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Design of Effective Riparian Management Strategies for Stream Resource Protection in Montana, Idaho, and Washington

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Design of Effective Riparian Management Strategies for Stream Resource Protection in Montana, Idaho, and Washington Design of Effective Riparian Management Strategies for Stream Resource Protection in Montana, Idaho, and Washington Technical Report #7 1999 1. Plum Creek Timber Company Native Fish Habitat Conservation Plan DESIGN OF EFFECTIVE RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR STREAM RESOURCE PROTECTION IN MONTANA, IDAHO, AND WASHINGTON Jeff Light1 Mic Holmes2 Matt O’Connor3 E. Steven Toth4 Dean Berg5 Dale McGreer6 Kent Doughty7 NATIVE FISH HABITAT CONSERVATION PLAN TECHNICAL REPORT No. 7 Plum Creek Timber Company 1999 Present Address: 1 Plum Creek Timber Company, L.P. 999 Third Ave., Suite 2300, Seattle, Washington, 98104. 2 Plum Creek Timber Company, L.P. P.O. Box 1990, Columbia Falls, Montana, 59912. 3 O’Connor Environmental, Inc. P.O. Box 794, Healdsburg, California, 95548. 4 1820 E. Union St., #102, Seattle, Washington, 98122. 5 Silvicultural Engineering, 15806 60th Ave. W., Edmonds, Washington, 98026. 6 Western Watershed Analysts, 313 D Street, Suite 203, Lewiston, Idaho, 83501. 7 Cascade Environmental Services, Inc., 1111 N. Forest Street, Bellingham, Washington, 98225-5119 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 THE ROLE OF RIPARIAN AREAS IN SUPPORTING NATIVE SALMONID FISH POPULATIONS 1 1.2 THE INFLUENCE OF TIMBER MANAGEMENT ON RIPARIAN AREAS AND STREAM ECOSYSTEMS 2 2.0 BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 6 2.1 THE RIPARIAN CAUSE-EFFECT PATHWAY 6 2.2 THE ROLE OF LARGE WOODY DEBRIS IN STREAMS 7 2.2.1 Influences of LWD on Streams and Rivers..................................................................................................8 2.2.1.1 Channel Morphology 8 2.2.1.2 Sediment and Organic Matter Storage 9 2.2.2 Influences of LWD on Fish.........................................................................................................................10 2.3 CHANNEL SENSITIVITY TO LWD BASED ON SLOPE CLASS 12 2.3.1 Fish Use as a Function of Channel Slope .................................................................................................12 2.3.2 Stream Channel Classification ..................................................................................................................14 2.3.2.1 The Rosgen Classification System 15 2.3.3 The Role of LWD Relative to Channel Class.............................................................................................17 2.3.3.1 Relationships Between LWD Frequency, Pool Spacing, and Channel Gradient in Montana 18 2.3.3.2 Channel Migration Zones 19 2.4 PRIORITIZATION OF RIPARIAN PROTECTION LEVELS 21 2.4.1 Selecting Riparian Management Options to Address LWD Sensitivities.................................................23 3.0 EVALUATING RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 26 3.1 DEVELOPMENT OF A RIPARIAN STAND MANAGEMENT EVALUATION PROCESS 26 3.1.1 Setting Targets............................................................................................................................................27 3.1.1.1 Targets for East of the Cascade Mountain Crest 29 3.1.1.2 Targets for Western Washington 30 3.1.1.3 Targets for Perennial, Non Fish-Bearing Streams 30 3.1.2 Identifying Dominant Riparian Forest Stand Types.................................................................................31 3.1.2.1 Riparian Stand Types of the Interior Columbia River Basin 31 3.1.2.2 Riparian Stand Types of Western Washington 34 3.1.3 Simulating the Response of Riparian Forests to Management ................................................................36 3.1.3.1 Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) 36 3.1.3.2 The Douglas Fir Simulator (DFSIM) 38 3.1.4 Simulating the Effects of Management on In-Channel Large Wood Debris Loads................................38 3.1.4.1 Riparian Aquatic Interaction Simulator 38 3.1.4.2 Estimated LWD Inputs from Bank Erosion 40 3.1.4.2.1 Hypothetical LWD Recruitment by Bank Erosion.......................................................................................41 3.1.4.2.1.1 Bank Erosion Estimates for streams of the Interior Columbia River Basin..............................................41 3.1.4.2.1.2 Bank Erosion Estimates for Western Washington Streams ......................................................................42 3.1.4.2.2 Observed LWD Recruitment via Bank Erosion and other Processes ..........................................................42 3.2 APPLICATION OF THE RIPARIAN STAND MANAGEMENT EVALUATION PROCESS 44 3.2.1 Fish-Bearing Streams East of the Cascade Mountains (Montana, Idaho, and Eastern Washington)...44 3.2.1.1 A Snapshot in Time: LWD Loads 30 Years After Harvest 46 3.2.1.2 Long-Term Trends in LWD Loads 48 3.2.1.3 Effect of Bank Erosion on LWD Loads in Streams of the Interior Columbia River Basin 51 3.2.2 Non Fish-Bearing Streams East of the Cascade Mountain Crest (Montana, Idaho, and Eastern Washington).................................................................................................................................................53 3.2.2.1 Trends in LWD Loading in Non Fish-Bearing Streams 53 3.2.2.2 Size Distribution of Recruitable Trees 54 3.2.3 Comparative Performance of Idaho’s Existing Riparian Management Rules........................................57 Stream Resource Protection — Technical Report #7 Riparian Management Strategies i March, 1999 Leaders in Environmental Forestry ______________________________________________________________________________________ 3.2.4 Fish-Bearing Streams in Western Washington..........................................................................................59 3.2.4.1 Effect of Bank Erosion on LWD Loads in Streams of Western Washington 64 3.2.5 Non Fish-Bearing Streams in Western Washington..................................................................................64 4.0 DISCUSSION 66 4.1 TAILORING MANAGEMENT ACTIONS TO ADDRESS FISH HABITAT VULNERABILITIES 66 4.2 EMPIRICAL VALIDATION OF MODELED LWD LOADS 70 4.3 MODELED VS. ACTUAL LWD LOADS 73 4.4 TREATMENT OF UNCERTAINTY 73 4.5 A REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS 80 4.5.1 Bank Integrity .............................................................................................................................................80 4.5.2 Litter Fall and Nutrient Inputs...................................................................................................................81 4.5.3 Canopy Closure and Stream Temperature................................................................................................81 4.5.4 Sediment Interception.................................................................................................................................83 4.5.5 Riparian Management Strategies for Maintaining Ecological Functions...............................................83 4.6 MONITORING AND ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT 85 4.7 OPPORTUNITIES FOR STREAM ECOSYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS 86 5.0 CONCLUSIONS 87 5.1 APPROACH AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 87 5.2 EVALUATING RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 87 6.0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 89 7.0 LITERATURE CITED 90 APPENDIX A GEOMORPHOLOGY OF CHANNEL MIGRATION ZONES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RIPARIAN FOREST MANAGEMENT APPENDIX B TECHNICAL RATIONALE SUPPORTING SELECTION OF IN-CHANNEL LWD TARGETS FOR FISH-BEARING AND NON-FISH-BEARING STREAMS APPENDIX C CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMINANT RIPARIAN STAND TYPES IN MONTANA, IDAHO, AND EASTERN WASHINGTON Stream Resource Protection — Technical Report #7 Riparian Management Strategies ii March, 1999 ___________________________________________________________________________________ Leaders in Environmental Forestry LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Generalized depiction of the natural variability in fish resource sensitivity according to location in the drainage network, and the ability of three riparian management approaches to address this variability...3 Figure 2. Process for developing riparian management actions that respond to patterns of fish habitat vulnerability and channel sensitivity within and among watersheds.....................................................................................4 Figure 3. Generalized curves depicting riparian forest effects on streams as a function of distance from the channel (from USDA et al. 1993). ....................................................................................................................................5 Figure 4. The Riparian Cause-Effect Pathway..................................................................................................................6 Figure 5. Longitudinal Profile of a Stream Channel and Stream Gradient Classes Used to Distinguish Channel Types in Rosgen's (1994) and Montgomery and Buffington's (1997) Channel Classification Systems. .............16 Figure 6. Prioritization of riparian protection levels for the Plum Creek Timber Company Native Fish HCP*.......21 Figure 7. Process for selecting riparian management prescriptions for fish-bearing streams of the project area. This process assumes one prescription will be developed for each situation, and these will be applied throughout the project area. The stream guilding process is principally used to modify which pre-determined prescription is appropriate for a given situation. Revisions to prescriptions, or creation of new ones, can be accomplished via guilding, research, and monitoring (adaptive management). ....................................................................25 Figure 8. Riparian stand management evaluation process developed for use in Plum Creek Timber Company’s Native Fish HCP............................................................................................................................................................27
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