The Features of Ethno-Economic Activities of Mountainous Area People in Uzbekisan

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 12s, (2020), pp. 1948-1957

THE FEATURES OF ETHNO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF MOUNTAINOUS AREA PEOPLE IN UZBEKISAN. (AS AN EXAMPLE OF SANGZAAR-ZAAMIN AREA)

Akbar Davurbayevich Bababekov Teacher at the Faculty of History, National University of Uzbekistan Tashkent, Uzbekistan [email protected] Ravshan Normuratovich Tursunov Candidate of History science, docent, teacher of History faculty, National University of Uzbekistan Tashkent, Uzbekistan [email protected] Oybek Otabek Ugli Ulugbekov Junior student of History faculty, National University of Uzbekistan Tashkent, Uzbekistan [email protected]

Abstract

As a consequence of political, economic and social process in Sangzar-Zaamin area during XX century, ethno-economic aspects of economic activities and his changes, basic impacts of natural- geographic and weather conditions to traditional forms of economies such as farming and livestock- breeding, as well as home crafts, the main position of farming, livestock-breeding, gardening and home crafts in ethno-economic system of local people, especially economic stability and good live condition of local mountainous people families, and his main social role in people lifestyle, appropriate local characteristics of traditional economic fields and their main roles as well as features in people’s economic activities, socio-economic features of traditional economic activities were represented through historical ethnographic materials.

Keywords: Uzbekistan, traditional economy, ethno-economics, farming, livestock-breeding, home crafts, Jizzakh, region, Sangzar, Zaamin, Bakhmal regions.

Introduction As a result of recent economic reforms and social changes in Uzbekistan, firstly, impacts of these reforms are measured on people’s financial condition and abundance as well as their lifestyle[1, pp. 15,16]. In this regard, during study of the features of traditional economic activities, clarifying the part of productions which were produced for markets and themselves and its direction to improving the people’s daily life, superiority of agriculture in economic activities and dominance of traditions, combination of natural and minor goods types in producing, slow development of exchange commerce, specific local lifestyle, extensive activity, predominance of manual labor, low level of people’s social and areal mobility, the establishment of home crafts, cultivating and selling of ecologic pure grocery products as well as ignorance of local national-historical lifestyle, traditions and customs, thoughts of indigenous people during passing to market relationships and other such kind of problems represented the significance of research theme.

The purpose of research As an example of Sangzar-Zaamin area during XX century, traditional economy of local people and ethno-local features of these economies were described through historical-ethnological materials and practical researches as well as archives sources.

Methodology of research

The number of methods were used to write this research paper. In particular, inductive, deductive, monograph, comparative, interview and observation methods were used for achieving this goal.

In our opinion, the scientific and objective study of ethnic groups and ethnicity in the first half of the XX century generated categorical ambiguity in this area. A deeper study of the ethnic aspects of the economy occurs in the late XX and early XXI centuries.

From ancient times there were established three kinds of agricultures: irrigated agriculture, mountainous farming, and rain-fed agriculture[2, p.25] which were based on mountainous and foothills region agriculture in Sangzar-Zaamin area as other regions of Central Asia.

The total area of Sangzar-Zaamin region, Turkestan range and Molguzar foothills area consisted of 11,3% irrigated land, 46,3% hilly land and 42% unused as farming land[3, p.23].

Indeed, irrigated farming land limited in ethno-economics of mountainous region, the value and costs of rich land depended on near or long distance from water sources, the quantity of water storage, difficult or easy irrigation, and the distance of bazaars where crops were sold, as well as the condition of land.[4, p.48.]

Development of internal and external commerce, continuous rise of population, strong demand for agriculture products and craft materials consequently led to enormous demand for agriculture land. As a result, according to archive information of 1900s, 1 tanab (1 tanab equal to 39.9 meters) irrigated land cost from 30 ruble to 50 ruble in Jizzakh region, between 20 and 32 ruble in Yangikurgan village[5, pp. 12,20].

In Jizzakh and Khujand regions, average cost of 1 desyatina(1 desyatina equal to 1.1 hectare) irrigated land was 30 ruble, hilly land was 12 ruble, vineyard was 500 ruble, orchard was 300 ruble and compared it to remove areas such as Yangikurgan, Sangzar, Zaamin regions’ land, the cost was doubled cheaper than central part of land and irrigated land was between 20 and 32 ruble, hilly land was from 10 to 20 ruble[6, p.58].

There were two types of using and possessing of land: private and communal possessions in Sangzar- Zaamin region. Only unused land such as Boybulak, Kattabulak, Okchagal, Urtabulak land was used as communal [7, p.1].

Due to information which was gained during practical ethnographic researches, total revenue of average mountainous people consisted of from several sources such as 1/3 part of them was livestock- breeding, 1/5 part of them was gardening, and a half of them belonged with agriculture.[8]

Wheat, barley, clover, flax, pea, bean, and other bean crops played a great significance in traditional economy of mountainous and foothills regions people. According to the information of Statistical Bureau of Samarkand region, autumn sort and spring sort of wheat took place in 18,308(20,138,8 hectare) and 13,947 desyatina(15,341,7 hectare) respectively in 1904, due to the information of Archive in 1915, more than a half of total irrigated land of Turkestan, two third part of irrigated land of Djizzakh and Khujand were possessed by wheat crops and it represented that wheat was the most essential crop of the area.[9, p.4]

According to Archive information of 1908, the total agricultural land of Tangatapdi, Palakhman, Okkurgan, and Korabulak villages of Sangzar region was 59 desyatina(64,9 hectare) 1320 sajen(1,584 km2) and 48 percent(28 desyatina(30,8 hectare) 1344 sajen(1,612 km2)) of them was occupied by clover, 27 percent(16 desyatina(17,6 hectare) 1164 sajen(1,369 km2)) of them was occupied by wheat,

7.5 percent(4 desyatina(4,4 hectare) 1440 sajen(1,728 km2)) of them was house yards, 4.5 percent(2 desyatina(2,2 hectare) 1794 sajen(2,152 km2)) of them was gardening fields, 3%(1 desyatina(1,1 hectare) 1506 sajen(1,807 km2)) of them was occupied by barley, 2%(1 desyatina(1,1 hectare) 237 sajen(284 km2)) of them was fields, 1%(1318 sajen(1,581 km2)) of them flax, 1%(1318 sajen(1,581 km2)) of them was kunak, 1%(1318 sajen(1,581 km2)) was undov, crops which was extracted oil from last three of them.

In these villages, the reason of wide planting of clover and existence of bazaars was providing with fodder crops to horses.

In Tagab village which contained a great number of springs, the total number of irrigated land was 187 desyatina(205,7 hectare) 1560 sajen(1,872 km2) and 7.55 percent of them belonged with accommodation, 1.8 percent of them was occupied by gardens and constructive trees, 0,97 percent of them for vineyards, 50,85 % of them for clover, 32,4 % of them for wheat, 1,84 % of them for barley, 1,84 % of them for field, 0,92 % of them for flax, 0,92 % of them for millet, 0,92 % of them for kunak(plant)[10, p.6] and it was noticeable that clover, wheat and barley were one of the most profitable crops in ethno-economics of local people.

According to archive information, farming seasons for local peasants of Sangzar-Zaamin embarked on planting barley and wheat to prepared rain-fed land in early spring. The grains were sown by hand, after sowing the seeds with or without plowing the soil, upper part of the land was blocked. Between 4 pud(64 kg) and 6 pud(96 kg) seeds were sown to 1 desyatina(1,1 hectare) land[11, p. 21].

As a consequence of using this kind of agricultural method for ages, local peasants could find possibility of huge amount of crops. Indeed, during the practical researches in Navka, Okkurgan, Khujabulak, Balgali, Uymaut, and Kangli, local elderly people stated that experience of farming such as land cultivating and giving a break time to soil, crop rotation between two and three fields and other local traditions were positively affected to agriculture as well as crops[12], in addition prior to planting wheat and barley seed, they were dipped into water which contained with copper substance and it prevented the damage from pests. The method was so advanced that even Russian colonists also were surprised[11, p.21]. Unfortunately, nowadays this method has not been used anymore.

Uncultivated land was used in order to grazing stocks or as a store where crops were gathered as well as other purposes[13].

Autumnal wheat was harvested between June and July, barely was harvested during mid-June. As for Sangzar-Zaamin rain-fed plantation, wheat and barley were harvested from late June to September and they were mashed by oxen and horses’ hoofs.

Peasants harvested 40 pud(640 kg) crops and 1250 clover bunches from 1 desyatina(1.1 ha) irrigated wheat land [14, p.7].

Local male inhabitants of Sangzar-Zaamin had an opportunity to earn some money through working as hired employees in Djizzakh, Zaamin, even Tashkent regions’ land during mid-May because wheat and barley ripped later than other regions due to locating on mountainous and foothills area as well as there was not another chore for local males[11, p. 25].

There was lack of workers during wheat and barley harvest period, therefore freelancers were hired to do it and their salary was grain crops and they arranged due to how much quantity of their work as well as “sack” which equal to half load that camel could lift[11, p.25].

Firstly, wheat was a reserve which housekeeping was provided with bread and the extra part of it was sold in bazaars. The sorts of wheat such as “white wheat”, “black thin”, “stork” [15, p. 168], “camel tooth” and in mountainous area “chivit” were widely sown. This sort of wheat cost was expensive due to the high quality. Spring and autumnal wheat, barely, millet which were harvested in Djizzakh and Khujand, were exported to Bukhara, Tashkent, Djizzakh cities for commerce purposes[16, p. 1].

Grain products which were grown in Zaamin, Rabat, Yangikurgan, Bagdan, Sangzar districts were frequently delivered to bazaars for commercial purposes. At that moment, the volume of crops were high and 1 pud (16 kg) wheat cost 75 pennies, 1 pud (16 kg) barley cost 65 pennies[17, p. 20].

1896 1907 Demand for grain crops Volume Volume 1896 1907 Wheat 9344 ton 9600 ton 11 200 ton 12000 ton Barely 2304 ton 2400 ton 4160 ton 4480 ton

From the table it is noticeable that necessity of local people for grain products increased year by year. As a result it significantly affected to the cost of grain products.

In good weather periods, 30-40 pud (480-640 kg) wheat crops were harvested from each hectare, on the other hand even the amount of expended wheat seeds were not harvested during drought periods[12]. At that moment the necessities for wheat crops were provided from irrigated land harvests.

There was “morocco grasshopper” which was a savage pest for fall and spring crops and it made a necessity to struggle against it continuously. The huge amount of information about that situation has been saved in archive. Special groups were organized against grasshoppers and the groups dug long and deep brooklets along sowing areas against insects[18, p.2].

In general, vegetable crops were rarely grown in Sangzar-Zaamin areas, only in neighboring springs area watermelons and yellow carrots (mushkent sort) were grown. In the early XX century, only in Duvlat and Karapchi villages pea which was “burgana” sort was grown[11, p.27]. Afterwards pea and maskhar (grain crop) were the second widely sown crops after wheat and barley between 80s and 90s of XX century. Pea which was cultivated in rain-fed areas usually was planted during April month and approximately 150-200 kg seed were spent to each hectare and usually the amount of harvest was 6-8 sentner(600-800 kg). In Bakhmal and Zaamin areas pea crops were harvested manually during early June.

Since last decades the cultivating of pea and masxar crops have been increased significantly in the area. This could be described that demand for pea crops both internal and external bazaars rose extremely. During recent practical research, it can be noted that local people cultivate “Iran sort” and “American sort” of pea crops and they retail 1 kg “Iran sort” and 1 kg “American sort” at 7500 sum and 3500 sum respectively[12].

As a consequence of delivering field crops such as watermelons, melons from Sirdarya and Djizzakh regions to the area, the amount of land which was specialized for field crops decreased in the 60s years of XX century. From 90s of XX century watermelon crops which were loaded on the board of the automobiles, has been completely provided necessities of the Charshanba bazaar in Kirikishlak village of Bakhmal region[12].

The analysis of political, economic, and cultural factors of the first half of XX century indicated that traditional agriculture was not developed step by step. Particularly, “Djizzakh rebellion” in 1916, abolishment of private ownership, development of cotton policy led to destruction of agricultural economy[19, p.17].

Bolsheviks who took control by terror above Russia in 1917 then Turkestan, introduced new economic policy which was focused to control all branches of the country such as agriculture, industry, gardening, natural reserves, finance system and economics by government monopoly. The purpose of this policy was completely controlling the country economics as well as natural resources, workforce from capital. As this aim, economic decrees of Soviet authorities firstly focused to take some essential fields such as land-water, industrial factories, transportation, banks from private

ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 1951 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 12s, (2020), pp. 1948-1957 sectors to the country ownership without any payment. This policy known as “Nationalization” was organized and introduced by several levels through the country[20, p.30].

“Udarnik” collective farm was organized in Zaamin region in 1920, as well as “Stalin” collective farm which collected several villages such as Kudukcha, Mugal, Kizilsoy, Nebusa, Achchi was also organized at that moment.

During collegial period the salaries of collective farming members were organized by the government and the amount of minimum salary was specified in 1959 as well as “daily job” (giving natural products as salary) was prohibited and salaries were given by cash from 1966. The system of giving salaries based on complicated accounting, some part of salaries(from 30% to 60%) were given in starting period of a year and other part were given last period of a year due to sort of jobs and working days. In addition, collective farming had an access which could give bonus to their farming members’ wages according to employee’s application. On the other hand, some archive information suggested that on some occasion collective farming groups could not afford to give salaries on time and complete amount. Employers gave grocery products(meat, flour, wheat) as part of salary or there is an information that dinner foods were given to employees as a part of their wages, even the incomes of workers were delayed to the next year by collective farming authorities.[21, p.17].

There was the shortage of bread during starvation period in 40-45 years of XX century. Males were sent to The World War II therefore usually females and children worked in agricultural fields. Women mowed 60-70 sotix (1 sotix equal to 1 are) wheat crops on a daily basis. Mowing 10 sotix(10 are) wheat crops cost a piece of bread or startling birds from plantations cost 4 handful wheat. All local people were hired for harvesting ear. They were forced to harvest ear till night. Even they stole a bit amount of wheat for their children, employers punished strictly them for stealing. They took handful wheat as salary, then they transform it to flour at home. During the low amount of wheat crops season, females were sent to Tigirik village near Achchi village where they were obliged to harvest ear[22, p.17].

In 1950s the situation was difficult such as reorganizing the industry which was destroyed during war period, providing grocery necessities of local people, reconstructing the war ruins - stated Abdugani Ilashev who is local person of Zaamin- the lifestyle of people was poor, especially the necessity was very huge for grocery products, people struggled and tried hard to gain grain products for their demands[23, p.152].

The level of supplying with techniques of agriculture was low, usually cultivating, planting, harvesting and other chores were done by manual force. Automobile Tractor Station (ATS) sent a piece of CHTZ, XTZ, NATI, DT-54, DT-75 tractors in order to plowing to each 200 hectare irrigated land and they only supplied a quarter (25) percent of total irrigated plantations. Other part of irrigated land was ploughed by oxen, even donkeys.

Therefore during plowing and cultivation period, local people worked hard from day to night. Combines were used for moving the crops during harvesting periods and all workforces even females lived in plantations and were forced to mow the crops. Wheat, barley, flax, sesame crops which were harvested by manual force, were gathered in one place then they were mashed by 2 pieces of “molotilka” which was a mashing equipment, horse, donkey, ox then cleaned and were delivered to the government storage by horse and donkey carts. Extra crops were given to workers as salary through a year. Employees of collective farming were given natural productions such as grain crops instead of salary in order to their work days through a year during 1950s[8].

In order to increase producing harvests especially cotton in rich fields of Mirzachul area, a lot of families were migrated from rain-fed plantation areas such as Zaamin, Bakhmal, Gallaral, Forish, Yangiabad to there(late 1940s and early 1950s), consequently Tutak village known as “Zarbdar” collective farm was abandoned. A few people of Khatab village known as “Telmann” collective farm and “Kirov” farm which consisted of Beshbulak, Bosh Pishagar, Gulba, shurcha, Arja villages, who stayed at their hometown were forced to do all difficult chores in the area.

There was a few number of villages which were specialized to gardening in Sangzar-Zaamin area during XX century, in archive information of 1908, it was stated that there were several gardens where growing “Samarkand apple” sort of apple and apricot which was durable for winter season in Okkurgan, Shurtepa, Karakchi, Uyas, Jum-jum and Kirkkishlak villages. Other fruit trees were rarely sown and did not exceed from home necessities. According to elderly informers, there were several sort of apples such as “stone apple”, “donkey apple” which were low quality in 50-60 years of XX century, afterwards high quality of apples were brought to bazaars for commerce purposes[12].

As a consequence of giving attention to gardening, arable farming, and livestock-breeding, these branches developed by 50-60 years of XX century in Bakhmal and Zaamin regions. For example, the elderly local people of Saryuz village in Bakhmal region noted that gardening became the most profitable branch in the economies of Bakhmal region by 1957. Pavlov who was an explorer of Sherder Scientific Research Institute sowed several sort of apples such as “semeryanka”, “voensort”, “five star” which appropriated to temperate climate, to there between 1957 and 1963.

“Oykor” collective farming was established in the upper stream of Sangzar river in 1975 and new 800 hectare gardening plantations were organized by building concrete brooklets which delivered spring water to the plantations. It made a way to grow fruit trees such as apple, pear, peach and other fruit trees in the fields of there[12].

Nowadays, there is total amount of irrigated land consists 6.6 thousand hectare in the agriculture fond of Bakhmal district, additionally, 0.4 thousand land was occupied by vegetables, 2 thousand as well as 200 hectare land was occupied by clover and maize respectively. Other 4 thousand land consisted of gardens, vineyards, mulberry grove, forests. As for Zaamin district, 19.7 thousand land is used for farming purposes, especially cereal crops, field crops, vegetables, fodder crops were grown in there. There are a lot of meadows, vineyards, grassland[24, p. 651]. During practical research period, it can be shown that potatoes and strawberries were planted in intensive fruit gardens. As the bazaars far away from there, a huge amount of products are sold on the way to the Usmat center[12].

In addition technical crops such as sesame, flax, indon, masxar and other crops which are oil plants, were also sown. The indov plant has 25-35%, sesame has 40-50%, masxar has 35-45% oil in their composition. The seeds of flax, indov, sesame were mashed in special equipment which was produced oils. Fibers which were used for producing ropes and sacks, were weaved from flax steams. Melon seeds were also extracted oil which added sesame and flax.

These kind of technical crops are very useful for heart, vein and artery, liver as well as intestines. Such type of harvest plantations numbers have been being increased since independence. Certainly, it played a vital role in supplying people with oil productions.

The local elderly informer Suvankulxadji Khalmatov stated that there were several activities which were prevented peoples and cattle from poisonous plants such as kampirchapan, kukmaraz, achchiqmiya. For instance, fields were controlled several times, grain crops were prepared prior to harvesting or grain crops were sieved through 1.5-2 millimeters sieves[12].

According to some informers, there were several pits which were kept grain crops and usually they kept between 5(5 are) and 10 sentner(10 are) grain crops. In general, pits were dug in dry land, steeply dug, sphere shaped, cut straws which were 12-15 cm thickness taking place, then wheat crops were put on them. Having filled the pits with crops, “ok kos”1 spread out on them then cat straws and soil were pressed on the upper part[12]. On most occasions, inner parts of houses such as rooms were selected for the purpose of digging pits. These kinds of pits widely spread in poor families which could not possess their crop stores.

Besides them there was grain room well-known as “kandik” was also constructed inner part of houses. It was quadrangular, tall, brick construction. It was also covered with cut straw before filling with

1 Ok-kos is dry cut straw.

ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 1953 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 12s, (2020), pp. 1948-1957 crops. There are a lot of interesting facts in archive sources which were noted that several pits were dug near a place where crops were mashed and they were prevented from stealing[11, p. 30].

When we note the activity of local people during XX century, we should state the day-laborers action which had wide spread and common character on local lifestyle. This kind of job was called as “mower” or “day-labor” by Uzbeks, as regards Tajiks, they called it as”nakvan”[25, p. 16]. Only males could work as day-laborer who was hired for work day by day. As an exception, some females who were widow or poor families members which did not exist a man in the family, could also work as day-laborer in producing necessary productions for economy.

Usually poor people were hired for day-laboring. It must be noted that not all beggarly people worked as day-laborer. For instance, M. Virskiy noted that 1807 farm groups possessed irrigated land and 1966 farm groups possessed rain-fed land in Yangikurgan(Gallaral) in 1912. The number of total landless population was 165 families, 48 families of them were Tajiks and Persians who lived nearby Yangikurgan bazaar and some part of them occupied with commerce, housework and blacksmithing, bakery, constructing, dressmaking, house medicine, other 122 families, exactly 55% of them sold their land during grasshoppers catastrophe and 45% of them was permanent landless people who usually worked in their villages as day-laborers or mowers. Huge amount of them worked in railway stations as baggage handlers.

According to the archive information of 1900-1902, if an individual worked from spring to fall with his hoe could earn 70 pennies, from summer to winter 55-60 pennies, an individual who did not possess hoe could earn 60 pennies between spring and fall, 50 pennies could be earned in summer and winter, whole year wage was 80 ruble, if peasant work with his ox and equipment, could earn 1 ruble or from 50 pennies to 2 ruble per day[16, p.11].

But on some occasion peasants were given grain crops as salary after harvest-time, as well as workers had an access which could take a bunch of wheat crops as their daily salary. Usually the daily wage which landlords gave to employees consisted of 40 pennies in cities, but it did not exceed more than 10-20 pennies in villages.

During 50-60s of XX century people of Zaamin region produced flour through water mills. For example, there were three water mills in Pishgar village and it supplied with flour productions the people of Pishgar, Kangli, Lamakino, Uchbulak, Achchi villages.

In Zaamin region “100 sentner(100 are) grain crops” youth brigade which was established in 1963, sowed wheat seeds (the sort was “Bezostaya-1”) to the arable land which was irrigated through Khujai Serob and Beshbulakata springs. Having harvested the wheat crops, maize (the sort was VIR-42 and the period of vegetation was 105 day) seeds were planted as the second crop and it played a vital role in supplying the families’ necessities.

There was 750 hectare arable land which was irrigated by mountainous springs during reorganizing Zaamin region in 1964, afterwards authority focused to organizing gardens, vineyard as well as growing pure vegetables and potatoes in those arable fields, consequently it led to decrease the number of irrigated grain crops fields.

As a result of reestablishing reform in the middle of 1980s, the vineyards of “Timirzayev”, “Xavos”,”Gallakor”, “Djurakhon Usmanov” collective farms were destroyed under the motto of struggling against alcohol drinking between 1985 and 1986, consequently it badly affected on the ethno-economics of local people.

The one type of ethno-economics is “hashar” which neighbors helped to each other, possessed an essential part in economy of local people. In particular, relatives helped to each other through “hashar” in turn in villages. It is known that from old days there were two types of “hashar” such as family hashar as well as communal hashar. The households of big family parents, brothers, uncles not only did the chores of their housekeeping but also helped to their neighbors’ housekeeping chores. In general, communal hashars which all citizens of village took part, organized for doing communal jobs

ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 1954 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 12s, (2020), pp. 1948-1957 related to communal fields or livestock. If there was a necessity for cleaning Temirkadam irrigation ditch which flew along Bakhmal region as well as Tagob, Okkurgan, Temirkadam villages, people were hired under controlling “mirab” or “tribal elders” who the head of groups. The owners of fields which flew the ditch through their land, had to give one worker to the working group. Even nowadays this kind of hashars are being organized by “mirab” and “tribal elders”[26, p.54].

As a result of increasing the number of population and enlarging irrigational fields, the necessity for water increased significantly and could not be supplied recent years. Therefore people dig wells in their private, consequently it cause of forgetting age-old traditional activities such as hashars among young generation. The elderly informers remembered that if irrigational ditches flew through several villages, all adolescent members of the collective farms were hired for cleaning it during 40-50s of XX century.

There is developed gardening and wine-growing which were adaptable for mountainous area condition. There are several types of grapes which are suitable for climatic and regional condition, such as “black kismish”, “xusayni”, “tayipi”, “mask”, “chillaki”, “sultan”, and other sorts. It should be noted that local people liked consuming and producing “shinni” which is a traditional meal, from grape crops.

Major part of grape fruits were consumed freshly, half of grape crops were reserved for winter season in warehouses. “Shinni” was produced from some sorts such as “xusayni”, “buvaki”. As regards “shinni”, it was mixed with water, and brewed, then some spices were added to it and the liquid was filled into jugs and conserved. After two months the liquid transformed to “musallas” which is an alcoholic beverage. After conquering Turkestan by Russian conquerors, the huge amount of grape crops were exported to Russia. This information is also confirmed in archive sources, particularly, there was 53,298 pud (852,768 kg) local wine, 18,667 pud (298,672 kg) spirit, 986,890 pud (15,790,240 kg) seedless raisins, 456 pud (7,296 kg) fresh grapes, were exported from Samarkand to Russia in 1900. Fresh and dried fruits were exported to west Europe, Russia, Caucasus [16, p.11].

The fact that in order to import and export horticultural products to foreign countries in the early twentieth century, the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Empire developed a project of cold wagons for fruit and other perishable products, which was soon launched between Samarkand and Moscow and St. Petersburg was reflected in the national press materials [24,p.572].

Uzbekistan is still famous for their gardening and vineyards. In 1924, the area of fruit trees was 13.6 hectare, with vineyards consisted of 25.3 hectare, afterwards the amount decreased and the gardens reached 208.3 hectare, vineyards increased to 130.6 hectare by 1986. Some regions were specialized for producing fruits. For example, Zarafshan was main base for producing high quality of seedless raisins. More than half number of vineyards in Uzbekistan situated there and one third of total producing seedless raisin was produced in the region. Fergana valley was a major homeland for several fruits and famous for their popular amber colored apricots, pomegranates and peaches. Traditional, precious fruit trees such as pomegranates, figs, almonds, pistachios as well as new citrus plants and persimmons were grown in south Uzbekistan. There is 70 percent of fields were occupied by apple and pear trees in Tashkent. Nowadays there are several sort of apples such as anton, five star, white apple, kremson, semeryanko, miyansal, golden, super golden and others are wide-spread in Bakhmal regions.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Cattle-raising had a significant importance in ethno-economic system of Sangzar-Zaamin area during XX century. Especially it played an essential role in the economy of semi-settled and settled families. Naturally, local people also interested in this field as the most profitable activity, and in some families superiority of this activity was regarded. Cattle-raisers tried to transform ancient traditional methods of livestock-breeding to their generations. Sheep are being bred through “homemade” method which is spreading widely along the area recent years. Several suggestions about preventing some problems

ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 1955 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 12s, (2020), pp. 1948-1957 on the way of developing of cattle-raising were generated during practical research periods in Sangzar-Zaamin area.

 Establishing accurate system of using fields for preventing dangers of invalid condition of plantations as well as developing of cattle-raising, controlling the fields, not using plantations without breaks, controlling the number of cattle in this field;  As a result of the shortage of fodders, the amount of cattle in private and farm economy has been decreasing rapidly, consequently people are forgetting traditional methods of cattle-raising recent years, therefore it should be organized exchanging practices and methods in this field through country;  The number of horses and camels which were the main transportation means in former ages, are decreasing year by year because of not existing the demand for progressive technology. It can be noted that this kind of ancient transportations can benefit of exploiting in internal as well as external eco-tourism in the area.

CONCLUSION

All things considered that the main profitable activities of local Sangzar-Zaamin region people were agriculture especially irrigated as well as rain-fed agriculture, gardening and it consisted the main part of family budget in XX century. The almost whole inhabitants of Turkestan and Malguzar mountain ranges occupied with agriculture, gardening, cattle-raising and partially crafts, as for semi-settled people, they were busy with livestock-breeding and partially agriculture as well as home crafts and producing housekeeping instruments as extra jobs which earned some money during XX century and they have been still being existed by now.

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