DOCSLIB.ORG

VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Agnė

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Agnė VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS POLITIKOS MOKSLŲ IR DIPLOMATIJOS FAKULTETAS SOCIALINĖS IR POLITINĖS TEORIJOS KATEDRA Agnė Bagdžiūnaitė ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND FEMINIZED LABOR RELATIONS Socialinės lyties ir feminizuoto darbo santykių analizė Politikos mokslų studijų programa, valstybinis kodas 621L20008 Politikos mokslų studijų kryptis Vadovas/-ė________________ ________ ________ (Mok.l.,vardas, pavardė) ( parašas) (data) Apginta _________________ ________ _________ (PMDF dekanas) (parašas) (data) Kaunas, 2016 Content Abstract (Lithuanian translation) – 1 Abstract – 2 Introduction – 3 1. Neoliberal Subject.................................................................9 1.1 Constructing the Worker in Neoliberal Time......11 1.2 Two Labor Forms................................................12 1.3 Marriage and Labor Contract..............................14 2. The Feminization of Work..................................................16 2.1 Welfare and Women............................................20 2.2 The Globalization Tales.......................................23 3. The Case of Lithuania: From Mother-Workers to Flexible Servants....................30 3.1 From the transition to Established Neoliberalism....................................33 3.2 Privatization.........................................................35 3.3 Foreign Indirect Disinvestment in Labor Force......................................................41 3.4 Does Flexible Mean Women?..............................45 3.5 „But How to Live, to Survive?“(Interviews)........48 Conclusion – 71 List of Literature - 74 Bagdžiūnaitė, A. Socialinės lyties ir feminizuoto darbo santykių analizė Politikos mokslų bakalauro baigiamasis darbas / vadovė doc. dr. J.Jonutytė. Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Politikos mokslų ir diplomatijos fakultetas, Filosofijos ir socialinės kritikos katedra. Kaunas, 2016. 81 p. Santrauka Ši studija analizuoja darbo jėgos ir darbo savokos transformaciją rinkos ekonomikos sąlygomis. Teorinio ir empirinio darbo tikslas buvo aptikti tam tikrus kaitos taškus, kurie paaiškintų feminizuoto darbo formavimosi procesą, pagrįstą konkurencijos ir individualizmo principais. Šis darbas yra grindžiamas perėjimu nuo valstybinio kapitalizmo į rinkos kapitalizmą, kuris priveda prie feminizuoto darbo formų Lietuvoje šiandien. Analizė yra sudaryta iš trijų pagrindinių dalių. Pirmoje dalyje aš atkreipiu dėmesį į darbo padalijimo pagal socialinę lytį problemą per Foucault homo-aeconomicus teoriją. Aš naudoju jo teoriją ištirti, kaip tariamai neutralus, laisvas socialinės sutarties, pilietinis subjektas yra glaudžiai susijęs su socialinės lyties ir klasės kontrolės galios mechanizmais. Toliau nuo Foucault homo-aeconomicus teorijos aš pereinu prie išsamios vedybinio ir darbo kontraktų analizės, paremtos C. Pateman knyga „Seksualinis Kontraktas“. Antroje dalyje aš integruoju patriarchalinį kontraktą ir neoliberalų subjektą į materialistinę socialinės lyties išnaudojimo analizę, remdamasi moterų reproduktyvaus darbo nuvertinimu. Aš išplečiu šią argumentacijos liniją prijungdama socialinės lyties klasės išnaudojimą prie globaliai veikiančios rinkos plėtimosi konteksto. Išvysčiusi teorinę struktūrą ir globaliai orientuotus teiginius, aš pasisuku į konkretų feminizuotų darbo formų eksplotavimo Lietuvoje atvejį, remdamasi politinės ir ekonominės tanzicijos periodo pagrindine charakteristika, kuriai būdingas greitas privatizavimas, tiesioginių užsienio investicijų skatinimas, ir griežtos taupymo programos socialinės apsaugos kryptimi. Paskutinis trečios dalies skyrius yra sudarytas iš interviu su moterimis dirbančiomis įvairius kvalifikuotus ir mažiau kvalifikuotus darbus Kaune ir Žiežmariuose. Šis empirinis tyrimas įrodo jog feminizuotų darbo formų steigimas ir plėtojimas Lietuvoje sėkmingai įteisina moterų engimą ir diskriminaciją, paremtą socialine lytimi. 1 Bagdžiūnaitė, A. Analysis of Gender and Feminized Labor Relations Master Thesis in Political Science / supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. J. Jonutytė. Vytautas Magnus University, Faculty of Political Science and Diplomacy, Department of Philosophy and Social Critique. Kaunas, 2016. 81 p. Abstract This study analyses the transformation of labor and the concept of work under the conditions of free market economy. The aim of the thesis was to trace the changes that would explain the process of feminized labour formation based on principles of competition and high rise of individualism. The paper was organized around the transition from state-capitalism to market- capitalism, which leads to my definition of the feminization of labour forms in Lithuania today. The work consists of three main parts. In the first part I address the problem of the gendered division of labour through Foucaults theory of the homo-aeconomicus. I use his theory to explore how the seeming neutral, freely contracting, economic-civil-subject is immersed in gendered and classed power relations. Departing from Foucault theory of homo-aeconomicus I draw heavily from Carol Pateman‘s book, „The Sexual Contract“. In the second part I link the patriarchical contract and neo-liberal individual to a materialist analysis of gender exploitation which is explicated on the basis of the devaluation of women‘s reproductive labor. I broaded and contextualize this line of argumentation by linking gendered class oppresion with the expansion of the market as its unfolded under globalization. Having now developed my theoretical framework and globally oriented empirical claims I turn to the particular case of feminization of labour forms in Lithuania. I do this through analysis of the politics of the transition period, which has been charecterized by: rapid privatization, foreign direct investment, and austerity toward social securities. The final section of third part is made up of interviews with different women workers taken in Kaunas and Žiežmariai which I argue proves the hypothesis of the feminization of labour forms in Lithuania that is situated in order to oppress women and institute the discrimination based on gender. 2 INTRODUCTION In 1990 of March Lithuania declared it‘s independence from Soviet Union which entailed joining the western market system and disassociation from all aspects of Soviet imposed politics and centered economic system. The great celebration of re-entrance into the „Western world“ provided World Bank and IMF freely impose free market principles from the very beginning of state formation. The turning point was the most painful for workers of state industrial complexes which were immediately privatized and reorganized. Due to these rapid changes of post-socialist transition the Baltic region underwent steep decline. The impact of the privatization had irreparable consequences of high unemployment, deterioration of labour conditions and social rights. Yet, because of the new and old forms of gender discrimination in the spheres of production and reproduction, women have been more vulnerable to economic and social changes. Lithuania inherited the segregation of work based on gender bias from Soviet Union and combined successfuly with nationalist neoliberal politics and principles of free market economy. The latter combination made women the main targets of decline in labour rights and discrimination in labor market. The coined definition by Guy Standing (1999) of feminization in neoliberal times very much defines the concrete processes related to gendered market economy. In my paper I tried to grasp the turning point which would lead to the defining what is the feminization of labour forms in Lithuania today. My aim was to trace the changes that would explain the process of feminized labour formation based on principles of competition and high rise of individualism. My work consists of three main parts, it begins with the part on neoliberal subject, then I go to the analysis of feminization of labour beginning with defining the work of women, the division between reproduction and production, the breadwinner model in Welfare state and then the flexibilization of labor in process of globalization of market, after that I move to the case of Lithuania and analysis of market and social conditions for the formation of feminized labor force and the end contains the interviews of women working in feminized sectors in Lithuania. In the theoretical I relied only on the foreign researchers and writers who would provide a consistent critique and analysis of neoliberal market economy and politics of labour. The reason why I used foreign theorethical research was to emphasize the lack of political economic critique or in other words feminist marxist texts and analysis in Lithuania. The empirical part with visualy recorded interviews of women from the feminized sector in Kaunas is intended to emphasize the lack of research and analysis of working class in Lithuania and also to trace the fact of changing working conditions in general. 3 In order to analyse the transformation of labor and the concept of work, I have chosen to begin with the definition of homo-aeconomicus in theory of Foucault as focal point for the development of the „new order“. To address the problem of new economic subject was at the point where the question of how patriarchal contract theory immerses in the sphere of new economic subject. It was very important to emphasize the conjunction of the patriarchal right and economic right or the right of interest and the new patriarchal concept of human capital. The problematics of new entrepreneurial spirit which withdraws the social differences
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Estonia – the 'Baltic Tiger'
    Markets & Regions ESTONIA | OVERVIEW Estonia – the ‘baltic tiger’ LOCATED AT THE TOP OF EUROPE AND BORDERING RUSSIA, ESTONIA IS A SMALL COUNTRY WITH BIG AMBITIONS. THE MARINE INDUSTRY IS CURRENTLY SHOWING THE LARGEST GROWTH WITHIN A HIGH-INCOME ECONOMY WORDS: JAKE KAVANAGH government-issued digital identity that allows entrepreneurs around the world to set up and run a location-independent business’. So far, 15,000 individuals have registered under this scheme. Estonian citizens enjoy a high level of civil liberty and press freedom, with very few economic restraints. The marine industry has played a key role in the country’s success, with two-thirds of production in the workboat sector and the remaining third in leisure. Around 80% of all marine products are exported, and Estonia is also building its first custom superyacht at the inland yard of Ridas Yachts. IBI was given an ‘overview’ tour of 11 leisure yards and businesses out of a total of around 200 marine enterprises during a visit in June 2017, and saw for ourselves just how advanced the marine industry has Many former factories have been re- become. The quality of manufacturing easily equals tasked for boatbuilding, with rental costs rival EU countries, and is aided by the full use of around one-third of those in Western cities computer-aided design and a high concentration of modern 5-axis CNC machines. stonia may only be a country of just 1.3 million “We have a very high standard of education,” people in a footprint slightly larger than explains Anni Hartikainen of the Small Craft E Denmark, but the population is outward Competence Centre, a campus of Tallinn University.
    [Show full text]
  • Latvian and Estonian Austerity Models by Martins Vargulis "Success Stories" Differ: Latvian and Estonian Austerity Models
    "Success Stories" Differ: Latvian and Estonian Austerity Models by Martins Vargulis "Success Stories" Differ: Latvian and Estonian Austerity Models Author: Mārtiņš Vargulis, Master's degree student of Riga Stradins University, Faculty of European Studies The report in this publication does not represent official position of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung on any of the issues reflected in the text. The author is responsible for the content and information in the report. Electronic version available www.fes-baltic.lv and www.liia.lv October 2012 A working paper “Success Stories” Differ: Latvian and Estonian Austerity Models Introduction perspective of foreign investors the The Baltic States experienced a troubled Estonian approach has also been evaluated transition period from the communist as successful and quite attractive for 2 planned economy to an open market liberal investing in the country. Although economy through the 1990s, and success- economic indicators from both countries fully acceded to the common market of the over the last two years have significantly European Union (EU) in May 2004. The improved, the approach used by the Latvian aftermath of EU accession has demonstra- government in many ways differs from ted economic developments worthy of Estonian policies. both criticism and acclaim. The trajectory of Therefore, among other questions raised in economic developments have taken the this article, there is an analysis of Latvian and countries from being called the ‘Baltic Estonian economic development up to the Economic Tigers’ to becoming fastest falling global financial crisis in 2008, a look at the economies in the world, and then again to countries’ experiences, an analysis of the being the fastest growing economies in the economic challenges during the recession, EU, within little more than seven years.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration and the New Austeriat: the Baltic Model and the Socioeconomic Costs of Neoliberal Austerity
    Migration and the new austeriat: the Baltic model and the socioeconomic costs of neoliberal austerity Charles Woolfson (Linköping University, Sweden) Jeffrey Sommers (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee) Arunas Juska (East Carolina University) W.I.R.E. Workshop on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation at the Harvard Kennedy School 24 February 2015 Abstract The Great Economic Recession was experienced with particular severity in the peripheral newer European Union member states. Baltic governments in particular introduced programmes of harsh austerity known as ‘internal devaluation’. The paper argues that austerity measures have accelerated the fragmentation of the labour market into a differentially advantaged primary (largely public) sector, and an increasingly ‘informalized’ secondary (largely low-skill manufacturing and services) sector. It is suggested that the production of a segmented labour market has acted as a major stimulus towards creating, in both Latvia and Lithuania, among the highest levels of emigration in the European Union, especially during the years of the crisis from 2008 onwards. In the absence of effective state policy to address a gathering socio-demographic crisis in which this migration is a key component, so-called ‘free movement’ of labour raises troubling questions for wider societal sustainability in the European Union’s neoliberal semi- periphery in an era of protracted austerity. Keywords: Austerity, crisis, migration, Lithuania, labour market segmentation, neoliberalism, informalisation, European periphery Introduction The onset of the global economic crisis has led to a dramatic increase of emigration from a number of East European countries that have become members of the European Union (EU) (Galgóczi, Leschke, and Watt 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Baltic Rim Economies – a List of Writers
    Baltic Rim Economies – a list of writers The following expert articles have been published in the previous reviews: Review Author(s) Position Title of article 1/2021 Krista Mikkonen Minister of the Environment and Climate State of the Baltic Sea is a Change, priority to the Finnish Ministry of the Environment, government Finland 1/2021 Minna Arve Mayor, Sustainability as the policy City of Turku, framework Finland 1/2021 Brita Bohman Senior Lecturer in Environmental Law, Updating the Baltic Sea Action Department of Law, Stockholm University, Plan Sweden 1/2021 Anna Törnroos Assistant Professor (tenure track), The Decade for oceans and Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo humanity Akademi University, Finland 1/2021 Mati Kahru Ph.D., Researcher, The changing Baltic Sea Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA 1/2021 Karoliina A. Koho Dr., Project Officer, Towards a “green” future of the BONUS Secretariat (EEIG), Baltic Sea Helsinki, Finland 1/2021 Maciej Zalewski European Regional Centre For Ecohydrology Green Deal – Ecohydrological PAS, nature-based solutions for UNESCO Chair on Ecohydrology and improvement of Baltic ecological Applied Ecology, status Łódź, Poland 1/2021 Aija Caune Chairperson, Hope, stability and protection Coalition Clean Baltic Mikhail Durkin Executive Secretary, Coalition Clean Baltic Nils Höglund Fisheries Policy Officer, Coalition Clean Baltic 1 1/2021 Hannu Klemola Areal Manager, Vulnerable sea needs voluntary Finnish Association for Nature Conservation work to support common
    [Show full text]
  • Unmasking Austerity: the 'Great Recession' in the Baltic States, The
    Unmasking Austerity: The ‘great recession’ in the Baltic states, the myth of ‘successful’ austerity and its wider lessons Charles Woolfson REMESO Institute for Research on Migration, Ethnicity and Society Linköping University Sweden [email protected] Australian Workplace Innovation and Social Research Centre (WISeR) and the Don Dunstan Foundation, University of Adelaide. 24 June 2014 1 The Baltic states The Baltics: Between Russia and Nordics The late 1980s: the end of (evil) empire ‘The singing revolution’ 2 million people form a human chain of ‘solidarity’ spanning over 600 kilometres (370 miles) across the three Baltic states. 23 August 1989. Unprecedented unity of Baltic nations Small countries/ big myths James K. Galbraith Foreword to The Contradictions of Austerity “It is the fate of small countries to serve as pilot projects, as battlegrounds, and as the point-of- origin for myths. In the wake of the great financial crisis the three Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia have played these roles.” Their experience, which does include a return to economic growth and no public debt crisis, has become a world-model for global bankers, international financial bureaucrats and some economists. The narrative of ‘successful’ Baltic model of austerity through ‘internal devaluation’ • After a period of rapid economic growth in the mid- 2000s (the highest in the European Union) • Economic downturn followed (again the most severe) created mainly by a housing and consumption bubble • Imposition of tough austerity (internal devaluation),
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Eastern Europe in NATO and EU Expansion Jason N
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2003 European Re-Union: Representations of Eastern Europe in NATO and EU Expansion Jason N. Dittmer Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES EUROPEAN RE-UNION: REPRESENTATIONS OF EASTERN EUROPE IN NATO AND EU EXPANSION By JASON N. DITTMER A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Geography In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2003 The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Jason N. Dittmer defended on March 25, 2003 ______________________________ Patrick O’Sullivan Professor Directing Dissertation Jonathan Grant Outside Committee Member ______________________________ Jonathan Leib Committee Member ______________________________ Jan Kodras Committee Member Approved: _____________________________ Barney Warf, Chair, Department of Geography The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above committee members. ii This dissertation is dedicated to my mother, who always made her children’s education a priority and gave up many of her own personal satisfactions to make sure that we were in the best schools with the best teachers. Thanks Mom… This dissertation is also dedicated to Karl Fiebelkorn, who would be mortified to know that something so academic as this dissertation was dedicated to him. But think of it this way Karl – this is just to tide you over until I can dedicate to you my magnum opus: “I See How It Is”: Reflections on Brotherhood. You are missed, Karl. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the assistance of a great many of my colleagues and friends, who have all influenced my thoughts on these matters (and many others).
    [Show full text]
  • Baltic States and Indiana
    Baltic States and Indiana significant amount of unrealized economic potential A in today’s global economy lies in Eastern Europe. This article focuses on Lithuania and is the first in a multi-part series to explore the economic relationship Sweden Finland of the three Baltic States Norway (see “Rapid Change in Estonia Russia the Baltics” below) with Latvia Denmark Lithuania the United States, and (though admittedly from Belarus Indiana in particular. Germany Poland a relatively small base), The Republic of Ukraine according to preliminary Lithuania is the largest Czech Republic Eurostat data.1 This growth of the three Baltic States in outpaced all other EU member terms of population, territory and states, followed by Slovakia (6.6 economy. With 25,212 square miles of percent), Poland (5.6 percent) and land, it is a little smaller than Indiana, Sweden (5 percent). For comparison, but larger than Belgium, Denmark, the declare independence. After major the EU averaged over-the-year GDP Netherlands and West Virginia. economic restructuring, Lithuania was growth of 2.8 percent and the United A little less than 3.6 million people admitted to NATO in the spring of 2004 States came in at 3.6 percent for the live in Lithuania, which is located and a few months later to the European same time period. between Latvia, Belarus, and Poland, Union (EU). More than 80 percent of Lithuanian just West of Russia. Lithuanians make enterprises have been privatized and up 83 percent of the population, with Economy the economic climate is well-suited large groups of Polish and Russians, in Between the second quarter of 2006 for foreign direct investment (FDI).
    [Show full text]
  • Green Growth in the Baltic Tiger in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, the Energy Mix Continues to Be Characterized by High Dependencies on Oil Shale and Nuclear Energy
    baltic states Green growth in al eci the Baltic Tiger In Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, the energy mix continues to be characterized by high dependencies on oil shale and nuclear energy. The planned renewal of the power plant fleet offers ideal opportunities for the implementation of renewable energies. Experts believe that especially wind power and biomass have a large potential. Country Sp Country uring many years, the Baltic Tiger states have the end of 2008. But also for the utilization of bio­ been registering dynamic economic growth, mass energy, the Baltic states provide good condi­ Eesti Energia, the state-owned Dwhich has led the energy demand in Latvia, tions. More than 40 % of the surface in these coun­ Estonian electricity provider, is Lithuania and Estonia to drastically increase. At the tries is covered by forests. already active in the onshore same time, these countries are looking at massive wind sector. In the future the cuts in the energy supply in the next few years as the Estonia: Energy supply company is planning to build majority of the existing nuclear power plants are undergoing change offshore wind farms as well. scheduled to be shut down. 4 Energia, an Estonian Photo: Eesti Energia / Rain Dorbek operator of renewable energy plants, estimates that In the course of the next few years, Estonia is poised the Baltic states will be confronting a gap of 3 GW be­ to see a change among the energy providers. About tween production capacities and consumption until 75 % of the oil shale­fired power plants that togeth­ the year 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • The European Union in the Fog
    THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE FOG Building Bridges between National Perspectives on the European Union Edited by Vivien Pertusot Final Report of the project “Building Bridges Between National Perspectives on the European Union” About Building Bridges Called “Building Bridges Between National Perspectives on the European Union”, the project aims to stimulate the public debate around national experts on the relationship between their Member State and the EU and on the future of the Union. This project confronts their visions with others’ from different member states, but also those of people from different horizons via workshops in Warsaw, Madrid, Paris and Brussels, which took place in 2015 gathering experts and local citizens. The project is coordinated by the French Institute of International Relations (Ifri) with three major partners: the Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM), Real Instituto Elcano and EUROPEUM—European Institute for European Policy. The project has also benefited from the support of institutes in each Member State. You can find all the information and publications about the project at this address: http://www.ifri.org/en/recherche/zones-geographiques/europe/projet-building-bridges. March 2016. ISBN 978-2-36567-542-0. The opinions expressed in this report are the responsibility of the authors alone. Project coordinated by: Major partners: This project is supported by the Europe for Citizens programme of the European Union. The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brand for the Nation of Latvia
    A Brand for the Nation of Latvia September 1, 2003 Report by: Spencer Frasher Michael Hall Jeremy Hildreth Mia Sorgi Table of Contents Executive summary………………………………………………………………….3 Overview…………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Why Latvia Needs a Brand…………………………………………………5 Perception Problems………………………………………………………..6 About Latvia………………………………………………………………...10 Methodology………………………………………………………………………..14 Best Practice………………………………………………………………..15 Specific Approach………………………………………………………….16 Insights………………………………………………………………………………18 Position……………………………………………………………………...19 Place………………………………………………………………………...21 People……………………………………………………………………….22 Politics & Economics………………………………………………………24 Analysis……………………………………………………………………………..25 Tourism……………………………………………………………………...26 FDI…………………………………………………………………………...29 Exports………………………………………………………………………32 Political Influence…………………………………………………………..35 Brand Latvia’s Overall Target Audience…………………………………37 Competitors…………………………………………………………………39 Brand Identity……………………………………………………………………….41 Scenario 1…………………………………………………………………..42 Scenario 2…………………………………………………………………..43 Scenario 3…………………………………………………………………..44 Scenario 4…………………………………………………………………..45 Scenario 5…………………………………………………………………..46 Final Recommendation……………………………………………………47 Implementation……………………………………………………………………..50 Fundamentals of Implementation………………………………………...51 Brand Oversight & Coordination………………………………………….52 Expectations and Conclusion……………………………………………..54 References………………………………………………………………………….55 2 Executive Summary This project was commissioned by the Latvian
    [Show full text]
  • Baltic Sectirity
    Latvian Institute of International Affairs & Frirsvarshrigskolan Fcirsvarshcigskolans Acta B7 BALTIC SECTIRITY LOOKING TOWARDS THE 21TH CENTTIRY Edited by cuNNAR ARtdUS & ATIS LEJIIyS ; CONTENTS UDK 327 (474) (063) Ba 406 7 GuNxan AntEus & Arrs Ls.rrNs Foreword 8 Bo Hulor Introduction 18 Torvo KT,AAR Estonia's Security Policy Priorities 33 Arrs Lp;rNs & Zeunta Ozor,rNa Latvia - The Middle Baltic State 53 Gnnuvttlms Vmrus At the Cross-Road of Alternatives: Lithuanian Cover design: Indulis Martinsons Security Policies in 1995 - 1997 79 Brnrel Hpunlrx Art6us, G., Lejigi, A., eds. _ Baltic Security: Looking Towards Actual and Future Danish Defence and Security the 21s^t century.- Riga: Latvian Instiiute of hiternatio_ Policy nal Affairs & Fcir.svarshcigskolan (Fdrsvarshcigskolans , lgg7. 224 p. Acta BZ) 101 Pprxe SToNPw Finnish Security Policy and Baltic Security in the Late 1990's ISSN 1402_7593 ISBN- 9984- S8g - 09-0 OLatvian Institute of 111 Axnr, Knonu in the Baltic Sea Region: International Affairs & Security Cooperation Fcjrsvarshdgskolan Germany as a Transatlantic and European Actor 126 Beeta Kolncx,e' The Prospects of Baltic Security: A Polish View Printed by "N.I.M.S." Ltd. Tallinas iela 81-20, Riga, LV - 1009, Latvia ; l:ll) Attt<npvMgsrrrcs (-'hanging Security Environment in the Baltic Sea liegion and Russia 152 INcmAR Or,DeoRc ABOUT THE AUTHORS No Love is Lost - Russia's Relations with the Baltic States 186 Darxe Br,orrRp Baltic Security in the centrar European Gunnar Artdus, Ph D, is Associate Professor of History at the context University of Gothenburg and Program Director at the Department (FHS/SI, 203 Lpwrs J. Cannarlplr,o of Strategic Studies of the Fdrsvarshdgskolan National & Nrco VnnroNGEN has Iectured at universities in Removing the Last Defence College) of Sweden.
    [Show full text]
  • Capital in Latvia: Notes on a Hungry Tiger
    Focus CAPITAL IN LATVIA: NOTES ON the Latvian population mired in debt. The nationali- zation of the 1940s and followed by subsequent dec- A HUNGRY TIGER ades of capital transfer from the Baltic states to other parts of the Soviet Union, combined with prolonged KARLIS BUKOVSKIS* economic stagnation in the former Soviet Union as a whole, led to low levels of capital accumulation by Latvian families. The availability of energy resources The Baltic states have been seeking economic, social and raw materials from other parts of the Union of and political convergence with the Western World Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) substituted the since they regained independence in 1991. While their fundamental need for capital, higher competitiveness primary motivation was to regain their nation-state and quality products. This resulted in the emergence status, their secondary hope was to achieve the income of multiple production facilities, and even entire in- and prosperity levels of OECD countries. After twen- dustries, that were incapable of operating in a capital- ty-five years of independence, EU and NATO mem- ist country due to a lack of experience and insufficient bership in 2004, the introduction of the euro currency capitalization. in 2014 and OECD membership scheduled for 2016, Latvia’s population has still not abandoned its initial The promise of rising living standards during the hopes and economic expectations. Its society is still post-communist period was widely publicized shortly struggling with income discrepancies within the coun- before the breakup of the Soviet Union and in the ear- try, relatively low salaries, the middle income trap, in- ly 1990s by both foreign sources like Radio Free efficient social policies, and a decline in the working Europe/Radio Liberty, as well as by new domestic pol- age population due to demographics and emigration, iticians.
    [Show full text]