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Growing Brassicas Please Bear with Us, Be Patient and Sue Kraemer Understanding If Any Technical Glitches Master Gardener Pop-Up During Tonight’S Presentation

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Growing Brassicas Please Bear with Us, Be Patient and Sue Kraemer Understanding If Any Technical Glitches Master Gardener Pop-Up During Tonight’S Presentation 2/28/21 A Note About Our Class Tonight We Master Gardeners are all volunteers, and while we have acquired basic Zoom skills, sometimes unforeseen technical issues arise. Class 7: Growing Brassicas Please bear with us, be patient and Sue Kraemer understanding if any technical glitches Master Gardener pop-up during tonight’s presentation. 1 2 Another note The information contained in Growing Groceries presentations is based on WSU home gardening publications and other science and research based materials. Resource lists are provided on the King County Growing Groceries website and at the end of some presentations. To enliven the learning experience, speakers may use examples from their own garden experience and draw from their personal gardening successes and failures. Photo Credit: Sue Kraemer 3 4 1 2/28/21 The Mustard Family (Brassicaceae/Cruciferae) Brassicaceae Includes Many Vegetables Photo Credit: Sue Kraemer • Arugula (Eruca vesicaria and • Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) Diplotaxis tenuifolia) • Kale (Brassica oleracea) • Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) • Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea) • Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea) • Mustard greens (Brassica juncea) • Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) • Pac Choi (Brassica rapa) • Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) • Radish (Raphanus sativus) • Collards (Brassica oleracea) • Rutabaga (Brassica napus) • Sea kale (Crambe maritima) • Turnip (Brassica rapa) 5 6 Growing Brassicaceae Leafy Greens Arugula, Collard greens, Kale, and Mustard greens Graphic Credits: vox.com 7 8 2 2/28/21 Kale and Collards Kale and Collards (Brassica oleracea and Brassica napus) (Brassica oleracea and Brassica napus) Soil Temp Days to Thin Row Seed Fertilizer Champion Winterbor Seed Depth • Collard Greens for Germ. Emergence Plants To Spacing Life Needs ○Champion ○Flash 55-75°F 1/4" 5-17 12-24" 18-36" 3 years Medium • Kale from Territorial Seeds ○Winterbor • Start indoors February to May for April ○Redbor to mid-July transplanting ○Red Russian • Direct seed March to mid-July for ○Dwarf Green Curled summer to winter harvest (row cover ○Dwarf Scotch Curly recommended) ○Lacinato • Direct seed or transplant in August for ○Scarlet winter harvest Photo Credit: Sue Kraemer Red Russian Lacinato (B. napus) 9 10 Kale and Collards Kale and Collards Photo Credit: sunset.com • One of the most cost-effective vegetables! • Harvest leaves from the bottom up at any size • Cool weather and frost bring out best flavor • Stores well in refrigerator • Nutritional value: low fat; high in vitamins K, A, and C Photo Credits: Sue Kraemer Biennial: lateral buds in spring 11 12 3 2/28/21 Kale and Collards Mustard Greens (Brassica juncea) (Brassica oleracea and Brassica napus) Soil Temp Seed Days to Thin Row Seed Fertilizer for Germ. Depth Emergence Plants To Spacing Life Needs • Edible flowers the 40-75°F 1/4" 2-15 6-18" 9-18" 3 years Medium next spring! • Direct seed early spring or late summer • Very easy to grow! • Early pollen for • Avoid heat to prevent bolting bees • Harvest young leaves or full heads Green Wave Mustard Mix Tatsoi Photo Credits: Sue Kraemer 13 14 Pac Choi (Brassica rapa) Arugula Soil Temp Seed Days to Thin Row Seed Fertilizer for Germ. Depth Emergence Plants To Spacing Life Needs Roquette (Eruca vesicaria) 45-75°F 1/4" 2-15 12-18" 18-36" 3 years Medium • Direct seed early spring or fall • Best in spring and fall • Best directly sown • Direct sow after danger of frost • Most tolerate moderate • Start indoors 4 weeks before frosts transplanting in spring or fall • Harvest frequently and Wild (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) • Avoid heat to prevent bolting Joi Choi when young • Harvest as soon as mature to avoid • Flowers are edible! bolting Photo Credits: commons wikimedia Bopak 15 16 4 2/28/21 Perennial Kale Favorite Recipes • Seakale (Crambe Maritima) Kale pasta Arugula salad ○ Buy transplants in spring ○ Grown by Thomas Jefferson ○ Hardy to -5°F Photo Credits: https://www.monticelloshop.org/ • Kosmic (Brassica Oleracea) ○ Transplant root cuttings Photo Credits: cookpad.com Photo Credits: foodnetwork.com in spring Kale, bacon, and sun-dried Arugula, olive oil, lemon juice, ○ Does not flower tomatoes and Parmesan cheese ○ Hardy to 10°F 17 18 Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) • Broccoli Growing Brassicaceae ○Umpqua ○Thompson for Buds and Flowering ○Waltham Heads ○Green Magic Umpqua ○Emerald Jewel Broccoli, Brussel Sprouts, Cabbage, and Cauliflower • Brokali or sprouting broccoli ○Atlantis ○Apollo Apollo Photo Credit: UBC Botanical Garden 19 20 5 2/28/21 Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) Soil Temp Seed Days to Thin Row Seed Fertilizer for Germ. Depth Emergence Plants To Spacing Life Needs 55-75°F 1/4" 5-17 12-24" 18-36" 3 years High • Direct seed April through June (row cover recommended) • Start indoors 4 – 6 weeks before transplant in April through June • Start autumn overwintering varieties May-July for transplanting June-August • Harvest when heads are tight and dense • Start overwintering sprouting broccoli from mid-May to • Cut side shoots to promote production June, transplant by end of July-September • Stores well in refrigerator 21 22 Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Soil Temp Seed Days to Thin Row Seed Fertilizer for Germ. Depth Emergence Plants To Spacing Life Needs • Early types grow fast, so 55-75°F 1/4" 5-17 18-24" 2-4’ 3 years Medium harvest promptly • Include 2 or 3 wrapper leaves • Direct seed March – June (not recommended for fall when cutting heads planting) • Early types store for 1-2 • Start indoors 4 – 6 weeks before transplant in March months at 36⁰F through June • Later types up to 6 months at 36⁰F Charmant Ruby Ball Photo Credit: frugalupstate.com 23 24 6 2/28/21 Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) Soil Temp Seed Days to Thin Row Seed Fertilizer for Germ. Depth Emergence Plants To Spacing Life Needs 55-75°F 1/4" 5-17 12-24" 18-36” 3 years High • Direct seed April – June (not recommended for fall planting) • Start indoors 4 – 6 weeks before transplant • Blanching: to ensure completely white heads, tie the inner • Harvest heads when florets are tight and dense leaves around the head when it starts to form • Overmature florets will separate • Stores well refrigerated Snow Crown Graffiti 25 26 (Brassica oleracea) Brussels Sprouts Brussels Sprouts (Brassica oleracea) Soil Temp Seed Days to Thin Plants Row Seed Fertilizer for Germ. Depth Emergence To Spacing Life Needs 3-4 • Best after couple of frosts 55-75°F 1/4" 5-17 24" 18-36” High years • Mature buds will be about 1 • Direct seed: not recommended to 1 ½ inches • Start indoors 4 – 6 weeks before transplant • Harvest from the bottom up • Start May-June for transplanting June-August for fall crop • Or, mature entire stock by • Timing is important: follow variety specific instructions cutting off top at growing point • Store refrigerated Rubine Hestia 27 28 7 2/28/21 Turnips (Brassica rapa) and Rutabagas (Brassica napus) Soil Temp Seed Days to Thin Plants Row Seed Fertilizer for Germ. Depth Emergence To Spacing Life Needs Growing Brassicaceae 55-75°F 1/4-1/2" 5-17 6-8" 12-16” 3 years Low Root Crops • Direct seed spring through summer • Sow turnips July-early Sept for fall/winter crop Radishes, Rutabagas, and • Sow rutabagas in July for fall/winter crop Turnips • Thin when form two true leaves • Harvest when small for sweetness • Pick young turnip greens • Store refrigerated Purple top Joan turnip rutabaga Photo Credits: UBCDIYnetwork Botanical Garden Photo Credits: Sue Kraemer 29 30 Radish (Raphanus sativus) Radishes Soil Temp Seed Days to Thin Row Seed Fertilizer for Germ. Depth Emergence Plants To Spacing Life Needs • Let flower and reseed over winter 55-75°F 1/2" 4-11 1-2" 8-12” 4 years Low • Flowers are edible • Direct seed spring to early summer • Direct sow mid-August to early September for fall crop • Extend harvest by planting every two weeks • Thin promptly when form two true leaves • Avoid dry or crowded conditions (slow growth, pithy, hot) • Harvest young • Let a few bolt: green seed pods are edible • Remove tops before refrigerating Cherry Belle Daikon 31 32 8 2/28/21 Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) Brassicaceae Pests and Diseases • Perennial for years of harvest • Fertilize top 3-4 inches of soil and dig shallow trench • Space 1 to 2 feet apart and cover with 2 inches soil • Will grow fast and spread • Harvest in fall and winter after leaves have died back Photo Credit: Heidi McKibbin Photo Credits: Heidi McKibbin 33 34 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Clubroot • Identity pests • Prevent problems before they start • Affected Crops: all members • Monitor with careful observation of the family • Control with mechanical and biological practices first (not eradicate) • Prevention and Control ○ Rotate crops ○ Check pH: above 6.8 Photo Credit: agric.wa.gov.au ○ Provide adequate calcium and magnesium ○ Provide drainage Photo Credit: Wikipedia ○ Remove weeds Braconid wasp Aleiodes indiscretus laying eggs in a caterpillar Photo Credit: Sue Kraemer Photo Credit: /articles.extension.org 35 36 9 2/28/21 Downy Mildew Aphids • Affected Crops: broccoli, • Affected Crops: all members Brussels sprouts, cabbage, of the family cauliflower, and kale • Prevention and Control • Prevention and Control ○Remove plant debris ○ Rotate crops Photo Credit: wsu.edu ○Avoid high levels of nitrogen ○ Avoid overhead watering ○Encourage natural enemies ○ Give plants plenty of space ○Spray off with water hose ○ Remove diseased plants ○Control honeydew collecting and plant parts (don’t place ants in home compost!)
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