Annual Report 2011

1 DIRECTORS COLUMN

industrial ecosystems, with that of car- • Industrial ecology increasingly bon, nitrogen and phosphorus in nature. addresses biological resources when Of the five research objectives of ecology working on food and bioenergy and hence listed in Wikipedia’s definition of ecology, needs to understand the conditions of bi- “the movement of energy and material ological production. For industrial ecol- through living communities” also closely ogy, better understanding the impacts describes the interest of industrial ecol- caused by the environmental pressures ogy, with a focus on those living com- we quantify in our analysis of industrial munities formed by humans and their systems and designing these industrial domesticated plants and animals. While systems so that they are within the plan- those industrial ecologists occupied with etary boundaries requires a collabora- assessing the emissions of industrial tion with ecologists. Similarly, ecologists products, the flows and stocks of metals recognize the need to better understand in society or the organization of industrial human systems, as they increasingly waste exchanges may think of industrial acknowledge that we live in the anthro- ecology as a metaphor, I would argue that pocene, the geological age fundamen- in fact, industrial ecology and ecology are tally shaped by the presence of humans Programme director Edgar Hertwich much more closely linked than by the in terms of climate, nutrient availability, [email protected] analogy of material flows or the dynam- land cover and river flow and many other ics of complex systems. environmental variables. What is Industrial Ecology? The question was posed by a member of • One of the key research subjects In practical terms, one can foresee an the external review committee charged in ecology is the “grand geochemical increasing collaboration between indus- to evaluate energy-related research at cycles”, which describe the movement trial ecologists and ecologists in under- the faculty. “Ecology is the scientific of water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus standing and working for the potential co- study of the relations that living organ- and a great number of other elements evolution of human and natural systems isms have with respect to each other and or chemicals important for life on earth onto a mutually more beneficial pathway their natural environment,” the com- through both living organisms and the of development; addressing among other mittee member quoted Wikipedia, “but non-living environment. Today, these things anthro-biogeochemical cycles and how does industry fit in?” I have to say biogeochemical cycles cannot be under- habitat change. As the environment of that I was taken by surprise – somebody stood without understanding the flow of non-living organisms becomes increas- deemed by the faculty to be competent these elements or chemicals through ingly less natural and, intentionally or to assess our research must know about human-created systems, and it is the not, shaped by humans, there is an argu- the field he assesses. While misplaced study of those flows that is the domain of ment that natural ecology and industrial in a research assessment, it is nonethe- industrial ecology. ecology should not continue as separate less a question that is relevant to pose, disciplines, but rather become one. “In- as our students are also frequently con- • One of the most successful re- dustrial ecology is the scientific study of fronted with it. And – while short, reliant search foci in industrial ecology has been the relations that human systems have on established terms, and appropriately the study of the social metabolism, so- with respect to other living organisms indicating that the field is about industry cieties’ use of various types of energy and their natural environment,” may be and the natural environment – the term and materials both through historical the future Wikipedia definition, specify- Industrial Ecology is also prone to be mis- periods and in different geographical ing further, “with a focus on understand- understood. and developmental contexts. This body ing the material interaction of human and of work has shown how the utilization natural systems and the consequences Unlike population ecology or freshwater of fossil fuels enabled societies to over- of this interaction for both.” ecology, industrial ecology is commonly come an otherwise tight coupling to local not seen as a sub-discipline of ecology. biomass production both through fossil- Its study does not primarily address liv- fuel enhanced agricultural production ing organisms, even though, of course, and through transportation. The result- ecology also deals with inanimate vari- ing increasing distance between us and ables like the pH and oxygen content our use of natural resources may also of freshwaters and industrial ecology explain why we suddenly see human sys- also addresses living organisms as re- tems as being separate from local eco- sources, decision makers, and affected systems. On the global level, however, end-points. Industrial ecology was ini- we need to recognize that we still depend tially used as a metaphor, comparing the on natural ecosystems as ever before. cycling of important industrial materials such as steel, aluminium or platinum in

2 INDECOL PEOPLE NEWS

cal risk assessment and to reduce the ing internationally renowned psycholo- number of animal tests required to as- gist in the field of global environmental sure the acceptability of chemical use change and sustainable consumption. and emissions. This research will be con- Sunita Prugsamatz got a 4 year Post-Doc ducted at Radboud University Nijmegen, position at the department of Psychology the Netherlands, where Karin received her PhD. At NTNU, Karin worked on the Professor Ellen Matthies at the depart- risk assessment of CCS, oil drilling, and ment of Psychology left her position in developed ideas for the assessment of November 2011, and has now a new job marine f ecological effects in LCA. in Magdeburg, Germany.

Professor Anders Hammer Strømman Thomas Gibon has joined the Industrial The Department of Hydraulic & Environ- was honored with the Laudise Medal of Ecology programme first as researcher mental Engineering hired two new peo- the International Society for Industrial and since December 2011 as PhD stu- ple: Amund Nordli Løvik: PhD student; Ecology. This young researcher prize dent. Thomas works on a project called background in material science; is recognizes excellent research contribu- Environmental Sustainability of Low- studying alloying element accumulation tions to the field of industrial ecology Carbon Energy Technologies, financed in aluminium. and is awarded every other year. The ISIE by the Research Council of Norway. Tho- Franciska Steinhoff: Postdoc; awards committee underlined the con- mas has a bachelor in engineering from background in marine ecology; is study- tributions of Strømman in the areas of the École Centrale Paris and a Master in ing wood use in Norway and phosphorus input-output modeling, method devel- Industrial Ecology from NTNU. He has cycle in Baltic Sea basin. opment in hybrid life-cycle assessment, worked 1.5 years as a junior LCA consult- and life-cycle assessment of bioenergy. ant at Bio Intelligence Services in Paris. In September 2011, Dr. Martina Keitsch, a Congratulations to Anders! former IndEcol postdoc, joined IPD as an Former PhD student Thomas Martinsen associate professor. IndEcol says goodbye to visiting profes- has joined the faculty of the Norwegian sor Yaushi Kondo. Yasushi and his wife University of Life Sciences in Ås, where Professor Gunnar Fermann at the De- stayed in Trondheim for two years. Dur- he teaches efficient energy and resource partment of sociology and political sci- ing the 19th International Input-Output utilization and Energy systems and Tech- ence has been awarded a Fulbright Conference in June 2011, the Sir Richard nologies. In addition, he continues his Scholarship grant for 2012-13 research- Stone prize was awarded to Yasushi Kon- research and consulting work on energy ing “Energy Security and Foreign Pol- do + co-authors for their paper, Improv- system modeling. icy: Case-studies in Strategic Leader- ing the completeness of product carbon ship Comparing Norway and the United footprints using a global link input-out- Our former PostDoc, Professor Xiang- States” put model. ping Zhang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is back at NTNU and contin- Gunnar Fermann is accepted as Visiting PostDoc Karin Veltman won a Marie ues to work on CO2 capture under the Scholar to SCANCOR, Stanford University Curie Intra-European Fellowship with a BigCCS research centre. Fall 2012, and to The Norwegian Berke- research project addressing the predic- ley Center, University of California Ber- tion of the concentration of toxic effects Paul C. Stern joined the department of keley, Spring 2013. of novel chemicals in the target tissue of Psychology as an adjunct Professor in species. This work is to enhance ecologi- the summer of 2011. He is an outstand-

Industrial Ecology programme they are employed. In 2011, 16 Msc Faculty Committee: Casper Boks, IndEcol is a matrix organization coordi- degrees were awarded and 4 Master of Helge Brattebø (MSc programme di- nating teaching and research in industrial Technology (MT) student completed a rector), Gunnar Fermann, Annik ecology at the Norwegian University of thesis at IndEcol. 15 new MSc students Magerholm Fet, Edgar Hertwich (Pro- Science and Technology, NTNU. The pro- and 2 MT student were admitted. During gramme director), Christian Klöckner, gramme was initiated in 1994 on sugges- 2011, 4 dissertations were successfully Daniel Müller, Anders H. Strømman. tion of Norwegian industry. A comprehen- defended. 19 PhD students, 6 Post Docs Student representatives in 2011: sive educational curriculum was launched and 4 Researchers were affiliated with Blane Grann and Anna Karoline in 1999 and turned into an international IndEcol. 3 book chapters, 9 Accredited Petersen MSc programme in 2005. Faculty and PhD conference proceedings, 60 journal pa- PhD/PostDoc representative: students affiliated with IndEcol also be- pers, and 1 IndEcol report were published. Guillaume Majeau-Bettez long to disciplinary departments where

3 MSC PROGRAMME

NTNU’s international MSc programme in Industrial Ecology

The international MSc programme in In- Along with a large number of young pro- in-depth knowledge and skills in how to dustrial ecology (MSINDECOL) is NTNU’s fessors, post-doctoral researchers and examine and verify, according to state-of- response to the need for candidates with ph.d. students, who all actively help fa- the-art methods, improved environmen- an in-depth knowledge of industrial ecol- cilitate a good learning environment, tal impacts from systems at different lev- ogy theory, methods and applications. It the outcomes turn out to be excellent. els (innovative product systems, biofuels, is organized as an international master We are happy to observe that the major- energy systems, waste management, ur- programme, with all activities (teaching, ity of graduates from our programme ban water systems, building stocks, etc.). exercises, projects and thesis) in Eng- successfully have entered exciting jobs The cornerstone of such studies is skills lish, with the majority of students com- with industry, governmental agencies, in analytical methods such as material ing from abroad, and with a content that environmental consultants, as well as flow analysis, energy analysis, life cycle should reflect industrial ecology meth- non-governmental organizations. Due assessment, input-output analysis and ods and applications in a global perspec- to the fact that industrial ecology is a scenario analysis. We are happy to ob- tive. Not only are many of the present fairly young academic field, with a rapidly serve that NTNU is recognized to be one and future environmental problems of growing demand for methods and knowl- of the leading universities world-wide in an international or global nature, but edge, we also see that many of our best teaching and research within this field of so are modern value chains, production graduates continue doing a ph.d., in Nor- specialization. The second specialization systems, corporate strategies and own- way or abroad. offers basic knowledge in environmental ership, and not to forget, much of the en- policy, environmental psychology, envi- vironmental policies. NTNU started teaching industrial ecology ronmental management and industrial close to twenty years ago, in 1994. In 1998 design processes. Departments in the On this background, MSINDECOL is re- we were the first university in the world Social Sciences and Technology Man- cruiting students from various back- to launch a masters programme in in- agement cover most of these topics, and grounds. During the last years, about dustrial ecology, and in 2001 the first one students who specialize in this area nor- 20-25 applicants per year successfully to launch a ph.d. programme in industrial mally have a social science background entered the programme, with about two ecology. Today we see a strong and grow- from their bachelor’s degree. third coming from abroad, with the ma- ing interest for studying this field, all jority from Europe, Northern America over the world, and the reason for this, If you want to learn more about our pro- and Asia, and with a bachelor’s degree in we believe, is the need for scientifically gramme, please consult the website: Engineering, Natural Sciences, Manage- based methods, knowledge and ideas on http://www.ntnu.edu/studies/msindecol ment or Social Sciences. Hence, this is a how to improve production-consumption very broad background, but our experi- systems. At MSINDECOL students can Contact person: ence from many years of teaching is that choose between two fields of specializa- MSc Programme director/ students are highly motivated and very tion; a) Environmental Systems Analysis, Professor Helge Brattebø - much open to pushing their boundaries and b) Environmental Politics and Man- [email protected] across disciplines and cultures. agement. The first specialization offers

Graduation class 2011

4 MSC PROGRAMME

MASTER’S THESES 2011

Ocatvio Torres: Life cycle assessment of a pumped storage power plant

Nevena Gajic: Human dimensions in natural resource management for the Vosso wild salmon population -A systems thinking approach

Dina Margrethe Aspen: Indicators for managing and communicating eco-efficiency in the maritime industry

Christine Birkeland: Assessing the life cycle environmental impacts of wind power generation and power transmission in the North Sea

Kari Sørnes: Heating and ventilation of a highly energy efficient residential buildings: Environmental assessment of technology alternatives

Ida Lund Segtnan: Assessing the environmental costs and benefits of households electricity consumption management

Kristin Fjellheim: An implementation of the World Trade Model with the GTAP database

Magnus Grinde: Environmental assessment of scenarios for products and services based on forest resources in Norway

Marina Magerøy: Communication of environmental impacts through environmental product declarations

Hilde Kristine Iglebæk: The Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG) and the exclusion principles

Jiayi Yin: Carbon footprinting on carton & low carbon scenarios development

Martin H. Gallardo: Life Cycle Assessment of a set of platform chemicals (phenol compounds, solvent, soft and hard plastic precursors) from fossil and biomass scenarios

Tobin Rist: A Path to BIM-based LCA for Whole-buildings-Using Building Information Modeling (BIM) to automatically generate ILCD compliant Life Cycle Inventories

David Klar: Intergenerational Equality and Sustainable Housing – New Applications for Ecological Economics

Gifty Serwaa Mensah: Resource recovery from municipal solid waste in Kumasi

Laxmi Panthi: Carbon Footprint and Environmental Documentation of product- A Case Analysis of Road Construction

Rini Farida Rosdiany: Green procurement practice in the perspective of industrial ecology concept

Heidi Marie Karlsson: Integration of social responsibility into the Norwegian environmental certification scheme Eco-Lighthouse (Miljøfyrtårn)

Fatima Z. Kiboub: Oil and gas production waste -Case study, Best Available Technologies and shared lessons

Oddbjørn Dahlstrøm: Life-Cycle Assessment of a single-family residence built to passive house standard

Jo-Kristian S. Røttereng: Carbon Capture and Storage in a climate policy perspective: A Norwegian application

Lars Fabricius: Nanotechnology Human exposure assessment of engineered inorganic nanoparticles in food

Hrefna Rún Vignisdóttir: Life Cycle Analysis of Scenarios for the Icelandic Vehicle Fleet

Karin Sjöstrand: The effect of renovation and reconstruction on overall energy consumption and material throughput in the Norwegian residential building stock

Colton Bangs: Arming the global aluminium cycle for 2050 -Future projections and climate change mitigation

Andrea Dìaz: Social and Environmental Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management Scenarios in Cali: From Landfilling towards Integrated Recycling Schemes

Carine Grossrieder: Life-Cycle Assessment of Future High-Speed Rail in Norway

5 MSC PROGRAMME

Where do former students work?

Research Center for Mining and Metal- Doctoral study in University of Delaware, Management consultant i Capgemini Con- lurgy in Chile Santiago US, majoring in Energy and Environmental sulting. Policy. Umicore, Assitant Manager in Business Environmental specialist - serving in a Development, Hoboken, Belgium Several students are taking a PhD at German liquid food packaging corporation NTNU in the branch office in Shanghai/China. Three previous students work as advisors at MiSA (Miljøsystemanalyse/ Environ- PhD student. Thesis on transportation and Assistant Manager of Marketing and Busi- mental Systems Analysis) logistics with Edifret (French company), ness Development at Umicore in Antwerp, University of Troyes (French university) Belgium. Environmental consultant at Norwegian and NTNU Armed Forces (Forsvaret) Norwegian Institute of Wood Technology PhD, Carnegie Mellon Environmental ambassador for Statoil “Klimaløftet” (Norwegian Ministry of Innherred Trainee Programme w/Norske Environment.) Skog and Aker Kværner Emisoft

Self-employed consultant Trainee in Statkraft SWECO

Researcher at the Norwegian Defence Re- Environmental advisor in Asplan Viak Centre for CSR at BI search Establishment Scientific employee at the Dutch Compe- Norsas (Norsk kompetansesenter for av- Research assistant at department of tence Centre of Paper and Board (KCPK) fall og gjenvinning) Industrial economics and technoligi management, NTNU. QHSE (Quality, Health, Safety and Envi- The Business Sector’s NOx Fund ronmental) Engineer at Technip Norge in Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Stavanger Agency for Public Management and eGov- Directorate , Renewable energy section ernment (Difi) Xynteo What do students like about the Industrial Ecology Programme? (quotes from graduation surveys)

“The people I studied with and the teach- “Multi disciplinary background of the stu- “My classmates--there was a really high ing staff.” dents. Open to choose the subjects that density of wonderful, thoughtful people students like.” who I learned a lot from.” “Collaborating on research with my advisors, group projects for class work, and “The people. The link between problem “How fellow students with different na- social events with Symbiosis.” and solution.” tional and educational background shared my interest of environmental issues.” “I am very impressed by the openness be- “The fact that I got the chance to work with tween students and professors, and how people from different backgrounds.” “I really enjoyed the intimate graduate/ many professors are involved in their stu- post-graduate/professor contact.” dents.” “Expertise of teachers specialized in their different topics.” “The varied views of different students.” “Indecol has taught me to think in system view which is very useful to solve problem “I liked that you got a feeling of working “A good environment with interesting peo- effectively.” and studying something that is a fairly new ple and research tasks.” subject, and that by studying this we would “The multinational, multidisciplinary become almost an elite within these top- “My classmates. I think we were all mo- studying environment. It was very enrich- ics since it is not a course thought many tivated and helping each other. I also ap- ing and reviving to meet students from places.” preciated a lot the practical learning when everywhere with different backgrounds, doing the master thesis and the outstand- it contributed largely to the success and “Possibility to learn an incipient discipline ing advice give, by my advisor, all along the popularity of the program.” with the most renown experts in the field, thesis.” which also, are kind, supportive and kind.” “The researches done and closeness to the newest in the field.” “Social environment was very good, thanks to symbiosis. Learning environment was “International, interdisciplinary.” also good.” “Good academic quality. Nice people.”

6 MSC PROGRAMME

Symbiosis - The Association of Industrial Ecology Students at NTNU

Three years since its inception, With the incoming batch of 2011 companies to present to students. Symbiosis continues to play an in- students, the board organized a We also started up the Green Drinks tegral role in improving the social grand welcome week celebration in chapter in Trondheim and kicked off and academic experience for In- the last week of August. The week our first event right after Miljøda- dustrial Ecology students studying included great events to break the gen, which proved to be a great suc- at NTNU. We have organized many ice and help students from both cess. Green Drinks events already social events and helped ease the years get to know each other. We happen in over 780 cities around the transition for newly arriving pro- planned parties, games, hikes and world, and Symbiosis is proud to or- gram students. This year, we’ve barbecues, ending off with the much ganize these events to promote net- also put more effort into promoting awaited cabin trip to working amongst the environmental awareness of Industrial Ecology be- Heinfjordstua. community in Trondheim. yond our program by engaging with companies, organizations, and other Symbiosis also helped organ- To help students find jobs, Sym- student groups. ize many cultural events amongst biosis also held a career planning our students to promote cultural workshop. We’ve also tried to in- exchange. Events ranged from a crease our online presence this year The current board organized it’s workshop on how to cook Chinese by creating a new website and being first social event for the Norwegian dumplings, to Bollywood parties, to more active on Facebook and Linke- Constitution Day on the 17th of May, eating Får i Kål. To bring in some dIn. All in all, it’s been a great year where we made a traditional Norwe- festive cheer right before the exams, filled with many memorable mo- gian breakfast for our members and Symbiosis also organized a Christ- ments in Symbiosis. then walked through the national mas Workshop. Symbiosis will soon day parade through the city center. be going on its annual Åre ski trip, The board also organized a formal which is one of the most anticipated farewell dinner for the graduating social events of the year. IndEcolers. Throughout the year, Symbiosis continued to plan weekly In addition to planning social ac- Contact information: Wednesday Night Socials, which tivities, Symbiosis also put great [email protected] were a tradition passed down from effort into external outreach this previous years. year. In late October, we organized Homepage: the Miljødagen career fair, where www.ntnusymbiosis.com we invited environmentally-focused

7 PHD PROGRAMME Postgraduate School of Industrial Ecology 2011 - written by Thomas Gibon, PhD

For the third time the Postgraduate latest research. After that, students age-oriented characterization fac- School of Industrial Ecology offered were rapidly introduced to input-out- tors, uncertainty, use of up-to-date PhD students the opportunity to get put analysis and hybrid life-cycle as- methods (ReCiPe and USETox) and introduced to the latest advances in sessment, via numerous examples. policy relevancy of life-cycle assess- industrial ecology, and life-cycle as- The last day was dedicated to alloca- ment. Passing the course requires sessment in particular. The course tion approaches. attending the lectures and delivering was also open to a few master stu- a course paper. Academic students dents and young professionals. The In addition to the lecturing by Edgar obtain 7,5 credits for passing the course was held from 3rd - 14th Hertwich, guest lecturers were in- course. of October, and during these two vited every day to show the students weeks, the participants were invited the current subjects of research at The participants to the PSIE 2011 at NTNU to be presented with core NTNU and how they relate to the come from a very wide range of uni- concepts in life-cycle assessment, course topics. Throughout the week, versities, research institutes and such as input-output analysis, hybrid Thomas Gibon, Anders Arvesen, Guil- companies around the world. From assessment and life-cycle impact laume Majeau-Bettez and Francesco agriculture to information technol- assessment. Cherubini hence came to lecture on ogy, from India to Japan, these stu- their own research, respectively on dents have diverse backgrounds, During the first week, Edgar Hert- energy systems, wind energy, trun- with environmental impact assess- wich gave lectures on the modeling cation bias in life-cycle assessment ment as a common field. Such di- of product systems, as well as meth- and allocation methods. versity successfully brings pertinent odological issues in life-cycle as- and vivid questions: in the light of sessment: allocation, attributional Mark Huijbregts, from Radboud Uni- life-cycle assessment, a multidisci- vs. consequential LCA and recycling versity Nijmegen in the Netherlands, plinary environment indeed leads to approaches. All students were first took over for the second week during intense and interesting discussions. required to prepare a presentation of which the students were introduced their own research in order to “break to life-cycle impact assessment and The number of students attending the ice” and foster interaction within the cause-effect-damage chains of the course was intentionally limited the group. Classes then focused on environmental systems. Key meth- to 30 to facilitate these interactions. introducing students to the life-cycle odological aspects that were ad- Parallel to the course itself, social approach, through the presentation dressed all along this second week events were arranged for everyone to both of fundamental notions and include deriving impact- or dam- enjoy their stay and discover Trond- heim and its surroundings. Those included an evening in a traditional “hytte” (cabin), with dinner, games and music; a concert at Studentersamfundet (Trondheim student association’s headquar- ters) held in the context of the biannual UKA student festival, as well as more casual dinners and strolling in the streets of Trond- heim. All in all, it is fair to say that all participants’ experience in Trondheim was fantastic, both from a professional and personal perspectives, ensuring a solid ground for a perennial concept.

The PSIE group at the student cabin

8 RESEARCH RESEARCH Large differences found in municipal carbon footprints - by Hogne Nersund Larsen

10 w ealthiest High avail- Medium avail- Low avail- municipalities able funds able funds able funds

0 2 3 4 5 6 10 10 10 10 10 Population In my thesis, Developing consumption- 3 based greenhouse gas accounts -The carbon footprint of local public service provi- 2 Carbon Footprint sion in Norway, I investigate the carbon 0.360 - 0.494 footprint of municipal service provision. 0.494 - 0.536 Results show surprisingly large differ- 1 0.536 - 0.576 ences. 0.576 - 0.633

equivalents percapita] 0.633 - 0.699 2 0 -2 0 2 4 0.699 - 0.771 10 10 10 10 0.771 - 0.855 The thesis describes the development 2 Density [population per km ] 0.855 - 0.947 and application of a tool to assess and 3 0.947 - 1.136 document the life cycle greenhouse gas 1.136 - 2.922 emissions of municipalities. The model is linked to the financial accounting system 2 of municipalities to calculate the Carbon Footprint (CF) of all purchases/activities 1 made. In particular indirect emissions (Scope 3 according to the greenhouse CarbonFootprint [tonnes COof gas (GHG) protocol) will effectively be ac- 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 counted for with this system. Consump- Availible fund indicator 2 tion-based accounting is often considered to be a superior measure of sustainability, as it includes upstream emissions and, 1 at the same time, excludes emissions from industry activities whose output is consumed elsewhere. This causes a consumption-based inventory to perform 0 2 3 4 5 6 well in capturing both outsourcing of mu- 10 10 10 10 10 Population nicipal responsibilities and handling fluc- tuations in local industry activities. The results are illustrated in the figure. on the merging of smaller municipalities When we apply the model to municipali- Two interesting findings are made; first, into larger ones. ties we find results in the range of 0.36 to increased population and density seem 2.9 tonnes of CO2 equivalents per capita. to lower the carbon footprint, but only up Figure: The large differences found were quite to a certain size. Once a municipality has Municipal Carbon Footprint results for surprising. All municipalities have the reached a size of a Norwegian medium 2007 compared to population, density, same set of responsibilities in providing sized city at around 20 000 inhabitants, available funds and fund adjusted popu- public services to their inhabitants, and no clear advantages seem to result from lation. Map provided by Statens Kartverk. differences close to a factor of 10 were not increasing the size further. Second, the expected. Because of this we wanted to go degree of wealth seems to heavily influ- more into detail on why some municipali- ence the carbon footprint, perhaps not ties have substantial higher carbon foot- very surprising using a consumption- print than others. In the figure we provide based perspective. However, the bottom- a color map that gives some indications; left part of the figure illustrate the results large, low density, inland municipalities detrended by the wealth factor, and still Contact person: tend to have quite high carbon footprint. we find that population is important in de- Hogne Nersund Larsen In order to investigate this further we termining the per-capita municipal car- Partner and Senior Advisor compare the per-capita footprints to a set bon footprint. These findings could play a MiSA - Environmental Systems Analysis of municipal characteristics; population, significant role in the ongoing discussions [email protected] density and wealth.

9 RESEARCH

Environmental Systems Analysis of Road Transportation Based on Boreal Forest Biofuels – Case Studies and Scenarios for Nordic Europe - by Ryan M. Bright In the figure presented below, one may An invaluable insight gained from the the- observe the contributions from these sis is that assessing the climate perform- three elements for a scenario in which ad- ance of biofuels (or any bioenergy product) ditional forest biomass is extracted from sourced from boreal forest biomass re- Norwegian forests every year for the pro- quires more than a simple summation of duction of biodiesel (a volume equivalent GHG emissions over the life-cycle. Forest to about 1/3rd the current domestic con- dynamics must be taken into considera- sumption of diesel in road transport) and tion to quantify land-use related climate assuming a 1-to-1 diesel substitution rate. impacts, both in terms of atmosphere- Climate impacts are measured in terms biosphere CO2 flux timing and in terms of of the time-integrated radiative forc- vegetation change as it affects the albedo ing (“iRF”) potential of changes to these time profile. As the analysis presented three constituents over 100 years relative above implies, robust assessments of the to a Business-as-Usual (“BAU”) scenario climate consequences of expanded use of Road transportation is a sector heavily re- whereby fossil diesel consumption levels biofuels and bioenergy sourced from Nor- liant on liquid petroleum fuels. Demand in road transportation remain constant. dic forest biomass will require spatially for road transportation, in particular pri- and temporally-explicit modeling consid- vate vehicle transport, is persistently in- Life-cycle GHG emissions from fossil fuel erations. creasing in Nordic regions. Motivated by consumption decrease relative to BAU; concerns over climate change and peak however, due to the low efficiency at oil, many regions are seeking lower-car- which energy in forest wood is converted Contact person: bon renewable-based alternatives like bi- to biodiesel, biogenic CO2 emissions (and Ryan M. Bright ofuels. In Nordic regions, the boreal forest thus the corresponding climate forcing) Post-Doc offers a vast resource base from which op- increase relative to a BAU scenario. One Industrial Ecology, NTNU portunities to produce a generous supply may also observe the strong cooling ef- [email protected] of biofuels are afforded. However, unlike fect from albedo changes in forests, as the petroleum based fuels, biofuels and their mean annual albedo is significantly higher attributes are not uniform; they can be on clear-cut areas relative to forested ar- produced from multiple feedstocks and via eas, particularly during the presence of a variety of processing methods and tech- snow in winter. The net total change nologies – some of which are less environ- in climate impact from the forest biofuel Figure: Time-integrated radiative forcing mentally benign than others. There is thus (iRF) impacts associated with replacing a need to holistically evaluate prospective scenario relative to the BAU scenario is a ~38 PJ/yr. of fossil diesel with wood-based biofuel production technologies and sys- slight cooling over 80 years. However, the diesel in Norwegian road transport. tem designs to ensure that the more sus- contribution from albedo cooling is highly tainable alternatives are embraced. region-specific and introduces significant uncertainty into the scenario (yellow).

In the PhD thesis, the main objective was to acquire deeper insight into the climate change impacts and mitigation potentials of forest-based biofuels. Taking a life cycle perspective was fundamental to all analyses in the thesis to ensure holistic evaluation and avoid problem shifting. In other words, climate impacts from all processing and consumption steps of the forest-biofuel supply chain were assessed in the thesis. These climate impacts are essentially attributed to three factors: 1) the amount of fossil fuels consumed and the associated GHGs emitted throughout the life-cycle; 2) the amount of CO2 emitted stemming from biogenic sources, i.e., carbon contained in the forest biomass feedstock or biofuel product which is oxi- dized during processing or combustion; 3) changes in surface solar reflectance properties (albedo) within the forest when forests are clear-cut harvested to produce biofuels.

10 RESEARCH

Agent-Based Modelling and Simulation of Clean Heating System Adoption in Norway - by Bertha Maya Sopha

I nt rod u c ti o n: Methodological approach: An interdis- micro-levels. A set of scenarios have been Space heating is ciplinary approach, applying established selected and suggested that the potential the single most theories from various disciplines, i.e. interventions toward higher adoption of energy con- technology management, psychology, wood-pellet heating includes relative ad- suming process and complex system, to provide a more vantages of wood-pellet heating and si- in Norwegian comprehensive conceptual model of Nor- multaneous development of wood-pellet households and wegian households’ decision-making of heating (supporting Diffusion of Innovation co n s e q u e n t ly a heating system. The conceptual model, theory and hypothesis from wood-pellet have an impor- which was built based on theoretical con- heating literatures respectively), whereas tant role when sideration and empirical findings from focusing norms/values is not a promising environmental both the literatures and this research, was intervention (in line with the finding from impacts from implemented in Agent-Based Modelling the empirical analysis). energy production and consumption is to (ABM). Empirical ABM, parameterized by be reduced. The convergence toward a an empirical survey, simulates diffusion Interdisciplinary aspect within industrial sustainability path therefore depends, to resulted from decentralized heterogene- ecology: This research has integrated a great extent, on the diffusion of environ- ous households’ decision-making and so- various competences at Industrial Ecol- mentally friendly heating technologies. In cial interaction. ogy Programme such as psychology and Norway, supply security of electricity has technology management, to allow multiple become an issue and is likely to be sus- Data: Data used for the research was perspectives and richer insights of various tained in the future. The Norwegian gov- based on a mail survey, carried out in aspects; technical, economical, psycho- ernment has thus attempted to reduce autumn 2008 and specifically designed logical, and social factors, in examining a oil-based heating system and electricity to acquire empirical facts of households’ problem. Agent-Based Modelling (ABM), consumption by supporting more sustain- decision-making and to validate simula- one of modelling tools in Industrial Ecol- able heating technologies. Subsidising tion model. Survey sample consisted of ogy, is coupled with empirical research of air-to-air heat pumps kick-started the 1500 Norwegian households drawn from and demonstrates a resounding success diffusion of these and this is continued population register and 1500 wood pellet of its application, hence deserving to be even after the subsidy was stopped. How- users in Norway. The response rates were exercised in a different domain. In turn, ever, similar subsidises did not lead to a 19.4% and 44.6% for population sample one of the findings indicates that Norwe- significant diffusion of wood-pellet heat- and wood-pellet sample respectively. gian households have different perception ing. This research aims at gaining a better of which environmental friendly heating understanding of consumers’ decision- Major findings: The research conveys system highlights the necessity of a study making on heating systems and to assess findings from both empirical analysis and on environmental performance of various the potential application of Agent-Based simulation study. Major findings from the heating system options in Norway using Modelling (ABM) in exploring mechanism empirical analysis show that, in addition LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) which has underlying adoption in which heating sys- to socio-demographic factor, both infor- been one of core competences at Indus- tem adoption by Norwegian households mation and functional reliability are im- trial Ecology Programme. Although chal- is taken up as a case study. The research portant features in decision-making of a lenging, interdisciplinary study is essen- contributes particularly to the understand- heating system. Moreover, using an inte- tial because sustainability issue to which ing of households’ decision-making on a grated psychological model, this research Industrial Ecology refers IS a complex sys- heating system, which factors; technical, provides evidence that adoption decision tem. economic-demographical, social, and psy- of wood-pellet heating is a deliberative chological, are crucial in heating system decision. Simulation results demonstrate Contact person: decision-making, and which potential in- that the generated data from simulation Bertha Maya Sopha terventions leading to higher adoption of is reasonably able to generate independ- [email protected] clean heating system. ent historical data at both macro- and

Figure: Left: Scenario results for wood- pellet heating adoption in Nor- way (2001–2020). Right: Spatial result for scenario of simultaneous development (red: electric heating, yellow: heat pump, green: wood-pellet heating)

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Environmental evaluation of carbon capture and storage technology and large scale deployment scenarios - by Bhawna Singh

Carbon Capture Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is terrestrial ecotoxicity by 60-120%, and and Storage (CCS) well-established and best suited for such freshwater eutrophication by 60-200% is a technology to analysis. for the different technologies. capture CO2 from However, since climate change due flue gas or CO2 The results of the study reveal that the to global warming is attributed as the rich stream and CCS systems achieve a significant reduc- maximum damage causing impact, the sequester it away tion of greenhouse gas emissions but end-point damage assessment confirms from atmosphere. have multiple environmental trade-offs that CCS systems greatly reduce human When used in power depending on the technology. The imple- health damage and ecosystem damage. plants, it reduces mentation of CCS reduces the greenhouse CO2 emissions from gas emissions by 74%, 78%, and 76% The results for environmental evolution of electricity genera- from coal systems with post-combustion, CCS systems show that the future tech- tion while continuing the use of fossil fuels pre-combustion, and oxyfuel capture, re- no-economic developments will enable required to satisfy the increasing energy spectively. For natural gas CCS systems, a significant reduction of about 30% for demand. However, CCS is an energy in- the reduction in GHGs is 68%, 64%, and coal and 20% for natural gas fuel by 2050 tensive process, and demands additional 73% for post-combustion, pre-combus- across all impact categories. The infor- energy, chemicals and infrastructure. The tion, and oxyfuel capture, respectively. mation so obtained, coupled with the elec- capture processes may also have certain For cases with CCS, a major portion of tricity scenarios brings an understanding direct emissions to air (NH3, aldehydes, GWP (52-73%) for natural gas emanates of the environmental implications of large solvent vapor etc.) and generate solid from the fuel production chain, and 17- scale deployment of carbon capture and wastes from degradation byproducts. A 42% from the power plant. For coal CCS storage technology and show the clear trade-off in environmental impacts is ex- systems, fuel combustion is still the ma- advantage of ACTmap and BLUEmap sce- pected, and with the large-scale applica- jor source of GWP (52-56%). There is a net narios (mitigation scenarios with global tion of CCS needed to make any significant increase in all other environmental im- CCS integration) over the Baseline sce- reduction in CO2 emissions, these poten- pact categories except some reduction (7- nario having significantly lower impact tial trade-offs can become enormous in 15%) in acidification (TAP) and particulate potential scores for all impact and dam- magnitude. Therefore a systematic proc- formation (PMFP) for post-combustion age categories from coal and natural gas ess of evaluation of complete life cycle for coal CCS system due to co-capture of SO2 based electricity generation. all available CCS options and large-scale and particulates from the flue gas. Hu- CCS deployment scenarios is needed. Life man toxicity impact increases by 40-75%, This research work evaluates and com- pares different CCS options for coal and natural gas, discussing various trade- offs and net-benefits. This information brings a holistic environmental understanding of CCS as necessary to avoid any problem shifting (as with bio-fuels shifting problem to food-crop land-use). The study also discusses the environmental relevance of CCS in more understandable terms of damages to human health, ecosystem and resource depletion, thus facilitating the decision makers to derive policies for sustainable development. The study represents an early application of end-point indicators from the ReCiPe method, giving simple and comprehensi- ble results, and justifies a dual-approach for environmental assessments, present- ing mid-point results to understand environmental potentials and identification of key areas to reduce the adverse impacts and end-point results to present compre- hensible information to decision makers. This study also presents a methodological framework for futuristic assessment and scenario assessments incorporating the learning in processes, influence on background processes, variable demand etc.

Figure: Global Warming Potential (GWP) for 1 kWh electricity generation

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Research activities related to the built environment

One of the applied areas of industrial We also find ourselves in a shift from de- software that is used for cost-benefit as- ecology research at NTNU is built en- signing zero and plus houses, towards sessment in early-stage planning of roads vironment, with a variety of research working on sustainable neighborhoods in Norway. On this background we were projects examining sustainability issues and cities. Getting people to cluster to- selected as partner with KTH Stockholm, of buildings and infrastructure, i.e. vari- gether is necessary in order to reach sus- for development of a similar tool, in the ous subsystems of the construction sec- tainable societies in the future. But can LICCER project funded by the roadERAnet tor. Below are given key information about also be highly unsustainable when imple- programme (Energy - Sustainability and some of the research activities in two of mented wrong. To understand the dynam- Energy Efficient Management of Roads) the groups active in this area. ics and thresholds of neighborhoods and funded by Germany, Denmark, Ireland, cities is thus of high importance for a vi- Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and United The Building and Material Technology able and sustainable future. Kingdom. This work builds upon research research group by PhD-student Johanne Hammervold. The Industrial ecology in environmental Contact person: Associate Professor Rolf engineering research group A third example is research on energy André Bohne, Dept. of Civil and Transport flows and GHG emissions from the na- Engineering - [email protected] Contact person: Professor Helge Brattebø, tional Norwegian stock of residential Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental buildings. Our research portfolio in this The Building and Material Technology re- Engineering - [email protected] area includes work by several PhD and search group had a busy year during 2011. MSc students, over the last years, and Not only were the research and teach- The group has strengthened its built envi- has benefitted from the use of dynamic ing activities growing, we also join forces ronment research focus during 2011. The MFA models in combination with the use with another research group, the “Project research aims to understand medium and of type-age matrix housing typologies. Our management and construction engineer- long term strategies for transition to more current research strategy is to study more ing”, to form a new research group called sustainable solutions for building stock in-depth the characteristics and dynamics “Building and Construction Engineering”. and infrastructure systems, using meth- of segments of the building stock, linking ods from the field of industrial ecology, this to renovation strategies, and advanc- Viable construction is the main theme for such as MFA, LCA and LCC, in combination ing our modeling methods by developing the new research group. The requirement with dynamic analysis and scenario mod- more precise typologies for the Norwe- of sustainability has implications on the eling. Much of the research is addressing gian housing stock, in collaboration with choice of measures, in order for the in- urban systems and solutions. research partners in the EU7FP TABULA vestments the project represents, to se- project who have been developing such cure the overall largest possible net ben- One example is our participation in the typologies for other European countries. efits. Focus should therefore be economic, EU7FP TRUST project (TRansitions to This work builds upon previous research social and environmental benefits. the Urban water Services of Tomorrow), by PhD-students Håvard Bergsdal, Igor launched in May 2011, where NTNU has Sartori, Stefan Pauliuk and Nina Sand- The research group develop systems, poli- the main role in developing a Metabo- berg. cies, methods, tools and techniques that lism Model concept for the urban wa- are used by Norwegian and international ter cycle systems, so that future strate- The final example is research on Sustain- industrial project owners, consultants, gies and solutions for infrastructure and able Neighborhoods, where our group is contractors and property managers. One governance intervention options within partner in an interdisciplinary project for example of this is the Concept project the water and wastewater sector can be the assessment of how to develop a green- where research has influenced govern- quantitatively analysed with respect to field urban local area, Brøset, in Trondhe- ment projects in Canada, China, Germany all resource inflows (energy, materials, im. Our role is to examine how strategies and Denmark in their implementation of a chemicals), wastes and emissions, and re- for urban infrastructure solutions should quality assurance system. source recovery, including their economic, be chosen, under the premises of low- environmental and social impacts. The carbon emission targets. This work builds 2011 was a busy year for the research work builds upon previous studies of the upon research by PhD-student Helene group, as demand for our expertise in city of Oslo, and the doctoral thesis of G. Slagstad. building and construction engineering is Venkatesh, who is now a post-doc in the increasing as the society realizes that civil TRUST project. engineering is of utmost importance and play a key role in creating a sustainable Another example is research for the road future. Tunnels - especially for Hi-speed authorities. In the ETSI project we have railways, zero-emission buildings, as well developed an LCA-model for a detailed as renovation and retrofitting of existing analysis of road bridge designs, for the na- buildings are all activities we are involved tional road authorities in Finland, Sweden, with at the moment. The combination of Denmark and Norway. This tool is now to building and construction engineering be implemented in practice, in order to with new digital tools and methods will help bridge designers improve the life cy- make powerful tools in creating more vi- cle solutions and environmental qualities able solutions for the future. It is not only of bridges. We also developed a module a matter of choosing the right projects, but for analysis of life cycle carbon emissions also of doing them right. of road systems, as part of the EFFEKT

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Different ongoing projects on Environment, CSR and Sustainable Development at IØT-NTNU

Innovation in Global Maritime CSR as a Strategic Tool for Sustain- companies as they conduct their first Production - 2020 (IGLO-MP2020) ability Focused Innovation in Small cleaner production assessments. The (website: www.iglo-mp2020.no ) and Medium Sized Enterprises project has involved researchers from Project period: 2008-2012 Project period: 2010-2012 NTNU, from Denmark and France.

IGLO-MP 2020 is a knowledge-building This project is a collaboration between project with user involvement (KMB) the Norwegian School of business (BI), Biochar on acidic agricultural lands with collaboration between the Norwe- University of Stavanger and NTNU. The in South-East Asia: Sequestering gian University of Science and Technol- project is headed by BI. The primary ob- carbon and improving crop yield ogy (NTNU), Marintek and the industrial jective of the project is to strengthen the Project period: 2010 - 2013 partners Ulstein International AS, Pon insight into how CSR contributes to sus- Power AS, Siemens AS and Fiskerstrand tainable innovation in small and medium NTNU will in particular contribute to Verft AS. The project draws on the exper- sized enterprises and to contribute to Work Package 6 with our expertise and tise in international institutions, on Roll building a Norwegian competency clus- experiences on LCA and its application on Royce Maritime and the Norwegian Cent- ter capable of advising industry and pol- social aspects as well as the traditional er of Expertise Maritime in Ålesund (NCE icy-makers in this field. The secondary environmental LCA. A special focus will Maritime). The overall focus of this KMB objective include the following: 1)To push be on the development of environmental is to strengthen the competitive capabili- the research frontier in the field and con- and social life cycle assessment for ap- ties of the Norwegian maritime industry tribute to the international literature; 2) plication on biochar, especially its con- in order to improve competitiveness. At the level of business, to contribute tribution to the development of impact IGLO-MP 2020 has identified a few key to useful practical insight into manage- assessment and weight models for land areas and themes, which the consortium ment tools, technology development ap- use areas. NTNU will further contribute members perceive as critical for future proaches and innovation oriented busi- to the use of life cycle management and development and sustainability of the ness models for SMEs; 3) At the level of systems engineering in new project ar- maritime industry in Norway. These are policy: to suggest additional policy tools eas. elements which are believed to provide and approaches to further innovation, Norwegian ship owners, ship designers, sustainability and economic growth. The ship consultants and maritime equip- project is financed by Norges Forskning- ShipSoft ment suppliers with competitive advan- sråd. Project ShipSoft is a preliminary project tages in years to come. where the opportunities for integrating system analyses in marine systems de- Harmonization of PCR and EPD, sign is explored. By investigating the in- organized through EPD-Norge formational, computational and analyti- Sustainable Development, Produc- Project period: 2011 cal requirements for assessing marine tion and Communication in Hungary. design, opportunities and barriers for Project period: 2008-2011 This project is a collaboration between adopting such methods in the industry NTNU, Sintef Byggforsk and Østfoldfors- is identified. The project is connected to This is a project financed by the Norway kning. The aim of the project is to develop IGLO-MP 2020 with partners from Ul- Grant mechanisms to Hungary. The Nor- guidelines for development of product stein Design and Solutions, Pon Power, wegian contributions are on the topics category rules (PCR) and environmen- Fiskerstrand Shipyard and Fjord1. The “From Environmental Product Declara- tal product declarations (EPDs) with the project period spans from 2011-2012. tions to Product Development in SMEs”, goal to make EPDs comparable for prod- and “Environmental Management in Glo- ucts with similar functional unit. The bal Value Chains”. The project activities project is financed through EPD Norge. CSR Competence Network have focused on training session for in- CSR Competence network aims to industrial participants from SMEs on how crease the CSR-competence in the in- Cleaner Technology and Environ- tersection between education, research to develop Product Category Rules (PCR) mental Management (CTEM), and Environmental Product Declarations Environment Urban Sector Program and the industry. The network is a col- (EPD) and transfer of experience be- Support, Ministry of Economic laboration-project between companies tween Norwegian and Hungarian practi- Affairs; Bhutan. and knowledge partners from the region, tioners EPD, their use in marketing and Project period: 2009 – 2010. where seminars, lectures and work- in product development. Through work- shops are used to share and create new shops case-examples from Norwegian This project in Bhutan is sponsored by knowledge within the field. The network and Hungarian industries are debated. Danida to introduce concepts of cleaner was established in 2011 and will last until Results are presented in seminar and in technology and environmental manage- 2012. (website: www.csr-norway.no) papers for scientific Journals. ment (CTEM). The industry sectors include wood, food, cement, mining, steel and ferrous alloys. Over twenty compa- Contact person: nies have participated. A generic guide- Professor Annik Magerholm Fet line has been created, based on similar [email protected] projects in Norway, to assist these

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Dina Margrethe Aspen Laxmi Panthi Marina Magerøy

Dina graduated from the MSc - Laxmi also graduated from the MSC - Marina also graduated from the MSc- programme in 2011 and is currently programme in 2011, and is currently programme in 2011, and is currently work- working as a PhD student at the IØT- working as a research assistant at the ing as a Higher Executive Officer at the department,NTNU. IØT-department, NTNU. Health Environment and Safety Division at NTNU . Asked of why she wanted to do a ca- ”The MSc programme at NTNU gave me an reer at NTNU Dina says; “My initial plan opportunity to further specialize in the envi- Asked of what she has learned from the was to get some work experience and ronmental politics and management. Having MSc programme in Industrial Ecology,she perspectives before I came back to do a gained knowledge on both environmental says: ”The Industrial Ecology programme PhD. However, the combination of a very analysis and environmental policy & man- has given me a holistic and interdisciplinary motivating supervisor and an interesting agement, I can now contribute significantly view on sustainability. Even though I have research project made me pursue this in making environmental strategy planning specialized in environmental management track immediately after my master. I find ranging from organizational level to the na- I have the knowledge and understanding of it quite surrealistic that as a PhD you are tional level.” the analytical methods and tools which I feel allowed to spend 3-4 years diving into a gives me a professional advantage within the project of our own interest where the ul- Asked of what she has learned in the MSc sustainability field.” timate goal is to develop new knowledge programme that makes her attractive on - and get paid for it!” the job market, and in reaserach, she says: Asked of why she ended up at NTNU after The holistic approach of industrial ecology she graduated she says:“It was incidental Dinas main focus in her PhD thesis is helps to understand environmental cause that I ended up with NTNU as an employer, to look into how one can integrate the effect relations with clear view on how to but working for such a big and diverse or- perspectives, methods and models minimize environmental problems. My ganization has been very interesting and from Industrial Ecology in a marine prior knowledge on natural resource man- instructive. My job at NTNU has given me design context; “The maritime industry agement and social anthropology are also the opportunity to put knowledge learned has a great potential at using life cycle helping me to better understand the theme through the Industrial Ecology masters and management approaches in early deci- of Industrial Ecology discipline, meaning In- the environmental management courses sion-making processes. However since dustrial system should mimic the balance into practice. I am currently assisting NTNU marine systems are large and complex, system of natural ecosystem to continue the in developing an environmental policy. operate in the interface between air and world on sustainable basis and it is the so- Among my tasks have been to map the cur- water and have long service lives, there cial responsibility of economic actors on so- rent environmental efforts of the university, are many challenges at managing their ciety to take care of the earth for its sustain- look at how other universities are organizing sustainability performances. Luckily, I’m ability. Therefore, I have belief and confident their environmental work and to provide a working with highly motivated and inno- that my knowledge of industrial ecology can presentation of various choices of ambition vative companies. After my thesis, I am contribute in environmental research activi- levels for environmental goals and the con- eager to get some practical work experi- ties. Thus, I accepted happily to work as a sequences of each choice.” ence but wish to maintain my affiliation Research assistant at NTNU. with academia.” Professor Annik Magerholm Fet manages that we need in the research projects. It is quite important to recruit the research group within environmental IE students to these projects as they have the skills and knowledge management and corporate social responsi- that is quite requested by industry both in their daily work as well as bility (EMCSR) at the department of industri- in more proactive project activities that help the company to move al economics and technology management, forward. The students are also excellent candidates for relevant IØT, at NTNU. The group works to improve multidisciplinary PhD-programs due to their ability to understand decision-making in industries by integrating systems behaviour, system interactions and their impacts.” the tools and methods from IE.

Our role relative to industrial ecology is to operationalize the Fet tries to include students from the IE program into her re- principles and practices from this discipline in order to enable in- search projects from the very beginning. “I try to involve the stu- dustries to implement them. Our recent research projects involve dents in these projects as early as possible. In the course TIØ companies from the maritime sector, the sector for production of 4195; Environmental management and corporate governance, common goods like the furniture sector and suppliers to the built the students get the chance to collaborate in groups with a real environment, and the food sector where we currently work on a case study. We also connect students to case companies when carbon footprint standard for the fishery sector. working on their project and master theses. In addition, the ap- prentice program has been quite successful for the students that Her experience from managing industrial sustainability projects apply for project within this field - they all become active in ongo- is that IE skills and knowledge are highly requested by industry. ing research projects through this program.” “The students from the Industrial ecology program have the skills

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Design for Sustainable Behaviour

At the Department of Product Design inform, persuade or force sustainable doc, joined IPD as an associate profes- (IPD), one of the main research themes behaviour. This process of selecting, gen- sor, and her experience with the interface related to industrial ecology is design for erating and exchanging case study data between industrial ecology, sustainable sustainable behaviour; a theme that is is still rather unorganized and ad-hoc, design and social sciences is a welcome gaining research interest fast. Design re- but this is largely an unavoidable conse- contribution towards building up and ex- searchers increasingly acknowledge the quence of an immature research area try- tending our research activities. importance of their potential role; through ing to mature. design they can have a profound influence in altering users’ behaviour into more IPD aims to build up a leading position in sustainable behaviour and consumption this emerging research field, and we are patterns. As a result, fuelled by dedicated well on the way. Three PhD projects are Contact Person: conference sessions, international work- strongly related to this theme. Ida Nilstad Professor Casper Boks shops and a number of pioneering journal Pettersen has done extensive case stud- [email protected] articles, all of which IPD has been visibly ies related to dishwashing, entertainment involved in, in recent years a ‘design for and heat regulation products, in an effort sustainable behaviour’ research com- to better understand and describe the munity has developed. In earlier years of social practices related to them and the ecodesign research, attention for the use industry’s ability and willingness to invest phase has mainly focused on using tech- in doing so. Funded by a NFR project, Kirsi nology to achieve increased resource use Laitala, employed by SIFO, addresses a efficiency. Now it is understood that by range of practices relevant for clothing understanding user behaviour, and using design including how and why people buy, that in design solutions including shapes, wash, dry, keep, repair and throw away colours, affordances, ‘nudges’ and so on, clothes. One of the aims of the research of up to 30% ‘additional’ savings in for ex- Johannes Zachrisson is to develop a guide ample energy or water consumption may to help designers in selecting appropriate be achieved. Research into Design for design strategies for influencing user be- sustainable behaviour strategies aims at haviour. His research is partly inspired by exploring design strategies for reducing the work of IndEcol colleague Christian behaviour-related environmental impacts Klöckner and his colleagues, and recently of product and systems, although they he has started a project with CenBio and have also been proposed for more gen- Jøtul to identify opportunities for design- eral applications to persuade users into ing wood stoves that facilitate appropriate more socially desirable behavioural pat- firing behaviour. This is a relevant project, terns. This ‘design for sustainable behav- because research shows that many Nor- iour’ community embraces insights from wegians are either too ignorant or too a various relevant scientific fields, such as lazy to fire wood in an environmentally social psychology, persuasive technology, responsible way – or it is just too difficult sustainable consumption, industrial ecol- for them. ogy, stakeholder analysis and interaction design. Also within these fields, interest The research group at IPD is making an in looking at design as a possible source effort to disseminate this new perspective for solutions is growing, creating a mutual in sustainable product design; for exam- cross-fertilisation of ideas and concepts. ple through a Technoport Talk presentation in May, which can be seen on YouTube On-going research focuses on exploring (just google ‘Casper Boks’ and ‘Design for relevant concepts and disciplines to pro- Sustainable Behaviour’), and Johannes vide an understanding of relevant user, Zachrisson’s participation in the Norwe- product and system aspects that need to gian ‘Forsker Grand Prix’ competition, be studied and incorporated into design where PhD students pitch their research strategies for sustainable behaviour – ul- in front of a general audience. The group timately to facilitate the successful appli- is supervised by Professor Casper Boks, cation thereof. Attempts to conceptualize, who, just before the end of the year, man- frame and structure research constructs, aged to grab a Best Paper Award at the influencing factors, and strategies are biannual EcoDesign2011 conference in abundant, but results thereof are not es- Japan for his paper titled “Design for tablished yet as a common language that Sustainable Behaviour Research Chal- facilitates research progress. In recent lenges”. years also several case studies have been published focusing on the collection of More importantly, in September 2011, Dr. relevant data for designing solutions that Martina Keitsch, a former IndEcol post-

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Lifecycle assessment of batteries for electric vehicles

The world seems posed for another boom We assessed a nickel metal hydride (NiMH) on Li-NCM batteries. in passenger car and light-duty vehicle battery and two different types of lithium- ownership. Simultaneously, the green- ion batteries, respectively based on nick- Our work culminated this year in the pub- house gas emissions and local air pollu- el-cobalt-manganese oxide (Li-NCM) and lication of an article in Environmental Sci- tion caused by these vehicles has already iron phosphate (Li-FP) electrodes. Our ence and Technology and in the inclusion reached unsustainable levels. In this con- study covers the whole production chain of our results in the inventory of a com- text, electric vehicles (EV) have recently and the use of the batteries. Even though plete electric vehicle, which is currently stirred much public, political and scientific no emissions occur during the use-phase, undergoing peer-review with the Journal interest. All hope in the deus ex machina the batteries waste different amounts of of Industrial Ecology. We are currently tak- of a technological breakthrough. electricity depending on their efficiency ing the first steps towards a closer part- levels. nership with battery industry experts in With no direct emissions and motors that the hope of reducing the uncertainty asso- are not plagued by thermodynamic limi- Overall, we found higher global warming ciated with our inventories. tations, EVs are indeed environmentally impacts than had been previously report- interesting, depending on the manner in ed. This is mostly due to differences in en- Reference: which the electricity is produced. However, ergy estimates for material processing and Majeau-Bettez, G. ; Hawkins, T. R. ; Strøm- the Achilles’ heel of EVs has long been the battery manufacturing. The environmental man, A. H. Life Cycle Environmental As- storage of this electricity aboard the vehi- profile of NiMH is mainly determined by its sessment of Lithium-Ion and Nickel Metal cle. Surprisingly, relatively few life cycle important nickel requirements. Fo Li-ion Hydride Batteries for Plug-In Hybrid and assessments (LCA) have focussed on the batteries, the mining activities required Battery Electric Vehicles. Environ. Sci. environmental impacts of traction batter- for the production of copper account for Technol. 2011, 45 (10), 4548-4554 ies. 30-50% of the lifecycle toxicity and ecotoxicity impacts. The inclusion of fluorinated At the Industrial Ecology Programme, as compounds in the Li-ion electrode paste part of the ECAR project, we set out in and electrolyte may also have significant 2009 to produce a public inventory and a impacts on the conservation of the ozone transparent LCA of traction batteries for layer. plug-in hybrid and purely electric vehicles. The primary goal was to assess the Because of their lower energy capacity influence of these new technologies on a and efficiency, NiMH batteries were found range of environmental impacts, not only to cause significantly more environmental Contact persons: climate change. Furthermore, we also damage than Li-ion batteries for the same Guillaume Majeau-Bettez aimed to identify the most environmentally amount of stored energy. Amongst Li-ion [email protected] intensive production chains, so as to guide batteries, Li-FP batteries require materi- further development of traction battery in- als with lower toxicity footprints and are Professor Anders H. Strømman dustry. predicted to have longer life expectancies [email protected] and stabilities, giving them a slight edge

17 RESEARCH

Tailoring Intervention Instruments and Policy to Promote Emission Reduction in Norway: Applying the Self-Regulation Model of Behavioural Change For the development of a policy strategy ment interventions or programs targeting occurs in a series of distinct stages which that aims at a relevant reduction of CO2- households (consumption) in Norway.The are linked by critical transition points that emissions in Norway it is crucial to identify purpose of this project is to produce new mark the transition from one stage into and understand the most relevant behav- knowledge about effective climate policy the next. iours and identify starting points for effec- instruments. Its aim is to provide a better tive intervention strategies. Within these knowledge basis for decision-making in Stage specific intervention techniques behavioural domains that are character- connection with efforts to reduce green- Using the described model as a theoreti- ized by a rather high degree of habitualiza- house gas emissions. Dissemination of cal basis for designing intervention cam- tion, conventional intervention techniques findings to stakeholders is therefore given paigns is promising because it identifies have proven to have a limited plasticity, particular attention. By applying a psycho- stage specific levers to help people reach realizing only a fraction of the reduction logical model to identify sub-groups in the the next stage in changing behaviour. It potential. population with respect to their readiness has been demonstrated before in health to change, a tailored marketing and inter- psychology that specifically tailored inter- This project takes a new perspective on vention strategy is developed and tested ventions to the stage of change people are this issue by a three step multidisciplinary that is potentially more effective than ad- in increase the success rate of the inter- research approach. First the impact of a dressing the population with a non-specif- vention programme. The model is helpful variety of possible relevant behaviours is ic strategy. in designing intervention campaigns in two identified in a collaborative effort of psy- ways: First, it defines distinct transition chology and environmental science based Background and status of knowledge points that can allocate people in one of on life-cycle assessment and input-output According to recent studies, the level of the stages of change and thus be used as analyses. Second selected behaviours are change individuals are willing and able to a tool to identify the sub-groups. Second, it analysed empirically on the basis of an ap- implement into their everyday lives dif- provides theoretical insight into the proc- propriate psychological model of behav- fers, and changing lifestyle components is esses within each stage and thus identifies iour change. As the behaviours we will fo- a multi-stage process which needs to be possible leverage points to intervene. cus on can be assumed to be daily routine understood from a psychological perspec- behaviours (e.g. daily meat consumption) tive. An everyone-gets-the-same-treat- Identifying relevant behaviours we will mainly apply the Self-Regulation- ment approach seems to be both cost-in- The variety of individual behaviours that Model of behaviour change, which is a efficient and potentially counterproductive directly or indirectly contribute to emis- stage model that stems from the domain of as non-adaptive intervention strategies sion of greenhouse gases is so long that health related behaviour and has recently might cause resistance or reactance. it is necessary to narrow down the focus of been successfully transferred to explain this project to a selection of target behav- change processes in environmentally sig- The figure displays the model which will iours. Based on the feasibility of psycho- nificant everyday behaviours. Third we will be used as a basis for the proposed study. logical change of the targeted behaviour; develop suggestions for a national social The central assumption of the model is the importance of potential domains in marketing campaign that is tailored to the that people are under certain conditions Norway, the plasticity of both behaviours, specific needs of the Norwegian popula- willing and able to change their behaviour their impact on the environment and the tion. The marketing campaign will be em- even if the behaviour is deeply anchored in frequency of the behaviour in everyday pirically tested on a representative sample everyday routines. Usually, such behaviour lives, it is here decided to focus on meat of Norwegian households and recommen- would be considered habitual and difficult consumption and purchase of new cars. dations for up scaling it will be given. At to change. The model assumes that this the moment there are very little govern- process of intended behavioural change

18 RESEARCH

Research design Initial findings on meat consumption This is complicated by the crowded and This longitudinal study will be divided Attempts to quantify the CO2 emissions often conflicting range of communica- into two main studies: the meat con- in Norway arising from meat-consump- tions about diet in Norway, such health- sumption study which will be launched tion and related activities are currently wise that ‘people are confused about first in 2012 and then followed by the new few and far between, with most atten- what foods they can eat’ car purchase study in 2013. The data col- tion falling on the agricultural stage of lection will be based on an online inter- the food chain. There is a clear rationale Next steps vention platform with included question- for focusing on reducing the impacts of If we assume at this early stage that naire studies. A representative stratified meat consumption in particular. This is some element of change is required random sample of approximately 15 000 particularly true of red meat, which has in consumer behaviour, it is apparent Norwegians will be drawn and invited to a highly disproportionate climate im- that direct and indirect substitutes of participate. Participants will be recruited pact. Based on the background analysis meat need to be investigated. Addition- via ordinary mail to reduce self-selection done for this project so far on Norway’s ally, there is a need to investigate further effects that influence online surveys. A current policy, results point to multiple the alternative behaviours to meat con- reminder letter will be sent and a lottery initiatives relating to environment and sumption and what are the relevant and will be introduced to increase participa- sustainability across the various play- acceptable ones for the average Norwe- tion. Three waves of measurement will ers in the red meat and dairy food chain, gian consumer. This will be the next step be conducted in a longitudinal control but that they tend to be related to single of the project in the understanding meat group design to identify the short and and ‘emblematic’ issues - some of which consumption in Norway. Another impor- medium term intervention effects. One work against each other, and do not tant point to look out for is the estimates fourth of the sample will be randomly go far enough, or fast enough to tackle that show that how different meat types assigned to the control condition, one climate change effectively. Meanwhile, (red meat, processed meat) in Norway fourth to a tailored intervention condi- consumer adoptions of environmental account for CO2 emissions. tion, one fourth to a random intervention behaviours are also slow and focus on condition and one fourth to a total group easy and convenient actions. In gener- that will receive all interventions. The al, according to a recent DEFRA report, control condition will not receive inter- adopting a “low impact diet” was the ac- Contact persons: ventions but only go through three waves tion people were least likely to do out of of measurement. The tailored interven- twelve possible pro-environmental be- Professor Christian A. Klöckner tion condition will (after each individual is haviours, even though they were able to Christian.Klockner @svt.ntnu.no grouped into a specific stage of change) make the changes easily. But since there receive an intervention package tailored is currently no vision of what a “sustain- PostDoc Sunita Prugsamatz to the specific stage and the random in- able diet” should be in Norway, it may be [email protected] tervention group will receive a randomly difficult for people to understand and act selected intervention package. on what is meant by a “low impact diet”. Professor Edgar Hertwich [email protected]

• Most meats are NECESSITIES – income elasticity for • Psycho-Demographic Variables – age differences are chicken and fish are more inelastic than beef and pork. not very significant, 1970’s generation are more ‘fat-conscious’, households with small children, consumers with high income and • Since 1958/59, the annual consumption increased from education, men vs. women (difference in the areas of health and 30.5 kg to 49.1 kg in the period 2005-2007 and was up to 77 kg per food but differences are often mediated by other factors such as person in 2008. expert opinions and trust)

• The consumer price index for food increased more than • From a health perspective, meat consumption in Nor- the total index. The vegetable group is the food group that has way is dependent on gender, age, BMI, smoking behaviours, edu- risen most in price in the years from 1997 to 2008.This may have cation and total energy intake. an impact on how Norwegian meat eaters would view changing to a vegetarian diet, although it is still early to say how much contex- • Norwegian Women – Higher processed meat intake. tual factors play a role here. Trend does show decline in meat intake especially among women with higher social status and education levels. For younger women, there is a negative effect on the consumption of red meat in • The Norwegian Paradox: NOK 69 million spent every Norway (however this could be substituted by their consumption year on promoting Norwegian meat while only NOK 9 million is of more processed foods and other factors) spent on promotion of fruit and vegetables, which are generally viewed as healthier food products than meat. This leads us to be- • Numbers also show an increased trend among Norwe- lieve that there is a need to integrate nutritional and environmen- gians, towards using the internet to get recipes, especially dur- tal messages, rather than have them compete. This we believe is ing the holiday seasons. For vegetarian dishes there seems to be a key argument when we propose the tailored information inter- more interest in using the internet in the last couple of years than ventions for this project. ever before. This is a good sign for us as we wish to implement an interactive intervention platform for the project.

19 RESEARCH

Multi-Regional Input-Output analyses - a powerful tool to assess environmental impact in global economy The Industrial Ecology programme has for actors outside the scientific communi- properties of the future system – and what been heavily involved in a number of re- ty. As one of the partners in the OPEN:EU contributions these new technologies will search projects funded through EU’s 7th project (One Planet Economy Network: have. Four new technologies are being Framework Programme this year. Most Europe), NTNU/IndEcol has developed a assessed as part of the framework, with of these projects have focussed on the global MRIO-based model that can give NTNU active in the Carbon Capture and development and use of Multi-Regional environmental results in terms of a set Storage case study. Input-Output (MRIO) analysis. One of these of “footprint” indicators, including the projects, EXIOPOL, had its final conference Carbon, Water, and Ecological Footprint. in October 2011, with outcomes presented These measure the amounts of green- to over a hundred attendees from policy house gas emissions, freshwater, and Contact persons: and academia. Keep an eye on www.exio- biologically productive land that are vir- base.eu for database access. tually embedded in consumed goods and Professor Edgar Hertwich, services. Following the completion of the [email protected] At the same time a follow on project to project in November 2011, a freely avail- EXIOPOL, CREEA (Compiling and Refining able online assessment tool has recently Senior Researcher Richard Wood, Environmental and Economic Accounts) been launched, where users can browse [email protected] began to get under way, with the kick-off a summary of the results and create their meeting in Leiden in April. EXIOPOL and own scenarios about future development PhD Candidate Kjartan Steen-Olsen, CREEA are projects aimed at using MRIO (see www.eureapa.net). Work is currently [email protected] to develop world leading capability in anal- ongoing at IndEcol to publish detailed na- ysis of environmental impacts across the tional assessments based on the model Researcher Jan Weinzettel, global economy. The projects have unprec- results. [email protected] edented coverage of environmental impacts, allowing researchers and the public From economy to technology alike to more precisely trace the impact Many look to technology for the answer to Figure: Flows of Carbon Footprint, Crop- of their consumption to the source. How our environmental problems. In PROSUITE land Ecological Footprint and Blue Water much land is used in Brazil to produce (PROspective SUstainability Assessment Footprint virtually embodied in commodi- beef consumed in Britain can be answered of Technologies) NTNU is partnering with ties traded between the countries of the by these projects. Off-shoring of industrial 25 other institutions in order to develop world aggregated into 11 regions. The fig- production has been a common theme for methods to assess the economic, en- ure shows the three largest flows for each developed countries in recent years, and vironmental and social impacts of new category. The start of an arrow indicate the these MRIO projects are helping to ac- technologies at full scale implementation. region where the emissions (or the use of count for this “leakage” of environmental NTNU is adapting the MRIO outcomes of land or freshwater) occur, and the arrow- impact. the EXIOPOL project to analyse new tech- head points at the region where the final nologies in the global context. Individual consumption of the end products occur. From development to application technologies are assessed under different The value on each arrow represents the To facilitate practical use of the powerful trajectories of implementation and under magnitude relative to the total footprint of MRIO databases for environmental policy- a number of scenarios of global develop- each kind embodied in international trade making, results should be condensed and ment over the next 20 years. Sustainability (in percent). translated to be readily understandable assessment is then taken as a result of the Top Three Virtual Flows of Carbon, Cropland, and Blue Water Between Regions of the World

8.3%

5.1% 7.2%

5.6%

5.1% 7.6%

5.7% 6.9% 5.6%

Carbon

Blue Water

Cropland

Figure 1. Flows of Carbon Footprint, Cropland Ecological Footprint, and Blue Water Footprint virtually embodied in commodities traded between the countries of the world aggregated into 11 regions. The figure shows the three largest flows for each category. The start of an arrow indicate the region where the emissions (or the use of land or freshwater) occur, and the arrowhead points at the region where the final 20 consumption of the end products occur. The value on each arrow represents the magnitude relative to the total footprint of each kind embodied in international trade (in percent). RESEARCH

Ambitious goals for Industrial Ecology at NTNU: Initiate a center of excellence in sociometabolic sustainability research Climate mitigation requires radical chang- Essential elements in enhancing climate The figure shows how the social metabo- es in the size and structure of the material mitigation will be to address consumer lism constitutes the physical realization of and energy flows in our society; the ‘me- uptake, consumption pattern changes, our society. It requires inputs from nature tabolism’ of our society. Today CO2 emis- and opportunities for material reuse and in terms of energy and material resources, sions constitute society’s largest output by focus on the radical emissions reductions it occupies areas, and it inevitably results mass. This obviously cannot continue if we required for achieving the 2°C goal. An in solid, liquid or gaseous wastes. ‘Envi- are to avoid radical changes in the climate. essential element in the research center ronmental externalities’ constitute hence will thus be to combine modeling of the not an occasional problem that is easily The question is how to do this without gen- metabolism with knowledge from social corrected, but a systemic feature of every erating new problems. Many climate miti- sciences on behavior and premises for be- economic activity. It is therefore essential gation initiatives are based on the idea of havior change. to strive for a social metabolism that is reducing (fossil) energy consumption with compliant with the planetary boundaries. e.g. better and more insulation of build- Empirical research of stock-flow relation- Social sciences commonly focus exclu- ings. The emissions of CO2 from society ships and their interrelation to human be- sively on the immaterial aspects of soci- will then be replaced by growing stocks of havior will inform model development and ety, the human relationships, institutional insulation, steel, plastic etc. embodied in eventually model experimentation with arrangements and individual behavior, structures and durable goods. The build- potential future configurations of stocks and the symbolic value of material goods. up of these stocks can cause The social metabolism as a other environmental and binding layer is important resource problems which Society/Culture because it ultimately serves may be real show-stoppers, Providing choice options / to sustain this culture, and e.g., land use issues of bio- limiting behavioural space these cultural aspects of so- fuels and biomaterials. The ciety are important because ultimate question is con- they exert control over the Limits / options sequently whether this can Business & Consumer metabolism, to the degree design decisions solve the environmental decisions that this is physically pos-

problems we face. impact sible Limits / options/ Limits

In order to put a more coor- impact Creating demands In the figur, impacts on the dinated focus on these ques- environment emerge as a re- tions, the Industrial Ecology Social Metabolism (global, local) sult of the flows and conver- Programme has applied the sion processes of material Norwegian Research Coun- Stock of structures and durable goods and energy and the trans- cil for funding for a center of formation of land, i.e., at excellence in sociometabolic Extraction of Products & Waste the interface of the society’s Production sustainability research. The resources infrastructures management metabolism and the environ- main goal for such a center ment. In order to understand will be to develop knowledge the utilization of nature by and tools essential for en- society, we need to under- suring effective climate miti- Environment stand the flow of materials gation respecting the plane- (climate change, resources, and other planetary boundaries) and energy through this so- tary boundaries. Prospective cial metabolism and the util- social metabolism must be systematic as- and flows. At the core of this research is a ity of these flows for and their control by sessed and modeled where the functional integration of material flow, input-output society and its actors. connection of material and energy flows and engineering approaches to modeling within our society and between society and society’s metabolism and a development of Main results for this research will thus nature are addressed. powerful tools for the acquisition and han- be: dling of data from statistical, geographical - new techniques to model the The main hypothesis is that an under- and remote sensing sources and the crea- physical dimension of the economy with standing of society’s metabolism will tion of an extensive data repository. a specific focus on the composition and provide insights into the effectiveness, co- function of stocks of structures and benefits and adverse impacts of climate Technology adoption in society will be durable goods; change mitigation measures. Societal me- studied with agent-based models based - modeling results providing in- tabolism is an important, but yet little re- on empirical surveys and laboratory ex- sights to global development options in- searched area; what are the functions and periments, and consumer environmental cluding the large-scale deployment of dynamics of the built environment and du- impacts will be assessed drawing on re- mitigation technologies; rable goods. A thorough understanding of sults from the urban and global sociomet- - the analysis of options to change the interaction between these stocks and abolic models. New methods of ‘design for household technologies and consumption consumption patterns will provide insights sustainable behavior’ will be developed to patterns given their mutual interaction into new options for climate mitigation and integrate sociometabolic considerations in and a development of some of these op- into ways to increase the adoption of exist- product design and its adoption by busi- tions through design methodology. ing options. ness.

21 PUBLICATIONS 2011 Peer-reviewed journal publications 21. Kastner, I., E. Matthies, and M. Willenberg. 2011. 1. Arvesen, A. and E. G. Hertwich. 2011. Environmental Chancen zur Förderung nachhaltigkeitsrelevanter Investition- implications of large-scale adoption of wind power: a scenario- sentscheidungen durch psychologisch basiertes Framing – based life cycle assessment. Environmental Research Letters eine Pilotstudie. Umweltpsychologie 15(1): 30-51. 6(4): 045102. 22. Klöckner, C. and T. Friedrichsmeier. 2011. A multi-lev- 2. Arvesen, A., R. M. Bright, and E. G. Hertwich. 2011. el approach to travel mode choice - How person characteristics Considering only first-order effects? How simplifications lead and situation specific aspects determine car use in a student to unrealistic technology optimism in climate change mitiga- sample. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology tion. Energy Policy 39(11): 7448-7454. and Behaviour 14(4): 261-277. 3. Bright, R. M., A. H. Strømman, and G. P. Peters. 2011. 23. Klöckner, C. and E. B. Matthies. 2011. Two Pieces of Radiative forcing impacts of boreal forest biofuels: A scenario the Same Puzzle? Script Based Car Choice Habits Between the study for Norway in light of albedo. Environmental Science and Influence of Socialization and Past Behavior. Journal of Applied Technology 45(17): 7570-7580. Social Psychology. 4. Carson, S. G., A. M. Fet, and C. Skaar. 2011. A Nordic 24. Klöckner, C. and I. O. Oppedal. 2011. General vs. do- Perspective of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Etikk i main specific recycling behaviour—Applying a multilevel com- praksis 2011(1): 1-7. prehensive action determination model to recycling in Norwe- 5. Cherubini, F. and A. H. Strømman. 2011a. Chemicals gian student homes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling from lignocellulosic biomass: opportunities, perspectives, and 55(4): 463-471. potential of biorefinery systems. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Bi- 25. Laitala, K. M., C. Boks, and I. G. Klepp. 2011. Potential orefining 5(5): 548-561. for environmental improvements in laundering. International 6. Cherubini, F. and A. H. Strømman. 2011b. Life cycle Journal of Consumer Studies 35(2): 254-264. assessment of bioenergy systems: State of the art and future 26. Larsen, H. N. and E. G. Hertwich. 2011. Analyzing the challenges. Bioresource Technology 102(2): 437-451. carbon footprint from public services provided by counties. 7. Cherubini, F., A. H. Strømman, and E. Hertwich. Effects Journal of Cleaner Production 19(17-18): 1975-1981. of boreal forest management practices on the climate impact of 27. Larsen, H. N., J. Pettersen, C. Solli, and E. G. Hertwich. CO2 emissions from bioenergy. Ecological Modelling. Investigating the Carbon Footprint of a University - The case of 8. Cherubini, F., A. H. Strømman, and S. Ulgiati. 2011a. NTNU. Journal of Cleaner Production. Influence of allocation methods on the environmental perform- 28. Lindstad, H., B. E. Asbjørnslett, and A. H. Strømman. ance of biorefinery products - A case study. Resources, Conser- 2011. Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and cost by ship- vation and Recycling 55(11): 1070-1077. ping at lower speeds. Energy Policy 39(6): 3456-3464. 9. Cherubini, F., G. P. Peters, T. Berntsen, A. H. Strøm- 29. Liu, G., C. E. Bangs, and D. B. Müller. 2011. Unearthing man, and E. Hertwich. 2011b. CO2 emissions from biomass Potentials for Decarbonizing the U.S. Aluminum Cycle. Environ- combustion for bioenergy: atmospheric decay and contribution mental Science & Technology 45(22): 9515-9522. to global warming. GCB Bioenergy 3(5): 413-426. 30. Majeau-Bettez, G., T. R. Hawkins, and A. H. Strømman. 10. Drugli, M. B., C. Kløckner, and B. S. Larsson. 2011. Do 2011a. Life cycle environmental assessment of lithium-ion and demographic factors, school functioning, and quality of stu- nickel metal hydride batteries for plug-in hybrid and battery dent-teacher relationships as rated by teachers predict inter- electric vehicles. Environmental Science and Technology 45(10): nalising and externalising problems among Norwegian school 4548-4554. children? Evaluation and research in education 24(4): 243-254. 31. Majeau-Bettez, G., A. H. Strømman, and E. G. Hert- 11. Fermann, G. 2011. Strategisk ledelse og utenrikspoli- wich. 2011b. Evaluation of process- and Input-Output-based Life tisk krisehåndtering. Stat og styring(3): 15-19. CycleInventory Databases with Regards to Truncation and Ag- 12. Fet, A., O. Michelsen, and L. Boer. 2011. Green public gregation Issues. Environmental Science & Technology: forth- procurement in practice - The case of Norway. Society and coming. Economy 33(1): 183-198. 32. Majeau-Bettez, G., T. R. Hawkins, and A. H. Strømman. 13. Govindarajan, V. and C. Heng. 2011. Malaysian Water 2011c. Erratum: Life cycle environmental assessment of lithi- Tariff Influences Water-saving Habits. Journal - American Wa- um-ion and nickel metal hydride batteries for plug-in hybrid and ter Works Association 103(7): 32-34. battery electric vehicles (Environmental Science & Technology 14. Govindarajan, V., M. Didi, and A. Mujthaba. 2011. Male (2011) 45 (4548-4554) DOI: 10.1021/es103607c). Environmental makes the most of its limited land and freshwater. Journal - Science and Technology 45(12): 5454. American Water Works Association 103(5): 44-50. 33. Michelsen, O., A. O. Syverhuset, B. Pedersen, and J. I. 15. Guest, G., R. M. Bright, F. Cherubini, O. Michelsen, Holten. 2011. The impact of climate change on recent vegetation and A. H. Strømman. Life Cycle Assessment of Biomass-based changes on Dovrefjell, Norway. Diversity 3: 91-111. Combined Heat and Power Plants: Centralized Versus Decen- 34. Müller, D. B., T. Wang, and B. Duval. 2011. Patterns of tralized Deployment Strategies. Journal of Industrial Ecology. iron use in societal evolution. Environmental Science and Tech- 16.. Hertwich, E. G. 2011. The Life Cycle Environmental Im- nology 45(1): 182-188. pacts Of Consumption. Economic Systems Research 23:27-47. 35. Nordby, A. S. 2011a. Carbon reductions and building 17. Hertwich, E. G. and C. Roux. 2011. Greenhouse gas regulations: the case of Norwegian mountain cabins. Building emissions from the consumption of electric and electronic Research and Information 39(6): 553-565. equipment by Norwegian households. Environmental Science 36. Nordby, A. S. 2011b. Etterlysning: miljøregnskap for and Technology 45(19): 8190-8196. ventilasjonsanlegg. Arkitektur N(3): 130-133. 18. Holgersen, K. H., C. Kløckner, H. J. Bøe, L. Weisæth, 37. Nævdal, E., J. O. Olussen, and A. Skonhoft. A bioeco- and A. Holen. 2011. Disaster Survivors in Their Third Decade: nomic model of trophy hunting. Ecological Economics. Trajectories of Initial Stress Responses and Long-Term Course 38. Olaussen, J. O. and A. Skonhoft. 2011. A cost-benefit of Mental Health. Journal of Traumatic Stress 24(3): 334-341. analysis of moose harvesting in Scandinavia. A stage structured 19. Huijbregts, M. A. J., S. Hellweg, and E. Hertwich. 2011. modelling approach. Resource and Energy Economics 33(3): 589- Do we need a paradigm shift in life cycle impact assessment? 611. Environmental Science and Technology 45(9): 3833-3834. 39. Sandberg, N. H., H. Bergsdal, and H. Brattebø. 2011. His- 20. Johannesen, A. B. and A. Skonhoft. 2011. Livestock as torical energy analysis of the Norwegian dwelling stock. Building Insurance and Social Status: Evidence from Reindeer Herding Research and Information 39(1): 1-15. in Norway. Environmental and Resource Economics 48(4): 679- 694.

22 PUBLICATIONSPUBLICATIONS 20112011

40. Singh, B., A. H. Strømman, and E. Hertwich. 2011a. Life 59. Weinzettel, J., M. Havrànek, and M. Ščasný. A con- cycle assessment of natural gas combined cycle power plant with sumption-based indicator of the external costs of electricity. Eco- post-combustion carbon capture, transport and storage. Interna- logical Indicators. tional Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 5(3): 457-466. 60. Wolf, O., I. Pèrez-Domìnguez, J. M. Rueda-Cantuche, A. 41. Singh, B., A. H. Strømman, and E. G. Hertwich. 2011b. Tukker, R. Kleijn, A. de Koning, S. Bausch-Goldbohm, and M. Ver- Comparative life cycle environmental assessment of CCS tech- heijden. 2011. Do healthy diets in Europe matter to the environ- nologies. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 5(4): ment? A quantitative analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling 33(1): 911-921. 8-28. 42. Singh, B., A. H. Strømman, and E. G. Hertwich. 2011c. Accredited conference proceedings and book chapters Comparative impact assessment of CCS portfolio: Life cycle per- 1. Aschehoug, Silje Helene; Boks, Casper. spective. Energy Procedia 4: 2486-2493. Success Criteria For Implementing Sustainability Information In 43. Skaar, C. and A. M. Fet. Accountability in the Value Chain: Product Development. I: Proceedings of the 18th International From Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) to CSR Product Conference on Engineering Design (ICED11), 15-18 Aug 2011. The Declaration. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Design Society 2011 ISBN 978-1-904670-32-2. s. 145-154 Management. 2. Aryana, B., C. Boks, and A. Navabi. 2011. Possibilities 44. Skonhoft, A., N. Vestergaard, and M. Quaas. 2011. Op- for cultural customization of mobile communication devices: The timal Harvest in an Age Structured Model with Different Fishing case of iranian mobile users. In Lecture Notes in Computer Sci- Selectivity. Environmental and Resource Economics: 1-20. ence (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 45. Sopha, B. M. and C. A. Klöckner. 2011. Psychological fac- and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). Orlando, FL. tors in the diffusion of sustainable technology: A study of Norwe- 3. Beisenkamp, A., C. Klöckner, and S. Hallmann. 2011. gian households’ adoption of wood pellet heating. Renewable and Voraussetzungen für eine gute Kinderheit aus Kindersicht. In Sustainable Energy Reviews 15(6): 2756-2765. Kinder in Deutschland. Eine Bilanz empirischer Studien: Juventa 46. Sopha, B. M., C. A. Klöckner, and E. G. Hertwich. 2011a. Verlag. Adopters and non-adopters of wood pellet heating in Norwegian 4. Boks, C. 2011. Design for Sustainable Behaviour Re- households. Biomass and Bioenergy 35(1): 652-662. search Challenges. In Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sus- 47. Sopha, B. M., C. A. Klöckner, and E. G. Hertwich. 2011b. tainable Society. Proceedings of Ecodesign 2011: 7th Internation- Exploring policy options for a transition to sustainable heating al Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse system diffusion using an agent-based simulation. Energy Policy Manufacturing: Springer. 39(5): 2722-2729. 5. Boks, C., R. Wever, and A. Stevels. 2011. State-of-the-art 48. Sparrevik, M., T. Saloranta, G. Cornelissen, E. Eek, A. M. Ecodesign on the Electronics Shop Shelves? A Quantitative Analy- Fet, G. D. Breedveld, and I. Linkov. 2011. Use of life cycle assess- sis of Developments in Ecodesign of TV Sets. In Glocalized Solu- ments to evaluate the environmental footprint of contaminated tions for Sustainability in Manufacturing: Proceedings of the 18th sediment remediation. Environmental Science and Technology CIRP International 173 Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, 45(10): 4235-4241. Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, 49. Tukker, A. 2011. Harmonizing science and policy pro- May 2nd - 4th, 2011: Springer. grams for a decent and sustainable life for all by the mid-millen- 6. Klöckner, C. 2011. Towards a psychology of climate nium. Journal of Industrial Ecology 15(5): 652-654. change. In The economic, social, and political elements of climate 50. Tukker, A., R. A. Goldbohm, A. De Koning, M. Verheijden, change: Springer. R. Kleijn, O. Wolf, I. Pèrez-Domìnguez, and J. M. Rueda-Cantuche. 7. Laitala, Kirsi Maria; Boks, Casper; Klepp, Ingun Grim- 2011. Environmental impacts of changes to healthier diets in Eu- stad. Potential for environmental improvements in laundering. rope. Ecological Economics 70(10): 1776-1788. International Journal of Consumer Studies 2011 ;Volum 35.(2) s. 51. Ulgiati, S., M. Ascione, S. Bargigli, F. Cherubini, P. P. 254-264 Franzese, M. Raugei, S. Viglia, and A. Zucaro. 2011. Material, en- 8. Schmalz, J. and C. Boks. 2011. Simultaneous Application ergy and environmental performance of technological and social of Design for Sustainable Behavior and Linked Benefit Strategies systems under a Life Cycle Assessment perspective. Ecological in Practice. In Glocalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufac- Modelling 222(1): 176-189. turing: Proceedings of the 18th CIRP International 173 Confer- 52. Veltman, K., M. A. J. Huijbregts, H. Rye, and E. G. Hert- ence on Life Cycle Engineering, Technische Universität Braun- wich. 2011. Including Impacts of Particulate Emissions on Marine schweig, Braunschweig, Germany, May 2nd - 4th, 2011: Springer. Ecosystems in Life Cycle Assessment: The Case of Offshore Oil 9. Verhulst, E. and C. Boks. 2011. Sustainable design and Gas Production. Integrated Environmental Assessment and strategies in practice and their influence on business models. In Management 7(4): 678-686. Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable Society. Pro- 53. Venkatesh, G. 2011. Interpreting sustainability using ceedings of Ecodesign 2011: 7th International Symposium on Robert Pirsig’s levels of quality. Problemy Ekorozwoju 6(2): 63-66. Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing: 54. Venkatesh, G. and H. Brattebø. 2011a. Environmental Springer. impact analysis of chemicals and energy consumption in waste- 10. Wigum, K. S., J. Zachrisson, and C. Boks. 2011. The water treatment plants: Case study of Oslo, Norway. Water Sci- role of product and system interfaces in designing zero emission ence and Technology 63(5): 1018-1031. buildings. Paper presented at Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE In- 55. Venkatesh, G. and H. Brattebø. 2011b. Energy consump- ternational Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology, tion, costs and environmental impacts for urban water cycle serv- ISSST 2011, Chicago, IL. ices: Case study of Oslo (Norway). Energy 36(2): 792-800. 11. Zachrisson, J. and C. Boks. 2011. A framework for se- 56. Venkatesh, G. and H. Brattebø. 2011c. Case study: Anal- lecting sustainable behavior design strategies. Paper presented ysis of chemicals and energy consumption in water and wastewa- at Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Sus- ter treatment, as cost components: Case study of Oslo, Norway. tainable Systems and Technology, ISSST 2011, Chicago, IL. Urban Water Journal 8(3): 189-202. 12. Zachrisson, J. L. D., G. Storrø, and C. Boks. 2011. Using 57. Venkatesh, G., J. Hammervold, and H. Brattebø. 2011. a guide to select design strategies for behaviour change; Theory Methodology for determining life-cycle environmental impacts vs. Practice. In Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable due to material and energy flows in wastewater pipeline net- Society. Proceedings of Ecodesign 2011: 7th International Sympo- works: A case study of Oslo (Norway). Urban Water Journal 8(2): sium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufac- 119-134. turing: Springer. 58. Weinzettel, J. and J. Kovanda. 2011. Structural Decom- position Analysis of Raw Material Consumption. Journal of Indus- trial Ecology 15(6): 893-907. 23 Christmas Party 2011

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