Ecological Versatility and Community Ecology Ralph C

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-40553-9 - Ecological Versatility and Community Ecology Ralph C. Mac Nally Index More information

Index

Abricta curvicosta, 265 isoleg, 284 absolute rates principal component, 270 desirability of, 259-61 sensitivity, 225 Acacia, 287 Anolis, 37, 58, 79, 159, 327 Acanthiza, 288 eugenegrahdmi, 338 Acanthocy clops, 125 evermanni, 74—6 Africa, 48 gundlachi, 74—6 central-west, 250 humilis, 73 South, 61 limifrons, 73 agria, see Stenocereus gummosus stratulus, 74—5 Agropyron repens, 231 vermiculatus, 338 Alces alces, 86-7 Anoplocephala, 149 alcohol Auostraca 149 salicyl, 97 ant, 312 alga, 100, 340 see Lasius, Conomyrma bicolor, red, see Gelidium robustum Myrmecocystus kennedyi, allelochemical, 79, 86, 94, 99, 324 Conomyrma insana, Crematogaster Allium cepa, 131 emery ana, Iridomyrmex humilis Amanita Antarctica, 48 muscaria, 130, 131 Anthrocothorax nigricollis, 60 pantharina, 130 aphid Amazilia tobaci, 60 fundatrix, 154 Amazonia, 250 polymorphism, 154 Amblycercus holosericeus, 121 summer female, 154 America areography, 4 Central, 48, 121 Asia, 48, 106 North, 48, 106, 110, 118, 149, 165, ASM, see model, apparent size 214 Atherina breviceps, 61 South, 48, 121 Australia, 172, 301 amphibian, 54 Great Dividing Range, 287 anuran, 2, 37-8, 158 New South Wales, 272, 288, 303 amphipod Queensland, 288 Caprellidae, 146-7 south-eastern, 194, 275 Gammaridae, 146-7 south-western, 275 see Pontoporeia affinis Victoria, 9, 272, 287, 288 analysis Western Australia, 224 detrended correspondence, 270—1 autocorrelation, spatial, 297

424 Index bamboo, see Chusquea Cantharellus cibarius, 130 bananaquit, see Coereba flaveola carnivore Banksia, 224 plant, 119 bat, 334 primary, 110 insectivorous, 120 Carpodacus mexicanus, 277 Mollosidae, see Nyctinomops, carrying capacity, 144, 167, 209, 230, Molossus 295 surface-gleaning, 56 Catostomus bathymetry, 50 catostomus, 105 bear, grizzly, see Ursus arctos commersoni, 105 beetle, leaf, see Phratora vitellinae, cellular automata, 335 Galerucella lineola, Phyllobrotica Cennococcum Bellis perennis, 131 geophilum, 130 Betula pedula, 131 graniforme, 130 biogeography, 4 Centrostephanus rodgersii, 340 zone, 275 Cervus elaphus, 87 bird, 54, 320, 337 cestode fish-eating, 106 Hymenolepididae, 103 foliage-gleaning, 172 see Schistocephalus solidus frugivorous, 56, 321 Ch, see exploitation, coherent, hard granivorous, 321 Chamaelinorops, 37 nectarivorous, 67, 126, 321 chemostat, 360 rainforest, 250 Chlorella, 133 body size, of consumer, 315, 330 Chrysolampis mosquitus, 60 Boidae, 37 Chusquea, 121 Boletinus pictus, 130 cicada, 292 Boletus rubellus, 130 see Abricta curvicosta, Psaltoda Bosmina, 125 moerens, Henicopsaltria eydouxi, burbot, see Lota lota Thopha saccata, Cystosoma butterfly, 54, 89 saundersii Danainae, 89 cina, see Stenocereus alamosensis Heliconiinae, 89 Circus cyaneus, 73 Ithomiinae, 89 cisco, see Coregonus artedii Lycaenidae, see Plebejus argus Cittotaenia, 103 Nymphalidae, 89 cladistics, 89, 98, 103 butterwort, see Pinguicula cladocera, 124 Clerodendrum, 98 cacique Clinus spatulatus, 61, 74, 76 yellow-billed, see Amblycercus Clitopilus prunulus, 130 holosericeus clone, 59, 139 cactus, columnar, 52 coenocline, 269 Caffrogobius multifasciatus, 61 distinct preference, 220 Canada, 96 shared preference, 221 Alberta, 105 Coereba flaveola,60 , 69 New Brunswick, 64 coevolution, 94 Canadian Shield, 124 bilateral, 318 cannibalism, 54, 122, 125 coexistence, 229

Index 425 ecological versatility and, 261—3 cosmopolitanism, 9, 35, 267 probability of, 262 Costa Rica, 56, 96, 121 Colluricincla harmonica, 9-10, 265, 273 Crematogaster emery ana, 148 Colubridae, 37 Cs, see exploitation, coherent, soft community cue, environmental, 151 fungal, 16 curve, indifference, 23-4 hammock, 56 cyanobacteria, 133 microbial, 16 Cyanophaia bicolor, 280 plant, 16 Cyphoderia ampulla, 36 competition Cystosoma saundersii, 265, 293 coefficient, 230-1, 374; equivalence with resource overlap, 222 Dacelo novaeguineae, 265 exploitation, 169, 171, 374-5 Daphnia pulex, 158 interference, 171 Darlingtonia haetiana, 37—8 interspecific, 15, 27, 213-64, 267, DCA, see analysis, detrended 316, 327-8; actuality of, 214; correspondence combining ability, 223; Dendroica compression, 213, 280-1, 322; castanea, 118 context-specificity, 251—3; pensylvanica, 118 depressive, 214, 231; ecological petechia, 281 versatility and, 220-4; exclusion, plumbea, 281 213, 227; intransitivity, 223; density, of consumer populations, 330 manifestations of, 214; matrix, Deschampsia flexuosa, 178 216; release, 213, 280-1 desert intraspecific, 230, 316, 326 Great Basin, 148 competitiveness, 236, 242-3 Mojave, 148 complementarity, 302 design, sampling, 329-30, 332-5 component deterrent, chemical, 55, 340 environmental, 20 detoxification, 136, 317 conformance, 40—1 development, continuous, 159 Conomyrma Diacy clops, 125 bicolor, 148 Diaphanosoma, 125 insana, 148 Diaptomus, 125 conservation biology, 203 Dicaeum hirundinaceum, 301 constraint, 25 digestibility, 87-8 Contopus latirostris, 280 Dionaea muscipula, 119 Conus, 62 discrimination, sensory, 323 chaldeus, 74 disease, 218 copepod, 76, 106 dispersal, 204, 218 see Senecella calanoides, Epischura agents, 49 Coregonus displacement, character, 215, 327 artedii, 105 distance, Euclidean, 270 clupeaformis, 105 distribution Cortinarius ideal free, 282-3 glaucopus, 130 isotropic resource, 372—3 mucosus, 130 disturbance, abiotic, 218 cosmology, 1 Dolabella auricularia, 23, 99

426 Index

dormancy, 177, 195 pryoriana, 11, 287 DRM, see model, digestive rate regnans, 131 Drosophila, 52-3, 60, 139, 318 sideroxylon, 288 aldrichi, 53 sierberi, 131 arizonensis, 53 stjohnii, 131 Hawaiian, 318, 337 tricarpa, 273, 287, 288 mojavensis, 53 euryphagy, 89 drought, 54 evolutionary bilogy, 12, 279 earthworm, 59 radiation, 12 echolocation, 120 EWMA, see moving average, ecology, theoretical, 207 exponentially weighted ecophysiology, 266—7 experiment effect, Allee, 372 ecological field, 214, 233, 342 efficiency, digestive, 88 optimal design, 225 Elaenia martinica, 280 exploitation elaenia, Caribbean, see Elaenia martinica coherent, 162, 179 electivity, Ivlev index, 60, 70 hard, 182-7; hard, algorithm, 363-4; Eleutherodactylus, 37-8 soft, 182-7; soft, algorithm, 364-5 elk, see Cervus elaphus efficiency of, 202 Embiotoca later alis, 146-7, 165 facultative, 142-6, 179 emigration, 205 hard, 175-8 Endogone lactiflua, 130 incoherent, 163, 179 Enhydra lutris, 340 resource-like, 162, 164, 179; hard, enslavement, 146, 148, 313 187-94; hard, algorithm, 365-7; environment soft, 187-94; soft, algorithm, predictable versus stochastic, 246-7, 367-8 310, 321 soft, 175-8 test, constant, 180—1; stochastic, specialization, 163, 179; hard, 194— 247-8, 254; variable, 180-1 201; hard, algorithm, 368-9; soft, variability, 245-51, 310-11 194-201; soft, algorithm, 369-71 Epibolium glandulosum, 131 extinction, 218 Epischura, 124 expected time to, 19 equilibrium, see stability, asymptotic stochastic, 372 Ericales, 130 Esox lucius, 105 factor, exogenous, 43, 136 ETE, see extinction, expected time to Falcunculus frontatus, 304—5 ethology, 279 fantail Eucalyptus, 131,287 see Rhipidura calophylla, 131 grey, see Rhipidura fuliginosa camaldulensis, 9, 131, 273, 287 fasting, 177 dairy'tnpleana, 131 feasibility, 216 diversicola, 131 fecundity, 51, 146 maculata, 131 finch marginata, 131 Cocos, see Pinaroloxias inornata microcarpa, 9, 273, 287 Darwin's, see Geospiza obliqua, 131 Emberizidae xviii, 302

Index 427

ground see Geospiza, small, see epistatic, 148 Geosp iza fu liginosa pleiotropic, 148 house, see Carpodacus mexicanus genetic diversity, ecological versatility fish, 54, 139 and, 310, 318 estuarine, 61 genetics, population, 152 piscivorous, 157, 160 Geospiza, 66, 73 planktivorous, 157-8 fuliginosa, 12> fitness, 6-7, 19-20, 333-4 Geum, 131 FIVAR, see design, sampling germination, 52 fixation Gerygone, 288 phenotypic, 151 gerygone, see Gerygone floater, 173 Gilchristella aestuarina, 61, 74, 76 fluke, blood, see Schistosoma japonicum Glomus flux, energy and nutrient, 205-6 caledonius, 131 flycatcher fasciculatus, 131 brown-crested, see Myiarchus macrocarpus, var. geosporus, 131; var. tyrannulus (oberi) macrocarpuSy 131 neotropical (Tyrranidae), 56 monosporus, 131 flytrap, Venus, see Dionaea muscipula mossae, 131 food, availability glyph, see parameter space, span between-year variation in, 278—9 grain, 87 seasonal variation in, 276—8 grass food web, 29 silica content of 99 theory, 339-40 see Agropyron repens, Poa pratensis, forest Phleum pratense broad-leaf, 118 grassland, 275, 278 coniferous, 118 Great Britain, 96, 178, 275 deciduous, 68 Kent, 294 montane, rain, 280 Greya politella, 129 Fragaria, 131 gum chiloensis, 131 Gippsland manna, see Eucalyptus frog, see amphibian, anuran; tadpole pryoriana river red, see Eucalyptus camaldulensis Gabon, M'Passa Biological Station, Gyrodon meruloides, 130 250 Gyroporus castaneus, 130 Galeolaria caespitosa, 194—5 Galemcella lineola, 94, 97 habitat, 17, 26, 64 Galium aparine, 131 floristics, 35, 270, 286-9 Gasterosteus aculeatus, 72—3, 106 fragmentation, 203 gastropod, 57, 340 patch, 26 Gelidium robustum, 146-7 physiognomy, 35, 270, 286-9 gene flow, 28, 152 selection, 4, 279; animals, 282-9; generalization density-dependent model, 282-4; costs of, 151 plants, 289-90 dietary, 89 sink, 203 obligatory, 143, 179, 239 source, 203 genetic control source—sink model 284—6

428 • Index habitat (cont.) invasibility, 3, 155, 216-19, 233, 243-5 stability, 311 invasion, high density, 185-6, 218, 243 unuseable, 203 Ipomopsis aggregata, 69 xeric, 22 Iridomyrmex humilis, 93 hare, snowshoe, see Lepus americanus ironbark harrier, northern, see Circus cyaneus red, see Eucalyptus tricarpa hawk, 58 mugga, see Eucalyptus sideroxylon Heliothis, 90 Islands Henicopsaltria eydouxi, 265 Galapagos 48, 66, 73, Rabida, 73 herbivory, 324 Greater Antilles, 338 generalized, 83-8 Hawaiian, 48, 318 phytophagous insects, 88—99 Hispaniola, 37-8 small noninsect, 99-100 Lesser Antilles, 280, 337 hierarchy, social, 146 Montserrat, 281 Hippodamia convergens, 93 Santa Cruz, 146 honeyeater, 172 St Kitts, 281 fuscous, see Lichenostomus fuscus Tobago, 60, 67 regent, see Xanthomyza phrygia Trinidad, 60, 67 white-plumed, see Lichenostomus West Indies, 37 penicillatus Israel, 285 yellow-tufted, see Lichenostomus melanops Juniperus communis, var. siberica, 131 Hoplosoma, 98 host range kelp, 49, 340 phytophagous insects, 88-100 kingbird, grey, see Tyrannus taxonomic breadth, 90 domenicensis Howardula aoronymphium, 139 kleptoparasitism, 116 hummingbird, 68, 176 kookaburra, laughing, see Dacelo Antillean crested, see Orthorhynchus novaeguineae cristatus kudu, see Tragelaphus strepsiceros blue-headed, see Cyanophaia bicolor copper-rumped, see Amazilia tobacis lace wing, 110 ruby-topaz, see Chrysolampis Lactarius mosquitus chrysorrheus, 130 Hutchinsonian series, 215, 327 deliciosus, 130 hehus, 130 idiosyncrasy, 336—9 Lake, Cold (Canada), 105 immigration, lag, 229, 243—5 Lamia, 98 insect, 331 landscape, 35, 294 holometabolous, 158 fractal, 335 interactions Larix interspecific, caveats, 80-1 decidula, 131 strength of, 127 occidentalism 131 interspecific competition models, see Lasius, 128 model, competition, interspecific latex, 89, 337 invariance Lavandula atifolia, 129 ecological, 295 leaf trenching, 89, 337

Index • 429

legumes, 133 hirsuta, 57 root nodulation, 130 megalotis, 57 Lepomis macrochirus, 157, 165 Microtus ochrogaster, 99 Leptoglossus phyllopus, 90 migration, 214 Lepus americanus, 86 Mimon crenulatum, 57 Lichenostomus miner fuscus, 287 bell, see Manorina melanophrys melanops, 287, 304-5 noisy, see Manorina melanocephala penicillatus, 11, 287 Mischocyttarus jlavitarsus, 93 lichen, 133 mistletoe, 109,301,313 life cycle, complex, 2, 106, 156 mistletoebird, see Dicaeum limit cycle, 217 hirundinaceum two-point, 182 mite limiting factor, 20, 25, 253 parasitic, 103-4 limpet, 54 see Unionicola Lithophragma parviflorum, 129 model lizard, 38, 54, 157 algorithmic, 168-9 see Anolis apparent size, 157-8 localized, 9 community assembly, 217 Lota lota, 105 competition, interspecific, 219-20 LVM, see model, Lotka—Volterra contingency, see predation, Lycopersicum esculentum, 131 foraging, optimal Lyophyllum immundum, 130 core/satellite, 300-1 digestive rate, 87-8 macroecology, 1 dominance, 281-2 macrohabitat, 17, 26 ecological, 207-9, 335-6 Maiathemum dilatatum, 131 logistic, 167, 185, 208-9 maintenance, 5 Lotka-Volterra, 219-20, 224, malentity, 20, 25 229-30, 233, 242, 245, 260, 335, mango, black-throated, see 374 Anthrocothorax nigricollis mathematical, 167 Manorina nonlinearties, as resources, 246-7 melanocephala, 172 partial niche, 142-3 melanophrys, 172, 305 patch, 113-15 MDS, see scaling, multidimensional phenomenological, 167 Megarcys signata, 137 prey, 113-15 Meliphagidae, see honeyeater standard conditions, 228 metamorphosis statistical, linear, 342 disjunctive, 157—9 ubiquity, algorithm, site-selection, nondisjunctive, 157-9 290-3; contingency, 293-300; metapopulation, 1, 12, 203-7 fractal landscape, 297-300; Metechinorynchus salmonis, 104—5 hierarchical, 296-7; marginal metric, Canberra dissimilarity, 70 mosaic, 294—6 Mexico, 52 unpacking of, 18, 260 microhabitat, 17, 26-7, 63-4 versatility, assumptions of, 371—5; Micronycteris implementation, 375 brachyotis, 57 Molossus, 119

430 • Index Moniezia, 103 width, see niche, breadth monomorphism, 152, 316 numbers, tyrrany of small, 339-41 monophagy, 89, 91 nutrient, 20 ecological, 89 balancing, 322 monophenism, 151 Nyctinomops, 119 moose, see Alces alces morphology, host-specific, 325 Ocean, Pacific, 340 Morula marginalba, 194-5 Oceania, 48 moth Octolasion tyrtaeum, 59 Noctuiidae, 89 OFT, see, predation, foraging, optimal Notodontidae, 98, 337 oligophagy, 55, 89 Sphingidae, 89 omnivory, 122—6 Mountains, Andes, 121 common-sense or ecological view, mouse 123 deer, see Peromyscus maniculatus Oncorhynchus kisutch, 105 pinyon, see Peromyscus truei opportunism, 38 moving average, exponentially Opuntia willcoxii, 52-3 weighted, 361-2 organ pipe, see Stenocereus thurberi mutation, 153 Orthorhynchus cristatus, 280 mutualism, 126-34, 326 diffuse, 127 Pachycephala pectoralis, 273 obligatory bilateral, 128 Panama, 56, 121 outcome variability, 129 paradigm mutualistic associations, 129—33 MacArthurian, 327 mycorrhiza, 130-3 Popperian scientific, 341 Myiarchus tyrannulus (oberi), 281 parameter space Myrmecocystus kennedyi, 148 glyph, 226-8 Mysis relicta, 123-5 span, 226-8 parasite, 214-15, 325 natural enemies, 91, 93 animal, 102-8, required host nectar, 87 (definitive), 105; required host neighbourhood, ecological, 27 (intermediate), 105; suitable host, nematode, parasitic, see Howardula 105; unsuitable host, 105 aoronymphium plant, 108-9 niche parasitoid, 101-2, 324-5 breadth xvii, 4, 8, 40, between- Diptera, Tachinidae, 102, 337 phenotype, 141, 155; statistic, 32- idiobionts, 101, 313 4, 355—7; statistic, conformance, koinobionts, 101,313 34, 188-9, 355-7; statistic, pardalote, striated see Pardalotus striatus nonconformance, 34, 355—7; Pardalotus striatus, 304—5 within-phenotype, 141, 155 particle physics, 1 ontogenetic, 141, 156 Paruroctonus mesaensis, 159 overlap, statistic, 32-4, 355-7 Patelloida latistrigata, 194-5 partial, 142-3, 319 PCA, see analysis, principal component pattern, 269-76 Penstemon barbatus, 69 position, 269, 298 permanence, 3, 219 regeneration, 224 Peromyscus, 60

Index 431 maniculatus, 66-7, 288 suitability, 324 truei, 66—7 Platycercus persistence, 19 eximius 9-10 Peru, Manu National Park, 250 flaveolus, 265, 273, 304-5 Petroica, 288 platyhelminthes, Monogenea, 103 goodenovii, 265, 273, 287 Plebejus argus, 128 pewee, Lesser Antillean, see Contopus Pleistocene, 266 latirostris Poa pratensis, 231 phenotype, ecological, 146-8, 179, 190 pollen, 87 Philaenus spumarius, 74, 76 pollinator, 49 Phleum pratense, 131, 231 polymorphism, 152—5, 316 phoebe, Say's, see Sayornis saya allelic-switch, 152 phosphorus behavioural, 146-8 absorption rate, 178 ecological, 146-8 soil concentration, 298 protected, 153, 316 Phratora vitellinae, 94, 97 stable, 152-3, 190-3 Phyllobrotica, 98 Polymorphus minutus, 103 Phyllostomus polyphagy, 55, 89 discolor, 57 polyphenism, 316 hastatus, 57 adaptive, 148-52, 263 physiology, thermal, 310, 320 Pontoporeia affinis, 105 Physostegia, 98 population Picea differentiated, 326-7 abies, 131 distinctly staged, 58 sichensis, 131 migrant, 322-3 pike, northern, see Esox lucius resident, 322-3 Pinaroloxias inornata, 120, 137, 139-40 size-stepped, 58 pine, ponderosa, see Pinus ponderosa stage-structured, 156-61 Pinguicula, 119 predation, 109-22, 215, 325-^6 Pinus, 131 behaviour, 118-21,314 contorta, 131 biophysics, 118-21,312 echinata, 131 effect on versatility, 110-12 monticola, 131 foraging, optimal, 87, 112-18, 157, mugo, 131 315 ponderosa, 100, 131 intraguild, 54, 122 radiata, 131 reciprocal, 122 sfrofcws, 130, 131 prickly pear, see Opuntia willcoxii sylvestris, 130, 131 principle, MacArthur's minimization, taeda, 131 239 virginiana, 131 priority effect, 243-5 pitcher plant, see Sarracenia problem Placida dendrittica, 55, 56, 137, 139-40 juvenile bottleneck, 160-1 plankton, 157-8 N populations-N resources, 253-9 phytoplankton, 123-5 process, Wiener, 247 plant prokaryote, 129 calcification, 99 Psaltoda moerens, 265 chemistry, 100 Psammogobius krysnaensis, 61

432 Index

Pseudosuga menziesii, 131 Rhodophyllus rhodopolius, 130 Psophodes olivaceus, 11 rhizobia, 133 Puerto Rico, 74 Rhyzopogon Pungitius pungitius, 72-3, 105 luteolus, 130 roseolus, 130 Qs, see specialization, potential risk, predation, 116-18 robin range red-capped, see Petroica goodenovii geographic, 4, 9, 267-8, centre, see Petroica 294-5; periphery, 294-5 rodent, 81 rarity, 275 rosella recolonization, 218 eastern, see Platycercus eximius recombination, genetic, 154, 263 yellow, see Platycercus flaveolus recruitment, 284, 327 rotifer, 124 refuge, 117, 123 Rs, see exploitation, resource-like, soft region, 35, 293 Rubus spectabilis, 131 reproduction, 5 ruminant, 86 resin, 89 Russula resource emetica, 130 abundance versus availability, 31 lepida, 130 aliasing, 29-30, 32, 49, 124 availability, 7-8, 160, 314; formula salinity, 54, 267 for 360; memory, 361-3; Salix perceived, 361-3; threshold, 83-^; dasyclados, 94, 97 variation in, 204 fragilis, 94, 97 complementary, 23-5, 180, 311, 322 viminalis, 94, 97 critical, 22 salmon, coho, see Oncorhynchus kisutch definition, 20-5 Salvelinus namaycush, 105 distribution, clumped, 311, 322 Sarracenia, 119 exclusive access to, 21 satellite, 173 exploitation, 5, 19 savanna, 275 extraneous, 22 Sayornis saya, Til ordering, 29-30 scale partitioning, 213, 239 ecological, 17 substitutable, 23-5, 180, 311, 322 spatial, 26-9, 274-5 utilization, 5, 19; abstention, 203; scaling, multidimensional, 271 antagonism, 309; efficiency of, Scaphiopus multiplicatus, 149, 165 223, 310; malleability of, 223; Schistocephalus solidus, 106 prudence, 242; stage-specific, 263 Schistosoma japonicum, 106 response Sciurus aberti, 99 functional, 170, 173-5 Scleroderma aurantium, 130 mixed, 173—5 scorpion, see Paruroctonus mesaensis numerical, 170, 173-5 Scutellaria, 98 Rh, see exploitation, resource-like, Sea, Caribbean, 48, 60, 267, 327 hard sea Rhipidura, 288 hare, see Dolabella auricularia fuliginosa, 273 otter, see Enhydra lutris

Index 433 slug, see Placida dendritica diagnostic, 358-60 urchin, 340 Hurlbert L, 70 Senecella calanoides, 124—5 inverse Simpson diversity, 69 sequestering, deterrent chemicals, 100, Levins, 71 136, 315 Petraitis W, 70 Sh, see exploitation, specialized, hard proportional similarity, 70, 188, 359 shrew, 176 Shannon-Wiener, 70 shrike-thrush, grey, see Colluricincla Stenocereus harmonica alamosensis, 52 shrike-tit, crested, see Falcunculus gummosus, 52 frontatus thurberi, 52 shrimp stenophagy, 37-8, 88-9, 96, 98, 315 fairy, see Anostraca stickleback, 64, 79 opossum, see Mysis relicta ninespine, see Pungitius pungitius similarity, limiting, 230, 233 three-spined, see Gasterosteus simulation, computer, 168—9 aculeatus snake, 37, 320 Stipa capensis, 285 water, 157 Stizostedion vitreum, 105 Solidago, 74-6 stonefly, see Megarcys signata space, ordination, 271 strategy Spain, 67, 129, 322-3 exploitation, 161-4, hybrid, 262-3; sparrow, 278 tactic, 225, 261 western chipping, see Spizella facultative, 112 passerina arizonae homologous, 182 specialization sucker dietary, 37-8, 322-3 longnose, see Catostomus catostomus ecological, 53 white, see Catostomus commersoni facultative, 143-5 Suillus obligatory, 143, 320 bovinus, 130 physiological, 53 flavidus, 130 potential, 196-201 flavovirens, 130 serial, 159 granulatuSy 130 stage-specific, 160 luteus variegatus, 130 speciation, 27 sunfish, bluegill, see Lepomis macrochirus specificity supplementation, 302 ecological, 103, 106 surfperch, striped, see Embiotoca lateralis physiological, 106 survey Sphaerodactylus, 37 climatic zones, 47 Spizella passerina arizonae, 266 conformance, 59—62 squirrel, Abert's, see Sciurus aberti constraint, 54-5 Ss, see exploitation, specialized, soft differentiated populations, 58—9 stability, asymptotic, 3, 216-19 fitness, 51—4 Stachys, 98 geographic zones, 47-8 mexicana, 131 habitat types, 46—7 stagnation, 267 individuals, 55—8 statistic niche, breadth statistics, 69-70; Czekanowski, 189, 359-60 overlap statistics, 69-70

434 Index

survey (cont.) Triticum, 131 niche statistics, list of, 354—7 aestivum, 131 parameters, 41—3 trophic continuum, 81, 125 resource, availability, 59-62 Tropidophiidae, 37 resource specification, 49-50 trout, lake, see Salvelinus namaycush selection criteria, 43-5 Tuber sources, 43-5 albidum, 130 spatial variability, 62-5 maculatum, 130 studies, list of, 351-4 Turbo undulata, 340 taxonomy, 45-6 turtle, 157 temporal variability, diurnal, 68-9; Tyrannus domenicensis, 281 season, 65—8 survival, 5 ubiquity, 8-11, 18,35 Sweden, 94 abiotic effects on, 268 Symbiodinum, 133 ecological versatility and, 301—4 symbiosis, 126-7, 312 ungulate, 81 Syngnathus acus, 61 African, 266 Unionicola, 106 tadpole, 149-50 United States, 60, 119 Taxus brevifolius, 131 Arizona, 68, 148, 266, 278 temperature, water, 54 California, 146, 148 territoriality, 171-2, 279 Colorado, 337 Tesseropora rosea, 194—5 Florida, 56, 103 Thopha saccata, 265 Hawai'i, 337 Thuja plicata, 131 Idaho, 60 thornbill, see Acanthiza Illinois, 60, 69 throughput, 86-8 North Carolina, 59 thyroxine, 149-50 north-eastern, 275 toad, southern spadefoot, see Tennessee, 59 Scaphiopus multiplicatus Washington, 129 Tonatia Ursus arctos, 372 bidens, 57 utilization sylvicola, 57 pressure, 170-3, 231-2 Trachops cirrhosus, 57 rate, marginal, 175; maximum, 171, Tragelaphus strepsiceros, 85 175 transect, Victorian, 272, 287, 292 trematode, 103-5 vector, 49 Tricholoma versatility jlavobruneum, 130 dietary, 87 flavovirens, 130 ecological, 5-8, 11, 19-20, and imbricatum, 130 ubiquity, see ubiquity, ecological pessundatum, 130 versatility and; density and, saponaceum, 130 318-20 vaccinium, 130 foraging, 22, 303 Trifolium repens, 131 viability floor, 371-2 Trillium ovatum, 131 vole, prairie, see Microtus ochrogaster Tripneustes gratilla, 340 voracity, 170

Index 435 walleye, see Stizostedion vitreum pectoralis warbler whitefish, lake, see Coregonus bay-breasted, see Dendroica castanea clupeaformis chestnut-sided, see Dendroica willow, see Salix fragilis, Salix pensylvanica dasyclados, Salix viminalis plumbeous, see Dendroica plumbea woodland, 272 wood (Parulidae) xviii, 118-19, 214, evergreen oak, 67 302 riparian, 287 yellow, see Dendroica petechia wave action, 54 Xanthomyza phrygia, 287 whipbird, eastern, see Psophodes olivaceus Zea mays, 131 whistler, golden, see Pachycephala Zerna erecta, 178