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P. Sean Morris * the Aim of This Article Is to Show How Private Rights, As PRIVATE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY REGULATION IN PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW P. Sean Morris * ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to show how private rights, as understood within the context of intellectual property are no longer the domain of domestic regulation; rather, they are now within the purview of public international regulation. As such, private rights have now contributed to the “privatization” of public international law, where the interaction of applicable laws under domestic law shapes the interpretation and outcome of how public international law determines global economic relations. The article assesses the international regulatory domain of intellectual property rights under public international law instruments to show how intellectual property rights norms evolved as regulatory tools in the global economic system. The main question that this article addresses is whether contemporary expansion of intellectual property norms has globalised private rights, and if so, what role such developments play in shaping international intellectual property treaties. The article demonstrates that international intellectual property instruments emerged at the end of the nineteenth century and started the privatization revolution of public international law. I first examine the Paris and Berne Conventions in order to understand their role in the globalisation of norms pertaining to contemporary international intellectual property. I then turn to some of the twentieth century treaties and also how the TRIPS Agreement eventually “codified” the privatization of international law. I conclude with some assessment of private rights in international law especially pointing to how some of the critics failed to take into account the “legal process” of the privatization of international law through intellectual property international instruments. * Faculty of Law, University of Helsinki. [email protected]. I would like to thank the editors of this journal for their hard work in cite-checking, above the line editing, and sometimes their views on certain aspects of my arguments. This article is part of a three-part series that discusses the privatization of international law from an intellectual property perspective. Part one has been published as From Territorial to Universal: The Extraterritoriality of Trademark Law and the Privatizing of International Law, 37 CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L. J. 33 (2019); and, part two, To What Extent Do Intellectual Property Rights Drive the Nature of Private International Law in the Era of Globalism?, 29 TRANSNAT’L L. & CONTEMP. PROBS. 449 (2019). 148 University of California, Davis [Vol. 26:1 I.INTRODUCTION: INTERNATIONAL TREATIES CODIFYING PRIVATE RIGHTS IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY .............................................. 148 II.THE PARIS/BERNE SYSTEM AND THE BREAKTHROUGH FOR INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW ........................... 154 A. THE PARIS CONVENTION AS THE FIRST GLOBALISATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ....................................................... 157 B. THE BERNE CONVENTION: APPLICABLE LAW IN INTERNATIONAL LAW .............................................................. 161 III.COUNTRY OF ORIGIN IN THE BERNE CONVENTION AND APPLICABLE LAW ................................................................................................. 163 IV.DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN THE BERNE CONVENTION AS PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW ...................................................................... 169 V.TRADEMARK TREATIES AND THE GLOBALISATION OF TRADEMARK NORMS ............................................................................................. 173 VI.TRIPS, INTERNATIONAL TRADEMARK LAW AND THE PRIVATE DIMENSION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ...................................... 178 VII.THE CREATION OF PRIVATE RIGHTS UNDER INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW ...................................................... 185 VIII. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 190 I. INTRODUCTION: INTERNATIONAL TREATIES CODIFYING PRIVATE RIGHTS IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Through public international law, intellectual property has organised itself as guarantor of private power on which the international system depends. The field of international intellectual property law, which began with the need to exercise public law-making power at the international level, has always been motivated by private economic interests in matters that are truly of private concern. It is clear from international intellectual property treaties such as the Paris and Berne Conventions that public international law has embraced private influence and expanded private rights beyond the domestic level.1 This section of the article focuses on the most important international 1 See Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299, Preamble (4th recital) [hereinafter TRIPS Agreement] (“intellectual property rights are private rights”). See also Susan K. Sell, Intellectual Property as a Trade Issue: From the Paris Convention to GATT, 13 LEGAL STUD. F. 407 (1989) (hereinafter Intellectual Property as a Trade Issue); Paul S. Haar, Revision of the Paris Convention: A Realignment of Private and Public Interests in the International Patent System, 8 BROOK. J. INT’L L. 77 (1982); CHRISTOPHER MAY, THE GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (2nd ed., 2015). 2019] Private Intellectual Property Regulation 149 treaties that have been codifying private rights in intellectual property for the last hundred years. I will survey the major intellectual property treaties starting with the Paris and Berne Conventions and leading up to the TRIPS Agreement.2 Moreover, I pay attention particularly to questions pertaining to applicable law and dispute settlement in the Berne Convention before turning to trademark treaties and the globalisation of norms relating to private rights in those treaties. A full discussion of these treaties is not necessary, nor has such a discussion been the intention or goal of this article. Rather, the article examines the treaties to inform the extensive critical discussion and critique of the international intellectual property system. By turning to the international treaties codifying private rights in intellectual property it is possible to discern how private intellectual property rights at the global level raises public legal problems that are transnational in dimension. Furthermore, some of the underlying principles in international intellectual property law such as national treatment3 or state doctrine4 are not new—they are standard principles of public international law. Most international intellectual property rights treaties contain a provision on national treatment, which stipulates that both foreign and local actors in commerce should be afforded the same treatment for their goods and services. At the same time, state doctrine merely ensures that a state exercise sovereignty over its territory and not to intervene in the affairs of another state. In other words, courts have long argued that in the absence of “proper jurisdiction”, they have no right to interfere in the affairs of another country.5 This was most vivid in the recent Trader Joe’s decision between Canada and the United States regarding the infringement of Trader Joe’s Co. trademark.6 Thus, whether the affairs of state include different forms of property—immovables, intangibles (trademarks, for example), or any form of transitory actions—courts are often aware that it is not their role to “adjudicate” on the domestic laws of other state or apply their own laws extraterritorially.7 Even as international intellectual 2 See TRIPS Agreement, supra note 1, art. 1(3) (incorporating the Paris and Berne Conventions). 3 See TRIPS Agreement, supra note 1, art. 3(1); see also Ulrich Loewenheim, The Principle of National Treatment in the International Conventions Protecting Intellectual Property, in PATENTS AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD: LIBER AMICORUM JOSEPH STRAUSS, 593-599 (Wolrad Pyrmont et al. eds., 2008). 4 See also Hank M. Goldberg, A General Theory of Jurisdiction in Trademark Cases, 8 LOY. L.A. INT’L & COMP. L. J. 611 (1986); for general discussion in public international law, see Michael Zander, The Act of State Doctrine, 54 AM. J. INT’L. 826 (1959). 5 The classic reminder is Steele v. Bulova Watch Co., 344 U.S. 280, 286 (1952). 6 Trader Joe’s Co. v. Hallatt, 835 F. 3d 960 (9th Cir. 2016). 7 See, e.g., The British South Africa Co. v. Companhia de Mocambique [1892] 603 A.C. 607-8 (HL) (“The Court cannot order service of process abroad without statutory authority . No Court in this country has direct original jurisdiction with respect to real estate abroad”) (citing King & Co.’s Trade-Mark 462, 482). But see Morrison v National Australia Bank Ltd., 130 S. Ct. 2876, at 2877-78 (where the Court held that the presumption against extraterritoriality 150 University of California, Davis [Vol. 26:1 property laws began to emerge in the late 1800s courts were still unwilling to rule on matters beyond their jurisdiction. Over the centuries, it was not uncommon for courts in different jurisdictions to hear claims regarding the infringement of their patents, innovation, copyright or technology in another state. However, part of the response by states to the problem was the Paris and Berne Conventions. But even so, courts were still faced with the
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