Albanian grammar pdf

Continue If you are trying to learn Albanian, check out our courses below on adjectives, adverbs, articles, gender (female, male...), denial, nouns, numbers, phrases, plural, prepositions, pronouns, questions, verbs, vocabulary, excisceres... to help you with Albanian grammar. Below are our free Albanian lessons. Enjoy our courses! The Albanian lesson of the (Gjuha shqipe, or shqip) is an Indo-European language spoken by almost 7.6 million people, mainly in and , as well as in other parts of the , where the Albanian population lives, including western Macedonia, Montenegro, southern Serbia and northwestern Greece. Albanian is also spoken by native enclaves in Greece, along the eastern coast of southern Italy and Sicily. We hope that the above lessons have helped you learn the Albanian language. To learn other , please check our homepage here: Learn languages. Don't forget the bookmark on this page. Indo-European language Albanianshqipgjuha shqipePronunciation[ʃc͡ çip]Native toAlbania, Greece, Kosovo, Italy, Montenegro, North Macedonia, SerbiaEthnicityAlbaniansNative speakers 6 million (2018) in the Balkans[1] 7.5 million globally (2017/2018)[2][1] Language familyIndo-European AlbanianEarly formProto- Gheg Tosk Arbëresh Istrian † Writing systemLatin ()Albanian BrailleOfficial statusOfficial language in Albania Kosovo North Macedonia[a] Montenegro[a][3]Recognised minoritylanguage in Italy[4] Serbia[5] Croatia[6] Romania[7]Regulated byOfficially by the Social and Albanological Section of the Academy of Sciences of AlbaniaLanguage codesISO 639-1sqISO 639-2alb (B) sqi (T)ISO 639-3sqi – inclusive codeIndividual codes:aae – Arbëreshaat – Arvanitikaaln – Ghegals – ToskGlottologalba1267[8]Linguasphere55-AAA-aaa to 55-AAA-ahe (25 varieties)The dialects of the Albanian language. (The map does not indicate where the language is majority or minority.) This article contains phonetic IPA symbols. Without proper rendering support instead of Unicode characters, you can see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. For an introductory guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Albanian (/ælˈbeɪniən/; shqip, (ʃc͡ çip) or gjuha shqipe, (͡ɟʝuha ˈʃc͡ çipɛ) is an Indo-European language spoken by in the Balkans and the in America, Europe and Oceania. With about 7.5 million speakers, it includes an independent branch in Indo-European languages and is not closely related to any other language. First enchanted in the 15th century, this is the last Indo-European branch to appear in written records. This is one of the reasons why its still unknown origin has long been the subject of disputes between linguists and historians. Albanian is considered to be a descendant of one of the For more historical and geographical reasons than specific linguistic ones, there are various modern historians and linguists who believe that the Albanian language might be produced from the Southern Illyrian dialect. Alternative hypotheses suggest that Albanian may have originated from Thracian or Dako-Moysian, other ancient languages spoken further east than illyrian. Not enough is known about these languages to fully prove or disprove various hypotheses. The two main Albanian dialects, Geg and Tosk, are primarily distinguished by phonological differences and are distinctly distinct, with Geg, which is spoken in the north, and Toskom, speaking south of the Shcumbin River. Their characteristics in the address with both native words and credit words indicate that the dialect split occurred after the Christianization of the region (4th century AD) and during the Slavic migration to the Balkans, when the historical border between Geg and Tosk was the Shcumbakin line. The standard Albanian language is a standardized form of spoken Albanian language based on a longing dialect. It is the official language of Albania and Kosovo and the official language in Northern Macedonia, as well as the language of the minority of Italy, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia. Centuries-old Albanian-speaking communities can be found scattered in Croatia (Arbanasi), Greece (Arvanites and some communities in Epirus, Western Macedonia and Western Thrace), Italy (Arborough), as well as Romania, Turkey and Ukraine. Two varieties of the Cusese dialect, Arvanics in Greece and Arboroughs in southern Italy, retained archaic elements of the language. Geographical distribution Main article: Albanians Dialects of Albania Language speak about 6 million people in the Balkans, primarily in Albania, Kosovo, Northern Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece. However, due to the old communities in Italy and the large Albanian diaspora, the total number of speakers worldwide is much higher than in southern Europe and has about 7.5 million. Europe Is the official language of Albania and Kosovo and is an official in Northern Macedonia. Albanian is a recognized minority language in Croatia, Italy, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia. The Albanian language is also spoken by a minority in Greece, particularly in the regional units of Teprotia and Prevez, as well as in several villages in the regional units of and Florin in Greece. It also shows 450,000 Albanian immigrants in Greece. Albanian is the third most common language in Italy. This is due to significant Albanian immigration to Italy. Italy has a historic Albanian minority of about 500,000 scattered throughout southern Italy, known as Arborough. About millions of Albanians from Kosovo are dispersed throughout Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Most of them are immigrants from Kosovo who migrated in the 1990s. In Switzerland, the Albanian language is the sixth most spoken language with 176,293 native speakers. The Albanian language became the official language in Northern Macedonia on January 15, 2019. America There are a large number of Albanian speakers in the United States, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Canada. Arborough were among the first ethnic Albanians to arrive in the United States. Arbenes have a strong sense of identity and are unique in that they speak an archaic dialect of Albanian melancholy called Arboroughes. There are approximately 250,000 Albanian speakers in the United States and Canada. It is spoken in the eastern United States in cities such as New York, New Jersey, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia and Detroit, as well as in some Ohio and Connecticut states. Greater New Orleans has a large Arborough community. Often, wherever the Italians are, there are a few Arboroughes mixed with them. Arboroughe Americans are therefore often indistinguishable from Italian Americans because they assimilated into the Italian American community. There are some 40,000 Albanian speakers in Argentina, mostly in Buenos Aires. Asia and Oceania approximately 1.3 million people of Albanian origin live in Turkey, and more than 500,000 recognize their origin, language and culture. There are other estimates, however, that place the number of people in Turkey with Albanian backgrounds and/or background up to 5 million. However, the vast majority of this population is assimilated and no longer speaks the Albanian language, although the active Albanian community retains its identity in to this day. There are about 18,000 Albanians in Egypt, mostly Toskovians. Many of them are descendants of Janissari Muhammad Ali Pasha, the Albanian who became Wali, and the self-proclaimed Hedive of Egypt and Sudan. In addition to the dynasty he founded, much of the former Egyptian and Sudanese aristocracy was of Albanian descent. In addition to recent expats, there are older diaspora communities around the world. Albanian is also spoken by albanian diaspora living in Australia and New york. Dialects Main article: Albanian dialects Dialects Albanian dialects. The Albanian language has two different dialects: Tosk, which is spoken in the south, and Geg, which is spoken in the north. The standard Albanian is based on the Tosca dialect. The Shkumbin River is a rough dividing line between two dialects. The heg is divided into four dialects, in North-West Gege, Northeast Gege, Central Hege and South Gege. It is mainly spoken in northern Albania and throughout Montenegro, Kosovo and Northern Macedonia. One of the rather divergent dialects is the Upper Reta dialect, which is, however, classified as Central Heg. There is also a diaspora dialect in Croatia, the Arbanashi dialect. The longing is divided into five dialects, including Northern Tosk (the most numerous in speakers), Laberisht, Sam, Arvanica and Arberesh. The toss is spoken in southern Albania, southwestern northern Macedonia and northern and southern Greece. Albanian chama is spoken in northwestern Greece, while Arvanite is spoken in southern Greece. In addition, Arbrees is spoken by arbores, descendants of 15th- and 16th-century migrants who settled in southeastern Italy, in small communities in the Sicily and Calabria regions. Highlights include the Albanian alphabet and braille's Albanian keyboard. Albanian was written using many different alphabets from the earliest records from the 14th century. The history of the ortography of the Albanian language is closely related to the cultural orientation and of some foreign languages by Albanian writers. The earliest written Albanian records come from the Geg area in temporary spellings based on Italian or Greek. The OriginalLy Greek dialect was written in the Greek alphabet, and the gega dialect was written in . Both dialects were also written in the Ottoman Turkish version of Arabic script, Cyrillic, and some local alphabets (, Witkuki, Todhri, Veso Bay, Jan Vellara and others, see the original Albanian alphabets). Specifically, writers from northern Albania and under the influence of the used Latin letters in southern Albania and under the influence of the Greek Orthodox Church used Greek letters, while others throughout Albania and under the influence of used Arabic letters. There were initial attempts to create the original Albanian alphabet between 1750 and 1850. These attempts intensified after the Prizren League and culminated with the Congress of Manastira conducted by the Albanian intelligentsia from 14 to 22 November 1908 in Manastyr (modern Bitola), which decided which alphabet to use and that standardized spelling would be for standard Albanian. The literary language remains so. Alphabet is the Latin alphabet with the addition of the letters, and ten digraphs: dh, th, xh, gj, nj, ng, ll, rr, zh and sh. According to Robert Elsey: One hundred years between 1750 and 1850 were the century of amazing orthographic diversity in Albania. During this period the Albanian language was introduced in writing by at least ten different alphabets - certainly a record for European languages. ... various forms in which this old Balkan language was recorded, from the earliest documents to the early twentieth century ... </ç> </ë>adaptations of Latin, Greek, Arabic and Cyrillic alphabets and (more interestingly) a number of locally invented writing systems. Most of the last alphabets are now forgotten and unknown, even to the Albanians themselves. The classification tree of Indo-European languages. The Albanian language occupies an independent branch of the Indo-European language tree. In 1854, the philologist Franz Bopp showed that the Albanian language is Indo-European. Albanian has previously compared several Indo-European linguists with Germanic and Balto-Slavic, all of whom have a number of isogloss with Albanian. Other linguists associated the Albanian language with Latin, Greek and Armenian, placing German and Balto-Slavic languages in another branch of indo-European. The History Part of the Series on Indo-European Topics Languages List of Indo-European Languages Historical Albanian Armenian Baltic Baltic Celtic German Germanic Indo-Iranian Indo- Arian Iranian Italian Romance Extinct Anatoly Paleo-Balkan DakiSky Librie Libar Messapian Misian Perian Ablaut Hypothetical Dako-Fraki Graeko-Armenian Graeko-Aryan Graeko-Frigian Indo-Hittit Italo-Celtic Traco-Illyrian Grammar Root Verbs of The Particle Nounsings Other Proto-Italian Proto-Anatolian Proto-Armenian Proto- Armenian (proto-Norwegian) proto-Christian proto-Christian (proto-Iranian) philological Hitttic text hieroglyphic Luvian linear B Rigveda Avesta Homer Stun Galish epigraphy of Latin epigraphy Runic epigraphy Ogam Gothic Armenian Bible TiltEd Brahmi Old Irish Glossion Origin of Homeland Proto-Indo-European Society Religion Mainstream Indigenous Aryans Baltic Homeland Paleolithic Theory of Continuity Archaeology Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Pontic Steppe Domestication of the Horses of the Kurgan Culture of Steppe Culture Bug-Dnepr-Donnes Samara Hvalynsk Yamnaya Mikhailovka Culture Novotitorovka Culture Caucasian Maikop East Asia Afanasywo Eastern Europe Usatovo Chernavode Cukuten Multi-simple utensils Poltavka Srubna North/Eastern Steppe Abashevo Culture Andronovo Sintashta Europe Globe Amphora Corded utensils Be Auker Unetice Trzciniec North Bronze Age Terramare Tumulus Urnul Lusat South Asia BMAC Yaz Gandhara Graves iron age steppe Black forest Europe Traco-Kimmerian Hallstatt Jastorf Caucasus Colchian India Painted Grey Ware Northern Black Polish Ware Peoples and Societies of the Bronze Age By anatoly peoples Armenian Mycenaean Greeks Indo-Iranians Iron Age Indo-Aryans Indo-Aryans Iranian Persians Medes Parthians Scythians Saka Sarmatians Massagetae Alana East Asia Wusun Yuezhi Europe Celts Celts Island Celtic cimmerians of the Greek peoples of the Italian peoples of the Germanic peoples of the East Asian Tocharians Europe Albanians Balta Slavs norsemen / Medieval Scandinavians of medieval Europe Indo-Arian medieval India Iran Great Persia religion and Mythology Reconstructed proto-Indo-European religion Proto-Indo-Iranian religion Ancient Iranian religion Historical Hettit Indo-Arian Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Illirian Thracian Dacian) Greek Roman Celtic Irish Irish Scottish Breton Cornish Cornish Anglo-Saxon Continental Baltic Latvian Slavic Practice Fire Victim Horse Victim Sati Winter Solstice / Yule Indo-European Studies Scientists Maria Gimbutas J. P. Mallory Institutes of Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European publications Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture Horse, Wheel and Language journal Indo-European Studies Indogermanisches etymologisches Werterbuh Indo-European Etdo-European Dictionary vte The first written mention of the Albanian language was July 14, 1284 in Dubrovnik in modern Croatia when a witness to the crime named Matthew testified: I heard a voice screaming on the mountainside in Albanian (Latin: Audivi unam vocem, clamantem in monte in lingua albanesca). The oldest document, written in Albanian, dates back to 1462, while the first audio recording in the language was made by Norbert Jokl on April 4, 1914 in Vienna. During the five centuries of the Ottoman presence in Albania, the language was not officially recognized until 1909, when the Congress of Dibre decided that Albanian schools would finally be allowed. Linguistic similarities See also: Illyrian Albanian languages are considered isolate in the Indo-European language family; no other language was definitively associated with its branch. The only other languages that are the only surviving members of the Indo-European branch are Armenian and Greek. The Albanian language is part of the Indo-European language and is believed to have evolved from one of the paleo-Balkan languages of antiquity, although it is still unclear which paleo-Balkan language represents the ancestor of Albanian, or where in southern Europe this population lived. In general, there is insufficient evidence to connect Albanian with one of these languages, whether it is one of the Illyrian languages (which historians mostly confirm), or Thracian and Dakian. Among these possibilities, generally considered the most likely, although insufficient evidence is still clouding the discussion. Although the Albanian language shares lexical isoglosses with Greek, German and to a lesser extent Baltoslavic, the Albanian dictionary is completely neo-Orthodox. In 1995, Taylor, Ring and Warnow, using quantitative linguistic methods, found that the Albanian language appeared to be a subgroup with German. However, they argued that this fact is hardly significant, since the Albanian has lost most of its original vocabulary and , and so this apparently close connection with the German relies only on a couple of lexical cognates - hardly any evidence at all. Historical Presence and Location Main Article: The Origins of the Albanians Location of the Albanoy Tribe 150 AD Illrianians, Dacians, Geta and Thracians in 200 BC The place and time when the Albanian language was formed uncertain. The American linguist Eric Hamp stated that during an unknown chronological period of the doanban population (so called albanoid Hamp) inhabited areas stretching from Poland to the southwestern Balkans. Further analysis showed that this was in a mountainous region, not on the plain or by the sea: while the words for plants and animals characteristic of mountainous areas are completely original, the names for fish and for agricultural activities (e.g. plowing) are borrowed from other languages. However, a more in-depth analysis of the vocabulary shows that this may be a consequence of prolonged Latin domination in the coastal and plains of the country, rather than evidence of the original environment in which the Albanian language was formed. For example, the word fish is borrowed from Latin, but not the word gill, which is native. Indigenous peoples are also the words ship, raft, navigation, sea shelves and several names of fish species, but not words for sail, row and harbor - objects related to the navigation itself and much of the marine fauna. Rather, it indicates that the proto-Albanians were pushed back from coastal areas in the early days (probably after the Latin conquest of the region), thereby losing most (or most) of the marine lexicon. A similar phenomenon can be observed from an agricultural point of view. While the words arable land, corn, wheat, cereals, vineyard, igo, harvesting, cattle breeding, etc. are native, words plough, farm and farmer, agricultural practices, and some cleaning tools are foreign. This, again, indicates intense contact with other languages and people, rather than providing evidence of a possible Urheimat. In 1905, in the issue of Albania, the most important Albanian periodical of the early 20th century, the Center of the Albanian settlement remained the Mat River. In the year they were registered further south in the valley valley The Shkumbin River. Shkumbin, a seasonal stream that is close to the old Via Egnatia, is roughly the boundary of the primary separation of dialects for Albanian, melancholy and gega. The characteristics of Tosca and Gega in the treatment of native and credit words from other languages indicate that the dialectical split preceded the Slavic migration to the Balkans, which means that during that period (from the 5th to the 6th century AD) Albanians occupied almost the same area around the Shkumbin River, which crossed the Jirek line. References to the existence of the Albanian language as a separate language have survived since the 14th century, but they have not given specific words. The oldest surviving documents written in Albanian are the formula e pag'zimit (christening formula), Un'te paghesont' pr'emenit t'Atit e t'Birit e t'Spertit Senit. (I baptize myself in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit), recorded by Pal Engielly, Bishop of Durres in 1462 in the Gega dialect, and some verses of the of that period. Linguists Stefan Schumacher and Joachim Matsinger (University of Vienna) claim that the first literary records of the Albanian language date back to the 16th century. The oldest known Albanian printed book, , or Missal, was written in 1555 by , a Catholic cleric. In 1635, Fran Bardhi wrote the first Latin American dictionary. The first Albanian school is believed to have been opened by Franciscans in 1638 in Pfan. One of the earliest Dictionaries of the Albanian language was written in 1693 and is a manuscript in Italian, written by montenegrin Sea Captain Giulier Pratich Pratich Srivaneshae and includes a multilingual dictionary of hundreds of the most commonly used words in everyday life in Italian, Slavic-Illyrico, Greek, Albanian and Turkish. Pre-Indo-European substrates pre-Indo-European (PIE) sites are found throughout Albania. Such PEI facilities existed in Malik, Washtem, Burimas, Barsa, Darsnik in kora, Kamnik in Colonia, Kolsha in the Kukis district, Rashtan in Libragda and Neir in the Mat district. As in other parts of Europe, these PIE people joined the migratory Indo-European tribes that entered the Balkans and contributed to the formation of historical Paleo-Balkan tribes. From a linguistics point of view, the pre-Indo-European language of the substrate spoken in the southern Balkans probably influenced the pre-proto-Albanian, idiom of the ancestors of the Albanian language. The extent of this linguistic impact cannot be determined with precision because of the uncertain position of the Albanian language among the Paleo-Balkan languages and their meagre evidence. Some credit words, however, have been offered, such as shege (granate) or lapet (opah (opach compared to the dopmic lapaton, λάπαθον, monastic rhubarb). Proto-IE features Though has a few words that do not correspond to IE cognates, it has retained many proto-IE features: for example, the demonstrative pronoun No ḱi - is the ancestor of Albanian ky/kjo, English he, and Russian sej, but not English this or Russian this. The Albanian language is compared to other Indo- European languages below, but note that the Albanian language has demonstrated some notable cases of semantic drift (e.g. mot'r means sister, not mother. Vocabulary of Albanian and other Indo-European languages Albanian muaj ri nënë motër natë hundë tre / tri zi kuq verdhë kaltër ujk Proto-Indo-European *meh₁ns- *neu-(i)o- *méh₂tēr *swésōr *nókʷts *neh₂-s- *treies *kʷr̥ snós*mel-n- *h₁reudʰ-ó- ~h₁roudʰ-ó- *ǵʰelh₃- *bʰléh₁-uo- *wĺ̥kʷos English month new mother sister night nose three black red yellow blue wolf Latin mēnsis novus māter soror noct- nāsus trēs āter, niger ruber helvus flāvus lupus Lithuanian mė́ nuo / mėnesis naũjas motė / motina sesuõ naktìs nósis trỹs júodas raűdas / raudonas gẽltas / geltonas mė́ lynas vĩlkas Old Church Slavonic мѣсѧць měsęcь новъ novъ мати mati сестра sestra ношть noštь носъ nosъ три, триѥ tri, trije чрънъ črъnъ чръвенъ črъvenъ жлътъ žlъtъ син҄ ь siņь влькъ vlьkъ Ancient Greek μην- men- νέος néos μήτηρ mḗtēr ἀδελφή adelphḗ νυκτ- nukt- ῥιν- rhin- τρεῖς treîs μέλας mélas ἐρυθρός eruthrós ξανθός xanthós κυανός kyanós λύκος lýkos Armenian ամիս amis նոր nor մայր mayr քույր k'uyr գիշեր gišer քիթ k'it երեք yerek' սեւ sev կարմիր Carmir դեղին deġin Կապույտkapuyt գայլ gael irish mae nua methair deirfiar o'he tro dubh bue gorm fod Sanskrit मास mesa नव nava मातृ mātr̥ वस ृ svasr̥ न/िनश ् nact/niche नस If ि three काल/कृ ण feces/kr̥ ṣṇa धर rudhir पीत/िहरय peta/hiranya नील nala वृक vr̥ ka Albanian-PIE phonological correspondence is phonological, albanian is not so conservative. Like many IE promotions, it has combined two series of voiced stops (e.g., both DD and Dzhdkh became d). In addition, voiced stops tend to disappear between vowels. There is almost a complete loss of final syllables and a very widespread loss of other non-stressful syllables (e.g. meth friend from Lat. amicus). PIE zo appears as (as if the high front vowel I read), while z and y become oh, and PIE I appear as e. Palace, velars and labiovelas demonstrate various events, with the Albanian language showing that the three-year difference is also in Luviana. The Labiovelars are for the most part different from all other Indo-European velars in front of the front vowels, but they merge with clean (back) velars elsewhere. The palace spruce series, consisting of the proto-Indo-European ḱ and merged y and I, usually turned into th and dh, but was depalatalised for merging with the back velars when in contact with the sonrants. Since the original proto-Indo-European tripartite difference between the backs is maintained in such reflexes, the Albanian language is thus neither a centrum nor a satem, despite the fact that in most cases it is a sat-like implementation of palace spins. Thus, THE PIE (ḱ, KC and KK become th, q and s, respectively (before the rear vowels ḱ become th, while the KC and KC merge as k₄). surfacing like Alb. h word-originally, for example, Alb. herdhe 'testicles' presumably from PIE 'h₄órǵhi-'67 (rather than the usual reconstruction of h₃erǵhi-), but this usually does not follow elsewhere as h-like originated elsewhere peculiarly (e.g., qlt; Latin arcus). [68] [69] Reflexes of PIE bilabial plosives in Albanian PIE Albanian PIE Albanian *p p *pékw- 'to cook' pjek 'to bake' *bh / b b *srobh-éi̯e- 'to sip, gulp' gjerb 'to sip' Reflexes of PIE coronal plosives in Albanian PIE Albanian PIE Albanian *t t *túh₂ 'thou' ti 'you (singular)' *d d *dih₂tis 'light' ditë 'day' dh[* 1] *pérd- 'to fart' pjerdh 'to fart' g *dl̥h₁-tó- 'long' gjatë 'long' (Tosk dial. glatë) *dh d *dhégwh- 'burn' djeg 'to burn' dh[* 1] *ghórdhos 'enclosure' gardh 'fence' ^ a b Between vowels or after r Reflexes of PIE palatal plosives in Albanian PIE Albanian PIE Albanian *ḱ th *ḱéh₁smi 'I say' them 'I say' s[* 1] *ḱupo- 'shoulder' sup 'shoulder' k[* 2] *smeḱ-r̥ 'chin' mjekër 'chin; Beard ''/c'3' (ḱentro- 'stick' zandur 'prop' a' ǵ a dh'ǵómbhos a' tooth, peg a' dh's'ǵh a' ǵh a' ǵhed-ioh' i defecate a' dhjes 'I defe a' d' ǵhr̥ sdhi' barley 'drith' 'grain' - Before u̯ /u or i̯/i - Before sonorant - Archaic relic - Syllable-initial, and then sybilant reflexes PIE velar plosives in Albanian PIE Albanian PIE Albanian PIE Albanian Sq Kagmi 'I catch, I'm a' q kluH-i̯o cry' (dial. kla(n)j) eg h₃legos 'sick' league 'bad' gj 'h₁reug- 'for retch' regj 'for tan hides' og g'gh'rdhos 'fence' gj 'gh'd-i̯e to get 'gjej'to find' (Old Alb. gj'nj) Reflexes PIE labiovelar plosives in Albanian PIE Albanian PIE Albanian sq to queh22 'cough' colle 'cough' s 'kw'lH' 'to turn 'sjell kwṓd' to bring ' that, which's 'gw g' gwr̥ H 'stone' gur 'stone' z z gwr'h2us 'heavy' zor 'hard, hard' ygggeg- 'to burn' djeg 'to burn' z 'dhogwhéi̯e- 'to ignite' ndez 'to ignite' 'шесть' gjasht' 'шесть' h '2' 'nos'm 'нас' (ген.) nahe 'нас' (dat.) sh'3 (breusos 'сломанный' брешер 'град' th'4' suh₁s 'свиной' Тхи 'свинья' ∅ h₁'smi 'I am' варенье 'I am' sd- th 'gw'sdos 'лист' gjeth 'лист' '-sḱ- h 'sḱi-eh₂ 'тень' hije 'теневой' '-sp-f'sp'lnom 'речи' fjal' 'слово' '-st₂sht 'bone' asht ''-su̯ - d 'su̯ eíd-r̥ - 'sweat' dirs' 'пот' Между гласными - Между u/i и другой гласной (закон рукочки) - Различие со следующими s Рефлексы PIE звучки в албанском PIE албанский PIE албанский (i̯ gj' i̯éh₃s- 'к gird' (n)gjesh 'I gird; сжать, месить 'j'2' i̯uH 'вы' (nom.) ju 'вы (множественное число)' ∅ 'trei̯es 'три' (masc.) tre 'три' 'u̯ v 'u̯ os-éi̯e- 'одеть' vesh 'для ношения, платье' м м м м м₂tr-э₂ материнский mot'r 'сестра' n n 'n's 'мы' (acc.) ne 'we' nj 'eni-h₁i-no 'that one' nj' 'one' (Gheg nj) , njo, nji ) ∅ (Тоск) - носовая гласная (Gheg) p'nnkwe 'пять' песе 'пять' (против. Gheg p's) r (только в Тоске) »ǵheimen «зима» димер «зима» (против Гег Димен) «l l »l₃'l'gos 'больной' лигой 'плохой' ll 'kw'lH' 'поворот' sjell ', чтобы принести'r 'r 'repe/o 'take' rjep 'peel' 'u̯ rh₁ḗn ' овцы rrunj' 'год ягненка' »n̥ е ч₁n̥ men 'имя' эмюр 'имя' »m̥ е 'u̯ iḱm̥ ti 'двадцать' (nj) zet 'двадцать' 'l̥ li, il'/ lu, ul 'u̯ ĺ̥kwos 'ujk 'волк r̥ ' (Chamian ulk) , ir[* 4] / ru, your *ǵʰr̥ sdom 'grain, barley' drithë 'grain' ^ Before i, e, a ^ Before back vowels ^ Between vowels ^ a b Before C clusters, i, j Reflexes of PIE laryngeals in Albanian PIE Albanian PIE Albanian *h₁ ∅ *h₁ésmi 'I am' jam 'to be' *h₂ ∅ *h₂r̥ tḱos 'bear' ari 'bear' *h₃ ∅ *h₃ónr̥ 'dream' ëndërr 'dream' Reflexes of PIE vowels in Albanian PIE Albanian PIE Albanian *i i *sínos 'bosom' gji 'bosom , breast' e *dwigʰeh₂ 'twig' degë 'branch' *ī < *iH i *dih₂tis 'light' ditë 'day' *e e *pénkʷe 'five' pesë 'five' (Gheg pês) je *wétos 'year' (loc.) vjet 'last year' *ē o *ǵʰēsreh₂ 'hand' dorë 'hand' *a a *bʰaḱeh₂ 'bean' bathë 'bean' e *h₂élbʰit 'barley' elb 'barley' *o a *gʰórdʰos 'enclosure' gardh 'fence' *ō e *h₂oḱtōtis 'eight' tetë 'eight' *u u *súpnom 'sleep' gjumë 'sleep' *ū < *uH y *suHsos 'grandfather' gjysh 'grandfather' i *muh₂s 'mouse' mi 'mouse' Standard Albanian Since World War II , стандартный албанский используется в Албании был основан на диалекте Тоска. Косово и другие районы, где албанский является официальным принял стандарт Тоск в 1969 году. До начала 20-го века албанское письмо развивалось в трех основных литературных традициях: Гег, Тоск и Арбереше. На протяжении всего этого времени промежуточный субдиалект, о котором говорили в Эльбасане, служил лингва франка среди албанцев, но был менее распространен в письменной форме. Конгресс Манастира албанских писателей, состоявшийся в 1908 году, рекомендовал Elbasan sub-diolect for literary purposes and as the basis of a single national language. Although technically classified as a southern gheg variety, Elbasan's speech is closer to Tosk in phonology and is practically a hybrid between the other sub-divisions of Gheg and literary Tosk. Between 1916 and 1918, the Albanian Literary Commission met in Shkodar under the leadership of Louis Gurakuki to create a single atography of the language. The Commission, composed of representatives from the north and south of Albania, confirmed that the Elbasan sub-dialogue was the basis of the national language. The rules, published in 1917, defined the spelling of the Elbas variety for official purposes. The Commission, however, did not prevent publications in one of the dialects, but rather laid the groundwork for Geg and Tosk to gradually converge into one. When the Lushnier Congress met after World War I to form a new Albanian government, the decisions of the 1917 Literary Commission were upheld. Elbasana's sub-trial was used for administrative purposes, and many new writers took for creative writing. Heg and Tosk continued to develop freely, and the interaction between the two dialects increased. Longing standard Additional information: Albanian orthographic congressIn the end of World War II, however, the new communist regime radically imposed the use of the Tosca dialect in all aspects of life in Albania: governance, education and literature. Most communist leaders were longings from the south. The standardization was led by the Albanian Institute of Linguistics and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of Albania. In 1954, two dictionaries were published: the Albanian dictionary and the Russian-Albanian dictionary. The new rules of orthography were eventually published in 1967 and 1973 by Drejtshkrimi i gjuh's shqipe (Albanian retography). Until 1968, Kosovo and other Albanian-speaking areas in the Yugoslav Republic followed the 1917 standard based on the Elbas dialect, although it was gradually imbued with Gega elements in an attempt to develop a Kosovo language separate from the Tosca standard of communist Albania. In the 1950s, the Albanian intelligentsia in the former Yugoslav Republic consolidated twice in 1917, culminating in the careful codification of orthographic rules in 1964. The rules already provided for a balanced variety, which took into account both the dialects of Gega and Tosca, but lasted only until 1968. Considering the differences with Albania as a threat to their identity, Kosovars arbitrarily accepted the Tosk project, which Tirana published a year ago. Although the project never considered serving outside Albania, it became a single literary language in 1972 when it was approved by the Orthographic Congress. Only about 1 out of 9 participants were from Kosovo. Congress held in approved retography rules, which came out the following year, in 1973. Later dictionaries of the Albanian government are Fjalori Drejtshkrimor i Gjuh's Shqipe (1976) (The Spelling Dictionary of the Albanian Language) and the Dictionary of Contemporary Albanian (Fjalori Gjuh's Sotme Shqipe) (1980). Before World War II, dictionaries consulted the standard's developers, included Lexikon tis Alvanikis glossis (Albanian: Fjalori i Gjuh's Shqipe (, 1904), Fjalori i Bashkimit (1908), Calls for reform After the fall of the communist regime Albanian orthodoxy caused heated debates among scholars, writers and public opinion in Albania and Kosovo, while the proponents of hardline opposition to any changes in the atography Moderates supported varying degrees of reform and radicals called for a return to the Elbasan dialect. Criticism of the standard Albanian language focused on the exclusion of the mez infinitive and the Gega lexicon. Critics say Standard Is disenfranchising and stigmatising Gheg speakers, influencing the quality of writing and impairing effective public communication. Proponents of the 1972 Longing Standard view the 1972 Congress as a major achievement in Albanian history and reject calls for reform as an effort to divide the nation or create two languages. Moderates, which are particularly prevalent in Kosovo, tend to emphasize the need for a unified Albanian language, but believe that infinitive and hegian words should be included. Supporters of the Elbas dialect were vocal but garnered little support in public opinion. In general, those involved in language debates are from different walks of life, and there is no significant correlation between their political views, geographical origins and the position of the standard Albanian language. Many writers continue to write in the Elbasan dialect, but other versions of Gega have found much more limited use in literature. Most publications adhere to a strict policy of not accepting materials that are not written in Tosca. Some print media even translate direct speech, replacing the infinitive I with other verb forms and making other changes to grammar and word choice. Even authors who published in the Elbasan dialect often write in the Toscan standard. In 2013, a group of scientists from Albania and Kosovo proposed minor changes in retography. Hardline academics boycotted the initiative, while other reformers saw it as a good goal, but imperfect and superficial. Media outlets such as Rrokum and Java have offered content that is almost exclusively in the Elbas dialect. Meanwhile, author and linguist Agim Morina promoted Shqipe e P'rbashk't or common Albanian, non-standard or reformed version of the Tosk standard, which aims to reflect the natural language among all Albanians. The common Albanian includes the 'me' infinitive, adapted to Gheg functions, and provides dialect-neutral rules that favor simplicity, predictability and usage trends. Many contemporary writers have adopted the common Albanian language to varying degrees, especially in less formal writing. The education of the Albanian language is a means of learning in most Albanian schools. The literacy rate in Albania for the entire population aged 9 years and over is about 99%. Primary education is compulsory (grades 1-9), but most students continue at least until secondary education. Students must pass the final exams at the end of the 9th grade and at the end of the 12th grade to continue their education. The Standard Albanian phonology has seven vowels and 29 consonants. As in English, Albanian has dental fricatives /θ/ (as th in thin) and / th / (as th in this), written both th and dh, which are rare cross-linguistically. The geg uses long and nasal vowels that are absent in Tosca, and the middle central vowel is lost at the end of the word. Stress is fixed mainly on the last syllable. Gheg n (feman: compare English female) changes in r by sort of tosca (femer). Consent albanian agrees Labial Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal plain velar. Nasal m n ɲ (ŋ) Plosiv legless p t k oedd b d ɡ Affricate ͡ts ͡tʃ c͡ ç voiced d͡ z d͡ ʒ ͡ɟʝ Fricative free f θ s ʃ h voiced v z ʒ Approximant l ɫ j Flap ɾ T r IPA Description Written as English appro m Bilabial nasal m man n Alveolar nasal n no ɲ Palatal nasal nj s onion ŋ Velar nasal yng ng bang p Voiceless bilabial plosive p spin b Voiced bilabial plosive b bat t voiceless alveolar plosive t stand d'voice Oalial plosive dd dd q Voiceless velar plosive k scar ɡ Voiced velar plosive g go ͡ts Voiceless alveolar affricate c hats d͡ z Voiced alveolar affricate x goods ͡tʃ Voiceless postalveolar affricate d͡ ʒ Voiced postalveolar affricatefricate xh jet c͡ ç Free-to-be non-fuck affricate q y porcelain ͡ɟʝ Voiced palatial affricate gj zem f Voice labiodental fricative f far v Voiced labiodental fricative v van θ Voiceless dental fricative y thin voiced fricative dh then s Voiceless alveolar fricative s son z voiced alveolar fricative z zip ʃ Voiceless postalveolar fricative sh show ʒ Voiced postalveolar fricative zh vision h voiceless glottal fricative h hat r Alveolar trill rr Spanish perro ɾ Alveolar crane r Spanish pen l Alveolar side ooxymant l lean ɫ Velarized alveolar lateral app appl ll ball j Palatal approximant j da notes: contrast between slapped r and trill rr just as in Spanish or Armenian. In most dialects, as in the standard language, one r changes from an alveolar flap /ɾ/ to a retroflex flap (ɽ) or even even a retroflex flap approaching ɹ when it is at the end of the word. The palace bow /ɲ/ corresponds to Spanish and French and Italian gn. It is pronounced as a single sound rather than a nasal plus slip. Ll sound velarised lateral, next to the English dark L. The letter is sometimes written by ch because of technical limitations due to its use in English sound and its with other digraphs xh, sh, and zh. Usually it is written simply c or less often q with the context of the resolution of any ambiguities. The position of q and gj sound is not clear. Many speakers merge them into palatoalveolar sounds and xh. This is especially common in North Geg, but this is increasingly the case in Tosca. Other speakers have reduced them to /j/ in consonant clusters, such as in the word fjoll, which before standardization was written as fqoll (zlt; medieval Greek φακιολης). Ng can be pronounced as /ŋ/ in the final position, otherwise is an ason n to k and g. Before q and gj, n is always pronounced /ɲ/, but this is not reflected in the retography. /θ, I, ɫ/ are interseding. Vowels Front Central Back Close I y Open-mid/Mid ɛ No ɔ Open IPA Description Written as English Approxim I Close Front unrounded vowels i seed y close front rounded vowels y French tu, German Luge ɛ Open Mid Front unrounded vowels of open central open central unrounded vowel cow Shw y oh, ɔ Open-mid back rounded vowels about the law y close back rounded vowels at the boot of The Schwa Although the Indo-European seam (me or -h2-) was retained in Albanian, in some cases it was lost, perhaps, when it was highlighted. Prior to the standardization of the modern Albanian alphabet, in which the seam is spelled as I, as in the work of Gjon Buzuku in the 16th century, in the late 16th and early 17th centuries various vowels and sliding vowels were used, including Leke Matrenga and Pietir Bogdani. The Arabic-language schwas has a high degree of variability from the extreme back to the extreme anterior articulation. In the borders of Albania, the phoneme is pronounced roughly the same in both the toss and the gega dialect due to the influence of the standard Albanian language. However, the gega dialects spoken in the neighbouring Albanian-speaking regions of Kosovo and northern Macedonia are still pronounced as rear and round. Grammar See also: Albanian morphology Albanian has the canonical order of the word SVO (subject-verb-object) as English and many other Indo-European languages. Albanian nouns are classified by gender (male, female and neutral) and paraphrased by number (single and plural) and case. There are five and six cases (nominal, accusatory, genital, dative, ablative, and vocative), although vocative occurs only with a limited number of words, and forms genitive and dative identical on the speaker's side or to indicate that the event is known to the speaker report, not through direct observation. In some contexts, this mood can be translated using English apparently. Ti flet shqip. You speak Albanian. (indicative) Ti fliske shqip! You (amazingly) speak Albanian! (excellent) Rug Ste e mbylur. The street is closed. (indicative) Rruga qenka e mbyllur. (Apparently) the street is closed. For more information on verbs and the of other parts of speech, see the Order of words the Albanian order of the word is relatively free. (quote necessary) To say Agim ate all oranges in Albanian, you can use any of the following orders, with small pragmatic differences: SVO: Agimi i h'ngri t' gjithe portokall't. SOV: Agimi aunt Jithe Portocallit and Hyungri. OVS: Tyo Jite Portocallit and Hyungri Agimi. SALT: Tyo Jithe Portocallit Agimi and Hyungri. VSO: I hyungri Agimi, aunt Jithe Portocallit. VOS: I'm Hyungri's aunt Jithe Portokallat Aguimi. However, the most common order is the subject-verb object. The verb can optionally occur in the original sentence position, especially with verbs in non-game form (forma joveprore): Parashikohet nj' nd'reprerje Expected to be interrupted. The denial of verbal denial in albanian depends on mood, a trait shared by some other Indo-European languages, such as Greek. In indicative, conditional or excellent sentences, denial is expressed by nuk or s' particles before the verb, for example: Toni nuk flet anglisht Tony does not speak English; Toni s'flet anglisht Tony does not speak English; Nuk e di I do not know; S'e di I don't know. Subjunctive, imperative, pro-subsustive or nonconjective forms of verbs are negated by mos particles: Mos harro don't forget!. Figures nj' - one tetambudhyete - eighteen di-two nyntumbudhyete - nineteen three/three-three-three-three-nizaet-twenty-catar- four-nez- twenty-one dog - five neseteti - twenty-two gyashte-six tridh 6thjete -forty-aunt-eight pesadhiete-fifty-nente -nine gyashtadhiete - sixty dhiete-ten state-10 state- seventy n'ambedjete - eleven teteadhiete - eighty smombadhete - twelve nyuntehethi hjet' - thirteen nj'qind-sto kat'u'dhjet' - fourteen pes'ind-five-five-five-hundred- pesembyde-fifteen nj'mije-one thousand gjasht'm'dhjet'-sixteen nj e milion-one-million shtat'm'dhjet Gjon Buzuku 15 The earliest known texts in albanian: formula e pag'zimit (The Baptist Formula), which dates back to 1462 and was written by Pal Enggyelli (or Paulus Angelus) (c. 1417 - 1470), Durres. Engielly was a close friend and adviser to . It was written in a pastoral letter for the synod in Trinity in Mate and read in Latin symbols as follows: Unte paghesont premenit Atit et Birit et Spertit Senit (standard Albanian: Une t' pag'zoj n' em'r t' Atit, t'Birit e t' Shpirtit te Shenjt; English: I cross you in the name of the Father and the Holy Father). It was discovered and published in 1915 by Nicholas Iorga. Fjalori i Arnold von Harfit (the lexicon of Arnold Ritter von Harf), a short list of Albanian phrases with German loss, dated 1496. The song, recorded in the Greek alphabet, was extracted from an old code written in Greek. The document is also called Perikopeja e Ungjillit t' Pashk've or Perikopeja e Ungjillit t' Sh't Mateut (Song of the Easter Gospel, or Gospel Song of Matthew). Although the code dates back to the 14th century, a song written in Albanian by an anonymous writer seems to be writing of the 16th century. The document was found by Arboroughes, who emigrated to Italy in the 15th century. The first book in Albanian is Meshari (Missal), written by Gzhong Buzuku between March 20, 1554 and January 5, 1555. The book was written in The Gega dialect in Latin with some Slavic letters adapted for Albanian vowels. The book was discovered in 1740 by Gjon Nicolle Casazi, Albanian Archbishop skopje. It contains liturgies of major holidays. There are also texts of prayers and rituals and catechist texts. Grammar and vocabulary are more archaic than in the texts of 17th century Geg. The 188 pages of the book consist of about 154,000 words with a total vocabulary of about 1,500 different words. The text is archaic, but easy to interpret because it is basically a translation of famous texts, particularly parts of the Bible. The book also contains excerpts from the Psalms, the Book of Isaiah, the Book of Jeremiah, the Corinthians' Letters and many illustrations. The uniformity of the spelling seems to point to the earlier traditions of writing. The only known copy of Meshari is in the Apostolic Library. In 1968, the book was published with transliterations and comments by linguists. Albanian scenarios were prepared earlier than the first as-test document, the formula of electronic pag'zimit, but no one has yet been discovered. We know of their existence from earlier links. For example, in 1332 a French monk signed a note called Brockcard that although Albanians have a different language, completely different from Latin, they still use Latin letters in all their books. Controversial earlier texts, perhaps the oldest surviving Albanian text, highlighted in red, are from Bellifortis' manuscript, written by Konrad Kieser around 1402-1405. In 1967, two scholars claimed to have found a short text in Albanian inserted into the text of Bellifortis, a book written in Latin dating from 1402 to 1405. The Star in a place in the forest, to distinguish a star, to distinguish it. Distinguish the star from the others, they are ours, they are. Do you see where the great voice sounded? Stand next to him, that thunder. He didn't fall. He doesn't fall in love with you, the one that will do it. ... Like ears, you don't have to believe... that the moon fell when ... Try to cover what jerks away... Call the light when the moon falls and no longer exists ... Dr. , an expert in Albanian studies, believes that todericiu/lkaline Romanian translation is not a Latin line, although he may offer some clues if the text is indeed Albanian, quirky and based, among other things, on the false reading of the manuscript, including the exclusion of an entire line. The Ottoman Period In 1635, Fran Bardhi (1606-1643) published his latinum-epiroticum dictionary in Rome, the first known Latin-Albanian dictionary. Other scholars who studied the language in the 17th century include Andrea Bogdani (1600-1685), author of the first Latin-Albanian book on grammar, Nilo Catalanos (1637-1694) and others. Lexicon This section must specify the language of its non-name content using lang with the appropriate code ISO 639. Let's see why. (April 2020) The Albanian language is known in historical linguistics as a case of language which, although it has experienced many periods of foreign rule and multilingualism, has seen a disproportionately high inflow of credits from other languages increasing and replacing much of its original vocabulary. Some scholars suggest that the Albanian seems to have lost more than 90% of its original dictionary in favor of Latin, Greek, Slavic, Italian and Turkish credit words, but according to other scholars, this percentage is definitely overstated. Of all the foreign influences in the Albanian language, the deepest and most effective was the absorption of credits from Latin in the classical period and its successors romance after that, with more than 60% of the Albanian vocabulary consisting of Latin roots, evoking the Albanian once mistakenly identified as a romantic language. The main work to restore the proto-Albanian was done through knowledge of original forms of credits from ancient Greek, Latin and Slavic, while ancient Greek credit words scant Latin credit words are extremely important in phonology. The availability of credit words from better-studied languages from periods of time before albanian was candlestick, reaching deep back into the classical era, was a great application in phonological reconstructions for earlier ancient and medieval forms of the Albanian language. Some words in the main Albanian dictionary do not have a known etymology linking them to proto-Indo-European or any known sources, and as of 2018, the unknown, non-test, pre-Indo-European substrate is pre-attributed to the unknown, non-test. some of the words among them include zemer (heart) and hekur (iron). Some of these purported pre-IE words are believed to be associated with pre-IE substrate words in neighbouring Indo-European languages, such as lule (flower), which was previously associated with Latin lily and Greek leirion. The lexical distance of the Albanian language in the lexicosstatistic analysis of the Ukrainian linguist Tyschenko (lower indicator is higher similarity): 49% Slovenian, 53% Romanian, 56% Greek, 82% French, 86% Macedonian, 86% Bulgarian. Cognates with Illyrian See also: Illyrian languages Andena/Andes/Andio/Antis - personal Illiri names based on the root word and- or ant-, found in both southern and Dalmatino-Pannonian (including modern Bosnia and Herzegovina) onomastic provinces; cf. Alb. (Northern Albanian dialect, or Gheg) and Nde (Southern Albanian dialect or Tosk) appetite, pleasure, desire, desire; Andy's own name, Andizetes, is an Illyrian people inhabiting the Roman province of Panonia. Aran field; cf. Alb. Are; plural ara'109' Ardiaioi/Ardiaei, name of the Illyr people, cf. Alb. ardhja arrival or descent associated with the hardy grape branch, the vine, with a sensual development similar to the Germanic stamniz, meaning both the stem, the stem of the tree, and the origin. However, the inadequacy of this hypothesis is that there is still no certainty as to the historical or etymological development of neither ardhi/hardhi nor ardiaioya, as well as many other words. Bilia daughter; cf. Alb. bije, dial. bil'110 Bindo/Bindus, Illyrian deity from Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina; cf. Alb. bind to convince or make believe, p'rbind'sh monster. Bunon, hut, cottage; Cf. Alb bun 112 brisa, grape husk; cf. Alb Bers fox, garbage; Barba 'swamp' mash- swamp place name from Metubarbis; possibly related to Alb. Berrace marsh soil .113 can; associated with Alb. qen'113 Daesitiates, name of the Illyr people, cf. alb. dash ram, appropriately contextually with the South Slavic das ace, which may represent borrowing and adaptation from illyrian (or some other ancient language). Mal, mountain; Cf. Alb mal,114 bardy, white; cf. Alb Bardhae 115 Dracoina Dinner; cf. Alb. darke, dreke, drenis, deer; Cf. Alb dre, dreni (112) delme sheep; Cf. Alb dele, dialect geg delme,116' dard, pear; cf. Alb Dardha (the name of the Illyrian king); cf. Alb. yll (hyll in some northern dialects) star, also Alb. hyj god, ylli is the correct name. Saka, dagger; cf. Alb Thicke or knife (118) Ulk-, wolf (pln. Ulcinium); Cf. Alb ujk wolf, ulk (Northern Dialect) cf. Alb lag, legen wet, dunk, bathe, wash ( qlt; PA Lauga), laanga pool (lt; PA leigata), lacste dew (LT; PA laugista) - great; cf. Alb. I'm Madh big, Mantia Brambbbush; Old and dial. Alb Munde berry, mulberry (mod. alb mun, man) quoting necessary rhinos, fog, fog; cf. Old Alb ren cloud (mod. Alb re, r)) cf. Proto-Alb. Wen-ta (Mod. Alb. vend) , The earliest linguistic influences The earliest credit words, snubed in Albanian, come from the Greek doric, while the strongest influence came from Latin. According to Matthew K. Curtis, the credit words do not necessarily indicate the geographical location of the ancestor of the Albanian language. However, according to other linguists, borrowed words can help to gain an idea of the place of origin and evolution of the Albanian language. Some scholars claim that the Albanian language originated from an area to the east of its current geographical distribution, due to several common lexical objects found between Albanian and Romanian. However, it does not necessarily define the genealogical history of the Albanian language and does not exclude the possibility of a proto-Albanian presence in both the Illyrian and Thracian territory. The period during which the proto-Albanians and Latin interacted was protracted, lasted from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. The first and smallest occurred during a less significant interaction. The final period, probably preceding the Slavic or German invasions, also has a much smaller number of borrowings. Each layer is characterized by a different attitude to most vowels: the first layer follows the evolution of the early proto-Albanian to the Albanian; while later layers reflect changes in vowels endemic in late Latin (and presumably Proto-Romance). Other changes in form include the syncretism of several nouns of the case, especially in the plural, as well as large-scale non-globalization. Between the 7th and 9th centuries, a short period followed, marked by heavy borrowings from the South Slavic, some of which preceded the shift of the o-a to the general modern forms of this language group. Beginning in the last 9th century, there was a period characterized by long-term contact with proto-Romanians, or Vlakhs, although lexical borrowings seem to have been mostly one-sided: from Albanian to Romanian. Such borrowings indicate that Romanians migrated from an area where the majority was Slavic (i.e. the average Bulgarian) to an area with the majority of Albanian carriers (i.e. Dardania, where the vlahis are registered in the 10th century). (quote is necessary) Their movement is presumably related to the expansion of the Bulgarian Empire to Albania around this time. Early Greek loans there are about 30 ancient Greek credit words in Albanian. Many of them reflect the dialect that voiced its challengers, as did the Macedonian dialect. Other Doric is a these words mainly refer to commodities and commodities and probably came through trade with the now extinct intermediary. Blett; hive, bee zlt; Attic m'litta bee (against Ionian Melissa). Draper; (NW) Drapanon 129 cumboll; plum zlt; coquemelone (129) lacking cabbage, green vegetables zlt; lachanon green; Vegetable (130) l'pjet; Orach, doc zlt; l'pathon 131 leva (lyej); smear, oil zlt; liwenj zlt; elaiw zlt; Gk elai (w)ṓn oil (clarification is necessary) mok'r; Millstone zlt; (NW) mechanized device, tool ( ) mall; apple zlt; fruit (132) pjep'r; melon zlt; papan presh; Leek < -130 shpell; Cave and spḗlaion Trumze; thyme zlt; (NW) tambre, thrombre and Latin influence See also: Albanian-Romanian language relations In total, Latin roots make up more than 60% of the Albanian lexicon. They include many of the commonly used basic elements of vocabulary, including noise (very, from Latin summus), Pak (several, Latin pucus), nguschte (narrow, Latin angust), peme (tree, Latin poma), vij (come, Latin vinio), ruffle (sand, Latin arena), dreit (straight, Latin straight), Jernay Kopitar (1780-1844) was the first to note the influence of Latin on the Albanian language and claimed that Latin credit words in Albanian had the pronunciation of Emperor Augustus. Kopitar gave examples such as Albanian qiqer 'chickpea' from Latin cicer, qytet 'city, city' from civitas, peshk 'fish' from piscis, and shigjet' 'arrow' from syttaagi. Solid pronunciations of Latin ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ are preserved as palace and velar stops in Albanian credit words. Gustav Meyer (1888) and Wilhelm Meyer-Lubke (1914) later confirmed this. Meyer noted the similarities between the Albanian verbs shqipoj speak clearly, pronounce and shqiptoj pronounce, articulate and the Latin word excipio (meaning welcome). Therefore, he believes that the word Shqiptar Albanian man comes from shqipoj, which in turn comes from the Latin word excipere. Johann Georg von Khan, an Austrian linguist, proposed the same hypothesis in 1854. Ekrem zabey also noticed, among other things, archaic Latin elements in Albanian: Latin /au/ becomes Albanian /a/ in the earliest credit words: aurum → ar 'gold'; gaudium → gas joy; laurus → lar 'laurel'. Latin /au/ is preserved in later loans, but changes in the same way as the Greek: causa 'thing' → kafsha 'thing; beast, rough'; praise → Loved. Latin /oː/ becomes Albanian /e/ in the oldest Latin loans: → fruit tree; The choir → an hour. A similar mutation originated from proto-Indo-European to Albanian; PIE n's became Albanian ne 'we', PIE (oḱtō suffix-ti- became Albanian aunt 'eight' etc Latin Internal and original syllables are lost in Albanian: → the 'elbow' cube; medicus → mjek 'doctor'; Paled 'swamp' → VL pad'→ pyll 'forest'. A similar mutation originated from proto-Indo-European to Albanian. In contrast, in later Latin credit words, the inner syllable persists: paganus → pagan; plaga → wound, etc. Latin /tj/, /dj/, /kj/ palatalized to Albanian /s/,/z/, /c/: vitium → ves' vice; caring'; rationem → arsye 'cause'; radius → rreze 'beam; spoke, but he was facies → faqe 'face, cheek'; Socius → mate ʃ, comrade, shoq husband, etc. Haralambi Michescu demonstrated that: about 85 Latin words are preserved in Albanian, but not (as inherited) in any Romanesque language. Several examples include the late Latin celsydri → dial. kulshed'r → kusheddar 'hydra', h'bernus → warri 'winter pasture', sarcin'rius 'used to pack, download' → silkeror 'forked peg, grit, forked hanger', solanum 'nightshade', lit. 'Solar Plant' → Shulle (r) 'sunny place of wind, sunbathing area', spl'n'tus → shpretk' 'spleen', trifurcus → t'rfurk 'pitchfork'. 151 Albanian word of Latin origin was not inherited in Romanian. Several examples include Latin amicus → Albanian mik 'friend', inimicus → armik 'enemy, enemy', rationem → arsye, benedicere → bekoj, bubulcus 'ploughman, herdsman' → in bulk, bujk 'peasant', calicis → qelq 'drink glass', castellum → k'shtjell' 'castle', centum → qind 'hundred', gallus → g 'cock', iunct'ra → gjty joint, medicus → mjek 'doctor', retem → rrjet' 'net', sp'r're → dial. shp.) rej shpresoj 'hope' pres 'wait', volunt's (volunt'ts) → vullnet' will; Volunteers. Some Albanian church terms have phonetic features that demonstrate their very early borrowings from Latin. A few examples include albanian bekoj bless from bened'cere, engj'll 'angel' from angelus, quiche 'church' from eccl'sia, I'm a krisle Christian from christi'nus, kryq 'cross' from crux (crucis), (obsolete) lter 'altar' from Latin altaryum, Mallkoj 'to curse' from maled'cere, mesh 'mass' from missa, murg 'monk' from monacus, peshk'p 'bishop' from episcopus' Other authors found Latin credit words in Albanian with an ancient sound pattern from the 1st century BC, such as the Albanian cyngeil (I) Saddle. dwarf elder' from Latin Ingoula and Albanian e vjet'r 'old, elderly; former' from vjet, but influenced by Latin veteris. Romanesque languages inherited these words from vulgar Latin: cingula became the Romanian belt chinga; saddle girth, and vulgar Latin veter'nus became Romanian betran 'old'. Albanian, Basque and surviving Celtic languages, such as Breton and Welsh, are non-Roman today, who have this kind of vast Latin element, dating back to ancient Roman times, which has undergone sound changes related to languages. Other languages in or near the former Roman region either came to the scene later (Turkish, Slavic, Arabic) or borrowed little from Latin, despite coexistence with it (Greek, German), although German has several such ancient Latin borrowings (Fenster 'window', Kese 'cheese', Cologne). Romanian scholars such as Vataescu and Mihaescu, using lexical analysis of the Albanian language, have come to the conclusion that the Albanian language is highly dependent on the extinct romantic language, which differs from both Romanian and Dalmatian. Since the Latin words, which are only common to Romanian and Albanian, are much smaller than those spoken only to Albanian and Western romances, Mihaescu argues that the Albanian language has evolved in a region with much greater contact with the regions of Western Romantic than in the Romanian- speaking regions, and is located in present-day Albania, Kosovo and Western Macedonia, covering the east and The Great. Gothic loans Some Gothic credit words were borrowed through late Latin, while others came from the expansion of Ostrogothic in the praevalitana part around Niksic and Kotor Bay in Montenegro. Fat Groom, Husband, Goth br'fa's bridegroom (143); scoundrel, khore; hussy, whore zlt; goth hors adultery, mountain slut (quote needed) shkulk; border marker for pastures made from branches of the zlt; late Latin zlt; and goth skulka keeper (quote is needed) Foam zlt; late Latin zlt; goth sk'ma (quote needed) tirq; trousers qlt; Late Latin tubrucus zlt; Goth siobrok knee-britches; cf. OHG dioh-bruoh, Eng thigh, breeches (citation necessary) Other loans It is assumed that Greek and Balkan Latin (the ancestor of Romanian and other Balkan Romance languages) had a great influence on Albanian. Examples of words borrowed from Latin: qytet qlt; civitas (city), qiell zlt; caelum (sky), mik qlt; amicus (friend), kape dit'n qlt; carp diem (capture day). After the Slavs arrived in the Balkans, Slavic languages became an additional source of credit words. The rise of the meant an influx of Turkish words; it also entailed borrowing Persian and Arabic words through the Turkish language. Some Turkish personal names, such as Altin, are common. There are some credit words from modern Greek, especially in southern Albania. Many borrowed words have been replaced by words with Albanian roots or modern Latin (international) words. Patterns in lending Although Albanian is characterized by the absorption of many loans, even in the case of Latin, reaching deep in the main dictionary, some semantic areas, so not remains more resilient. Terms related to a public organization are often retained, although not those political organization, while those that relate to trade are all overpowering or innovating. Hydronyms present a complex picture; the term sea (det) is a native and albany-German innovation with reference to the concept of depth, but a large amount of maritime vocabulary is lent. Words related to large streams and their banks are usually loans, but the Lum (river) is native, as well as the river (flow of water). Words for small streams and stagnant water basins are more common, but the word pond, pellg is actually a semantically shifted descendant of the old Greek word for the high sea, suggesting a change of location after Greek contact. After the proto-Indo-European policy, the Albanian language adheres to a certain term referring to the coastal forest (gjaze), as well as its words for marshes. Curiously, the Albanian retained native terms for whirlpool, water pit and (aquatic) deep space, resulting in Orel suggesting that the Albanian Urheimat is probably an excess of dangerous whirlpools and depths. As for forests, the words for most conifers and shrubs are native, as are the terms alder, elm, oak, beech and lipa, while ash, chestnut, birch, maple, poplar and willow are loans. The original terminology of indo-European kinship was radically changed; the changes included the transition from mother to sister and were so thorough that only three terms retained their original function, the words of son-in-law, mother-in-law and father-in-law. All words for second-degree blood kinship, including aunt, uncle, nephew, niece, and terms for granddaughters, will be ancient loans from Latin. The Proto-Albanians seemed to be pastoralists, given the vastness of the surviving native vocabulary concerning cow breeding, milking and so on, while words pertaining to dogs tended to prevail. Many words regarding horses are saved, but the word for horse is the Latin loan itself. See also the languages portal Arboroughes language Arvanitika Illyrian languages IPA / Albanian Messapian language Traco-Illyrian Notes - Soofician. Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began normalizing relations in 2013 as part of the 2013 Agreement. Kosovo is now recognized as an independent state by 98 of the 193 Member States of the United Nations. A total of 113 UN member states at some point recognized Kosovo, of which 15 later withdrew their recognition. 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Albanese, Welsh and Bulgarian, Annual Literature (Vienna) 46 (1829): 59-106. Kretschmer, Paul. An introduction to the history of the . Goettingen, 1896. Kretschmer, Paul. Balkan language backstory, Revue internationale des 'tudes balkaniques 2, No 1 (1935): 41-8. Lloshi, Xhevat. Poor Albanian language and its attitude to the standard Albanian language in linguistic standard and substandard standard in south-eastern Europe and Eastern Europe: contribution to the symposium on October 12-16, 1992 in Berlin. Edited by Norbert Reiter, Uwe Hinrichs and Girin van Leeuven-Ternovtsov. Berlin: Otto Harrassowitz, 1994, page 184-94. Lloshi, Xhavat. Albanian, in the linguistics guide of southeastern Europe. Edited by Uwe Hinrichs. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1999, 277-99. Lloshi, Hewat. Rreth alfabetit t shqipes: me rastin e 100-vjetorit t' Kongresit t' Manastirit. Skopje-Pristina-Tirana: Logos-A, 2008. Lambert, Maximilian. 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Hamburg: Helmut Busquet, 1977. Meyer, Gustav. Albanian studies I. Multiple formations of Albanian nomina, in the work of the philosophical-historical class of the Imperial Academy of Sciences 104 (1883): 257-362. Miklosic, Franz. Albanian studies. 2 vols., vol. 1: Slavic elements in Albanian; Vol. 2: Romanesque elements in Albanian. Vienna: son of Carl Herold, 1870. Mihaescu, Charalambi. Les l'ments de la langue albanaise, revu de Utudes court est Europeanna 4 (1966): 5-33, 323-53. Mih Esku, Haralambi. La langue latine dans le sud-est de l'Europe. : Editura Academiei; Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1978. Newmark, Leonard, Philip Hubbard, Peter Prifti. Standard Albanian: Reference grammar for students. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982. Olberg, Hermann. Some assumptions about the autochtonia of Albanians in the Balkan Peninsula, in the files of the international albany colloquium, Innsbruck, 1972, in memory of Norbert Jokle. Edited by Herman M. Olberg. Innsbruck: Institute of Linguistics, University of Innsbruck, 1977. Kontributi i gjuh sis p r shtjen e atdheut ballkanik t shqiptar ve, Studime Filologjike 3 (1982). Pedersen, Holger. Bidrag til den albanesiske Sproghistorie, in Festskrift til Vilhelm Tomsen. Copenhagen: Gildendahl, 1894, page 246-57. Pedersen, Holger. Albanian, Critical Annual Report 9, vol. 1 (1905): 206-17 Erlangen (1909). Pellegrini, Giovan Battista. I rapporti linguistici interadriatici e l'elemento latino dell'albanese, Abruzzo 19 (1980): 31-71. Pellegrini, Giovan Battista. Some observations on the Latin element of the Albanian language, Studime Filologjike 3 (1982); (Italian) Alcune osservazioni sull'elemento latino dell'albanese, Studia Albanica 1983: 63-83. Pellegrini, Giovan Battista. Avviamento alla linguistics albanese. Edision rhinnovata. Rende: Universita degli studi della Calabria, edited by Centro e librario, 1997. Pisani, Vittore. L'albanais et les autres langues indo-europ'ennes, in Melange Henri Gregoire II. Brussels, 1950, page 519-38; reprint in Saggi di linguistica storica: Scritti scelti. Turin: Rosenberg and Selier, 1959, page 96-114. Pisani, Vittore. Les origines de la langue albanaise, issues de principe et de m'thode, Studia Albanica 1 (1964): 61-8 Pisani, Vittore. Sulla genesi dell'albanese, in the files of the international albany colloquium, Innsbruck, 1972, in memory of Norbert Jokle. Edited by Herman M. Olberg. Innsbruck: Institute of Linguistics at the University of Innsbruck, 1977, page 345-66. Orel, Vladimir. Albanian etymological dictionary. Suffering: Brill, 1998. Orel, Vladimir. A Historical grammar of the Albanian language: Reconstruction of the proto-Albanian. Leiden: Brill, 2000. Reese, Selman. Studio albany. Pristina 1979. Rusakov Alexander (2017). Albanian. In Mate Kapovic (2nd place). ISBN 978-1-315-67855-9.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Schumacher, Stefan and Joachim Matsinger. Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegvarterbuh, Vorgeshicht and Etymology. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2013. Svane, Gunnar. Slavich Lenverter im Albanesehen. Archus: Aarhus University Press, 1992. Tagliavini, Carlo. La stratificazione del lessico albanese: Elementi indoeuropei. Bologna: Casa editrice Professor Riccardo Patron, 1965. Thumb, Albert. Altgriechische Element de Albanesischen, Indogermanische Forschungen 26 (1909): 1-20. von Khan, Johann Georg. Albanese Studien. 3 vols. Jena: F. Mauko, 1854. Watkins, Calvert. Proto-Indo-European: comparison and reconstruction, in Indo-European languages. Edited by Anna Jakalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat. London-NY: Rutledge, 1998, page 25-73. Illy, Kshell. Das Slavishe Lengut im Albanishen. 2 vols., vol. 1: Lenverter; Vol. 2: Ortsnamen. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner, 1997/2000. Illy, Kshell and Andrei N. Sobolev. Albanese Geg talk village Muhurr. Munich: Verlag Biblon, 2003. ISBN 3-932331-36-2 Links - b c d e Klein, Jared; Brian, Joseph; Fritz, Matthias (2018). A guide to comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics. Walter de Gruiter. page 1800. ISBN 9783110542431.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) - b c d Rusakov 2017, page 552. Language and Alphabet Article 13. The Constitution of Montenegro. Wipo. October 19, 2007. Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croat should also be in official use. - Franceschini 2014, page 533-534 The Application of the Charter in Serbia (PDF). European Charter of Regional or Minority Languages. June 11, 2013. page 4-5, 9. Franceschini, Rita (2014). Italy and Italian-speaking regions. In Fyke, Christiana. ISBN 9783110394146.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) - Reservations and Declarations under Treaty No.148 - European Charter of Regional Or Minority Languages. Council of Europe. Council of Europe. Archive from the original on December 8, 2015. Received on December 3, 2015. Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmat, Martin, eds. (2017). Glottologist 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Fatkhona Meydini (May 3, 2013). Albania is seeking to register its vast diaspora. Balkan Insight. Received on January 17, 2017. b c d Fortson IV 2011, page 446. Check 2005, page 40-42, 59 harvnb error: no goal: CITEREFCeka2005 (help) Tunmann, Johannes E. Untersuchungen uber die Geschichte der Oslichen Europaischen Vail, Leipzig, 1774. see Malcolm, Noel. Origin: Serbs, Vlahs and Albanians. Malcolm believes that the Albanian language was an Illyrian dialect preserved in Dardania, and then he (re?) conquered the Albanian lowlands of Indo-European language and culture: the introduction of the Benjamin W. Fortson Edition: 5, illustrated by Wiley-Blackwell, 2004 ISBN 1-4051-0316-7, ISBN 978-1-4051-0316-9 Stip', Alexander. Iliri (2nd edition). 1989 (also published in Italian as Gli Illiri) NGL Hammond Relations of Illyrian Albania with the Greeks and Romans. In Perspectives for Albania, edited by Tom Winnifrith, Press of St. Martin, New York 1992 Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture J. P. Mallory, Douglas S. Adams Edition: Illustrated Published by Taylor and Francis, 1997 ISBN 1-884964-98-2, ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5 - Villar, Francisco (1996). Los indoeuropeos y los or'genes de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: Grenos. 313-314, 316. ISBN 84-249-1787-1.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) - Mallory and Adams 1997, page 9 harvnb error: no goal: CITEREFMalloryAdams1997 (help); Fortson 2004 - b c Demirage and Esposito 2009, p. 23. error sfn: no goal: CITEREFDemirajEsposito2009 (help) - Fortson IV 2004, page 390. error sfn: no goal: CITEREFFortson_IV2004 (help) - In Tosca /a/ before the nasal became the central vowel (seam), and intervocal /n/ steel /r/. These two sound changes affected only the pre-Slavic layer of the Albanian lexicon, i.e. native words and credit words from Greek and Latin (p. 23) A Brief Encyclopedia of World Languages by Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Author Kate Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Edition: Illustrated by Elsevier, 2008 ISBN 0-08-087774-5, ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7 Douglas S. Adams (January 1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. Taylor and Frances. 9, 11. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5. Greek and Latin loans have undergone most far-reaching phonological changes that have changed the shape of inherited words, while Slavic and Turkish words do not show these changes. Thus, the Albanian must have acquired most of its current form by the time the Slavs entered the Balkans in the fifth and sixth centuries AD, borrowed words from Greek and Latin dating back to the Pre-Christian era. Even very common words such as the meek friend or the cantare cantare cantare come from Latin and show a widespread mix of pre-Albanian and Balkan Latin speakers in the Roman period, from about the second century BC to the fifth century AD. Christian Latin credit words show the longing of the genus, such as Tosk Murgu monk (Geg mungu) of Lat. monachus. Indo-European language and culture: introduction of Benjamin W. Fortson 5, illustrated by Wiley-Blackwell, 2004 ISBN 1-4051-0316-7, ISBN 978-1-4051-0316-9 - The Shkumbin River in central Albania historically forms a border between these two dialects, with populations in the north speaking geg varieties and populations in southern Tosca varieties. (p. 23) A Brief Encyclopedia of World Languages by Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Author Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Edition: Illustrated Published by Elsevier,2008 ISBN 0-08- 087774-5, ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7 Albanian Etological Dictionary. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004110240. Cm. also Hamp 1963 isogloss clearly in all the dialects I have studied, which cover almost all types possible. It should be relatively old, that is, starting with the first millennium. It seems possible that this isogloss reflects the spread of the speech area, after the settlement of the Albanians around their current location, so that the speech area saddled the jire'ek line. b Euromosaic Project (2006). L'arvanite/albanais en Gr'ce (French). Brussels: European Commission. Received on December 5, 2016. An archival copy. Archive from the original on January 21, 2012. Received January 2, 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as headline (link) - Robert Elsey. Albanian. November 25, 1972. Received on January 17, 2017. Linguistic diversity among foreign nationals in Italy. Italy's stats. July 25, 2014. Received on April 1, 2015. Macedonia's Albanian-language bill becomes law. Archive copy (PDF). Archive from the original (PDF) dated September 16, 2016. Received July 9, 2016.CS1 maint: archival copy as headline (link) - Saunders 2011, page 98 harvnb error: no purpose: CITEREFSaunders2011 (help). In addition to recent expats, there are old diaspora communities all over the world. There are over 5 million ethnic Albanians in the Republic of Turkey; however, the vast majority of that population was assimilated and no longer fluent in the language, although the active Albanian community maintained its identity in Istanbul to this day. Egypt also claims some 18,000 Albanians, allegedly detained by the remnants of Mohammad Ali's army. Dialektologjia shqiptare - A Brief Encyclopedia of World Languages by Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Author Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Edition: Illustrated Published by Elsevier, 2008 ISBN 0-08-087774-5, ISBN 978-08-087774-7 - Polloliani, Elsa (April 30, 2019). Language change among the arbors of Italy. European Journal of Language and Literature. 5 (1): 48–49. doi:10.26417/ejls-2019.v5i1-193. ISSN 2411-4103. Received on March 29, 2020. a b Lloshi 2008, page 12. error sfn: no goal: CITEREFLloshi2008 (help) - b Elsie, Robert. Albanian alphabets: Borrowed and invented. London, UK: Independent publishing platform. ISBN 9781544294094. Fortson, Benjamin W (2004). Indo-European language and culture: introduction. Blackwell Publishing. page 390. ISBN 1-4051-0315-9. Received on May 28, 2010. The Albanian language forms its own branch of Indo-European; this is the last branch that appears in the written records - Watkins, Calvert. Proto-Indo-European: Comparison and Reconstruction, in Indo-European languages, Anna Jakalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat, eds. London: Routledge, 1998. Google Books, Mallory, J. P. and Adams, D.C.: Oxford Introduction to the Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Indo-European World - JHholm.de Archive October 11, 2017 in Wayback Machineback, Hill, Hans J.: The distribution of data in word lists and its impact on subgrouping languages. In: Christine Preisah, Hans Burkhardt, Lars Schmidt-Thieme, Reinhold Decker It's a good time. 31st Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl), University of Freiburg, March 7-9, 2007. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin - HJholm.de Archive September 5, 2019 in Wayback Machine Possible homeland of Indo-European languages and their migration in light of the restoration of the level of separation (SLRD) Method - Hans J. Holm and Nicholas Jeffrey Lemprier Hammond (1976). Migration and invasions to Greece and surrounding areas. Noyes Press. page 57. ISBN 978-0-8155-5047-1. The Fuhr Balkanology. R. Trofinik. 1990. 102. Robert Elsey (2010). The historical dictionary of Albania. Rowman and Littlefield. page 216. ISBN 978-0-8108-6188-6. Tortu, Recep (August 4, 2009). Perefundi i 100-vietrite tu Congresit te Dibres. Albania. Fine, J.J. Early medieval Balkans. University of Michigan Press, 1991. page 11. Google Books - In his latest book, Eric Hamp supports the thesis that the belongs to a northwesterly group, that the Albanian language comes from the Illyrian language, and that Albanian is associated with the Messapic dialect, which is an earlier Illyrian dialect (Comparative Studies on Albanian, 2007). Roger D. Woodard (2008). Ancient languages of Europe. The modern Albanian language, it was assumed, is a descendant directly from the ancient Illyrian ... Contacts in Slavic and Albanian languages, convergence and coexistence. page 16. ISBN 9781267580337. Received on March 31, 2017. It is generally accepted that Albanians continue to be one of the ancient languages of the Balkans, although scholars disagree on what language they spoke and what area of the Balkans they occupied before the Slavs migrated to the Balkans. Curtis, Matthew Cowan (November 30, 2011). Contacts in Slavic and Albanian languages, convergence and coexistence. page 18. ISBN 9781267580337. Received on March 31, 2017. Thus, while linguists may argue about the links between Albanian older Balkans, and although most Albanians may accept the genealogical connection with Illyrian as irrefutable, the fact remains that there is simply insufficient evidence to connect Illyrian, Thracian or Dakian with any language, including Albanian and Ranko Matasovic (2012). A grammatical sketch of the Albanian language for Indo-European students. The most likely predecessor of the Albanian was Illyrian, as much of modern Albania was inhabited by the in antiquity, but the comparison of the two languages is impossible, because almost nothing is known about illyrian ... As a priori, it is less likely to assume that in all illyrikum, from the river Arcia in Istria, to Epirus in Greece, when before the Roman conquest of such linguistic uniformity there was nowhere else in Europe. Moreover, the study of personal names and topoims from Ilyich shows that it is possible to distinguish several onomastic areas, and these onmatic areas simply can correspond to the different languages spoken in ancient Ilyich. If the Illyrians actually spoke several different languages, the question arises - from what Illyr language developed Albanian? - and this question cannot be answered until new data are discovered. Anne Taylor; Donald Ring; Tandy Warnow (2000). Reconstruction of the linguistic cladogram. In John Charles Smith; Delia Bentley , General Issues and Non-German Languages. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. page 400. ISBN 9027236666. Bayraktar, Ugur Bahadir (December 15, 2011). Mythification of Albanians: historiographical discussion of Albania and The Albanians of Vasa Effendi. Balkanology. Revue d'Studes Pluridiscipliners (Vol. XIII, n' 1-2). Curtis, Matthew Cowan (November 30, 2011). Contacts in Slavic and Albanian languages, convergence and coexistence. 17. ISBN 9781267580337. ... for example, it is alleged that, for some time indefinitely, Albanians (from Hampa, Albanoid's point of view) have inhabited areas stretching from Poland to the present region, and b Hamp 1963. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFHamp1963 (help) - Penalty 1991, p. 10. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFFine1991 (help) - Everyan 1991, page 52-53. mistake sfn: no goal: CITEREFKazhdan1991 (help) - Brown and Ogilvy 2008, page 23. error sfn: no goal: CITEREFBrownOgilvie2008 (help) - Fortson 2004, page 392. b Mallory and Adams 1997, page 9. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFMalloryAdams1997 (help) - Demirage 1999. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFDemiraj1999 (help) - Stefan Schumacher, Development PIE mid in Albanian, in Bjarna Simmelkjaer et al.(eds.), Etymology and European Lexicon, Wiesbaden 2016. Peter O. Mueller; Ohnheiser, Susan Olsen; Rainer, Franz, eds. (2016). 171. Albanian. Word-forming: The International Language Handbook of Europe. 5. Berlin, Boston: De Gruiter. page 3124. doi:10.1515/9783110424942. ISBN 9783110424942. Pantich, Miroslav (1990). Knji'evnost na tlu crne Gore i boke Kotorske oed 16th do 18th century. Serbian knzhinevna of bullying. page 98. a b c Demirage 2006, page 42-43. error sfn: no goal: CITEREFDemiraj2006 (help) - Demirage 2006, page 44-45. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFDemiraj2006 (help) - Orel 1998, page 225, 409. a b c Orel, Vladimir (2000). CONCISE HISTORIC GRAMMATIC ALBANIAN LANGUAGE: Reconstruction of proto-Albanian. Leiden: Brill. 66.70-71. ISBN 90-04-11647-8. a b Bardhil Demirage (2018). The evolution of the Albanian language. In Fritz Matthias; Joseph, Brian; Klein, Jared. ISBN 978-3-11-054036-9. and the results of the three dorsal series suggest that an Albanian like Luwian may have origi-nally kept this three-headed opposition intact and therefore is neither a cent nor a satem, despite the clear sat-similar result of his palatial dorsal in most cases - J. P. Mallory; Douglas C. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. Taylor and Frances. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5. ISBN 1-884964-98-2, ISBN 978-1-884964- 98-5, De Vaan, Carlo (2018). The phonology of the Albanian language. In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias. 3. Walter de Gruiter. 1757. but h-originated secondarily in words such as hark 'curve' ← Latin arcus, which makes h-non-probativeCS1 maint: ref'harv (link) - Schumacher/Matzinger 2013, page 267. ^ a b c d e f Agim Morina, Udhërrëfyes i shkurtë i historisë së standardizimit të shqipes, DodonaPress (2015-02-21), also in Plisi.org (2015-02-24). b c Lloshi 2008, page 10. error sfn: no goal: CITEREFLloshi2008 (help) - Costarlari, Andronli (1973). Dreitshkrimi and gyheshshi. Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë ( in Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, today Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës së Shqipërisë). Camusella, Tomas (2016). The idea of the Kosovo language in the language policy of the Yugoslav Republic (PDF). International Journal of Language Sociology. 2016 (242): 217–237. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2016-0040. hdl:10023/11804. S2CID 55005555. Dreitschrim Pristina 1964 - Wikisource. wikisource.org. received on May 26, 2018. Costarari, Andronli (1976). Fjalori drejtshkrimor i gjuh's shqipe. Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë (in Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, today Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës së Shqipërisë). Academy e Shkenkava e RPS t- Shkepiperis, today Academy e Shkenkaive e Republic sa Skepiperis, Institute and dhe i Let'rsis (Albania). (1980). Tirana: Academy of Sciences of Albania. CS1 maint: uses authors' settings (link) - b Lloshi 2008, page 9. error sfn: no goal: CITEREFLloshi2008 (help) - b Morina, Agim (March 16, 2016). Sugjerime e v'rejtje rreth ndryshimeve n' drejtshkrim. Plisi.org - Vrape, Julia (April 27, 2013). Emile Lafa: Keshilli Ndarakademyk Per Gyhon Shipe ec'n pa busull, ende pas ny platform shkencore t' miratuar nj'z'ri. Sot.com.al - Morina, Agim (October 10, 2017). Libry and Mary Motesit pur Kosovan: Shqip me paskajore. Plisi.org - Berlagiolli, Gazmend (August 13, 2014). Economic and piezores - mundesi pur shur shcipin e purbashkat. Plisi.org - Berlagiolli, Gazmand (July 17, 2016). Standards dhe gegnist. Plisi.org - Myeku, Getoar (April 24, 2016). Po ndryshon shqipja standarde. Plisi.org. Colgini, Julie M. (2004). Palatalisation in Albanian : acoustic study of stops and affricates. Ph.D., University of Texas at Arlington. ISBN 0496859366. Orel, Vladimir (2000). Brief historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of proto-Albanian. Brill. page 3. ISBN 978-90-04-11647-4. Received 15 December 2010 - de Vaan, Michel. PIE e in Albanian (PDF). page 72. Received on December 16, 2010. Elsie, Robert; (London, Centre for Albanian Studies; England) : A Short History. I.B.Tawi. 16. ISBN 978-1-84511-031-4. b Granser, Thedor; Musmouller, Sylvia. Seam in Albanian (PDF). Institute of Acoustics of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Received on December 15, 2010. Maxwell, Daniel Newhall. (1979). Cross-correlation between the Order of the Word and the institution of Casemarking. Bloomington: Indiana University Pub. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFPrifti1982 (help) - Iorga 1s971, page 102. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFIorga1s971 (help) - Anamali 2002, page 311. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFAnamali2002 (help) - Lloshi 2008, page 97. error sfn: no goal: CITEREFLloshi2008 (help) - Meshari. National Library of Albania. Received on May 14, 2010. Demirage, Shaban. Albanian. In Ramat and Ramat (2006), Indo-European languages. Page 480 - Todericiu 1967. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFTodericiu1967 (help) - Elsie 1986, page 158-162. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFElsie1986 (help) - Marmullaku 1975, page 17. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFMarmullaku1975 (help) - b Matasovic, Ranko (2018). A grammatical sketch of the Albanian language for Indo-European students. Page 6. Millar, Robert McCall; Trask, Larry (2015). Traska's historical linguistics. Routledge. page 292. ISBN 9781317541776. The Albanian language appears to have lost more than 90 per cent of its original vocabulary in favour of loans issued in Latin, Greek, Hungarian, Slavic, Italian and Turkish. Joseph, Brian; Costanzo, Angelo; Slocum, Jonathan. Albanians. University of Texas at Austin. Received on January 27, 2020. B Savika, Irena. The crossroads between the West, the East and the East is a matter of Albanian culture. The Colloquia of Humanistism. No 2. Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2013. Page 97: Even according to Albanian linguists, the Albanian dictionary consists of 60 percent of Latin words from different periods... When albanian studies first appeared, it happened that the Albanian language was classified as a Romanesque language. There is already an idea of the common origin of Albanian and Romanian. Romanian grammar is almost identical to Albanian, but it can also be an effect of a later convergence in the Balkan Sprachbund. - Orel, Vladimir W (2000). Brief Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of proto-Albanian. Brill. ISBN 9004116478. Matasovic, Ranko (2018). Page 35. Orel, Vladimir (2000). Brief historical grammar of the Albanian language. Brill, Leiden. Page 191. Excel File_Lexical-Distance-Matrix. Alternative transport. November 19, 2016. How much does the language change when it travels?. Alternative transport. May 4, 2015. a b c Azanela, Ardian (January 1, 1970). Cultural Treasure of Bosnia and Herzegovina Edition-prehistoric and ancient period- Book 2- Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-Review of Cultural Heritage / Ancient Illyrians of Bosnia and Herzegovina (en) Ardian Adanela Azanel Akshanela. Academia.edu. Suart E. Mann (1977). Albanian historical grammar. Busquet. ISBN 978-3-87118-262-4. - Sborn'c prace Filozofick fakulty brn'nsk' univerzity: Sad Clasike. June 3, 2008. Ushaku, Ruzdi, Khulumtim ethnolyhuisticay, chapter: Continuation of the Illyrian Connection in Albanian Mythology and Language, Fakulteti filologjise, Pristina, 2000, p. 46-48 - b Mayani, Zĕchariă (1962). The Etruscans are starting to talk. Souvenir press. a b c d Illyrian glossary. bizland.com archive from the original on June 17, 2011. Skripcevic, Aleksandar (1977). Illyriane: history and culture. Noyes Press. ISBN 9780815550525. Linguistic Society of America (1964). Language, volumes 1-3. Linguistic Society of America. Diofletian and die Tetrarchie: Aspekte Einer Seitenwende. Millennium Studies. 2004. ISBN 9783110182309. Price, Roberto Salinas (2006). Homer's Whisper: Hints of Orthodoxy in the Iliad and the Odyssey. page 72. ISBN 9780910865111. Eggebrecht, Arne; Romer Museum; Pelisau Museum (1988). Albanyen: Schutze aus dem Land der Sceptaren. ISBN 9783805309783. Ancient Indo-European dialects: proceedings, volume 1963. Millennium Studies. 1966. Suart E., Mann (1977). Albanian historical grammar. Hamburg: Busquet. ISBN 9783871182624. Indo-European Language and Culture: Introduction of Blackwell Textbooks on Linguistics By Benjamin W. Fortson Edition 2, Illustrated, Reprint John Wylie and Sons, 2009 ISBN 1-4051-8896-0, ISBN 978-1-4051-8896-8 p.465 - b Huld, Martin E. (1986). Accent stratification of ancient Greek credit words in Albanian. Seitschrift Fuhrleihende Sprachforshung. 99 (2): 245–253. Curtis, Matthew Cowan (November 30, 2011). Contacts in Slavic and Albanian languages, convergence and coexistence. page 16. ISBN 9781267580337. The number of credit words is not necessarily a compelling argument for geographical placement, as credit words can be replaced in subsequent language events (especially given the abundant borrowings that the Albanian later made from Latin and Slavic to any Albanian lexicon ever been compiled)... (relatively) the homeland of the Albanians. Douglas C. Adams (January 1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. Taylor and Frances. page 11. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5. Credit words from Greek and Latin date back to the Christian era and suggest that the ancestors of Albanians should have had Albania by then to absorb such loans from their historical neighbors. Since the Illians have now occupied Albanian territory, they are the most likely recipients of such loans. Vladimir Orel (2000). Brief historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of proto-Albanian. Brill. page 23. ISBN 978-90-04-11647-4. Latin credit words are extremely important for the history of Albanian phonology, especially its vocalism. The borrowing time was so long that the credit words reflected several different chronological stages. Curtis, Matthew Cowan (November 30, 2011). Contacts in Slavic and Albanian languages, convergence and coexistence. 17-18. ISBN 9781267580337. Another point that some scholars make is that Albanian and Romanian languages share many lexical subjects; this led some to believe that the Albanian language originated to the east of its current geographical distribution (Georgiev 1957; Hamp 1994)... it does not necessarily define the genealogical history of the language and does not exclude the possibility that the proto-Albanian is present in both the Illyrian and Thracian territory. b Field of Linguistics, Volume 2 Volume 1 World Linguistic Authors Bernd Courtmann, Johan Van Der Auwera Editors Bernd Courtmann, Johan Van Der Auwera Publisher Walter de Gruiter, 2010 ISBN 3-11-022025-3, ISBN 978-3-11-022025-4 p.412 - Vladimir Eagle (2000) postulates vulgar Latin mediator without any good reason. Mallory and Adams (1997) mistakenly give the word, as native, from meletis, the protoform underlying the Greek Melissa; however, this protoforma gave the Albanian pulp a bee which is a natural derivative of the proto-Albanian honey melita (mod. mjalt). b c Ancient Indo-European dialects: proceedings, Volume 1963 Ancient dialects: Proceedings, University of California, Los Angeles. Center for Language And Linguistics Research by authors Birnbaum, Jaan Puvel, University of California, Los Angeles. Center for Language And Linguistics Research Editor Henrik Birnbaum, Jaan Puvel Publisher of the University of California Press, 1966 p.102 - b Brief Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian Author Vladimir S. Orel Publisher BRILL, 2000 ISBN 90-04-11647-8, ISBN 978-90-04-11647-4 p.23 - Brief Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian Author Vladimir S. Orel Publisher BRILL, 2000 ISBN 90-04-11647-8, ISBN 978-90-04-11647-4 p.102 - Bonnet, Guillaume (1998). Les mots latina de l'albanais. Paris: L'Harmattan. page 324. Kopitar 1829, page 254. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFKopitar1829 (help) Meyer 1888, p. 805. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFMeyer1888 (help) - Meyer-Lubke 1914, page 32. error sfn: no goal: CITEREFMeyer-Lubke1914 (help) - Bardhil Demiraj (2010). Vir Sindh dies Deinen. Studien zur albanischen Sprache, Literatur und Kulturgeschichte, dem Gedenken an (1925-1992) gewidmet. Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-06221-3. Score 1962, page 13-51. sfn error: no goal: CITEREF- abej1962 (help) - Ijaescu 1966, page 1, 30. error sfn: no goal: CITEREFMihaescu1966 (help) - 4066, page 1, 21. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFMihaescu1966 (help) - Mihaescu 1966, p. 1-2. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFMihaescu1966 (help) - Rosetti 1986, page 195-197. error sfn: no goal: CITEREFRosetti1986 (help) - Madgearu, Alexandru; Gordon, Martin. Wars in the Balkans: their medieval origin. 146-147. The word fat has both the importance of fate, luck and groom, husband. This may indicate two separate words that are homophones, one of which comes from gothic and the other from Latin f'tum; although, Orel (2000) sees them as the same word. Similarly, compare Albanian short fortune; spouse, a wife who reflects the dichotomy in the meaning of fat, but is considered to stem from one source - the Latin sortem fate. - Orel 2002: p263 - Orel 2002: p264-265 - Orel Pages 266-267 - Orel 2012: p262 - Orel: p267-268 External Links Albanian Edition Wikipedia, free encyclopedia Wikibooks has more on the topic: Albanian language For a list of words relating to Albanian, see Albanian word category in Wiktionary, free dictionary. There is a media in the Commons related to the Albanian language. Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for the Albanian language. Albanian Internet Brian Joseph, Angelo Costanzo, and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the Linguistics Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin learned from albanian language grammar pdf. a concise historical grammar of the albanian language. a concise historical grammar of the albanian language pdf

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