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Introduction Chapter 1 the Congo 1960-1965 Chapter 2 the Nigerian Notes Introduction I. George Thayer, The War Business, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1969, p 169. 2. Wilfred Burchett and Derek Roebuck, The Whores of War, Penguin Books, 1977, p. 156. 3. Thayer, op. cit., p. 169. 4. Defence Today, 08/09/1990. Chapter 1 The Congo 1960-1965 I. Thayer, op. cit., p 173. 2. Ibid., p 174. 3. The Times, 26/10/1960. 4. Africa Digest, June 1961. 5. The Guardian, 08/05/1961. 6. The Times, 29/08/1961. 7. The Guardian, 30/08/1961. 8. The Times, 22/12/1961. 9. The Observer, 29/04/1962. 10. Patrick Keatley, The Guardian, 17/11/1962. 11. The Times, 31/12/1962. 12. Financial Times, 08/04/1964. 13. The Guardian, 30/04/1964. 14. The Observer, 30/08/1964. 15. The Guardian, 25/08/1964. 16. The Times, 15/09/1964. 17. Derek Wilson, Sunday Times, 29/11/1964. 18. Colin Legum, The Observer, 29/11/1964. 19. The Times, 31/01/1965. 20. The Times, 27/04/1965. 21. Colin Legum, The Observer, 18/04/1965. 22. The Observer, 29/08/1965. 23. Ian Davidson, Financial Times, 24/08/1967. 24. John de St Jorre, The Observer, 27/08/1967. 25. David Paskov, Daily Telegraph, 28/11/1967. 26. Le Monde, 18/11/1967. Chapter 2 The Nigerian Civil War I. John de St Jorre, The Nigerian Civil War, Hodder & Stoughton, 1970, p 313. 175 176 Notes 2. Thayer op. cit., p 169. 3. African Digest, February 1968. 4. Thayer, op. cit., p 170. 5. African Digest, February 1968. 6. Sunday Times, 24/12/1967. 7. de St Jorre, op. cit., p 313. 8. Ibid., pp 316-18. 9. Ibid., p 318. 10. African Digest, October 1969. Chapter 3 Southern Africa (1) Rhodesia 1. International Herald Tribune (Paris), 23/06/1975. 2. Southern Africa: The Year of the Whirlwind, African Contemporary Record I976-77, p A50. 3. Robin Wright, International Herald Tribune (Paris), 10/12/1976. 4. Daily Despatch (East London South Africa), 22/12/1976. 5. International Herald Tribune (Paris), 10/12/1976. 6. The Star (Johannesburg), 24/07/1976. 7. Bruce Oudes, The United States' Year in Africa, Africa Contemporary Record I976-77, p A 76. 8. The Guardian, 01/02/1978. Chapter 4 Southern Africa (2) Angola 1. Burchett and Roebuck, op. cit., p 27. 2. Daily Telegraph, 29/01/1976. 3. Burchett and Roebuck, op. cit., p 45. 4. Ibid., p 123. 5. Daily Telegraph, 02/02/1976. 6. John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies, Andre Deutsch, 1978. 7. Stockwell, op. cit., p 221. 8. Burchett and Roebuck, op. cit., p 161. 9. Stockwell, op. cit., pp 184-5. 10. The Times, 18/06/1976. 11. Ibid. 12. Stockwell, op. cit., p 164. 13. Zambia Daily Mail, 06/11/1975. 14. Angola, Africa Contemporary Record I976-77, p B446. 15. Ibid., p B446. 16. The Times, 21/01/1993. 17. Georges Marion, Le Monde, 08/07/1994. 18. The Independent, 16/01/1998. Chapter 5 African vulnerability 1. The Times, 09/02/1994. Notes 177 2. Ibid. 3. The Observer, 19/10/1997. 4. West Africa, 22/10-09/11/1997. 5. The Times, 21/10/1997. 6. Ibid. 7. Baffour Ankrah, New African, May 1998. Chapter 6 Island destabilization: Comoros; Seychelles; Denard 1. Stockwell, op. cit., p 220. 2. African Contemporary Record I977-78, pp B616-17. 3. The Times, 13/12/1989. 4. Ibid. 5. The Guardian, 16/12/1989. 6. The Times, 16/12/1989. 7. The Guardian, 02/02/1993. 8. Daily Telegraph, 12/03/1993. 9. International Herald Tribune (Paris), 26/04/1993. 10. Ibid. Chapter 7 The British mercenary tradition 1. John Pollock, Gordon, Constable, 1993, p 60. 2. Ibid., p 134. 3. Fred Halliday, Arabia Without Sultans, Penguin, 1974. 4. Burchett and Roebuck, op. cit., p 164. 5. Statement on the Defence Estimates I970 (Cmnd 4290). 6. Halliday, op. cit., p 345. 7. Sunday Times, 25/06/1972. 8. Ibid. 9. Eric Rouleau, Le Monde, 16/05/1967. 10. Quoted in Burchett and Roebuck, op. cit., p 162. 11. The Observer, 26/07/1987. 12. Washington Post, 18/04/1991. Chapter 8 Papua New Guinea and Bougainville 1. A R G Griffiths, Britannica Yearbook, 1990, p 533. 2. The Independent, 25/02/1997. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. The Independent, 26/02/1997. 6. The Independent, 27/02/1997. 7. The Independent, 18/03/1997. 8. The Independent, 20/03/1997. 9. The Independent, 22/03/1997. 178 Notes 10. The Independent, 04/04/1997. II. Ibid. Chapter 9 Nicaragua and Colombia 1. Ken Silverstein, Privatizing War, The Nation, 09/12/1997. 2. For an immediate current account of the Iran-Contra Affair see Donald Morrison, The Iran-Contra Affair, Britannica Yearbook I988, pp 485-6. 3. The Guardian, 17/06/1987. 4. The Times, 10/07/1987. 5. The Guardian, 15/07/1987. 6. Sunday Times, 19/07/1987. 7. The Times, 19/11/1987. 8. The Times, 23/08/1989. 9. The Observer, 27/08/1989. 10. Eugene Robinson, International Herald Tribune, 30/08/1989. II. Ibid. 12. The Guardian, 30/08/1989. 13. International Herald Tribune, 03/09/1989. 14. David Smith, The Observer, 26/04/1998. Chapter 10 Europe 1. Le Monde, 13/09/1991. 2. Daily Telegraph, 02/10/1991. 3. The Independent, 31/10/1991. 4. The Times, 29/11/1991. 5. Ibid. 6. Daily Telegraph, 30/12/1991. 7. The Times, 07/02/1992. 8. Daily Telegraph, 10/02/1993. 9. Sunday Telegraph, 21/11/1993. 10. Mark Thompson, The Times, 15/01/1996. 11. Ibid. 12. Ken Silverstein, Privatizing War, The Nation, 09/12/1997. 13. Ibid. 14. Moscow News, No 24, 1992. 15. Ibid. 16. Ibid. Chapter 11 South Africa and Executive Outcomes I. Laurence Mazane, Le Monde Diplomatique, October 1996. 2. Ibid. 3. Quoted in Le Monde Diplomatique. 4. Talif Deen, Janes' Defence Weekly, 13/11/1996. 5. US News & World Report, 20/01/1997. Notes 179 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. The Observer, 19/01/1997. 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 11. The Observer, 19/1/97. Chapter 12 The new mercenary corporations 1. Los Angeles Times, 22/09/1991. 2. Edward Mortimer, Financial Times, 24/09/1997. 3. Time Magazine, 26/05/1997. 4. Ibid. 5. Ron Smith, New Zealand International Review, September-October 1997. Chapter 13 Sierra Leone, Sandline and Britain 1. Ken Gooding, Financial Times, 15/09/1997. 2. The Independent, 31/05/1997. 3. New African, April 1998. 4. The Observer, 08/03/1998. 5. The Independent, 04/05/1998. 6. The Independent, 06/05/1998. 7. The Independent, 07/05/1998. 8. Ibid. 9. The Independent, 08/05/1998. 10. The Independent, 09/05/1998. 11. The Observer, 10/05/1998. 12. The Independent, 11/05/1998. 13. The Independent, 12/05/1998. 14. The Independent, 13/05/1998. 15. The Independent, 15/05/1998. 16. The Independent, 19/05/1998. 17. The Independent, 25/05/1998. 18. The Independent, 28/07/1998. 19. Ibid. 20. New African, July/August 1998. 21. Ibid. Chapter 14 Western attitudes 1. Ken Silverstein, Privatizing War, The Nation, 28/07--4/08/1997. 2. Quoted in Silverstein, op. cit. 3. Daily Telegraph, 21/03/1990. 4. The Independent, 09/07/1998. 180 Notes Chapter 15 The United Nations 1. Quoted in Introduction to the International Convention Against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, United Nations, New York, 1990. 2. Ibid. 3. See Appendix for full text of the Convention. 4. Ta1if Deen, Jane's Defence Weekly, 06/11/1993. 5. Sunday Telegraph, 21/11/1993. 6. Talif Deen, Jane's Defence Weekly, 13/11/1996. Chapter 16 Conclusions - the future 1. The Independent, 02/07/1998. 2. New African, May 1998. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. Appendix INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION AGAINST THE RECRUITMENT, USE, FINANCING AND TRAINING OF MERCENARIES 'lJ ~(~~ · ~ .d?8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ UNITED NATIONS NEW- YORK. 1990 182 Appendix INTRODUCTION Culminating nine years of negotiating efforts, the United Nations General Assembly, on 4 December 1989, adopted without a vote the International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mer­ cenaries. The President of that Assembly session, Major-General Joseph N. Garba, of Nigeria, commented that the adoption of the Convention symbolized 'the political will of the international community, despite initial differences, to outlaw once and for all the activities of these soldiers of fortune, who have not only contributed to the destabilization of the affected States but also plundered and looted villages and farms in Africa, Latin America and Asia'. The subject was first discussed at the General Assembly in 1979, at Nigeria's initiative, following the adoption of the 1977 Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 on humanitarian law in armed conflicts, which stripped mercenaries of any combatant or prisoner­ of-war status. Yet their activities were still not regarded as unlawful under international law. In 1980, the Assembly established a 35-member Ad Hoc Committee on the Drafting of an International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, which negotiated the text at eight sessions between 1981 and 1989, when it submitted a draft Convention to the Assembly's Sixth (Legal) Committee for final negotiation and transmit­ tal for adoption. In addition to an undertaking by States parties not to resort to recruiting, using, financing or training mercenaries and to prohibit such activities, the Convention also obliges them to extradite or prosecute any mercenaries found in their territory, regardless of whether the offence was committed there or elsewhere. The State that prosecutes the mercenary will notify the United Nations Secretary-General of the outcome of the proceedings.
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