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A Case Study of Flood Management in the Hawkesbury Nepean Region

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A Case Study of Flood Management in the Hawkesbury Nepean Region Managing Complex Catchment Systems – Issues of Scale: A Case Study of Flood Management in the Hawkesbury Nepean Region Shafaq Masud A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies Faculty of Science August 2016 This page is left blank on purpose. Originality Statement I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. Copyright Statement I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or Dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation. Authenticity Statement ‘I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format. iv Abstract Unplanned urbanisation and natural resource exploitation have transformed the way natural systems function. This is further exacerbated due to climate change, creating uncertainty in the way these systems function. Under this premise, there is a greater need to understand the human-environment nexus to maintain the adaptive capacity of these systems to abrupt changes. This thesis focuses on the management of complex Socio-Ecological Systems (SES), discussing primarily the environmental and social barriers to adaptive capacity. It emphasises that in order to effectively manage these complex SES, there is a need to identify and address these barriers through an adaptive governance framework. The Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment was chosen as the case study and complexities of the SES are addressed by examining the flood management issues in the catchment. In this catchment unique geographical characteristics create an environmental barrier making it susceptible to flooding which is likely to worsen with climate change enhanced weather variability. The socio- political barriers, on the other hand, emerge from a complex multi-tier system of governance that restricts flood management at jurisdictional scales. It also ignores cumulative impacts of development and is predominantly governed by a top-down technocratic mode of managing floods in the region. This research emphasises that the complexity of managing a large catchment system such as the Hawkesbury-Nepean is strongly embedded in the way professionals and communities perceive the problem of flood management. This difference in perception has led to coordination and communication issues for effective adaptive management of flooding in this socio-ecological system. The research also identifies potential opportunities that could help to overcome these barriers. In doing so, it examines two regional scale models in Australia, the Catchment Management Model in Victoria and the Biosphere Reserve model in Noosa, Queensland. These models present opportunities for a more integrated regional scale management framework. v This research was applied and exploratory, requiring the use of a multi-methods approach for data collection and analysis. This research concludes that as a result of climatic variability and future uncertainties there is a strong need to manage floods at a regional scale to enhance the adaptive management of this complex Socio-Ecological System. This is possible if the system of governance is adaptive and integrates learning from different interest groups. Consequently an adaptive framework can be established through the formation of a regional entity that enables communities to be involved at local and regional scales of flood risk management; functions as a brokering organisation between different scales of management to enhance coordination; and integrates flood risk information with ensured access and utilisation by different interest groups. vi Acknowledgments This has been a very interesting journey for me. Towards the end of it though I realise that a PhD doesn’t really increase one’s job opportunities but rather it serves as a much more valuable purpose. It changes one’s perspective about things. It transforms one into a more inquisitive individual who tends to look at other aspects of life from a different lens – a more philosophical and yet closely bounded by logic worldview. For such a transformative learning experience it is important to acknowledge the people who have been directly or indirectly part of this process. First of all I would like to thank my parents for being the corner stone for all my endeavors in life. Their faith in my abilities and unwavering positive attitude has helped me become who I am and I am proud of it. I appreciate their patience for being very supportive towards my ambitions in life. I am very grateful to my joint supervisors. Thank you Associated Professor John Merson for agreeing to supervisor my research when I first made contact via an e-mail from thousands of miles away. This dream wouldn’t have materialised without his consent. He has been a great help in conceptualising this research and following it through. I would also like to thank Dr. Daniel Robinson, for his constant support during the course of my research study. Through his consistent feedback, I was able to structure my thesis and make critical improvements. I am very grateful to the Endeavors Scholarship Awards for making this ambition a reality. Lastly, I want to thank some wonderful people that I met along this research journey, my co-candidates, who were a source of inspiration. Also, the interviewees of this research who helped to generate valuable information and made it possible to continue this project. Finally, a big thank you to all my friends who I met along the way, without them I might have managed to complete my PhD in three years instead of four! so thank you friends for your lovely distractions that provided an opportunity to explore this amazing country. vii Table of Content Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Chapter overview and research background .................................................................. 1 1.2. Scope of this research - what matters? .......................................................................... 3 1.3. Why Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment as a case study? ................................................. 7 1.4. Research objectives ....................................................................................................... 9 1.5. Expected outcomes - contribution to research ............................................................. 10 1.6. Analytical approach to research ................................................................................... 10 1.7. Thesis structure and chapter overview ......................................................................... 11 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................... 16 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 16 2.2. Attributes of a SES - vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity ............................. 17 2.3. Dimensions of the problem .......................................................................................... 20 2.4. Problem dimension I: environmental barriers .............................................................. 21 2.4.1 Socio-Ecological Systems as complex embedded systems ........................... 21 2.4.2. Issue of uncertainty in a dynamic SES faced with climate change—an inevitable menace of modern times and the near future ............................... 25 2.4.3. Implications on the resilience of Socio-Ecological-Systems ........................... 25 2.5. Problem dimension II - socio-political barriers .............................................................. 27 2.5.1. A prevailing ‘command and control’ governance regime for
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