The Features of Ethno-Economic Activities of Mountainous Area People in Uzbekisan
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International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 12s, (2020), pp. 1948-1957 THE FEATURES OF ETHNO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF MOUNTAINOUS AREA PEOPLE IN UZBEKISAN. (AS AN EXAMPLE OF SANGZAAR-ZAAMIN AREA) Akbar Davurbayevich Bababekov Teacher at the Faculty of History, National University of Uzbekistan Tashkent, Uzbekistan [email protected] Ravshan Normuratovich Tursunov Candidate of History science, docent, teacher of History faculty, National University of Uzbekistan Tashkent, Uzbekistan [email protected] Oybek Otabek Ugli Ulugbekov Junior student of History faculty, National University of Uzbekistan Tashkent, Uzbekistan [email protected] Abstract As a consequence of political, economic and social process in Sangzar-Zaamin area during XX century, ethno-economic aspects of economic activities and his changes, basic impacts of natural- geographic and weather conditions to traditional forms of economies such as farming and livestock- breeding, as well as home crafts, the main position of farming, livestock-breeding, gardening and home crafts in ethno-economic system of local people, especially economic stability and good live condition of local mountainous people families, and his main social role in people lifestyle, appropriate local characteristics of traditional economic fields and their main roles as well as features in people’s economic activities, socio-economic features of traditional economic activities were represented through historical ethnographic materials. Keywords: Uzbekistan, traditional economy, ethno-economics, farming, livestock-breeding, home crafts, Jizzakh, region, Sangzar, Zaamin, Bakhmal regions. Introduction As a result of recent economic reforms and social changes in Uzbekistan, firstly, impacts of these reforms are measured on people’s financial condition and abundance as well as their lifestyle[1, pp. 15,16]. In this regard, during study of the features of traditional economic activities, clarifying the part of productions which were produced for markets and themselves and its direction to improving the people’s daily life, superiority of agriculture in economic activities and dominance of traditions, combination of natural and minor goods types in producing, slow development of exchange commerce, specific local lifestyle, extensive activity, predominance of manual labor, low level of people’s social and areal mobility, the establishment of home crafts, cultivating and selling of ecologic pure grocery products as well as ignorance of local national-historical lifestyle, traditions and customs, thoughts of indigenous people during passing to market relationships and other such kind of problems represented the significance of research theme. ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 1948 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 12s, (2020), pp. 1948-1957 The purpose of research As an example of Sangzar-Zaamin area during XX century, traditional economy of local people and ethno-local features of these economies were described through historical-ethnological materials and practical researches as well as archives sources. Methodology of research The number of methods were used to write this research paper. In particular, inductive, deductive, monograph, comparative, interview and observation methods were used for achieving this goal. In our opinion, the scientific and objective study of ethnic groups and ethnicity in the first half of the XX century generated categorical ambiguity in this area. A deeper study of the ethnic aspects of the economy occurs in the late XX and early XXI centuries. From ancient times there were established three kinds of agricultures: irrigated agriculture, mountainous farming, and rain-fed agriculture[2, p.25] which were based on mountainous and foothills region agriculture in Sangzar-Zaamin area as other regions of Central Asia. The total area of Sangzar-Zaamin region, Turkestan range and Molguzar foothills area consisted of 11,3% irrigated land, 46,3% hilly land and 42% unused as farming land[3, p.23]. Indeed, irrigated farming land limited in ethno-economics of mountainous region, the value and costs of rich land depended on near or long distance from water sources, the quantity of water storage, difficult or easy irrigation, and the distance of bazaars where crops were sold, as well as the condition of land.[4, p.48.] Development of internal and external commerce, continuous rise of population, strong demand for agriculture products and craft materials consequently led to enormous demand for agriculture land. As a result, according to archive information of 1900s, 1 tanab (1 tanab equal to 39.9 meters) irrigated land cost from 30 ruble to 50 ruble in Jizzakh region, between 20 and 32 ruble in Yangikurgan village[5, pp. 12,20]. In Jizzakh and Khujand regions, average cost of 1 desyatina(1 desyatina equal to 1.1 hectare) irrigated land was 30 ruble, hilly land was 12 ruble, vineyard was 500 ruble, orchard was 300 ruble and compared it to remove areas such as Yangikurgan, Sangzar, Zaamin regions’ land, the cost was doubled cheaper than central part of land and irrigated land was between 20 and 32 ruble, hilly land was from 10 to 20 ruble[6, p.58]. There were two types of using and possessing of land: private and communal possessions in Sangzar- Zaamin region. Only unused land such as Boybulak, Kattabulak, Okchagal, Urtabulak land was used as communal [7, p.1]. Due to information which was gained during practical ethnographic researches, total revenue of average mountainous people consisted of from several sources such as 1/3 part of them was livestock- breeding, 1/5 part of them was gardening, and a half of them belonged with agriculture.[8] Wheat, barley, clover, flax, pea, bean, and other bean crops played a great significance in traditional economy of mountainous and foothills regions people. According to the information of Statistical Bureau of Samarkand region, autumn sort and spring sort of wheat took place in 18,308(20,138,8 hectare) and 13,947 desyatina(15,341,7 hectare) respectively in 1904, due to the information of Archive in 1915, more than a half of total irrigated land of Turkestan, two third part of irrigated land of Djizzakh and Khujand were possessed by wheat crops and it represented that wheat was the most essential crop of the area.[9, p.4] According to Archive information of 1908, the total agricultural land of Tangatapdi, Palakhman, Okkurgan, and Korabulak villages of Sangzar region was 59 desyatina(64,9 hectare) 1320 sajen(1,584 km2) and 48 percent(28 desyatina(30,8 hectare) 1344 sajen(1,612 km2)) of them was occupied by clover, 27 percent(16 desyatina(17,6 hectare) 1164 sajen(1,369 km2)) of them was occupied by wheat, ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 1949 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 12s, (2020), pp. 1948-1957 7.5 percent(4 desyatina(4,4 hectare) 1440 sajen(1,728 km2)) of them was house yards, 4.5 percent(2 desyatina(2,2 hectare) 1794 sajen(2,152 km2)) of them was gardening fields, 3%(1 desyatina(1,1 hectare) 1506 sajen(1,807 km2)) of them was occupied by barley, 2%(1 desyatina(1,1 hectare) 237 sajen(284 km2)) of them was fields, 1%(1318 sajen(1,581 km2)) of them flax, 1%(1318 sajen(1,581 km2)) of them was kunak, 1%(1318 sajen(1,581 km2)) was undov, crops which was extracted oil from last three of them. In these villages, the reason of wide planting of clover and existence of bazaars was providing with fodder crops to horses. In Tagab village which contained a great number of springs, the total number of irrigated land was 187 desyatina(205,7 hectare) 1560 sajen(1,872 km2) and 7.55 percent of them belonged with accommodation, 1.8 percent of them was occupied by gardens and constructive trees, 0,97 percent of them for vineyards, 50,85 % of them for clover, 32,4 % of them for wheat, 1,84 % of them for barley, 1,84 % of them for field, 0,92 % of them for flax, 0,92 % of them for millet, 0,92 % of them for kunak(plant)[10, p.6] and it was noticeable that clover, wheat and barley were one of the most profitable crops in ethno-economics of local people. According to archive information, farming seasons for local peasants of Sangzar-Zaamin embarked on planting barley and wheat to prepared rain-fed land in early spring. The grains were sown by hand, after sowing the seeds with or without plowing the soil, upper part of the land was blocked. Between 4 pud(64 kg) and 6 pud(96 kg) seeds were sown to 1 desyatina(1,1 hectare) land[11, p. 21]. As a consequence of using this kind of agricultural method for ages, local peasants could find possibility of huge amount of crops. Indeed, during the practical researches in Navka, Okkurgan, Khujabulak, Balgali, Uymaut, and Kangli, local elderly people stated that experience of farming such as land cultivating and giving a break time to soil, crop rotation between two and three fields and other local traditions were positively affected to agriculture as well as crops[12], in addition prior to planting wheat and barley seed, they were dipped into water which contained with copper substance and it prevented the damage from pests. The method was so advanced that even Russian colonists also were surprised[11, p.21]. Unfortunately, nowadays this method has not been used anymore. Uncultivated land was used in order to grazing stocks or as a store where crops were gathered as well as other purposes[13]. Autumnal wheat was harvested between June and July, barely was harvested during mid-June. As for Sangzar-Zaamin rain-fed plantation, wheat and barley were harvested from late June to September and they were mashed by oxen and horses’ hoofs. Peasants harvested 40 pud(640 kg) crops and 1250 clover bunches from 1 desyatina(1.1 ha) irrigated wheat land [14, p.7].