Critical Examination of the Alphabet and Language Reforms Implemented in the Early Years of the Turkish Republic
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An Etymological and Lexicological Note on the Words for Some Ancient Eurasian Grain Legume Crops in Turkic Languages
Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 2011, 16(2): 179-182 AN ETYMOLOGICAL AND LEXICOLOGICAL NOTE ON THE WORDS FOR SOME ANCIENT EURASIAN GRAIN LEGUME CROPS IN TURKIC LANGUAGES Aleksandar MIKIĆ1* Vesna PERIĆ2 1Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Serbia 2Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, Serbia *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Received: 06.07.2011 ABSTRACT On their way to both Europe and Caucasus, during the 7th and 6th millennia BC, the most ancient Old World grain legume crops, such as pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.), passed through the region of modern Turkey but also spread towards the original Altaic, and then, Turkic homeland. The assumption that at least some of these crops were known to the ancestors of the modern Turkic nations is confirmed by attesting the Proto-Altaic *bŭkrV, denoting pea and its descendant the Proto-Turkic *burčak, being responsible for all the words denoting pea in the majority of the modern Turkic languages and the borrowed Hungarian borsó. The Proto-Altaic root *zịăbsa, denoting lentil, gave the Proto-Turkic, *jasi-muk, with the same meaning and with numerous, morphologically well-preserved descendants in modern Turkic languages. Key words: Etymology, grain legumes, lexicology, Turkic languages. INTRODUCTION uncertain origin (Georg et al. 1999) and still disputed by some as being true Altaic languages. Majority of the traditional Eurasian grain legume crops, such as pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris The supporters of the existence of the Altaic language Medik.) originated in the Near Eastern centre of diversity, family assumed that its five branches had a common ancestor while faba bean (Vicia faba L.) originated in the central referred to as Proto-Altaic, although the written records on its Asian centre of diversity (Zeven and Zhukovsky 1975). -
Turkish Language As a Politicized Element: the Case of Turkish Nation-Building
GeT MA Working Paper Series No. 15 2018 Turkish Language as a Politicized Element: The Case of Turkish Nation-Building TOLGA SEVIN GeT MA Working Paper Series Department of Social Sciences Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin www.sowi.hu-berlin.de/getma [email protected] TOLGA SEVIN GET MA WP 15/2018 GeT MA Working Paper Series Published by the German Turkish Masters Program of Social Sciences (GeT MA), Department of Social Sciences at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Papers in this series are the final theses of GeT MA graduates. Publication in this series does not preclude a later publication elsewhere. The views expressed in the GeT MA Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the GeT MA Program or of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. The copyright stays with the author(s). Copyright for this paper: Tolga Sevin Please cite in the following format: Sevin, Tolga (2018): Turkish Language as a Politicized Element: The Case of Turkish Nation-Building. GeT MA Working Paper No. 15, Department of Social Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. [online] Homepage: Edoc Server Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. URL: http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/series/getmaseries Corresponding authors: Tolga Sevin, Master of Social Science, German Turkish Masters Program, Institut für Sozialwissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin. Tolga Sevin, born in Ankara, studied at Bilkent University, Middle East Technical University, and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin. He lives in Berlin. This thesis is dedicated to Müfit Kulen. -
Atatürk and Turkish Language Reform
ATATÜRK AND TURKISH LANGUAGE REFORM F A H İR İZ* Language Reform is one of the most controversial issues of contem- porary Turkey. Essentially a cultural even a scientifıc problem which, one vvould ex- pect, to be handled or studied only by experts, it tended in recent deca- des, to become increasingly involved vvith political issues. So much so that almost anyone who is interested in the problems of Modem Turkey in general, is tempted to join the controversy, often with emotional partisan- ship. Although its origins are rooted, as we shall see, in the fundamental cultural cahange of a thousand years ago and remained alive through the centuries of the evolution of the Turkish language, some Turkish vvriters and quite a few foreign scholars (turcologists or others) surprisingly consi- der this movement just as anyone of the series of Reforms of the Repub- lican era. Some even go so far as believing it to be nothing but a “capri- cious” enterprise of Atatürk or a nevv-fangled idea put forvvard by the Turkish Linguistic Society founded by him. It is also true that some vvri ters change their approach to the problem according to the political cli- mate, proving further that it is not easy for them to be unbiased on this issue. This is most unfortunate, because Turkish Language Reform is essen tially a cultural phenomenon vvhich should have nothing to do vvith con- temporary politics. The need for a reform in a language may have many diverse causes. But the classical example of language reform, as vvitnessed in the histories of the German, Hungarian, Finnish and Norvvegian languages for instan- ce, appear to be the result of a reaction againts an unreasonable overflovv of foreign elements in the vvritten language, making it virtually unintelli- gible to ordinary speakers of that language. -
Turkish Language in Iran (From the Ghaznavid Empire to the End of the Safavid Dynasty)
42 Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Turkish Language in Iran (from the Ghaznavid Empire to the end of the Safavid Dynasty) Zivar Huseynova Khazar University The history of Turks in Iran goes back to very ancient times, and there are differences of opinion among historians about the Turks‟ ruling of Iranian lands. However, all historians accept the rulers of the Turkish territories since the Ghaznavid Empire. In that era, Turks took over the rule of Iran and took the first steps toward broadening the empire. The Ghaznavi Turks, continuing to rule according to the local government system in Iran, expanded their territories as far as India. The warmongering Turks, making up the majority of the army, spread their own language among the army and even in the regions they occupied. Even if they did not make a strong influence in many cultural spheres, they did propagate their languages in comparison to Persian. Thus, we come across many Turkish words in Persian written texts of that period. This can be seen using the example of the word “amirakhurbashi” or “mirakhurbashı” which is composed of Arabic elements.1 The first word inside this compound word is the Arabic “amir” (command), but the second and third words composing it are Turkish. Amirakhurbashi was the name of a high government officer rank. Aside from this example, the Turkish words “çomaq”(“chomak”) and “qalachur”(“kalachur”) or “qarachur” (“karachur”) are used as names for military ammunition. 2 It is likely that the word karachur, which means a long and curved weapon, was taken from the word qılınc (“kilinj,” sword) and is even noted as a Turkish word in many dictionaries. -
A Comparative Analysis of the Simplification of Chinese Characters in Japan and China
CONTRASTING APPROACHES TO CHINESE CHARACTER REFORM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLIFICATION OF CHINESE CHARACTERS IN JAPAN AND CHINA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ASIAN STUDIES AUGUST 2012 By Kei Imafuku Thesis Committee: Alexander Vovin, Chairperson Robert Huey Dina Rudolph Yoshimi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express deep gratitude to Alexander Vovin, Robert Huey, and Dina R. Yoshimi for their Japanese and Chinese expertise and kind encouragement throughout the writing of this thesis. Their guidance, as well as the support of the Center for Japanese Studies, School of Pacific and Asian Studies, and the East-West Center, has been invaluable. i ABSTRACT Due to the complexity and number of Chinese characters used in Chinese and Japanese, some characters were the target of simplification reforms. However, Japanese and Chinese simplifications frequently differed, resulting in the existence of multiple forms of the same character being used in different places. This study investigates the differences between the Japanese and Chinese simplifications and the effects of the simplification techniques implemented by each side. The more conservative Japanese simplifications were achieved by instating simpler historical character variants while the more radical Chinese simplifications were achieved primarily through the use of whole cursive script forms and phonetic simplification techniques. These techniques, however, have been criticized for their detrimental effects on character recognition, semantic and phonetic clarity, and consistency – issues less present with the Japanese approach. By comparing the Japanese and Chinese simplification techniques, this study seeks to determine the characteristics of more effective, less controversial Chinese character simplifications. -
11 Lewis 1749.Indd
GEOFFREY LEWIS Geoffrey Lewis Lewis 1920–2008 I. Life PROFESSOR GEOFFREY LEWIS LEWIS, a pioneer in Turkish Studies in Britain and an internationally admired scholar in the fi eld, was born in London on 19 June 1920. He received his schooling at University College School in Hampstead, following which, in 1938, he went up to St John’s College Oxford to read Classics. Having sat Honour Moderations in the spring of 1940, he joined the Royal Air Force in September of that year and served until 1945: he qualifi ed for his BA by War Decree and subsequently received his MA in 1945. At some point during his study for Honour Mods, his Latin tutor, sensing that he was getting stale, suggested that he take up Turkish as a hobby—it seems that the choice of Turkish came to him on the spur of the moment. Geoffrey took it seriously, however, and the opportunity to act on it came when he was posted to Egypt as a radar operator. He made contact with an elderly Turk in Alexandria, through whom, and through the painstaking comparison of classic English texts with their Turkish translations—these culled from the bookshops of London and sent to him by his wife, Raphaela, whom he had married in 1941—he taught him- self Turkish. Returning to Oxford in 1945, and by now wholly won over to Turkish, he consulted the Laudian Professor of Arabic, [Sir] Hamilton Gibb, FBA, who welcomed the prospect of expanding the curriculum in Oriental Studies to include Turkish but recommended that Geoffrey read for the BA in Arabic and Persian as essential background to the serious study of Turkish historically as well as in its modern form. -
CIRCASSIANS of UZUNYAYLA, TURKEY Eiji
MEMORY POLITICS: CIRCASSIANS OF UZUNYAYLA, TURKEY Eiji Miyazawa A dissertation submitted for the degree of PhD. Department of Anthropology and Sociology Faculty of Arts and Humanities School of Oriental and African Studies University of London MEMORY POLITICS: CIRCASSIANS OF UZUNYAYLA, TURKEY BY EIJI MIYAZAWA ABSTRACT This thesis explores social memories among Circassians in Turkey. It is based on eighteen months’ field research in the Uzunyayla plateau, Pınarbaşı district of Kayseri province, central Turkey. The Circassians (Çerkez) settled there are the descendants of refugees who fled from the Russian invasion of the Caucasus in the mid nineteenth century. “Memory” here is used in a broad sense to include the experiences and expressions of historical consciousness in everyday interactions, as well as articulated historical narratives. By interweaving them, the present work aims to analyse the political process involved in the production of knowledge about history and society. In efforts to reproduce a community in their new homeland, Circassians emphasise their history and collective identity. The local elites from noble (worq) families dominate such conservative, essentialist discourses, stressing their status superiority over ex-slave families. They recognise historical significance and identify the driving forces of their history by reference to specific social themes, such as the opposition between the two status groups. They monopolise history as a resource by excluding ex-slaves from the production of authoritative knowledge. Here, memory politics, consisting of space construction, control over interpersonal exchanges, and hierarchized personhood, plays a crucial role. In that process, ex-slaves become muted, made passively to embody a “feudal” past. By contrast, in Karakuyu, an affluent village also known as “Slave Village”, male comrades produce social relations different from elite representations by committing themselves to alcohol drinking. -
52927457.Pdf
THE CULTURAL POLICIES OF THE TURKISH REPUBLIC DURING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NATION STATE (1923- 1938) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by iPEK KAMACI Io Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of MASTER OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION in THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA February,2000 The.sis bf )30 , K.3' .2t;oo .E,c50.c;\O I certify that l have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a th~sis for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science and Public Administrati n. Assistant Professor Orhan Tekelioglu l certify that l have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science and Public Administration. I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science and Public Administration. Dr.Me Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Ali Karaosmanoglu ABSTRACT THE CULTURAL POLICIES OF THE TURKISH REPUBLIC DURING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NATION STA TE (1923 - 1938) ipek KAMACI Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Asst. Prof Orhan TEKEUOGLU February, 2000 This study aims to analyse the understanding of cultural politics during the establishment period of Turkish Republic. It is argued that this understanding of culturai politics is ideologically shaped by Kemalism that maintains Ziya Gokalp's separation of culture and civilization. -
Köksal, Özlem. "Memory, Identity: the Turkish Context." Aesthetics of Displacement: Turkey and Its Minorities on Screen
Köksal, Özlem. "Memory, Identity: The Turkish Context." Aesthetics of Displacement: Turkey and its Minorities on Screen. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016. 1–24. Topics and Issues in National Cinema. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 26 Sep. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501306471.ch-001>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 26 September 2021, 08:14 UTC. Copyright © Özlem Köksal 2016. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 1 Memory, Identity: The Turkish Context During the 1980s and 1990s, Turkey witnessed major social, economic, and cultural changes. The neo-liberal policies introduced after the 1980s, within a framework of a rapidly globalizing world, inevitably caused profound changes in the country. On the one hand, the process of joining the European Union (EU), and the constitutional changes required by the process known as the Copenhagen Criteria, brought more freedom of speech to the country, compared to the restricted civil liberties during the military regime of the early 1980s. This process, according to Ayşe Kadıoğlu, introduced “some of the most important parliamentary reforms toward the acknowledgment of different religious and ethnic identities in Turkey” (Kadıoğlu 2007: 292).1 On the other hand, the neo-liberal economic transformation resulted, much like everywhere else in the world, in an uneven distribution of wealth, making the gap between rich and poor wider. The process of globalization, and the rapid change in economic and social life, arguably created a rupture in the belief in the promise of the future, and resulted in people enquiring about the past in order to redefine their relationship, not just to the past, but also to the present. -
Language Management in the People's Republic of China
LANGUAGE AND PUBLIC POLICY Language management in the People’s Republic of China Bernard Spolsky Bar-Ilan University Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, language management has been a central activity of the party and government, interrupted during the years of the Cultural Revolution. It has focused on the spread of Putonghua as a national language, the simplification of the script, and the auxiliary use of Pinyin. Associated has been a policy of modernization and ter - minological development. There have been studies of bilingualism and topolects (regional vari - eties like Cantonese and Hokkien) and some recognition and varied implementation of the needs of non -Han minority languages and dialects, including script development and modernization. As - serting the status of Chinese in a globalizing world, a major campaign of language diffusion has led to the establishment of Confucius Institutes all over the world. Within China, there have been significant efforts in foreign language education, at first stressing Russian but now covering a wide range of languages, though with a growing emphasis on English. Despite the size of the country, the complexity of its language situations, and the tension between competing goals, there has been progress with these language -management tasks. At the same time, nonlinguistic forces have shown even more substantial results. Computers are adding to the challenge of maintaining even the simplified character writing system. As even more striking evidence of the effect of poli - tics and demography on language policy, the enormous internal rural -to -urban rate of migration promises to have more influence on weakening regional and minority varieties than campaigns to spread Putonghua. -
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RECENT PUBLICATIONS ON SYRIAC TOPICS: 2018* SEBASTIAN P. BROCK, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD GRIGORY KESSEL, AUSTRIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER SERGEY MINOV, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD Books Acharya, F., Psalmic Odes from Apostolic Times: An Indian Monk’s Meditation (Bengaluru: ATC Publishers, 2018). Adelman, S., After Saturday Comes Sunday (Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2018). Alobaidi, T., and Dweik, B., Language Contact and the Syriac Language of the Assyrians in Iraq (Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2018). Andrade, N.J., The Journey of Christianity to India in Late Antiquity: Networks and the Movement of Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018). Aravackal, R., The Mystery of the Triple Gradated Church: A Theological Analysis of the Kṯāḇā d-Massqāṯā (Book of Steps) with Particular Reference to the Writing of Aphrahat and John the Solitary (Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India Publications 437; Kottayam, India: Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, 2018). Aydin, G. (ed.), Syriac Hymnal According to the Rite of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch (Teaneck, New Jersey: Beth Antioch Press / Syriac Music Institute, 2018). Bacall, J., Chaldean Iraqi American Association of Michigan (Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2018). * The list of publications is based on the online Comprehensive Bibliography on Syriac Christianity, supported by the Center for the Study of Christianity at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (http://www.csc.org.il/db/db.aspx?db=SB). Suggested additions and corrections can be sent to: [email protected] 235 236 Bibliographies Barry, S.C., Syriac Medicine and Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq’s Arabic Translation of the Hippocratic Aphorisms (Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement 39; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018). -
Orthographic Transparency and the Ottoman Abjad Maithili Jais
Orthographic Transparency and the Ottoman Abjad Maithili Jais University of Florida Spring 2018 I. Introduction In 2014, the debate over whether Ottoman Turkish was to be taught in schools or not was once again brought to the forefront of Turkish society and the Turkish conscience, as Erdogan began to push for Ottoman Turkish to be taught in all high schools across the country (Yeginsu, 2014). This became an obsession of a news topic for media in the West as well as in Turkey. Turkey’s tumultuous history with politics inevitably led this proposal of teaching Ottoman Turkish in all high schools to become a hotbed of controversy and debate. For all those who are perfectly contented to let bygones be bygones, there are many who assert that the Ottoman Turkish alphabet is still relevant and important. In fact, though this may be a personal anecdote, there are still certainly people who believe that the Ottoman script is, or was, superior to the Latin alphabet with which modern Turkish is written. This thesis does not aim to undertake a task so grand as sussing out which of the two was more appropriate for Turkish. No, such a task would be a behemoth for this paper. Instead, it aims to answer the question, “How?” Rather, “How was the Arabic script moulded to fit Turkish and to what consequence?” Often the claim that one script it superior to another suggests inherent judgement of value, but of the few claims seen circulating Facebook on the efficacy of the Ottoman script, it seems some believe that it represented Turkish more accurately and efficiently.