Ethno-Economics: Theory, Category and Terminology Issues
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Ethno-Economics: Theory, Category And Terminology Issues Akbar Bababekov, Tursunboy Salimov Abstract: The history of economic anthropology and the formation of ethno-economics as a scientific direction, modern definitions of ethno-economics, ethnos‘ communities and economic relations are analyzed in this article. Various concepts of ethno-economics are analyzed, the views of scientists on the structure and orientation of ethno-economic processes are generalized, the author‘s vision of ethno-economics as a science activity is formulated, assumptions are made about the possible prospects of ethno-economic development. Ethno-economics is the science about the correlation and interaction of traditions, customs, culture, psychology, ideology, religious views of different ethnos influenced on the productive forces and production relations. Key words: ethno-economics, globalization, Uzbekistan, the problem of ethno-economics, economic anthropology, economic ethnology, economic concerns and relations in the ethnology. ———————————————————— large-scale market reforms and the attraction of foreign I. INTRODUCTION investment, in the context of extensive factors, rapid growth In modern geo-economic conditions, Eurasian continent is of oil, gas and other raw materials prices in the world becoming one of the centers of economic development market. implementation of changes, modernization and under the influence of political, economic and religious- renewal of production, creation of new export-oriented ethnic communities. No doubt that the Republic of industries and enterprises, accelerated business and Uzbekistan occupies one of the central places in the region. private entrepreneurship. ojlantirishga, the result of a One of the main reasons that experts pay special attention comprehensive and well-thought-out policies implemented to the ethno-economic problems in the world-wide is its is not an exaggeration. Today, there is no need to prove to peculiarity and its connection with the multidimensional anyone how important it is to attract foreign investment, globalization process [1, p. 9; -pp. 49-53; 82-87.] Indeed, small business and private entrepreneurship, services and today, in the terms of globalization, existing of the political home-based work to boost the economy, build and and economic crisis, civil conflict, natural disaster, reconstruct new enterprises equipped with modern unemployment, too many hungry in the world, problems on technology and technology. It means, first of all, increase access of drinking water and such as different political, of employment, wages and incomes of the population, and, socio-economic, ecologic problems are required using finally, the solution of the most important social problems in economic potential rationally of every region. Thus, the the regions, cities and districts of our republic. In this study of the ethno-economy of the mountainous and foothill regard, a comprehensive study of the livelihoods and populations of Uzbekistan plays an important role. Today economic activities of the people living in the mountainous ethno-economics is a new category in many scientific and piedmont areas of Uzbekistan, their economic spheres and scientific literature, and the discipline formed experience, the natural conditions, climatic conditions, as a scientific direction between ethnology and economics customs and traditions of the population, as well as the is developing. This discipline, named ethno-economics ethno-economics are the most important factors. The means that its problems of studying are related to both ethno-economic direction, theoretically, examines these ethnologists and economists. Ethno-economics is factors. In particular, it reveals the essence of this process scientifically close or crossing with ethnography, economic by examining the impact of natural climate, existing history, economic geography, regional geography, agrarian customs and traditions, historical experience, religious and economics, demography, labor economics, and other fields spiritual views on the economic activities of a particular of science [2, p. 14]. At the same time, it is deeply nation (farming, livestock, crafts, trade relations). In today's connected with the economic-sociology which studies globalization, the dominant vector of modern world developed societies. Moreover, the relationship between economic development is its multi-dimensional industrial labor (hired labor) and classes is also explored in fragmentation, especially the ethnic factor. The global the center of studying. It is no secret that in many countries growth trend of the role of ethnic factors in economic theory of the world, increasing financial debt and lack of bank and practice has received additional impetus in the assets, raising employment and income, and reducing the transition to market economy reforms in Uzbekistan; raised number of unemployed among the working population have the ethno-economic problem; He also emphasized the need become one of the most serious problems. for a comprehensive study of the socioeconomic status of the regions. Proportional development of the ethno- economy in the general dynamics of regional and local _______________________ economic systems is important. Therefore, the study of the ethno-economics and transformation of the mountain and teacher of the faculty of History National University of Uzbekistan, piedmont areas is an important topic. Factors requiring Tashkent, Uzbekistan ([email protected]) special research are: First, by examining the theoretical Candidate of historical sciences, professor of the faculty of History National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan issues in ethno-economics, we can fully understand, ([email protected]) analyze, and analyze the prospects for modernization of At present, Uzbekistan's economic growth is driven by traditional farms in the context of globalization; For extensive factors, primarily through the implementation of example, the budgets of some mountain and piedmont rural 2682 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 areas, such as Syrdarya, Jizzakh and Namangan, are which studies the economy and economic performance of subsidized at the expense of the national budget, primarily the ethnos [5, p. 21.]. Although the economic anthropology focusing on the development of modern enterprises, small terminology had been applied in abroad since 1927, but businesses, trade networks, and infrastructure in general. early fundamental studies had already published [6, pp. 3- As a result, more than 50% of local budget expenditures in 45.] Theoretically studying and systematization of the Bakhmal, Yangiabad, Nurata and other districts are covered ethnic‘s economy and economic relations had been firstly by regional and national subsidies. indicates the need to started in the 80s of the XIX century that it began to pay attention to the ethnic aspects of the region's economy systematize distorted information about economic relations in addressing these issues; Secondly, the scientific analysis between different tourists, ethnographers and missionaries of traditional and nontraditional economy and occupation of in "primitive" or "ancient" societies. It can be a study "The local regions, trade and economic relations, specific local essays of primitive economic cultures" [7, p. 67] (1883) by conditions on the ethno-economics of mountain and N.I. Ziber, a Russian economist and ethnographer, an piedmont regions: solving employment and income growth, analyst for socio-economic relations in ancient societies, creating new jobs in rural areas; small business and service and "The emergence of the national economy" [8, p. 14] sectors, significant increase in the share of home-based (1907) by C.Bryuxer, a German economist, a representative work, employment of private sector, dehkan and private of historian school in the political economy. Carl Bryuxer, farms It will allow reducing the number of unemployed who investigated the economic life of societies on among the able-bodied population, consistent work on capitalistic stages, offered the three-tier (household, urban, increasing the income of the population, increasing the real and national) scheme to study the development of the cash income of the population, and gradually improving the economy. The next step was to systematize the traditional living conditions and quality of the rural population. Third, economic and economic relations of the peoples of the an ethnological study of this issue is important in identifying primitive and traditional stages, based on targeted field areas for supporting and encouraging small business and research. At the beginning of the 20th century, a special private ethnic entrepreneurship, services and home-based study of the economic life of the primitive people began work as the most important areas for further employment through ethnographic expeditions. It is important to note the and welfare improvement. researches by ethnographers M. Shmid and R.Turnvald that are the ethnographical collected field materials on The extent of the problem studied. investigation for the theoretical generalization of economic Recently, the term ethno-economics has become relations in certain primitive societies [9, p.39]. It is directly increasingly popular in scientific literature. But abroad,