DOCSLIB.ORG

NB 8 Oil Field Unitization

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
NB 8 Oil Field Unitization AGENDA REQUEST BUSINESS OF THE CITY COUNCIL CITY OF PEARLAND, TEXAS AGENDA OF: 5-9-16 ITEM NO.: Resolution No. R2016-81 DATE SUBMITTED: 5-3-16 DEPARTMENT OF ORIGIN: Administration PREPARED BY: Darrin Coker PRESENTOR: Darrin Coker REVIEWED BY: NA REVIEW DATE: NA SUBJECT: Resolution No. R2016-81; A Resolution by the City Council of the City of Pearland, Texas, supporting an improved statutory procedure that provides for unitization of depleted Texas Gulf Coast oil fields; and setting forth related matters thereto. EXHIBIT: Thursday Packet Information EXPENDITURE REQUIRED: AMOUNT BUDGETED: AMOUNT AVAILABLE: PROJECT NO.: ACCOUNT NO.: ADDITIONAL APPROPRIATION REQUIRED: ACCOUNT NO.: PROJECT NO.: To be completed by Department: Finance Legal Ordinance Resolution EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Railroad Commission of Texas (RRC) is required to make and enforce rules for the conservation of oil and gas in Texas. Current, yet outdated law, prohibits the RRC from requiring field wide Unitization. Unitization is the joint operation among separate operators of existing drilling units within a common defined reservoir to maximize the recovery of oil. Unitization would provide for a democratic process of a super-majority of the working and royalty interests to vote on a Plan of Unit Development. Numerous entities have already expressed their support for Unitization as a means of preventing the waste of billions of barrels of stranded, but recoverable oil in Gulf Coast oil fields. There is a concern that without Unitization, numerous leases will be lost and numerous fields will be plugged and abandoned without recovering valuable resources. The attached resolution is intended to express the City’s support for an improved statutory procedure that provides for Unitization in Texas to protect untapped resources. Included in the packet is the background information previously provided in your Thursday Packet. RESOLUTION No. R2016-81 A Resolution by the City Council of the City of Pearland, Texas, supporting an improved statutory procedure that provides for unitization of depleted Texas Gulf Coast oil fields; and setting forth related matters thereto. WHEREAS, the City of Pearland is desiring to establish additional capital investment and the creation of new jobs that will benefit all residents of Pearland, Texas, and WHEREAS, the State of Texas leads the nation in advanced technology to revive depleting legacy oilfields through tertiary enhanced oil recovery via carbon dioxide injection (CO 2 EOR), and WHEREAS, the Texas Gulf Coast region has more than two billion barrels of recoverable stranded oil reserves that can only be produced through C02 EOR, and WHEREAS, CO 2 EOR offers an important means to achieve U.S. energy independence and also provides significant environmental benefits through the associated long term storage of CO 2 that would otherwise be vented into the atmosphere, and WHEREAS, encouraging CO 2 EOR projects in the Texas Gulf Coast will also encourage new industry that can partner with the oilfield to provide new capital investment, high wage jobs and result in a broader tax base through new services, materials sales and field environmental improvements that support our communities, and WHEREAS, Texas is the only top-ten U.S. oil and gas producing state that requires 100 percent approval of new field operations units on a voluntary basis, and WHEREAS, a statutory unitization procedure to support full field tertiary re- development of older, depleted oilfields is necessary in order to utilize CO 2 EOR, and WHEREAS, the lack of a statutory unitization procedure that protects the correlative rights of mineral interest and royalty owners inhibits CO 2 EOR development, and RESOLUTION No. R2016-81 WHEREAS, Texas energy and conservation policy should support such a procedure that honors the development wishes of a supermajority of interest owners, and WHEREAS, the City of Pearland has received direct benefit from CO 2 EOR projects, creating jobs, capital investment, and overall improvement to our local economy, and WHEREAS, the City Council has considered the matter and deems it in the public interest to authorize this action, and BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF PEARLAND, TEXAS: Section 1. That the City Council supports an improved statutory procedure that provides for unitization of depleted Texas Gulf Coast oilfields. PASSED, APPROVED and ADOPTED this the _________ day of __________________, A.D., 2016. ______________________________ TOM REID MAYOR ATTEST: ________________________________ YOUNG LORFING, TRMC CITY SECRETARY APPROVED AS TO FORM: ________________________________ DARRIN M. COKER CITY ATTORNEY L//Lf//£ 10!.,-rl(,~ Saving Texas' Legacy Oilfields: ""''I /le- "" fr. ""1"" ...... ~ IA.·11' s-hl:P ( Current Policy Conflicts Result in Waste of our Valuable Oi G~cl~~ "~"'~;:';:o~J i.s,,,. ·~ rt.stl""~'.. .s-. ..k 'J - '".i> lffl U.-h1·,- h-16-f•l -J., (e""ftY', r~ss·J.t How can we continue to allow an outdated and unworkable 85 year old law enacted In 1931 to place Texas at( ~~'°' a distinct economic and strategic disadvantage In the production of our natural resources in whlc~ billlgns of crl,f J: J:r barrels of stranded, but recoverable oil reserves are being wasted and permanently abandoned? ~f- !J~"' IN • The Railroad Commission of Texas ("RRC") Is mandated under the Texas Natural Resources Code to make and JIJ ' enforce rules and orders for the conservation of oll and gas and the prevention of waste of oil and gas. Yet, t/'J/ due to the existence of an outdated 1931 Texas State law expressly prohibiting the RRC from requiring field wide unltization, the RRC Is without authority to implement a procedure that would protect and prevent the waste of Texas• depleting large legacy Gulf Coast oilfields, containing billions of barrels of stranded, but recoverable oil reserves. Without 100% unitized field wide development and operations, these legacy Gulf Coast oilfields will eventually deplete; the leases will be lost and the fields will be permanently plugged and abandoned leaving these billions of barrels unrecovered. Every major oil and gas producing state except the State of Texas has a statutory field wide unltlzatlon procedure for the benefit of the public and to protect mineral and royalty owners who wish to redevelop stranded reserves in their depleting fields. 1931 Anti-Statutory Unitizatlon Statute Why would Texas enact a statute In 1931 ordering the RRC to prevent the waste of our state's natural resources yet In that very same statute expressly prohibit the RRC from implementing unitizatlon of a field, a method proven to be one of the most effective means to protect against waste, maximize the efficient production of the natural resources and protect the rights of each owner In the field? A review of the historical context of this legislation sheds light on this deliberate legislative restriction. Texas was blessed with the discovery of the extraordinary East Texas Oil Field In 1930. By 1931, due to the chaotic drilling frenzy, photographs of which we are all too familiar with, the field was producing over one million barrels of oil per day resulting in an oil glut on the market and causing a spiraling drop in oil prices from $1 per barrel In 1930 to $0.10 per barrel in 1931. In response to the catastrophic Impact upon the oil and gas industry caused by the overproduction of the East Texas Oil Field, the Texas legislature called a special session to address these matters. Humble Oii and Refining Co. (now ExxonMobil Corporation) had secured a significant holding In the East Texas Field and aggressively advocated during these legislative hearings for field wide unitlzatlon which would provide for the "orderly development and lowered costs of production and to prevent the waste of oil and gas resulting from rapid development and overproduction." Humble was at the forefront of understanding the need to embrace unitlzation for conservation purposes. Its main objective was to prevent the destruction of the field resulting from over production and not necessarily to Increase the price of the oil. However, the equitable sharing associated with unltlzatlon advocated by Humble was viewed by the small Independent East Texas Field producers as a means by which Humble would monopolize and control the East Texas Oil Field. Unfortunately, as a result, the unitization concept became embroiled In the bitter fight amongst the East Texas Oil Field operators. Consequently, historians, as well as Humble, believe that the inclusion of an express prohibition to require unltization contained in the 1931 waste prevention act to address the East Texas Oil Field controversy was a deliberate legislative attack against Humble. As a result, Texas, the nation's leading oil producer, continues to bear the damaging and wasteful consequences caused by this express prohibition of statutory unitlzation as a natural resource conservation option. The Commission's OJI and Gas Conservation and Waste Prevention Measures during the Development Phases of an 011 and Gas Reid With the responsiblllty of protecting our oil and gas resources albeit without the authority of field wide unltlzation, the RRC has nevertheless administered oil and gas conservation laws during the various development phases of an oil field, generally referred to as primary, secondary or tertiary phases of recovery. During the primary phase of a field's development or the Initial exploration and development phases of oil and gas production, the RRC has, based on sound geo·sclence and reservoir engineering, implemented orderly well placement, production allocation, and other mandated techniques adopted decades ago under sound resource conservation principles to avoid waste of our natural resources; maximize the efficient production of our oil and gas resources; and protect the correlative rights of the interest owners. Gone are the days when drillers could strike a gusher anywhere they pleased. The RRC was also given additional administrative responsibility under the Mineral Interest Pooling Act for drilling of wells during the primary development phase of a field.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Best Research Support and Anti-Plagiarism Services and Training
    CleanScript Group – best research support and anti-plagiarism services and training List of oil field acronyms The oil and gas industry uses many jargons, acronyms and abbreviations. Obviously, this list is not anywhere near exhaustive or definitive, but this should be the most comprehensive list anywhere. Mostly coming from user contributions, it is contextual and is meant for indicative purposes only. It should not be relied upon for anything but general information. # 2D - Two dimensional (geophysics) 2P - Proved and Probable Reserves 3C - Three components seismic acquisition (x,y and z) 3D - Three dimensional (geophysics) 3DATW - 3 Dimension All The Way 3P - Proved, Probable and Possible Reserves 4D - Multiple Three dimensional's overlapping each other (geophysics) 7P - Prior Preparation and Precaution Prevents Piss Poor Performance, also Prior Proper Planning Prevents Piss Poor Performance A A&D - Acquisition & Divestment AADE - American Association of Drilling Engineers [1] AAPG - American Association of Petroleum Geologists[2] AAODC - American Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors (obsolete; superseded by IADC) AAR - After Action Review (What went right/wrong, dif next time) AAV - Annulus Access Valve ABAN - Abandonment, (also as AB) ABCM - Activity Based Costing Model AbEx - Abandonment Expense ACHE - Air Cooled Heat Exchanger ACOU - Acoustic ACQ - Annual Contract Quantity (in reference to gas sales) ACQU - Acquisition Log ACV - Approved/Authorized Contract Value AD - Assistant Driller ADE - Asphaltene
    [Show full text]
  • An Arctic Engineer's Story 1971 to 2006
    An Arctic Engineer’s Story 1971 to 2006 by Dan Masterson To my wife Ginny and my sons, Andrew, Greg, and Mark ii Preface In 1971, I just happened to be in the right place at the right time. I had just completed my PhD and was looking for work. I was told to contact Hans Kivisild who had just been given a contract from an oil company to investigate an engineering issue in the Arctic. This started my career in Arctic engineering, just when the second major exploration phase was beginning in the western Arctic, 123 years after Franklin started the first phase of exploration in the area. This recent phase was also filled with individuals who were going “where few had gone before,” but unlike the earlier explorers, these recent explorers were accompanied by regulators, scientists and engineers who wanted to ensure that the environment was protected and also to ensure that the operations were carried out in the safest and most cost- efficient manner. Between about 1970 to 1995, several oil companies and Arctic consulting companies turned Calgary into a world leader in Arctic technology. It was a time that one could have an idea, check it out in small scale, and within a year or so, use it in a full-scale operation. During the next 25 years, industry drilled many wells in the Arctic using the technologies described in this book. In 1995, the oil industry pulled out of the Arctic mainly due to lack of government incentives and poor drilling results. In 2016, both the Canadian and United States governments declared a moratorium on Arctic drilling.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oil Boom After Spindletop
    425 11/18/02 10:41 AM Page 420 Why It Matters Now The Oil Boom Petroleum refining became the 2 leading Texas industry, and oil remains important in the Texas After Spindletop economy today. TERMS & NAMES OBJECTIVES MAIN IDEA boomtown, refinery, Humble 1. Analyze the effects of scientific discov- After Spindletop, the race was on to Oil and Refining Company, eries and technological advances on the discover oil in other parts of Texas. wildcatter, oil strike, oil and gas industry. In just 30 years, wells in all regions Columbus M. “Dad” Joiner, 2. Explain how C. M. “Dad” Joiner’s work of the state made Texas the world hot oil affected Texas. leader in oil production. 3. Trace the boom-and-bust cycle of oil and gas during the 1920s and 1930s. With the discovery of oil at Spindletop, thousands of fortune seekers flooded into Texas, turning small towns into overcrowded cities almost overnight. An oil worker’s wife described life in East Texas in 1931. There were people living in tents with children. There were a lot of them that had these great big old cardboard boxes draped around trees, living under the trees. And any- and everywhere in the world they could live, they lived. Some were just living in their cars, and a truck if they had a truck. And I tell you, that was bad. Just no place to stay whatsoever. Mary Rogers, interview in Life in the Oil Fields Oil, Oil Everywhere The oil boom of the 1920s and 1930s caused sudden, tremendous growth in Texas.
    [Show full text]
  • Reasonable Foreseeable Development Scenario for Oil and Gas Activities
    Reasonable Foreseeable Development Scenario for Oil and Gas Activities National Forests and Grasslands in Texas National Forests and Grasslands in Texas Grasslands and Forests National Prepared for the U.S. Forest Service by Kelsey Crocker and James F. Glover United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management New Mexico State Office Final Report Amended November 2018 Reasonable Foreseeable Development Scenario for Oil and Gas Activities National Forests and Grasslands in Texas Prepared By: ___________________________ ___________________________ Kelsey Crocker, GIS Specialist James F. Glover, Geologist United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management New Mexico State Office FINAL REPORT – AMENDED NOVEMBER 2018 RFD Scenario for Oil and Gas Activities—National Forests and Grasslands in Texas Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Guidance and Data Sources ........................................................................................................ 2 Assumptions and Findings .......................................................................................................... 3 Historical Activity ......................................................................................................................... 4 Recent Drilling Activity ............................................................................................................... 4 Oil and Gas Production
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report Small Producers Program
    RPSEA Final Report Small Producers Program Development Strategies for Maximizing East Texas Oil Field Production Contract No. 08123-16 July 15, 2014 Fred P. Wang Research Scientist Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences 10100 Burnet Rd., Bldg. #130, Austin, TX 78750 LEGAL NOTICE This report was prepared by the Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, as an account of work sponsored by the Research Partnership to Secure Energy for America, RPSEA. Neither RPSEA, members of RPSEA, the National Energy Technology Laboratory, the U.S. Department of Energy, nor any person acting on behalf of any of the entities: a. MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO ACCURACY, COMPLETENESS, OR USEFULNESS OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT, OR THAT THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, OR PROCESS DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT INFRINGE PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS, OR b. ASSUMES ANY LIABILITY WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF, OR FOR ANY AND ALL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE OF, ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, OR PROCESS DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT. THIS IS A FINAL REPORT. THE DATA, CALCULATIONS, INFORMATION, CONCLUSIONS, AND/OR RECOMMENDATIONS REPORTED HEREIN ARE THE PROPERTY OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY. REFERENCE TO TRADE NAMES OR SPECIFIC COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS, COMMODITIES, OR SERVICES IN THIS REPORT DOES NOT REPRESENT OR CONSTITUTE AN ENDORSEMENT, RECOMMENDATION, OR FAVORING BY RPSEA OR ITS CONTRACTORS OF THE SPECIFIC COMMERCIAL PRODUCT, COMMODITY, OR SERVICE. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ABSTRACT The goals of this project were to evaluate deepening and behind-pipe opportunities and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) potentials to maximize recovery from the East Texas Oil Field (ETOF), a giant mature and marginal field currently operated by 114 small producers.
    [Show full text]
  • For Personal Use Only Use Personal For
    ABN 45 066 383 971 5 June 2015 PAGES (including this page):3 ASX Market Announcements CUE ENERGY OVERVIEW Cue is an Australian based oil & gas ASX Limited company with activities in Australia, Exchange Centre New Zealand and Indonesia. Level 4, 20 Bridge Street Sydney NSW 2000 THE COMPANY HAS: Long life production A strong balance sheet An active exploration program Cue acquires US conventional onshore oil CUE ENERGY DIRECTORS Geoffrey King (Chairman) Attached please find Cue Energy Resources Limited’s release with Stuart Brown respect to the above mentioned. Paul Foley Peter Hazledine Yours faithfully Brian Smith Andrew Young CUE ENERGY MANAGEMENT David Biggs (CEO) Andrew Knox (CFO) Andrew M Knox Jeffrey Schrull (Exp Man) Chief Financial Officer OFFICE Level 19 357 Collins Street Melbourne Vic 3000 CONTACT DETAILS Tel: +613 8610 4000 Fax: +613 9614 2142 EMAIL [email protected] WEBSITE www.cuenrg.com.au LISTINGS ASX: CUE ADR/OTC: CUEYY For personal use only ABN 45 066 383 971 RELEASE Cue acquires US conventional onshore oil production Melbourne, 5 June 2015: Cue Energy Resources Ltd (ASX: CUE) will boost oil output and gain significant potential for future production increases, through the acquisition of an 80% operated stake in the producing Pine Mills onshore conventional oil field, in Wood County, 160 km east of Dallas, Texas, USA. The acquisition, from Gale Force Petroleum of Canada (TSXV: GFE) includes a US$2 million cash payment, plus the obligation to carry US$1 million in operating and capital expenses for Gale Force’s retained interest over the next four years.
    [Show full text]
  • Application for Customer Rate Relief and Related Regulatory Asset Determination
    CASE NO. 00007062 ATMOS ENERGY CORP., MID-TEX § DIVISION AND WEST TEXAS § BEFORE THE DIVISION, APPLICATION FOR § CUSTOMER RATE RELIEF AND § RAILROAD COMMISSION RELATED REGULATORY ASSET § DETERMINATION § OF TEXAS ATMOS ENERGY CORPORATION, MID-TEX DIVISION AND WEST TEXAS DIVISION, APPLICATION FOR CUSTOMER RATE RELIEF AND RELATED REGULATORY ASSET DETERMINATION Atmos Energy Corporation (“Atmos Energy” or the “Company”) on behalf of its Mid-Tex Division and West Texas Division (“WTX Division”) files this Application for a Regulatory Asset Determination (“Application”). Atmos Energy’s Mid-Tex and WTX Divisions operate in Texas as gas utilities under Texas Utilities Code §§ 101.003(7) and 104.362(12). The Company’s Application is timely filed pursuant to the customer rate relief provisions contained in H.B. 1520, Texas Utilities Code, Chapter 104, Subchapter I, and the Railroad Commission of Texas (“Commission”) Notice to Gas Utilities issued on June 17, 2021 (“June 17th Notice”). In support of the Application, the Company respectfully shows the following: FEBRUARY 2021 WINTER WEATHER EVENT Winter Storm Uri was historic in its severity, its breadth, and its duration. Within a day of its arrival on February 11, 2021, Governor Greg Abbott issued an emergency disaster declaration for all 254 counties in the State of Texas. On February 14, 2021, the President of the United States approved the disaster declaration and ordered federal assistance to supplement state and local recovery efforts. Across the state, temperatures dropped to some of the coldest recorded in decades. By Monday after the storm’s arrival, temperatures in Dallas had dropped to five degrees, the coldest temperature recorded in the city since the late 1980s.
    [Show full text]
  • Rebuilding the Texas Railroad Commission Issue (Provisional) by J.W
    Oil, Gas & Energy Law IntelligenceIntelligenceLaw www.ogel.org ISSN 1875-418X Rebuilding the Texas Railroad Commission Issue (Provisional) by J.W. Coleman Published October 2020 This paper will be part of the OGEL Special Issue on "Law and Policy for Gas Flaring in a Low-carbon Economy". More information here: https://www.ogel.org/news.asp?key=660 This article will be published in a future About OGEL issue of OGEL (2020). Check websit e for final publication date for correct re OGEL (Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence): Focusing on recent ference. This article may not be the developments in the area of oil-gas-energy law, regulation, final version and should be considered as a draft article. treaties, judicial and arbitral cases, voluntary guidelines, tax and contracting, including the oil-gas-energy geopolitics. For full Terms & Conditions and subscription rates, please visit our website at www.ogel.org. Open to all to read and to contribute OGEL has become the hub of a global professional and academic network. Therefore we invite all those with an interest in oil-gas-energy law and regulation to contribute. We are looking mainly for short comments on recent developments of broad interest. We would like where possible for such comments to be backed-up by provision of in-depth Terms & Conditions notes and articles (which we will be published in our Registered OGEL users are authorised to download and print 'knowledge bank') and primary legal and regulatory materials. one copy of the articles in the OGEL Website for personal, non-commercial use provided all printouts clearly include the Please contact us at [email protected] if you would like to name of the author and of OGEL.
    [Show full text]
  • Oilfield Acronym
    Oilfield Acronym MARSEC (US Coast Guard) Maritime Security System NTAS (US Department of Homeland Seurity) National Security Advisory System GAR (World Health Organization) Global Alert and Response DBCP 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane WQ A textural parameter used for CBVWE computations (Halliburton) OT A Well On Test ABAN Abandonment AGM Above ground marker AMSL above mean sea level AOF Absolute open flow AOFP absolute open-flow potential AGRU acid gas removal unit ACOU Acoustic ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profile (system) ALR acoustic log report ACQU Acquisition log aMDEA activated methyldiethanolamine AFP Active Fire Protection APS active pipe support ART Actuator running tool ANPR Advance notice of proposed rulemaking ADROC advanced rock properties report ALC aertical seismic profile acoustic log calibration report AAR After action reviews ACHE Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger AIRG airgun AIRRE airgun report AC Alaminos Canyon Gulf of Mexico leasing area ABSA Alberta Boilers Safety Association AHBDF along hole (depth) below Derrick floor AHD along hole depth AIV Alternate isolation valve ART Alternate response technologies AADE American Association of Drilling Engineers AAODC American Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors (obsolete; superseded by IADC) AAPG American Association of Petroleum Geologists AAPL American Association of Professional Landmen ABS American Bureau of Shipping AIChE American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIME American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers ANSI American National Standards Institute API American Petroleum Institute API American Petroleum Institute: organization which sets unit standards in the oil and gas industry ASNT American Society for Nondestructive Testing ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ASCE American Society of Chemical Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers WAV3 Amplitude (in Seismics) AVO Amplitude variation with offset (seismic) WellCAP An IADC standard for well control training APC Anadarko Petroleum Corp.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrocarbon Geology Hydrocarbon – V Resources Utdallas 1
    .edu /~ Page metin 1 utdallas Resources – Hydrocarbon Geology v Outline Rocks Oil Formation Oil Migration Traps and Reservoirs Prof. Metin Çakanyıldırım used various resources to prepare this document for teaching/training. To use this in your own course/training, please obtain permission from Prof. Çakanyıldırım. If you find any inaccuracies, please contact [email protected] for corrections. Updated in Sumer 2019 .edu /~ Page metin 2 utdallas Rock Types v Volcanic (Igneous) Rocks: Crystalline solid rocks from cooled down magma. Metamorphic Rocks. E.g., marble develops under high pressure Sedimentary Rocks composed of sediments (grains, mud, salts) such as – Clastic: Collection/compaction/cementation of broken up rock pieces. Gypsum – Chemical (Crystalline): Including minerals and chemical salts For this & others, see the st » Gypsum: Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate: CaSO 4.2H2O. Soft rock for artifacts from ancient times. window case on the 1 floor Founders North building – Organic: Calcium from animal bones can combine with organic materials (proteins). » Proteins Amino acids including carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) & nitrogen (N). ← Volcanic Body fat is complicated Rock Metamorphic Clastic Chemical Sedimentary Organic CH Carbon-Carbon 2 bond Carbon- Nitrogen C bond C N Acidic Amino part COOH part NH2 Limestone, seashells Simple amino acid Sandstone, sand grains Rich in Calcite CaCO 3 Glycine NH2CH2COOH Shale, mud particles .edu /~ Page metin 3 utdallas Sedimentary Rocks and Shield v Sedimentary rock layers are on top of each other. Often sandstone is above shale which is above limestone. E.g., layering of rocks in Tulsa Densities of these are close 1.85-2.36 tons/yard3=2.4-3.1 tons/m3 Sandstone However, layering sequence of rocks on top of each other Shale Limestone depends on depositional sequence and materials, and can also be Basement rock altered by tectonic plate movements and earthquakes.
    [Show full text]
  • Securing the Supply Team 2: Ali Muhsen Phillip Mack Chapters Covered
    Securing The Supply Team 2: Ali Muhsen Phillip Mack Chapters Covered 11. Is the World Running Out of Oil? 12. Unconventional 13. The Security of Energy 14. Shifting Sands in the Persian Gulf 15. Gas on Water 16. The Natural Gas Revolution 11. Is the World Running Out of Oil? ● Peak Oil Theory: The world is at or near maximum output ● Consequences: Chaos! ● Aboveground risks (Unrelated to physical resources) Running Out Again and Again 1859 - Discovery of Oil in Titusville, PA. Main market was illumination (oil lamps) Times the world “ran out” of oil: 1. 1885. Oil was a “Temporary and vanishing phenomenon” - Then oil was found in Oklahoma, Texas, Ohio, and Kansas. Rise of the Automobile 2. WW1. Use of oil to fuel the war and growing numbers of automobiles. Seismic technology emerged from the war and further discoveries were made and in 1931 the East Texas oil field was discovered 3. WW2. 6 out of 7 billion barrels used by allies were from the United States. Discovery of the Middle East fields. Running Out Again and Again (cont.) 4. 1970s. October War by Arab countries on Israel in 1973. Embargoed oil shipments to the West. Prices Quadrupled. Followed by Iranian Revolution in 1978. Discovery of Alaska’s North Slope and Oil fields in the North Sea. 5. 21st Century “Peak Oil” - Oil consumption in China, concerns on climate change, moving away from carbon based fuels. Supplies continue to grow due to innovation and modern technology. The Supergiant Ghawar Field: ● Largest oil field in the world. ● First drilled in 1948.
    [Show full text]
  • World Petroleum Availability 1980-2000
    World Petroleum Availability 1980-2000 November 1980 NTIS order #PB81-145252 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 80-600164 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 052-003-00781-9 PREFACE The dependence by a large portion of the world on imported petroleum makes knowledge about the future availability of petroleum on the world market of great importance. This is particularly important for the United States and other developed countries, because of the large volume of oil they import. Most of the energy decisions faced by the United States in the next two decades depend critically on the oil import issue. The level of conservation we pursue, the rate at which we develop synthetic fuels, the resolution of the nuclear power debate, as well as other energy issues all depend on the availability, and conse- quent cost, of imported oil. Recent events in the Middle East illustrate that the availability of foreign oil is far more precarious than the physical resource base alone might suggest. In response to a Senate Foreign Relations Committee request for a review of global energy trends, OTA undertook this study, which estimates plausible levels of world oil production to the year 2000 and assesses the factors likely to determine which levels are actually reached. To determine that potential range of production, the study critically examines country-by-country capabilities for oil production, various estimates of what each country will actually produce, and prospects for new discoveries. Several world petroleum experts have reviewed the results of OTA’s analysis.
    [Show full text]