Ethno-Economics: Theory, Category and Terminology Issues

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Ethno-Economics: Theory, Category And Terminology Issues

Akbar Bababekov, Tursunboy Salimov

Abstract: The history of economic anthropology and the formation of ethno-economics as a scientific direction, modern definitions of ethno-economics, ethnos‘ communities and economic relations are analyzed in this article. Various concepts of ethno-economics are analyzed, the views of scientists on the structure and orientation of ethno-economic processes are generalized, the author‘s vision of ethno-economics as a science activity is formulated, assumptions are made about the possible prospects of ethno-economic development. Ethno-economics is the science about the correlation and interaction of traditions, customs, culture, psychology, ideology, religious views of different ethnos influenced on the productive forces and production relations.

Key words: ethno-economics, globalization, Uzbekistan, the problem of ethno-economics, economic anthropology, economic ethnology, economic concerns and relations in the ethnology. ———————————————————— large-scale market reforms and the attraction of foreign I. INTRODUCTION investment, in the context of extensive factors, rapid growth In modern geo-economic conditions, Eurasian continent is of oil, gas and other raw materials prices in the world becoming one of the centers of economic development market. implementation of changes, modernization and under the influence of political, economic and religious- renewal of production, creation of new export-oriented ethnic communities. No doubt that the Republic of industries and enterprises, accelerated business and Uzbekistan occupies one of the central places in the region. private entrepreneurship. ojlantirishga, the result of a One of the main reasons that experts pay special attention comprehensive and well-thought-out policies implemented to the ethno-economic problems in the world-wide is its is not an exaggeration. Today, there is no need to prove to peculiarity and its connection with the multidimensional anyone how important it is to attract foreign investment, globalization process [1, p. 9; -pp. 49-53; 82-87.] Indeed, small business and private entrepreneurship, services and today, in the terms of globalization, existing of the political home-based work to boost the economy, build and and economic crisis, civil conflict, natural disaster, reconstruct new enterprises equipped with modern unemployment, too many hungry in the world, problems on technology and technology. . It means, first of all, increase access of drinking water and such as different political, of employment, wages and incomes of the population, and, socio-economic, ecologic problems are required using finally, the solution of the most important social problems in economic potential rationally of every region. Thus, the the regions, cities and districts of our republic. In this study of the ethno-economy of the mountainous and foothill regard, a comprehensive study of the livelihoods and populations of Uzbekistan plays an important role. Today economic activities of the people living in the mountainous ethno-economics is a new category in many scientific and piedmont areas of Uzbekistan, their economic spheres and scientific literature, and the discipline formed experience, the natural conditions, climatic conditions, as a scientific direction between ethnology and economics customs and traditions of the population, as well as the is developing. This discipline, named ethno-economics ethno-economics are the most important factors. The means that its problems of studying are related to both ethno-economic direction, theoretically, examines these ethnologists and economists. Ethno-economics is factors. In particular, it reveals the essence of this process scientifically close or crossing with ethnography, economic by examining the impact of natural climate, existing history, economic geography, regional geography, agrarian customs and traditions, historical experience, religious and economics, demography, labor economics, and other fields spiritual views on the economic activities of a particular of science [2, p. 14]. At the same time, it is deeply nation (farming, livestock, crafts, trade relations). In today's connected with the economic-sociology which studies globalization, the dominant vector of modern world developed societies. Moreover, the relationship between economic development is its multi-dimensional industrial labor (hired labor) and classes is also explored in fragmentation, especially the ethnic factor. The global the center of studying. It is no secret that in many countries growth trend of the role of ethnic factors in economic theory of the world, increasing financial debt and lack of bank and practice has received additional impetus in the assets, raising employment and income, and reducing the transition to market economy reforms in Uzbekistan; raised number of unemployed among the working population have the ethno-economic problem; He also emphasized the need become one of the most serious problems. for a comprehensive study of the socioeconomic status of the regions. Proportional development of the ethno- economy in the general dynamics of regional and local ______economic systems is important. Therefore, the study of the ethno-economics and transformation of the mountain and  teacher of the faculty of History National University of Uzbekistan, piedmont areas is an important topic. Factors requiring Tashkent, Uzbekistan ([email protected]) special research are: First, by examining the theoretical  Candidate of historical sciences, professor of the faculty of History National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan issues in ethno-economics, we can fully understand, ([email protected]) analyze, and analyze the prospects for modernization of At present, Uzbekistan's economic growth is driven by traditional farms in the context of globalization; For extensive factors, primarily through the implementation of example, the budgets of some mountain and piedmont rural 2682 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 areas, such as Syrdarya, Jizzakh and Namangan, are which studies the economy and economic performance of subsidized at the expense of the national budget, primarily the ethnos [5, p. 21.]. Although the economic anthropology focusing on the development of modern enterprises, small terminology had been applied in abroad since 1927, but businesses, trade networks, and infrastructure in general. early fundamental studies had already published [6, pp. 3- As a result, more than 50% of local budget expenditures in 45.] Theoretically studying and systematization of the Bakhmal, Yangiabad, Nurata and other districts are covered ethnic‘s economy and economic relations had been firstly by regional and national subsidies. indicates the need to started in the 80s of the XIX century that it began to pay attention to the ethnic aspects of the region's economy systematize distorted information about economic relations in addressing these issues; Secondly, the scientific analysis between different tourists, ethnographers and missionaries of traditional and nontraditional economy and occupation of in "primitive" or "ancient" societies. It can be a study "The local regions, trade and economic relations, specific local essays of primitive economic cultures" [7, p. 67] (1883) by conditions on the ethno-economics of mountain and N.I. Ziber, a Russian economist and ethnographer, an piedmont regions: solving employment and income growth, analyst for socio-economic relations in ancient societies, creating new jobs in rural areas; small business and service and "The emergence of the national economy" [8, p. 14] sectors, significant increase in the share of home-based (1907) by C.Bryuxer, a German economist, a representative work, employment of private sector, dehkan and private of historian school in the political economy. Carl Bryuxer, farms It will allow reducing the number of unemployed who investigated the economic life of societies on among the able-bodied population, consistent work on capitalistic stages, offered the three-tier (household, urban, increasing the income of the population, increasing the real and national) scheme to study the development of the cash income of the population, and gradually improving the economy. The next step was to systematize the traditional living conditions and quality of the rural population. Third, economic and economic relations of the peoples of the an ethnological study of this issue is important in identifying primitive and traditional stages, based on targeted field areas for supporting and encouraging small business and research. At the beginning of the 20th century, a special private ethnic entrepreneurship, services and home-based study of the economic life of the primitive people began work as the most important areas for further employment through ethnographic expeditions. It is important to note the and welfare improvement. researches by ethnographers M. Shmid and R.Turnvald that are the ethnographical collected field materials on The extent of the problem studied. investigation for the theoretical generalization of economic Recently, the term ethno-economics has become relations in certain primitive societies [9, p.39]. It is directly increasingly popular in scientific literature. But abroad, related with the series of scientific works "Argonavts on the including in the Western countries, he came to science in Western coast of the Pacific ocean" (1922), "Crimes and the mid-1980s with the so-called "economic anthropology" traditions in the wilderness society" (1926) and "The sexual and "ethnoeconomics" in Russia. Today we can say that life of northwestern Melanesians‘ wilderness " (1929 ) by these disciplines have their own research area and are B.Malinowski, one of the most famous British ethnologist widely developed. To date, the published literature, and the man who reaches first base to economic research and published scientific articles in this area can be ethnography. The field ethnographic materials collected by divided into two groups based on new conceptual B.Malinowski expressed definitely that the theory of methodological requirements: marginalization, which has been dominant in the Western 1. Literature and periodicals, covering the theoretical economic science so far, is not applicable to implementing aspects of ethno-economics. 2. The results of field for a "primitive", "traditional" economy, and the "primitive" ethnographic and sociological research are summarized society has a certain system of the complex economic monographs and scientific works. The first group consists of relationship, on the other hand, the marginalization is not works by classical ethnologists (Y. Bromley, L. Gumilyov, B. universal theory [10, p. 64]. The name of B.Malinowski is Malinovsky), as well as economists (Nuratinov DA, connected with an economic institute which is later named Shandirov MO, Inshakov O, Kochetov E, Lebedeva NN, after the prestige economy and describing specific Lomovtseva OA) , Ovchinnikov VN, Kolesnikov JS, et al., components of socioeconomic systems in the class of pre- Which provides insights into the economic and economic class societies, particularly, the explanation of potlatch is activities of ethnicities, the peculiarities of the development not as a ceremony, but as one of the form of socioeconomic of economic systems in the context of globalization, and the communications, i.e. the economic institute. However, it is ethno-economic aspects of this process. In the second noteworthy that some ethnographers, such as American group, the literature on ethno-economics is included in the cultural anthropologists, S.A.Kan and several other findings and conclusions of economists and ethnographers still have opposite idea on the statement that anthropologists. They have been approached with a greater potlatch is an economic institution [11, p. 154]. Also, one of understanding of the theoretical aspects of the the most important works in the study of the economic issue.Research and development directionsThe problem of relationships of ethnos is "Essay about Gift" (1925), ethno-economics has become a research sphere with its belonged to M.Mauss, as well as his other works too. In the relevance and fundamental aspects for both ethnologists 30th years of the 20th century as the research object of the and economists during the 20th century. Particularly in the economic anthropology had began to study not only the second half of the 20th century, it has broadened as named "primitive economy", but also the "economy of dehkans", economic anthropology in the West (the traditional which played an important role in commodity-money terminology for us is the economic ethnography [3, p. 111] relations after issuing of several anthropologists‘ works or economic ethnology) [4, p. 15]. One of the most such as "The economy of primitive Polynesian " (1939) by important directions of ethnology is economic ethnology R. Fers [30, p. 22], "Economic life of primitive people"

(reissued in 1952) by M. Kherskovits [13, pp. 3-7; 17-23; the economic anthropology. The subject of classical 155-163), and "Economic sociology principles" (1939) by D. economic anthropology, which is popular in the West, was Gudfellou, a sociologist (14, pp.3-4). Thus, the theoretical pre-capitalist countries and farming societies where, despite formal economy has formed in the economic anthropology, the fact that the market existed, its influence on people's but it was not appeared of the great interests. The way of life was insignificant. Currently, the subject of economic anthropology took place modestly in the classical economic anthropology is considered the ethnological research system during the 20s and 30s of the problems of modern societies. Heiko Schröder, a German 20th century. However, since the 40s and 60s, the economic scientist from the University of St. Petersburg, published his anthropology has become one of the most important monograph, Economic Anthropology, based on materials subjects of ethnography. After the Second World War, it from his expeditions and research in the field of modern was judgment on the great transformations such as the economic anthropology in South and Southeast Asia in beginning of national liberation movements in Asia, Africa which he gives comments on such problems as symbolic and Oceania and the emergence of independent younger consumption, social and cultural capital, non-productive, nations. The countries, which gained political independence domestic, informal sectors of the economy, which are the but still economically dependent, were mainly focused on objects of study of economic anthropology. Economic the economic problems. However, in order to solve these ethnology has two main problems: 1) the study of the problems and attending to the orbital area of the world organization, production, systematization of distribution and economy, economic knowledge was required to understand consumption, the system of human activity as well as its the reforms in the traditional economic structures. Indeed, formation; 2) How, production, distribution or exchange and the economic anthropology could only help for the moment. consumption occur in different cultures, and the factors that The scope of researches on economic anthropology has motivate them to participate in the system. As a rule, grown dramatically and the new trends have emerged soon economic ethnology provides a comparative study of after. In the 40s and 60s the study of "primitive economy" economies. Since the 80s of the twentieth century, in the continued and it was published more than the period in the field of social and humanitarian knowledge, attention has 20s and 30s [14, pp.3-4]. This economy has been changed been paid to issues such as the social perception of society beside of scientists, and naturally, the analysis of the - ethnos, ethnogenesis and ethnic aspects of socio- changes was contributed in their research widely. In economic life. Since then, the economic and ethnic analysis generally, the primitive economy which is placed at the of ethnicity has received attention. In the late 1980s, articles research center of economic anthropologists, gradually appeared on the ethnic aspects of ―economic and cultural‖ integrated with the "dehkan‘s economy". During that period, issues. Since then, the term ―ethnoeconomics‖ has been evidence was quickly collected needed materials, but it was introduced into science. From the 80s of the 20th century, not possible to analyze a huge materials on formal the attention has been paid to the economic and ethnic economic theory and, as a result, was not demonstrated all analysis of ethnic groups. In the late 80's of the 20th the important aspects of the approach to primitive century the articles on ethnicity of "economic-cultural" economics [15, pp.62-66]. Thus, a new stage in the problems were issued [18, p. 3-4]. On that time, the "ethno- development of economic ethnography was in the mid-40s, economics" terminology was introduced. marked by the "formalist" direction. However, attempt to obtain needed materials from the marginal school was not II. MAIN PART successful. In the 50-60's of the 20th century, a new A number of methods were used to write this research conceptual direction called substantive class (founders are paper. In particular, inductive, deductive, monograph, K.Polani, Dj.Dalton, M.Salinz) had formed in the economic comparative, and interview and observation methods were ethnography. The representatives of substantive class used to achieve this goal. In our opinion, the scientific and focused on the difference between "primitive" and objective study of ethnic groups and ethnicity in the first half capitalism (market) economies in contrast to formalists. of the XXth century generated categorical ambiguity in this They aimed to create a "primitive" economic theory that area. A deeper study of the ethnic aspects of the economy differentiated this from the formal economic theory. occurs in the late XXth and early XXIst centuries. At the Discussions between substantive class‘ representatives present time, foreign scientists are approaching the and formalists in 50-70s of the 20th century have shown appearances that are happened in economic processes, as that the formal approach to the "primitive" economy was a general problematic issue, as well as widely cover the incorrect. Albeit, representatives of the substantive class practical aspects of ethno-economic knowledge. The ethno- have achieved particular results on the study of "primitive" economics, as a separate scientific discipline, is described economy, they could not create its concept [16, p. 78] and it in well-known dictionaries of social science and defined as led to a profound theoretical crisis of economic "a science that studies the peculiarities of the economic th anthropology or ethno-economics. In the 80s of the 20 activity of the ethnos" [19, -s. 6]. Ethnoeconomics is an century, the Marxian methods did not implemented to study integral part of the economies of transition societies and of traditional economy in France. It should emphasis that has a complex multi-ethnic structure. This requires a review several English researchers deployed the Marxian theory of economic strategies and mechanisms for the for solving existed difficulties in the 70s. The collection of participation of ethno-economic resources in the thesis called ―New economic anthropology‖ was issued in management of modernization processes of these types of 1978. Its publishers were J.Klemmer, R.Frankenberg, societies. In the scientific communities, the concept of D.Seddon and other such as the known English ethno-economics is used widely and narrowly. Both of anthropologists. But, it does not doubt that the traditional these concepts have some distinctive features. The views economy theory has still remained to solving its problems in

2684 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 of scientists, who narrowly describe ethno-economics, are conditions and plays an important role in organizing the following: people's economic life in the natural environment. The - "Ethno-economics is a form of economic activity characteristic feature of this organization depends on the that is differentiated by the minimal material and intellectual difficulties of living in mountainous areas of the high level of resources of household" [20, p. 10-11]; internal association. It is characterized by the evidence that - ―Ethno-economics is a small family business, is limited land for cropping, locked condition for villages entrepreneurship with the ethnic character‖ [21, p.8]; there with the external world during the winter season, and - ―family network" based on family and familiar is a strong relations of the traditional groups in the relationships for carrying out traditional economic activities community. Nowadays, understanding of ethno-economics [22, p. 142]; as a traditional house holding is the most common. This - "Ethno-economics – is the expression of definition is particularly relevant to A.H. Tambiev's research: important ethnic traditions within the framework of a "Ethnic associations are the main types of development and separate enterprise" [23, p. 110]; labor activity that are closely related to the family- - "it is evolution of the traditional folk craftsmanship houseware share, household and traditional lifestyle of the which plays a major role in household participation" [24, local population [32, p.134]. According to the p.23]. aforementioned author, one of the most important aspects Extensive processing, agrarian-oriented, natural and small of ethno-economics is the substantial dependence on the commodity forms of exchange, homogeneity and unofficial household‘s economy with the production of goods which is employment are highlighted in the narrow (traditional) a market-oriented business. This specific area of activity context of ethno-economics. The broaden interpretation of provides a condition for all layers of the population besides ethno-economics has more scientific relevance. V.N. housewives, teenagers, disabled persons, retirees and Ovchinnikov describes ethno-economics as being primarily others to be partly employee. The population in the an ethnically-driven part of society, and he calls that it is the mountainous and foothold districts usages leather, wood, independent branch of society‘s production [25, p.14]. D.A. fiber and etc. – mainly raw materials in ethno-economy, Nuratinov, an economist scientist, paid attention to the particularly, in household‘s production. This sector as a ethno-region and he defined the ethno-economics as being goods production has become a major source of income for a precise objective and subjective factors in the economy of the population [33, p. 2]. Even today also, it has been the ethno-region which has been formed during the continue to cultivate foliage, poplar, mulberry and apricot historical development and economic activity of peoples trees around the crop lands at almost all the mountainous [26, p. 9]. K. Pavlov, an economics-scientist, interprets that villages. The sharp increase in the prices for wood products it is a subject that connects ethno-economic characteristics has made the production of foliage and poplar as a source with tradition and culture, and is about the tradition, of income in the last two decades. In general, horticulture customs, culture, psychology, ideology, religious beliefs of and the production of timber have been remained the main various ethnos, as well as the level of development of branches of ethno-economy and source of income for the processing forces and production relations [27, p.36]. S.P. mountainous populations. In this area, labor is of non- Makarov, a researcher, linked ethno-economics with the industrial importance, and A. Tambiev believes that it is environment and described that it is a combination of based on experience and skills that are passed down from ethnos adaptation to the environment [28, p. 12]. In this generation to generation. The structural units of regard, researcher E.V.Kholmogorov argues that, unlike the ethnoeconomics can be clearly considered as important traditional economy based on agricultural production, forms of employment, formed on the basis of dynasties of ethnoeconomics does not rely on the model of artisans and craftsmen, covering rural areas. According to homeostasis; not aimed at increasing profits; but to improve the researcher O.V. Pechury, ethno-economy is a process the standard of living and its modernization." E. Kochetov, a of formation and development of ethno-economic sectors, well-known economist, points out to the ethnic factor and he their interconnectedness and influence in individual regions. emphasized that "it forms an ethno-economic system in the The life story of the ethnic group and the system of economy and it is a duration in the transition of post- hereditary traditions have a long history. Khloporskaya industrialization to a new economy" [29, p. 10]. O. Inshakov describes ethnic economics as follows: ―Ethnic identity in argues that "it is one of the more natural means of traditional, patriarchal, non-industrial societies, family and implementing the processes of globalization using a marital relations, economic activity, traditional homework multidimensional national tradition of labour" [30, p. 9]. and crafts, types of housing and clothes, material culture, Kara-Murza, a researcher-scientist, states that one of the education and training, systems, language, spiritual values most important vital components of ethnos is a household. and values, historical memory, customs and rites, state It embodies all aspects of the elements of culture such as structures, forms of government, as well as all forms of the democratically distribution of the resources of nature ethnic self-realization.‖ Also, the ethno-economic and human beings, wealth and property, the cooperation of phenomenon (by modern interpretation) is much broader the organizations, definitions about the technological than the scope of economic traditions. According to knowledge and skills. The combination of variants of these researcher AV Muskovets, ethno-economics should not be elements is a huge and so many, therefore the household considered as a particular or separate branch of economic creates an inherent peculiarity in each ethnic community. complex, it covers all branches, sectors and sectors of the Ethnos is the creator of a specific economic system for economy. Ethno-economics is understood as a highly themself, and on the other hand the household also is the socialized system of labor, linked to a particular historical creator of ethnos [31, pp. 1-2]. In this regard, the locality of model of economic organization, production forces and the household is characterized by the similarity of living existing traditions, production relations based on

2685 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 ethnocultural features and rapid intra-regional labor formal raw material resources and are dominated by division. In the course of the general innovative empirical economic experience. But they also disappear transformation, the economy and its ethno-economic from other common symptoms common to traditional areas. aspects changed, complicating its structure and raising it to As a result, production activities are interrupted by the a qualitatively new level, calling it ―traditional ethno- household, productivity increases, and intensive economics‖ (recently such a reaction to ethno-economics employment instead of extensive employment. Private has been associated with the attitude to the sub-concept) subsidiary farms become agricultural enterprises of various would be more correctEthno-economics as a organizational and legal forms. Within the neo-traditional complementary economic relationship is formed within the sectors of the economy, modern technologies are used to framework of production, exchange, distribution and process agricultural raw materials, fruits and wild plants, demand, historically based on the ethnic characteristics of and mass production of ethnic souvenir products is the needs of the population, and by the territorial organized. These include household items, clothes, jewelry, characteristics of natural resource opportunities. It is also etc., made from local raw materials. important that the phenomenon of ethno-economics is 2. Postindustrial component - includes areas that use formed in the formal and informal system of economic ethnocultural resources to generate or increase demand for subjects, under the influence of an ethnodemographic products. For example, in the promotion of ethnocultural factor that is the carrier of a civilized code (gene) of a opportunities in tourism, the image of the region (in particular ethnicity. In our view, the goal of ethno- particular, its historical monuments or its ecology) will help. economics is to ensure a stable, harmonious and Commercial interest in cultural identity in the cultural field productive operation of all subsystems and aspects of the will lead to an increase in the supply of ethnocultural system, which will ensure the entire life of the system. The products by cultural institutions and organizations. For this study of ethno-economics as a system of governance is purpose, ethnocultural opportunities can be used in crucial at the regional and local levels. It is important to take medical, sports, and health services and education. The into account ethnic backgrounds in the development of impact of the segment of ethno-economic on the regional regional strategies that economically regulate a balanced economy is not unilateral. On the one hand, the existence movement towards innovation trends. There are two of a traditional farm in a given area undermines the independent and currently interrelated spheres in the ethno- economic space of the territory and prevents its further economic complex: development. The sector is slowly absorbing innovation, 1. Traditional - that is, the types, forms and methods hindering changes, and retaining its main common features. of inheritance of ethnic groups from one generation to the These features of the traditional sector complicate the next; successful growth of the region's economic policy, create 2. Non-traditional (adaptation), that is, natural or complexity in the management of the region, and create involuntary settlement of a particular ethnicity in the territory problems for development and planning. At the same time, and the creation of a suitable economy. a number of researchers note some positive features of The practice of using existing production resources ethno-economics in the socio-economic development of the in the ethno-economic complex is based on the traditions, region. For example, this area provides efficient use of practices, and traditions of the ethnic group living in it. human capital in the context of "partially outdated" areas, Traditional industries include agriculture, local industry and serving as a source of development for small businesses in crafts. They are the core of the ethno-economic, and cyclical crises periodsThe traditional sector of the ethno- determine the system and boundaries of the development economics is especially important for rural areas. Its main of a number of industries in the region. functions are listed here: The traditional types of economic activities are: - self-sufficiency of the population with foods (low - priority of farming in the economic activity, population density and low-income areas); traditional dominance; - increasing employment in rural areas far from - Consolidation of natural and small production in economically developed regions and administrative centers; production, stagnation of the household, poor development - increasing incomes in rural districts; of exchanges; - maintaining ethnic culture and traditional - Integrity of nominal resources, specific local lifestyles; livelihoods; - conserving of biodiversity and landscape - use of domestic labor experience, domestic crafts productivity. and hired labor. The neo-traditional field of ethno-economics also Different authors agree on the structure and forms of has many useful functions. In addition to providing the neo-traditional section of ethno-economics. additional stability to the region's economy, it promotes its Neo-traditional activities can include the processing positive growth, increases the living standards of small industry, ethno-historical and cultural tourism, and more. villages, enhances the competitiveness of the regional Conventional neo-traditional activities can be economic system via preserving ethno-diversity and serves grouped into two groups: as a factor in the formation of various regional territorial - industrial components; production [34, p. 12]. - Postindustrial components. The economic affairs and relationships are important in the 1. Industrial components are industrial scale levels, adapted ethno-economics. Researchers: K.Pavlov, V. N. Dudko and to modern economic conditions, transformed by various O. V. Zimovets argue that ethno-economics is also studying factors of traditional forms of economic activity. These types problems related to economic processes and relationships, of economic activities are still based on the use of non- and interethnic relations [35, p. 32; p.101]. Interethnic

2686 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 relations are multi-dimensional, and it is manifested in all [42, 164]. Moreover, ―the geographical environment aspects of the ethnos' vital activity. For example, ethnic influences the formation of the ethno-spiritual culture and its relations impacts mutually between ethnic groups in the mentality. This is also reflected in the national identity, economic field of the peoples, especially among ethnic customs and traditions of the peoples [43, 116]. Tensions, groups that have greatly differ in directions [36, p. 36]. mobility, purposeful and economical behavior, vigilance and According to Academician Sh.Shaniyazov, ―It is difficult for entrepreneurship determine the lifestyle, living conditions, ethnic groups living in the same region to live and work customs and behavior of the people living in the area. without each other's products. Livestock breeders had a Similar regional features create a unique social space. constant need for farming and crafts: in turn, the grassroots Mountains are usually physically healthy, compact, resilient, population also needed livestock products (horses, cattle, agile, diligent and able to handle any situation. At the same sheep, wool, leather, etc.) and bought them for money. ‖ It time, the mountains "hide" their habitat, protect and is not wrong to say that as the relationship develops, the safeguard their surroundings. That is why ancient relations between the various ethnic groups improve and languages, dialects, and ancient customs were preserved in become closer to each other. This, of course, is directly the remote mountain villages. In particular, the children's related to interethnic economic and trade relations. The games in the Forish and Bakhmal districts of the Jizzakh market was the place where ethnos traded with each other. region (1st National Games in Uzbek National Games in This means that different product owners have been in Faris 1995), as well as residents of the Baysun and Kurama constant contact with each other through the market. Mountains of Surkhandarya, showcase their traditional ―Through trade, the people of a particular area were not crafts, national songs and dances. well maintained and only aware of each other, but also with their neighbors and even recognized by UNESCO. It is well known from history nations, and were aware of their culture. With the that the oasis, favorable for farming, has been formed by increasing experience, domestic and foreign trade will the peoples of the rivers, such as the rational use of land contribute to strengthening the economic unity of the and water, and the adherence to farming traditions. Large nation.‖ Thus, researchers in the field of ethno-economics villages in the Sangzor-Zaamin region are located in the do not have the same idea even though they study the foothills and foothills; Several villages, such as Karabdal problem within a single research school and they have and Eshbulak, are formed in the foothills in the foothills of different interpretations and conclusions. Moreover, it is Zaamin and Nurata. Such territorial arrangement of the important to consider the national-historical lifestyle, the villages can be considered as an attempt to settle the traditions, customs and overviews of our people and the population around large streams and rivers, and in close formation of ethno-economics in terms of the transition to proximity to the water available for farming and gardening. market economy. n the study of economic history and The Sangzor River is one of the region's major sources of ethno-economic problems, whether it be farming or animal water, comprising many small streams flowing from the husbandry, it requires the study of natural and geographical Turkestan and Morguzar Mountains, and numerous small conditions and the analysis of nature-human interactions. springs such as Novka, Zulfikor, Kultbulak, St., Shurbuloq, The famous Russian ethnologist L.N. According to Gumilev, Kurtbulak, and Sangzor, Yangikurgan and Uzbek ―… people are more or less dependent on the environment volcanoes. as well as Jizzakh and partially Baghdad Volga they are surrounded by, geographically, and they do not villages. It should be noted that small springs in the reject it, although scholars have different estimates of its Sangzor valley, such as Zargar, Tutli, Zambar, Sassyk, existence. However, in any case, the economic life of the Kaltoy, Chubor and other small springs, were also used for world population is closely linked to the climate and the needs of the villagers. Like all mountain rivers, the landscape of the area in which they are located ‖[38, 32]. water level in the Sangzor River is seasonal and depends Geographical environment (soil, relief, flora, nature, heat, on the snow reserves and rainfall in the mountains. The etc.) and natural conditions have a significant impact on the river, which discharged large quantities of sludge and sands population living in it, as well as its economy and culture, as in the spring and March-May floods, also provided the well as economic and cultural types [39, 162]. It is well population with the necessary minerals. According to soil known that the inhabitants of mountain and piedmont areas scientist VA Molodtsov, these layers are formed by since ancient times have created specific economic and sedimentary rocks (muddy and fine, fine sands) in rivers cultural types [40, 3 - 17] in accordance with natural and streams. Their thickness ranges from a few cm to 2 conditions. The directions of economic and cultural types of meters. The lands included in the Sangzor irrigation system farming, livestock and crafts are determined not only by the are irrigated using ditches from the Sangzor River and large natural environment, but also by the level of socio- springs. Oxford University researcher Alexander Morisson economic development of certain ethnicities. This has also in his doctoral dissertation, ―Russian Rule in Samarkand influenced the process of local ethnic formation. Because from 1868-1910‖ in 2005, ―Deterioration of Sangzor Ditches the signs of the effects of natural conditions can be felt in all and Rural Water Consumption by the Population due to areas of ethnic culture - from the means of production, Fluctuations in Sangzor and No Written Documents for especially the tools of labor, to household items, and even Sangor Ditches. it is very difficult. ‖[44, 186-187,189]. In a to the names of ethnic groups. For example, depending on study of funds of the Central State Archives of the Republic the climatic conditions, it is possible to determine the of Uzbekistan, 1902 archives of the Sangzor Aryk, characteristics of human habitation and housing, clothing comprising 93 villages of the Jizzakh district, consisted of and household items, types of crops, and means of 38 horns (67 mirabs) with a total length of 409 vertices and communication [41, 25]. At the same time, the geographical 855 ditches [45, 1. ]. In 1912, the Yangikurgan Volost, environment is one of the conditions for the development of located in the middle stream of the Sangzor River, society, which slows down or accelerates its development produced 35 irrigation ditches from the right bank of

Sangzor and 16 ditches from the left bank (including 6 the basin, which is 120 meters wide and 60 meters wide. ditches from voltage springs) with 377.77 cubic feet per But later, as the amount of water coming from the Tuatortar second in spring. feet [45, 2], and summer 120.69 cubic canal increased, this small reservoir was overlooked and feet. This imbalance in the irrigation period has adversely demolished. Since the construction of irrigation facilities is a affected the development of irrigated and rainfed crops. labor-intensive field, they were mainly done by "hashar". This has led to the fact that the population has mainly sown Folk hashar has been called by different names in the winter crops and minimized the relatively profitable agricultural oasis in different historical periods. For spring crop area. In spring, the use of Sangzor river water example, in the Middle Ages, the "kazu" in the Khorezm for irrigation was available to all without any restriction or region was called "mardi provincial" in the Zarafshan valley, timeframe. However, since the first half of May, the and "poishkam" in the Fergana valley, where the miners Sangzor, Yangikurgan and Uzbek Volosts have introduced were engaged in labor, food for 15 to 1 month depending a system of water use according to the judgment of the on the size and importance of the irrigation facilities. It is rural communities [45, 35]. "According to this water use also worth noting that in the ethno-economic of the procedure, researcher Alexander Morisson wrote," The mountainous regions, which have been dealing with villagers of Yangikurgan and the Uzbek Volost (together irrigated agriculture for a long time, we see that the hashar, with the city of Jizzakh) used water for 12 days and used ie solidarity, mutual social support, is the priority of the water measuring units such as "stone" and "ear". 189]. It is collective and majority interests. Irrigated agriculture in noteworthy that this procedure is still relevant. In addition to mountainous areas requires a lot of hard work and, as a the Sangzor River, the region's major water sources are result, working alone is a huge challenge. Certainly, the Zominsuv, Saykhonsay, Ravotsay, Peshagarsay, team played a major role in digging canals and ditches and Tuyatortar canals, and many other springs, springs, and cleaning them in late fall and early spring. Large canals scarves. Water, a source of livelihood, has long been in the were dug and ditches were dug. For example, the Dangara spotlight of our people. According to the academic and fork canals (12 gauge 12 vert - 12 km 804 m in the A.Muhammadjonov, archeological studies conducted on the current unit of measure), which provide water to the villages Jizzakh oasis and the Old Tuyatortar canal found that the of Solin, Sartyuzi, Sarai, Kipchak and Kyrgyz, led by the Tuyatortar canal was removed from the right bank of the Sangzor ditch elder. A statement from the volost manager Zarafshan River near Farmontepa in the early 16th century that a total of 200 people (about 60 meters per person) and extends into the 16th century. About 100 km from were involved can be seen in the fact that digging canals, Dosmat, Koratash, Almaliq and Yangikurgan rivers, the dams, and cleaning and repairing large and small public river bottom runs along low hills and adjoins Jizzakh's main canals requires labor. combine them, an expression of water source, the Sangzor River. In the period of Abdullah II unity. At the same time, the commonality of interests has (1557-1598) of Bukhara khan the water supply of Jizzakh also been able to force people to avoid all kinds of conflicts. oasis was considerably improved by the construction of the The area of mountain and piedmont areas is the largest, the Camel-Tark Canal [46, 51-56]. The canal's water flowed population is relatively small, but has a high population through the ditches Karoy and Mirzarabot to the desert density and low population density. The population grows areas of Jizzakh region. However, in the second half of the year after year only at the expense of natural increase. For 19th century due to the poor abandonment of the Camel- example, in 1970-2001 the population of Bakhmal district Tark Canal, the canals were broken and the irrigated area increased by 2.5 times, Gallaorol and Zaamin by 2.2 times, was reduced. In 1912, the Russian government decided to and in Farish district by 1.5 times. The region's population is resume the operation of the Camel-Tark Canal. As a result, growing by 20-25 thousand people a year. Indeed, the the canal was cleared and cleaned with the help of 100,000 mountainous and piedmont areas of the Jizzakh region peasants in a month and a half. Archives from 1926-1932 were isolated from other districts in 1970-1998 due to their show that Sangzor has 13,664 farms in the Old Tuyatortar high population growth rates. During these years, the and 3,164 in Sangzor (Old Tuyatortar), 3,621 farms in absolute increase in the population of these districts was Zaamin, and 3,221 in Nurata. irrigated their land [47, 14]. 50-80 thousand people. In 1979-1998 the population of However, water scarcity has always had a serious impact. Bakhmal district increased by 1.8 times, and Zaamin and Therefore, wells are widely used. Examples are the wells in Farish districts by 1.5 times. This is due to the fact that a the village of Muzbel of Bakhmal district and in the villages large part of the area where the districts are located is of Toshkuduk, Berdibuzik, Jontut in Zaamin district. At the mountainous and foothill hills, that is, unsuitable for beginning of the 20th century, in the Chashmaob volcano of household use, as well as the size of the area. However, in the Jizzakh district, the wells of Izbosar in the village of the mountainous and foothill areas, there is an increase in Koriz (30 km from the center), the Jumakaldi well in the the population density in comparison with previous years. In Almalinsky well, and the Jurabay wells in the Kalt village. a field survey conducted in 2010, people living in the The walls of the wells are covered with stone and turf. Such Akkurgan village of Bakhmal district, upstream of the wells can be found in Kosh, Batman, Beshkal, Bektobbi, Sangzor River, used air-water pumps (which, according to Sogishman, Oktamgali, and Balghali villages [47, 3 - 7]. In reporters, were engineered by Farish village Hamdam) and an interview with 85-year-old Hamrokulat Azimov, a spring water pressure, With the help of rubber hose, its resident of Yoyilma village in the mountainous Jizzakh water is raised to 40 meters and is used for drinking and district of Molguzar in 1967-68, S.Anorboev said: He irrigation. Also, in the villages like Sangzor and Chuvilloq cultivated watermelons, wheat, flax, sesame seeds and using drip irrigation, 15-20 hectares of gardens are being other crops. After the 1916 uprising, the wells were left created on previously unused soils. As a result, pastures, unattended, and the wells were abandoned. Until the which were once an important food source for livestock, are 1960s, residents of Saykhon village used to use water from being replaced by gardens, parks, and settlements. This

2688 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 can be seen in the rise of rural populations and population. of labor. Primitive forms of labor, the difficulties of managing In the Jizzakh region, according to the latest census, there the economy contributed to the preservation of this custom. are 475 villages, and as a result of the continuous increase Mutual economic assistance is a characteristic feature of and expansion of the number of villages and population, social life in the subsequent stages of the social today their number has increased to 561 (2001). development of Uzbek society. This custom has not lost its At the same time, the expansion of mountain villages poses significance in the new conditions of penetration into the several problems: economy of Uzbekistan. Having survived socialist times, the - Firstly, the population continues to rise up, ie to the custom lives on in our days. Khashar was also used in foothills and penetrates into the protected areas of the irrigation works - the construction of dams, dams, canals, mountains; the annual cleaning of irrigation networks, houses, the fight - Secondly, in livestock-breeding villages, the increase of against occasional water disasters, etc. carried out by the livestock hoofs causes damage to natural landscapes, collective labor of many people, and they were obliged to leading to the loss and disappearance of flora, medicinal do this in the order of state feudal duties. During the years and rare plants; of the former Soviet power, the national custom-hashar - Thirdly, as the population grows, the number of people acquired a ―new content‖. It became an expression of traveling to the mountains increases, causing pollution and collectivism, fraternal solidarity, socialist mutual assistance degradation of the environment in the mountains. of Soviet people. Widespread use of hashar methods in the Fourth, the scarcity of land and water resources contributes construction of housing, cultural and domestic facilities, the to an increase in disputes among the population, where the creation of an irrigation network and other labor-intensive newly acquired land and water are not already in demand. work. By the methods of hashar, the Laganskiy and Bolshoi It should not be forgotten that mountains are also aesthetic Fergana canals were built (1939-1940) to improve the water value of our country. Therefore, according to the laws of supply of the Vaudil and Ferghana regions. The restoration their sustainable development, we need to preserve them of Tashkent after the earthquake of 1966, the development for the future and develop tourism, in particular agro and of the Hungry and Jizzakh, Karshi and Surkhan-Sherabad ecotourism. steppes, and sinceIn conditions of extensive animal Taking into account the aforementioned problems, it is husbandry, land hunger, natural and semi-natural forms of advisable to take the following measures to prevent them: farming, the mountainous and piedmont Uzbek family, even • Promoting drip irrigation and more efficient use of water with an average income, had to overcome great difficulties resources; in securing a certain minimum, spending enormous efforts. • Organizing public awareness about the cost-effectiveness At the same time, each member of the society could count of placing medicinal and medicinal herbs on low-income but on the support of relatives and fellow villagers, who were high-yielding crops in areas away from water sources; ready, if necessary, to help those in need. The custom of • Regulation of rural housing construction, acceleration of mutual assistance has long attracted the attention of a introduction of cadastral system; number of authors who somehow related to issues of • Strengthening the boundaries of populated areas and economy and everyday life of the Uzbeks. The prevalence areas of housing and accessibility; of this custom, in particular, among the Uzbeks in the • It is necessary to provide rural population with permanent second half of the XIX - early. XX centuries indicate employment, development of agricultural products Shaniyazov K.Sh., Ismailov H.I., Dzhabbarov I.M., processing, packaging and services to the population; Karmysheva B.X., and others. Uzbeks resorted to ―Kashar‖ • Enhancement of living standards in mountainous and mutual assistance most often during the sowing or piedmont areas, and effective use of available labor harvesting season. H.I. Ismalov, describing the hashar and resources; its role, life and life of Uzbeks of the 40-60s of the XIX • Formation of modern tourism infrastructure in century, notes the prevalence of mutual assistance among mountainous areas, such as ecotourism and agritourism; Uzbeks in agriculture, emphasizing that both relatives and • We believe that mountainous areas need to be protected neighbors, villagers took part in it. They gathered to help by land and water resources. those in need when taking fertilizers to the fields, plowing, Mutual assistance in the economic life of the mountain sowing crops, spuds, harvesting, threshing, preparing pet population of Uzbekistan as a form of ethno-economy. Like food (Pichan Hashar), etc. Along with massive collective all the peoples of our country, the Uzbek people have also work, so-called small hashars were also carried out, in developed many wonderful traditions over their centuries- which family members, neighbors, relatives, and relatives old history, among which customs, directly related to labor took part. Such hashars lasted, usually only a few hours. At processes, and, above all, hashar, voluntary labor mutual the same time, the following work was carried out: the assistance of people occupy a prominent place. Generally construction of the wall around the mound, havli, plastering speaking, such a custom as mutual assistance of people in of the walls of the house, repair of the home, etc. The most labor-intensive work is inherent not only to Uzbeks, but also common and ubiquitous was the hash on the construction to other nations, but it manifested itself and manifests itself of residential buildings, utility and auxiliary premises, public in various forms, speaking in numerous variants that have buildings. According to custom, the construction of the walls their own specifics. Studies show that in the past, among should have been completed in one day. Therefore, during Uzbeks, hashar was used, as a rule, to perform labor- the construction of residential and other buildings, the intensive work - agricultural, irrigation, construction, etc. It Khashar was convened three times: "Devoir Hashar", "Tom appeared and developed under the dominance of such a Hashar", "Suvok Hashar".Very often, ―hashar‖ was collected social collective as the patriarchal community, more of a during the construction of a house for the extraction and family type, and reflected the collective, communal nature collection of building stone, laying the foundation, building

2689 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 walls and coating them, and here assistance was rendered, village. Separate plots of the same owner could be located first of all, by close relatives and members of relatives and at different ends of the community‘s land holdings. fellow villagers. The custom of mutual assistance, dictated Therefore, the need for additional working hands in the by economic necessity and grown up in the bowels of the haying campaign was noticeably felt. The society came to patriarchal-family community, has become the norm of the aid of its member, not only providing him with hands if Uzbek public life. Focusing on public opinion, on prevailing necessary. There are frequent cases when the owner who moral principles, the Uzbek considered it his duty to come got into trouble or suffered material damage received help to the aid of a needy neighbor, a fellow villager, a relative. in the form of cattle or cash from relatives and fellow Inattention to the needy was considered a disgrace, the villagers. Residents with. Akkurgan, Sangzar, Zaamina owner did not appear at the ―hashar" as a moral offense. helped the victim of livestock loss by arranging cattle, grain, ―Kashar‖ ended with treating the workers with the etc. for the relatives and members of the clan for them. owner. The traditional treat consisted of pilaf or boiled lamb. Often the victim of theft, fire, loss of a bread-winner, and At first glance, the insignificance of arable land, it others organized ―kўmak, yerdy‖. ―Kўmak, Yerdam‖ is a would seem, allowed each family to do on its own. one-time assistance, a donation, in which primarily close However, we must not forget that the rural community relatives and members of the clan, as well as fellow strictly regulated all the terms of agricultural work (one of villagers in general, participated. Each of the contributors the legacies of the patriarchal system that grew into contributed his share as best he could: cattle, clothes, tradition), and the tight deadlines of these works required a handicrafts, food, livestock feed, etc. Mutual assistance was large number of hands. Secondly, scanty plots of arable legalized by the legal and moral rule that everyone followed land were scattered around the village, sometimes at a in everyday life. If help was provided to the poor, widow, considerable distance from each other and required their orphan, those who came to Kashar themselves brought simultaneous processing. Often the family lacked working food, each for several people: who is bread, who is meat, hands and, finally, the difficulties of mountain farming, butter, and so on. At the same time, they tried to carry primitive agricultural implements, and soil cultivation products quietly, without emphasizing the offerings, without techniques also required significant labor costs, even in demonstrating this, so as not to inadvertently offend the small areas. pride of the owner. Tools and livestock were borrowed most An invitation to the "hashar" (help with sowing) was often. Loaning of draft power, most often bulls, became peculiar. Those in need of help did not officially declare this, widespread. In every Uzbek village, there were very few and, as a rule, did not ask anyone for help. A few days farms with several bulls. Few of the villagers had more than before the start of work, he paid visits to the villagers, one or two bulls. This is indicated by all researchers without neighbors, relatives, and there, for a friendly conversation, exception, to whom we turned. The part of household as if by chance, accidentally, reported that by such a day he property that is most often borrowed by neighbors and planned to plant a plot or several plots. This was enough so generally villagers (agricultural implements, construction that by the scheduled day someone from the owner's family tools, dishes, bags, baskets, ropes, etc.). It is quite clear would come to his aid. The assembled people, their that under these conditions, lending has become an arrangement, work schedule were ordered by one of the economic necessity. According to our information, such a experienced and respected villagers, most often from loan was mostly carried out free of charge. Moreover, among people who were not in consanguinity with the misunderstandings and resentment could occur between owner. This emphasized the voluntary nature of the neighbors if either of them took cattle from other owners. assistance, the interest of the community. In the quick and However, in some cases, the owner of a plot without a bull timely implementation of the planned work, which, perhaps, offered the owner of draft power to help harvest his field, for testified to the strengthening of territorial-community ties in which he plowed plots on his bull both for himself and for the village, which suppressed patriarchal-family relations. the lender in the spring. This form of mutual services was Fertilizing the fields was considered a labor-intensive affair, typical for the Uzbek economy. Very often, such relations and here the Uzbeks also resorted to mutual assistance. did not develop on one-time agreements, but acquired over The villagers went to work with their donkeys, baskets, time a more or less stable, permanent character. Small ketmen. The invitation of people, their arrangement, the groups of people developed who had difficulty in self- organization of work were approximately the same as management and therefore combined efforts and means for during the sowing campaign. Boys and teenagers loaded joint cultivation of the land. One possessed draft power, the the baskets with manure, accompanied the donkeys to the other a plow, the third put at its disposal hands. For the place of work. Adults scattered manure across the field. A most part related families united, but in the first half of the large number of people usually participated in harvesting 20th century. it has already been violated. So, the custom ("Qosil ўrimi Kashari"). Both men and adolescents came to of mutual assistance, having arisen in the bowels of the the rescue, as reaping with sickles or sheaves. And here patriarchal family community and being a reflection of its the work was controlled by close or distant relatives, or just inherent production relations, continued to develop in the neighbors, usually 1-2 people, depending on the number of conditions of a new social organization - the rural employees. The most important sector of the economy community. With the development of the latter, mutual among the Uzbeks, like other Central Asian nationalities, assistance, while remaining predominantly related, is was cattle breeding. And in this branch of the economy he increasingly acquiring a neighborly, communal character. It constantly needed the support of the collective, with help must be said without exaggeration that this custom, in from the villagers and relatives. Assistance was also conditions of land hunger, unusually high prices for any provided very often in the preparation of livestock feed. Hay agricultural land and backward subsistence farming, helped fields, as well as arable ones, were often far from the thousands of ordinary families survive and preserve their

2690 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 ethnic and cultural environment. Custom economically characteristics, economic activity, traditions and customs, grown is becoming a moral norm for most members of and the development of the processing forces and the society. However, mutual assistance was used by the rural production relations, culture, psychology, ideology and elite as a convenient form of exploitation of the people. This religious views of ethnos that are interacted and influenced became especially noticeable in the second half of the 19th to each other. The ethno-economics is focused on and the beginning of the 20th centuries, when, in conditions production, sharing, distribution and consumption of revitalization of the economy and intensification of the relationships, regional natural resource reserves, historical process of differentiation of the peasantry, most forms of certainty, and mainly the ethnic needs of the population. economic mutual assistance penetrate the relations of Traditional forms of ethno-economics have become the exploitation. The Soviet government, in its own way, tried to main source of economic activity of the population in the clear custom from the elements of exploitation, filling it with mountainous areas of Uzbekistan. The historical materials a new socialist content, but it replaced one form of confirm that local forms of house-holding have been the exploitation with another - administratively forced, enforcing main source of life for the long-term residents of the regions custom by order, and this greatly damaged the position of surveyed, and this is still the same task. Further ordinary norms, leading to their rejection. Historical Strengthening Macroeconomic Stability and Liberalization in experience indicates that insufficient knowledge of national the "Priorities of the Development Strategy and the traditions, customs, habits, and tastes often leads to serious Liberalization of the Economy" its competitiveness by complications in communicating with representatives of maintaining high economic growth rates, modernization and other ethnic communities. Any nations that respect diversification of the leading sectors of the national themselves are very sensitive to how other ethnic groups economy Continued institutional and structural reforms perceive their customs and traditions. Moreover, national aimed at promoting solidarity, modernization and traditions are manifested not only in specific actions, deeds, accelerated development of agriculture, reducing state communication style, gestures, etc. etc. but also in subtle participation in the economy, strengthening private property manifestations of the psyche. And this is very important rights, enhancing the role of small business and private when analyzing economic relations in a complex ethnic entrepreneurship; balanced social and economic environment. So the glorious labor traditions of the Uzbek development, effective and optimal use of their potential people, including the hashar, have a huge educational ‖and IV. The priority of social developments "employment impact on people, forming their new, ethno-economic and real incomes of the population as a gradual increase in attitude to work, and a sense of collectivism. the Social himoch and the health care system, the improvement of women's social and political activity, such III. Analyses as" priority areas have been identified [48, pp.9-18]. Summarizing the different approaches to the concept of Obviously, it will have a great importance to pay attention of ethno-economics in scientific literatures, we also would like the features of development on local household forms in the to pay attention to important points of the matter in follow: macroeconomic policy of Uzbekistan for the population of  study on new ethno-economics, traditional economic the foothill regions, in future. activity of the population oriented to increasing of their standard of living; IV. 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