Signal Reliability and Intraspecific Deception
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Comparative Functional Morphology of Attachment Devices in Arachnida
Comparative functional morphology of attachment devices in Arachnida Vergleichende Funktionsmorphologie der Haftstrukturen bei Spinnentieren (Arthropoda: Arachnida) DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Jonas Otto Wolff geboren am 20. September 1986 in Bergen auf Rügen Kiel, den 2. Juni 2015 Erster Gutachter: Prof. Stanislav N. Gorb _ Zweiter Gutachter: Dr. Dirk Brandis _ Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17. Juli 2015 _ Zum Druck genehmigt: 17. Juli 2015 _ gez. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang J. Duschl, Dekan Acknowledgements I owe Prof. Stanislav Gorb a great debt of gratitude. He taught me all skills to get a researcher and gave me all freedom to follow my ideas. I am very thankful for the opportunity to work in an active, fruitful and friendly research environment, with an interdisciplinary team and excellent laboratory equipment. I like to express my gratitude to Esther Appel, Joachim Oesert and Dr. Jan Michels for their kind and enthusiastic support on microscopy techniques. I thank Dr. Thomas Kleinteich and Dr. Jana Willkommen for their guidance on the µCt. For the fruitful discussions and numerous information on physical questions I like to thank Dr. Lars Heepe. I thank Dr. Clemens Schaber for his collaboration and great ideas on how to measure the adhesive forces of the tiny glue droplets of harvestmen. I thank Angela Veenendaal and Bettina Sattler for their kind help on administration issues. Especially I thank my students Ingo Grawe, Fabienne Frost, Marina Wirth and André Karstedt for their commitment and input of ideas. -
Does the Handicap Principle Explain the Evolution of Dimorphic Ornaments?
Animal Behaviour xxx (2018) e1ee4 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav Forum Does the handicap principle explain the evolution of dimorphic ornaments? * Szabolcs Szamad o a, , Dustin J. Penn b a RECENS ‘Lendület’ Research Group, MTA Centre for Social Science, Budapest, Hungary b Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria article info Article history: Received 12 July 2017 Initial acceptance 5 October 2017 Final acceptance 22 November 2017 Available online xxx MS. number: 17-00560 Keywords: Handicap principle Honest signalling Dimorphic ornaments Bimodal fitness Playing-the-field Many species are sexually dimorphic and, interestingly, males in concluding that it provides an explanation for the evolution of male some species are dimorphic themselves: some males develop dimorphisms. weapons and ornaments, whereas others express rudimentary or- There are many versions and interpretations of the handicap naments or none at all (horned beetles, Onthophagus taurus: Emlen, hypothesis, but it is unclear which version was implemented for the Lavine, & Ewen-Campen, 2007; Moczek & Emlen, 2000; bluegill authors' new model. This omission makes it impossible to under- sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus: Dominey, 1980; Gross & Charnov, stand the novelty of the model and how it succeeds in explaining 1980; ruffs, Philomachus pugnax: Lank, Smith, Hanotte, Burke, & male dimorphisms or why others failed. The authors cite the Cooke, 1995; for a review see Simpson, Sword, & Lo, 2011). Males original handicap hypothesis (Zahavi, 1975), and yet this version can be so extremely dimorphic that the morphs have been mis- does not work (reviewed in Kirkpatrick 1986). -
Sexual Selection Research on Spiders: Progress and Biases
Biol. Rev. (2005), 80, pp. 363–385. f Cambridge Philosophical Society 363 doi:10.1017/S1464793104006700 Printed in the United Kingdom Sexual selection research on spiders: progress and biases Bernhard A. Huber* Zoological Research Institute and Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany (Received 7 June 2004; revised 25 November 2004; accepted 29 November 2004) ABSTRACT The renaissance of interest in sexual selection during the last decades has fuelled an extraordinary increase of scientific papers on the subject in spiders. Research has focused both on the process of sexual selection itself, for example on the signals and various modalities involved, and on the patterns, that is the outcome of mate choice and competition depending on certain parameters. Sexual selection has most clearly been demonstrated in cases involving visual and acoustical signals but most spiders are myopic and mute, relying rather on vibrations, chemical and tactile stimuli. This review argues that research has been biased towards modalities that are relatively easily accessible to the human observer. Circumstantial and comparative evidence indicates that sexual selection working via substrate-borne vibrations and tactile as well as chemical stimuli may be common and widespread in spiders. Pattern-oriented research has focused on several phenomena for which spiders offer excellent model objects, like sexual size dimorphism, nuptial feeding, sexual cannibalism, and sperm competition. The accumulating evidence argues for a highly complex set of explanations for seemingly uniform patterns like size dimorphism and sexual cannibalism. Sexual selection appears involved as well as natural selection and mechanisms that are adaptive in other contexts only. Sperm competition has resulted in a plethora of morpho- logical and behavioural adaptations, and simplistic models like those linking reproductive morphology with behaviour and sperm priority patterns in a straightforward way are being replaced by complex models involving an array of parameters. -
Selection for Imperfection: a Review of Asymmetric Genitalia 2 in Araneomorph Spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/704692; this version posted July 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Selection for imperfection: A review of asymmetric genitalia 2 in araneomorph spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). 3 4 5 6 F. ANDRES RIVERA-QUIROZ*1, 3, MENNO SCHILTHUIZEN2, 3, BOOPA 7 PETCHARAD4 and JEREMY A. MILLER1 8 1 Department Biodiversity Discovery group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 9 Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands 10 2 Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, 11 The Netherlands 12 3 Institute for Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE 13 Leiden, The Netherlands. 14 4 Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit, Pathum Thani, 15 12121 Thailand. 16 17 18 19 Running Title: Asymmetric genitalia in spiders 20 21 *Corresponding author 22 E-mail: [email protected] (AR) 23 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/704692; this version posted July 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 24 Abstract 25 26 Bilateral asymmetry in the genitalia is a rare but widely dispersed phenomenon in the 27 animal tree of life. In arthropods, occurrences vary greatly from one group to another 28 and there seems to be no common explanation for all the independent origins. -
1160 Animal Signals and the Overlooked Costs Of
Evolution, 59(5), 2005, pp. 1160±1161 ANIMAL SIGNALS AND THE OVERLOOKED COSTS OF EFFICACY1 MICHAEL J. RYAN2 AND MOLLY E. CUMMINGS Section of Integrative Biology C0930, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712 2E-mail: [email protected] Received March 22, 2005. costly; handicaps can make it more costly, but lack of hand- The most striking aspects of many animals are signals. icap does not make it cost free. This book concentrates on Thus one might expect Animal Signals by John Maynard strategic costs, but offers some tantalizing discussions of ef- Smith and David Harper to discuss the detailed biology of ®cacy costs, which the authors suggest are underappreciated. this half of the communication dyad. Not so. Instead, they We second that notion but feel it is not strong enough. concentrate on a single question, why signals are reliable, The most basic ef®cacy costs of signaling are incurred in and emphasize one methodology to its solution: game theory. creating its morphology, behavior, and neural circuitry. In ad- Although not embracing the entire biology of signaling, the book grapples with a continuing problem. dition, some animals scour the environment to obtain their Signals evolved to communicate information and manip- signals; bowerbirds steal decorations for their bowers (Borgia ulate receivers to the signaler's bene®t. Similarly, the re- and Mueller 1992), and some moths sequester plant alkaloids ceiver's response to signals is under selection to promote its for the ¯occulent showers they bestow upon females (Conner ®tness. The issue at hand is the con¯ict between signal and et al. -
Diploid Models of the Handicap Principle
Heredity 60 (1988) 283—293 The Genetical Society of Great Britain Received 22June1987 Diploid models of the handicap principle I. P. M. Tomlinson Department of Genetics, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, U.K. "Fisherian" models of sexual selection by female choice assume that females prefer male characters which are initially advantageous or neutral; character and preference then spread through the population. Once female preference has evolved to a higher frequency, the male character can become more extreme and disadvantageous by the action of some force such as the "super-normal stimulus". By contrast, the "handicap principle" of sexual selection proposes that females should prefer more extreme, disadvantaged males: males who survive the disadvantage of the "handicap" must be fitter in other respects. Previous models of various forms of the "handicap principle" have shown that it is very unlikely to work as an alternative to the "Fisherian process". However, recent haploid models have shown that a "condition-dependent handicap" might evolve. Diploid models show that the "condition-dependent handicap" model does not work. Models of "handicaps" operating together with the "Fisherian process" are also presented. It is inferred that "Fisherian" models are more likely than "handicap" models to account for the evolution of male sexual ornaments, although a "handicap" mechanism may aid the operation of the "Fisherian process". INTRODUCTION Darwin (1871) and analysed by Fisher (1930): preferred males tend to find mates more easily, Darwin(1871) saw that the males of many species mate earlier in the breeding season in more favour- were often brightly coloured or possessed complex able conditions and therefore gain a natural selec- secondary adornments; females on the other hand tive advantage. -
Assessing Animal Welfare with Behavior: Onward with Caution
Perspective Assessing Animal Welfare with Behavior: Onward with Caution Jason V. Watters *, Bethany L. Krebs and Caitlin L. Eschmann Wellness and Animal Behavior, San Francisco Zoological Society, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA; [email protected] (B.L.K.); [email protected] (C.L.E.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: An emphasis on ensuring animal welfare is growing in zoo and aquarium associations around the globe. This has led to a focus on measures of welfare outcomes for individual animals. Observations and interpretations of behavior are the most widely used outcome-based measures of animal welfare. They commonly serve as a diagnostic tool from which practitioners make animal welfare decisions and suggest treatments, yet errors in data collection and interpretation can lead to the potential for misdiagnosis. We describe the perils of incorrect welfare diagnoses and common mistakes in applying behavior-based tools. The missteps that can be made in behavioral assessment include mismatches between definitions of animal welfare and collected data, lack of alternative explanations, faulty logic, behavior interpreted out of context, murky assumptions, lack of behavior definitions, and poor justification for assigning a welfare value to a specific behavior. Misdiagnosing the welfare state of an animal has negative consequences. These include continued poor welfare states, inappropriate use of resources, lack of understanding of welfare mechanisms and the perpetuation of the previously mentioned faulty logic throughout the wider scientific community. We provide recommendations for assessing behavior-based welfare tools, and guidance for those developing Citation: Watters, J.V.; Krebs, B.L.; tools and interpreting data. Eschmann, C.L. Assessing Animal Welfare with Behavior: Onward with Keywords: behavioral diagnosis; zoo; behavioral diversity; anticipatory behavior; stereotypy; natural Caution. -
Female Mate Choice Based Upon Male Motor Performance
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Eileen Hebets Publications Papers in the Biological Sciences 4-2010 Female mate choice based upon male motor performance John Byers University of Idaho, [email protected] Eileen Hebets University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Jeffrey Podos University of Massachusetts, Amherst, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscihebets Part of the Behavior and Ethology Commons Byers, John; Hebets, Eileen; and Podos, Jeffrey, "Female mate choice based upon male motor performance" (2010). Eileen Hebets Publications. 45. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscihebets/45 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Eileen Hebets Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Animal Behaviour 79:4 (April 2010), pp. 771–778; doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.01.009 Copyright © 2010 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour; published by Elsevier Ltd. Used by permission. Submitted October 12, 2009; revised November 19, 2009; accepted January 11, 2010; published online February 19, 2010. Female mate choice based upon male motor performance John Byers,1 Eileen Hebets,2 and Jeffrey Podos 3 1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA 2. School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA 3. Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA Corresponding author — J. Byers, email [email protected] Abstract Our goal in this essay is to review the hypothesis that females choose mates by the evaluation of male motor performance. -