies of Australia’s Japanese communities in particular have tended to focus on such migrants and advance this concept. This study employs biographical- narrative and case study elements to further the study of Japanese lifestyle migration to Australia in two ways. One is by examining cases from a cohort in Southeast Queensland that has yet to be a focus of investigation: those who arrived during the late 1980s and early 1990s, before the transformations of post-bubble Japan. The other is by supplementing existing understandings of Japanese phenomena with an emerging conceptualisation of lifestyle migration in Western Europe. This alternative framework observes that narratives of lifestyle migrants are shaped by themes of escape and pursuit and rhetoric of personal transformation, while also proposing that the act of migration is not a final outcome but is embedded within an ongoing lifestyle trajectory. By analysing participants’ narratives and examining their reasons for migration, their mobility histories and self-defined personal communities, this thesis argues that existing characterisations of the particular cohort and of Japanese lifestyle migrants in general are too narrow. Decisions are not straightforward individual matters framed by escape and pursuit, but can be directed by more complicated individual and household trajectories influenced by a variety of mobility experiences that are not simply geographical.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenge of Japanese-Peruvian Descendent Families in the XXI Century
    Challenge of Japanese-Peruvian descendent families in the XXI century, Peruvian dekasegi in Japan: Overview of Socio Economic Issues of Nikkei by LAGONES VALDEZ Pilar Jakeline DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Development Doctor of Philosophy GRADUATE SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NAGOYA UNIVERSITY Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Naoko SHINKAI (Chairperson) Sanae ITO Hideto NISHIMURA Tetsuo UMEMURA Approved by the GSID Committee: March 07, 2016 1 Acknowledgements First, I would like to give my gratefulness to Professor SHINKAI Naoko, my academic advisor, for her priceless academic guidance throughout my research term at the Graduate School of International Development in Nagoya University. I achieved my goals as a graduate student with her useful and professional advices. She also gave me an invaluable guidance for my social life in Japan. She encouraged and supported me warmly. I would also like to deeply thank Professor ITO Sanae and Professor NISHIMURA Hideto, who supported me with valuable comments. I would like to appreciate Professor FRANCIS Peddie for important comments in my dissertation. I also thank to all my seminar members, who helped me with their experience and knowledge. In Japan, they became my family members. I felt so happy to meet them in my life. I appreciate the Peruvian Consul in Japan, who gave me the permission to do my interview survey to Peruvian Nikkei. I also thank to the Peruvian Nikkei community, they permitted me to enter their home to observe and interview with questions regarding to my research during my field work.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICA in CHINA's FOREIGN POLICY
    AFRICA in CHINA’S FOREIGN POLICY YUN SUN April 2014 Yun Sun is a fellow at the East Asia Program of the Henry L. Stimson Center. NOTE: This paper was produced during the author’s visiting fellowship with the John L. Thornton China Center and the Africa Growth Initiative at Brookings. ABOUT THE JOHN L. THORNTON CHINA CENTER: The John L. Thornton China Center provides cutting-edge research, analysis, dialogue and publications that focus on China’s emergence and the implications of this for the United States, China’s neighbors and the rest of the world. Scholars at the China Center address a wide range of critical issues related to China’s modernization, including China’s foreign, economic and trade policies and its domestic challenges. In 2006 the Brookings Institution also launched the Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy, a partnership between Brookings and China’s Tsinghua University in Beijing that seeks to produce high quality and high impact policy research in areas of fundamental importance for China’s development and for U.S.-China relations. ABOUT THE AFRICA GROWTH INITIATIVE: The Africa Growth Initiative brings together African scholars to provide policymakers with high-quality research, expertise and innovative solutions that promote Africa’s economic development. The initiative also collaborates with research partners in the region to raise the African voice in global policy debates on Africa. Its mission is to deliver research from an African perspective that informs sound policy, creating sustained economic growth and development for the people of Africa. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: I would like to express my gratitude to the many people who saw me through this paper; to all those who generously provided their insights, advice and comments throughout the research and writing process; and to those who assisted me in the research trips and in the editing, proofreading and design of this paper.
    [Show full text]