Underground Production Scheduling Optimization with Ventilation Constraints
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Resurrection from Bunkers and Data Centers Adam Fish and Bradley L
Resurrection from Bunkers and Data Centers Adam Fish and Bradley L. Garrett Abstract Bunkers are imposing physical objects that reveal surprising insights into how humans attempt to control time. This brief article investigates how concepts of time are structured through the architectural form by comparing two types: bunkers built to preserve human life and bunkers built to preserve data, or data centers. Though these two bunkers differ in what they seek to protect, each hinges on resurrection. In other words, the success of the bunker requires the emergence of its contents (people and/or data) at some point in the future. Where emergence is premature or never takes place, the temporality of the bunker is interrupted, rendering its materiality moot; unplanned interruptions may have serious consequences for life and death. Introduction: Materiality → Temporality ‘If our planet remains a self-sustaining environment, how nice for everyone and how bloody unlikely,’ she said. ‘Either way, the subterrane is where the advanced model realizes itself. This is not submission to a set of difficult circumstances. This is simply where the human endeavor has found what it needs.’ -Don Delillo (2016: 339) The bunker is a securitized storage space that bodies, objects, and materialized information enter in defense against anticipated threat. The mountain or cliff cave was humanity’s prehistoric bunker - a geological gift of sanctuary - where our ancestors lived, stored food, and buried their dead. Bunker development, from excavation and underground construction, co-evolved with agricultural sedentarism to protect grain, living people, and stored riches, with these bunkers always outliving their harboured artifacts, and the people who built them. -
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems OSHA 3256-09R 2015 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 “To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health.” This publication provides a general overview of a particular standards- related topic. This publication does not alter or determine compliance responsibilities which are set forth in OSHA standards and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts. Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permission. Source credit is requested but not required. This information will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: 1-877-889-5627. This guidance document is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. It contains recommendations as well as descriptions of mandatory safety and health standards. The recommendations are advisory in nature, informational in content, and are intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to comply with safety and health standards and regulations promulgated by OSHA or by a state with an OSHA-approved state plan. -
Power Substation Construction and Ventilation System Co-Designed Using Particle Swarm Optimization
energies Article Power Substation Construction and Ventilation System Co-Designed Using Particle Swarm Optimization Jau-Woei Perng 1, Yi-Chang Kuo 1,2,* , Yao-Tsung Chang 2 and Hsi-Hsiang Chang 2 1 Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; [email protected] 2 Taiwan Power Company Southern Region Construction Office, Kaohsiung 81166, Taiwan; [email protected] (Y.-T.C.); [email protected] (H.-H.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-3676901 Received: 19 February 2020; Accepted: 21 April 2020; Published: 6 May 2020 Abstract: This study discusses a numerical study that was developed to optimize the ventilation system in a power substation prior to its installation. We established a multiobjective particle swarm optimizer to identify the best approach for simultaneously improving, first, the ventilation performance considering the most appropriate inlet size and outlet openings and second, the reduction of the synthetic noise of the ventilation and power consumption from the exhaust fan equipment and its operation. The study used building information modeling to construct indoor and outdoor models of the substation building and verified the overall performance using ANSYS FLUENT 18.0 software to simulate the air velocity and air temperature distribution within the building. Results show that the exhaust fan of the B1F cable finishing room and the 23 kV gas insulated switchgear (GIS) room optimize the reduction of horsepower by approximately 1 Hp and 0.5 Hp. The combined noise is reduced by 4 dBA and 2 dBA; the exhaust fan runs for 30 min, and the two equipment rooms can cool down by 2.9 ◦C and 1.7 ◦C, respectively. -
A Long Hole Stoping System for Mining Narrow Platinum Reefs
A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs by P. van Dorssen*, P. Valicek*, M. Farren*, G. Harrison*, W. Joubert*, R.G.B. Pickering†, and H.J. van Rensburg‡ Introduction ➤ Services requirement ➤ Ore removal and cleaning requirement In South African metalliferous mines, stoping operations are ➤ Training requirement largely confined to narrow, tabular orebodies making mechanization extremely difficult. Limited flexibility in terms of stope width has necessitated drilling by means of hand Safety targets held, pneumatic rock drills at most of our operations. As the All persons involved with the project had to adhere to the largest producer of platinum in the world, we drill in excess mine’s safety programmes including the zero-tolerance of forty million stope blast holes per annum. Cleaning of the campaign, and were required to report all hazards observed broken ore is also done by conventional means—utilizing immediately. Mine personnel and Tamrock carried out a full scrapers and scraper winches. Conventional methods such as risk assessment on the drill rig before transporting these carry high costs in terms of risk exposure as well as underground. A further risk assessment was carried out labour intensity. when the machine was in position underground. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of a long hole stoping system suitable for the narrow platinum reefs. The new system had to be substantially safer Mining layout and more cost effective than conventional mining. We selected a site that was conducive to mechanized mining and See Figure 1 and Figure 2 for a detailed description. set out the parameters that we considered would meet our requirements. -
Underground Mining Methods and Equipment - S
CIVIL ENGINEERING – Vol. II - Underground Mining Methods and Equipment - S. Okubo and J. Yamatomi UNDERGROUND MINING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT S. Okubo and J. Yamatomi University of Tokyo, Japan Keywords: Mining method, underground mining, room-and-pillar mining, sublevel stoping, cut-and-fill, longwall mining, sublevel caving, block caving, backfill, support, ventilation, mining machinery, excavation, cutting, drilling, loading, hauling Contents 1. Underground Mining Methods 1.1. Classification of Underground Mining Methods 1.2. Underground Operations in General 1.3. Room-and-pillar Mining 1.4. Sublevel Stoping 1.5. Cut-and-fill Stoping 1.6. Longwall Mining 1.7. Sublevel Caving 1.8. Block Caving 2. Underground Mining Machinery Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary The first section gives an overview of underground mining methods and practices as used commonly in underground mines, including classification of underground mining methods and brief explanations of the techniques of room-and-pillar mining, sublevel stoping, cut-and-fill, longwall mining, sublevel caving, and block caving. The second section describes underground mining equipment, with particular focus on excavation machinery such as boomheaders, coal cutters, continuous miners and shearers. 1. UndergroundUNESCO Mining Methods – EOLSS 1.1. Classification of Underground Mining Methods Mineral productionSAMPLE in which all extracting operations CHAPTERS are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit and/or the waste to ore ratio (stripping ratio) are too great to commence a surface operation. Once the economic feasibility has been verified, the most appropriate mining methods must be selected according to the natural/geological conditions and spatial/geometric characteristics of mineral deposits. -
Mines of El Dorado County
by Doug Noble © 2002 Definitions Of Mining Terms:.........................................3 Burt Valley Mine............................................................13 Adams Gulch Mine........................................................4 Butler Pit........................................................................13 Agara Mine ...................................................................4 Calaveras Mine.............................................................13 Alabaster Cave Mine ....................................................4 Caledonia Mine..............................................................13 Alderson Mine...............................................................4 California-Bangor Slate Company Mine ........................13 Alhambra Mine..............................................................4 California Consolidated (Ibid, Tapioca) Mine.................13 Allen Dredge.................................................................5 California Jack Mine......................................................13 Alveoro Mine.................................................................5 California Slate Quarry .................................................14 Amelia Mine...................................................................5 Camelback (Voss) Mine................................................14 Argonaut Mine ..............................................................5 Carrie Hale Mine............................................................14 Badger Hill Mine -
Reasonable Paths of Construction Ventilation for Large-Scale Underground Cavern Groups in Winter and Summer
sustainability Article Reasonable Paths of Construction Ventilation for Large-Scale Underground Cavern Groups in Winter and Summer Jianchun Sun 1, Heng Zhang 1,2,*, Muyan Huang 3, Qianyang Chen 1 and Shougen Chen 1 1 Key Laboratory of Transportation Tunnel Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (Q.C.); [email protected] (S.C.) 2 School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK 3 Institute of Foreign Languages, Sichuan Technology and Business University, Meishan 620000, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-028-8763-4386 Received: 19 September 2018; Accepted: 15 October 2018; Published: 18 October 2018 Abstract: Forced ventilation or newly built vertical shafts are mainly used to solve ventilation problems in large underground cavern groups. However, it is impossible to increase air supply due to the size restriction of the construction roadway, resulting in ventilation deterioration. Based on construction of the Jinzhou underground oil storage project, we proposed both a summer ventilation scheme and winter ventilation scheme, after upper layer excavation of the cavern is completed and connected with the shaft. A three-dimensional numerical model validated with field test data was performed to investigate air velocity and CO concentration. Fan position optimization and the influence of temperature difference on natural ventilation were discussed. The results show that CO concentration in the working area of the cavern can basically drop to a safe value of 30 mg/m3 in air inlet and exhaust schemes after 10 min of ventilation. -
Overview of Underground Mining Business
IR-DAY2018 1 Komatsu IR-DAY 2018 Overview of Underground mining business September 14th, 2018 Masayuki Moriyama Senior Executive Officer President, Mining Business Division Chairman, Komatsu Mining Corp. IR-DAY2018 Various Mineral Resources 2 • Mineral resources are generated through several geologic effects. • Coal is usually categorized as Soft Rock, while other minerals such as Ferrous and Non-Ferrous are called as Hard Rock. # Generation of deposits Major Mineral Resources Platinum, Chromium, Magmatic deposit Titanium, Magnetite Generated Hard Igneous ① from Rock rock Magma Gold, Copper, Silver, Lead, Zinc, Hydrothermal Tin, Tungsten, deposit Molybdenum, Uranium Sedimentation/Weathering/ Erosion Sedime Hematite, Nickel, ② ntary Boxite, Lithium, etc rock Geothermal effect/Crustal rising Soft Rock *1 ③ Coal - ※1 Coal is not defined as “rock” in geological respect. Generation process of IR-DAY2018 Mineral Resources (1/2) 3 • Minerals derived from magma were generated in the depths of underground. 1) In case deposits exist beneath and relatively near from ground level, Open Pit Mining/Strip Mining methods are adopted. 2) In case deposits exist in the depths below geological formations, Underground Mining methods are adopted. 3) Open pit mines might shift to underground methods as they get deeper. 1.Magmatic deposit 2.Hydrothermal deposit 1) Typical minerals: 1) Typical minerals: Platinum, Chromium, Titanium, Gold, Copper, Silver, Lead, Zinc, Tin, Magnetite, etc. Tungsten, Molybdenum, Uranium, etc. 2) Generation process 2) Generation process ・In case Magma is slowly cooled, ・Hydrothermal mineral solution melted metal sulfide (containing Platinum, (containing metal elements) had been Chromium, Titanium or others) had been pushed up by high vapor pressure, separated and concentrated by specific precipitated and filled chasms in and gravity and generated deposit. -
SIMPLIFIED COST MODELS for UNDERGROUND MINE EVALUATION a Handbook for Quick Prefeasibility Cost Estimates
Montana Tech Library Digital Commons @ Montana Tech Mining Engineering Faculty Scholarship 2020 Simplified Cost Models orF Underground Mine Evaluation: A Handbook for Quick Prefeasibility Cost Estimates Thomas W. Camm Scott A. Stebbins Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/mine_engr Part of the Mining Engineering Commons SIMPLIFIED COST MODELS FOR UNDERGROUND MINE EVALUATION A Handbook for Quick Prefeasibility Cost Estimates By Thomas W. Camm & Scott A. Stebbins 2020 Montana Technological University Mining Engineering Department MINING ENGINEERING CAMM & STEBBINS • SIMPLIFIED COST MODELS FOR UNDERGROUND MINE EVALUATION Simplified Cost Models For Underground Mine Evaluation A Handbook for Quick Prefeasibility Cost Estimates By Thomas W. Camm & Scott A. Stebbins Cover design by Lisa Sullivan Keywords: cost models, prefeasibility studies, underground mine design, mineral property evaluation, mine cost estimating Topic Area(s): Mineral property evaluation, underground mine design Copyright © 2020 by Thomas W. Camm & Scott A. Stebbins Mining Engineering Department Montana Technological University Butte, MT About us Montana Tech is ranked #1 among the best engineering schools in the nation by Best Value Schools (2020). You’ll have the opportunity to engage in hands-on learning with a 10:1 faculty to student ratio. Our ABET-accredited mining engineering degree program also boasts a 100% career outcome rate. Visit our website: https://www.mtech.edu/mining-engineering/index.html We hope you find this publication useful. We are strong believers in open-access teaching resources, and strive to keep the costs to our students as low as possible. For that reason, this publication is free, along with many other publications by myself and my colleagues in the Mining Engineering Department on our library Digital Commons page: https://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/mine_engr/ Suggested citation: Camm, T. -
Evaluation of the Potential in Critical Metals in the Fine Tailings Dams of the Panasqueira Mine (Barroca Grande, Portugal)
UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA FACULTY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY Department of Earth Sciences EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL IN CRITICAL METALS IN THE FINE TAILINGS DAMS OF THE PANASQUEIRA MINE (BARROCA GRANDE, PORTUGAL) - TUNGSTEN AND OTHER CRMs CASES - Francisco Cunha Soares Veiga Simão MASTER IN GEOSCIENCES – Specialisation in Geological Resources September, 2017 UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA FACULTY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY Department of Earth Sciences EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL IN CRITICAL METALS IN THE FINE TAILINGS DAMS OF THE PANASQUEIRA MINE (BARROCA GRANDE, PORTUGAL) - TUNGSTEN AND OTHER CRMs CASES - Francisco Cunha Soares Veiga Simão MASTER IN GEOSCIENCES Specialisation in Geological Resources Scientific Advisors: Doctor Alcides Pereira, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra Doctor Elsa Gomes, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra September, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I RESUMO III ABSTRACT V LIST OF FIGURES VII LIST OF CHARTS IX LIST OF TABLES XI LIST OF ACRONYMS XIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, CHEMICAL SYMBOLS AND FORMULAS, AND UNITS XVII CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. RATIONALE 1 1.2. MAIN AND SPECIFIC GOALS 2 1.3. STATE OF THE ART 2 CHAPTER 2. EUROPEAN UNION AND PORTUGUESE POLICIES ON RAW MATERIALS 5 2.1. RAW MATERIALS INITIATIVE 6 2.2. INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY ON RAW MATERIALS 18 2.3. RAW MATERIALS INITIATIVE DEVELOPMENT 18 2.3.1. THE EUROPEAN INNOVATION PARTNERSHIP ON RAW MATERIALS 19 2.3.2. EUROPEAN INSTITUTE OF INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY 22 2.4. CIRCULAR ECONOMY 22 2.4.1. CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES 22 2.4.2. EUROPEAN UNION POLICIES ON CIRCULAR ECONOMY 24 2.4.3. CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION’S CIRCULAR ECONOMY 26 2.5. -
ATP 3-21.51 Subterranean Operations
ATP 3-21.51 Subterranean Operations 129(0%(5 2019 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This publication supersedes ATP 3-21.51, dated 21 February 2018. Headquarters, Department of the Army This publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate site (https://armypubs.army.mil), and the Central Army Registry site (https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard) *ATP 3-21.51 Army Techniques Publication Headquarters No. 3-21.51 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 1RYHPEHr 2019 Subterranean Operations Contents Page PREFACE..................................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1 SUBTERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................... 1-1 Attributes of a Subterranean System ........................................................................ 1-1 Functionality of Subterranean Structures .................................................................. 1-1 Subterranean Threats, Hazards, and Risks .............................................................. 1-2 Denial and Deception ................................................................................................ 1-6 Categories of Subterranean Systems ....................................................................... 1-9 Construction of Subterranean Spaces and Structures ........................................... -
Longhole Stoping at the Asikoy Underground Copper Mine in Turkey
4 Longhole Stoping at the Asikoy Underground Copper Mine in Turkey Alper Gönen Mining Engineering Department, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey 1. Introduction Asikoy underground copper mine is located in Küre county, some 60 km north of Kastamonu province and 25 km from Black Sea cost. Underground mining method is longhole stoping with post backfill. Ore production is 420.000 ton/year with an average of %2 copper grade[1]. 2. Geology of the region Küre copper deposits occur along the middle pontide zone. Although it exists in a region which has considerably different geological past from the southeast Anatolian ophiolite zone, Küre massif sulfide deposits comprise properties that could be classified within the Kieslager type, which is between Cyprus type and Kuroko type [2]. In the region, there exist the plagical sediments formed of subgrovacs and shales and also the toleitic basalt volcanites that are the products of the mid-ocean extension. It is seen that important tectonic movements occurred within the Küre formation. The units are intercepted with an N-S oriented fault. The mineralization takes place in the weak zone induced by this fault and also within the toleitic basalts and along the borders of the plagical sediments. The overall geologic map of the study area is demonstrated in Figure 1. The ore mass occurs within the altered basalt series that are a part of the Küre ophiolites and is overlain with black shale. The ore mass consists of coarse lenses broken with faults and thrusted. The ore, which is composed of pyrite and chalcopyrite, is in the form of massif lenses with high grades under the hanging wall black shale and in the form of stock work pyrite and chalcopyrite veins with low grades within the altered footwall formation.