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Bound Fast with Letters BOUND FAST WITH LETTERS © 2013 University of Notre Dame © 2013 University of Notre Dame BOUND FAST WITH LETTERS Medieval Writers, Readers, and Texts O R ICHARD H. RousE AND MARY A. RousE Foreword by Robert SOMERVILLE University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana © 2013 University of Notre Dame Copyright © 2013 by University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 www.undpress.nd.edu All Rights Reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rouse, Richard H. Bound fast with letters : medieval writers, readers, and texts / Richard H. Rouse and Mary A. Rouse ; foreword by Robert Somerville. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-0-268-04033-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-268-04033-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Manuscripts, Medieval—History. 2. Books—Europe—History—400–1400. 3. Books and reading—Europe—History. 4. Literature, Medieval—History and criticism. 5. Illumination of books and manuscripts—History. I. Rouse, Mary A. II. Title. Z105.R68 2013 091—dc23 2013000473 ∞ The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. © 2013 University of Notre Dame John, Robert, and LEONARD Good memories © 2013 University of Notre Dame © 2013 University of Notre Dame Contents Foreword ix Robert Somerville Acknowledgments xiii List of Abbreviations xv Introduction 1 I. WRITING IT DOWN: PRACTICALITIES AND IMAGERY, 500–1220 one The Vocabulary of Wax Tablets 13 two Donatist Aids to Bible Study: North African Literary Production 24 in the Fifth Century with Charles McNelis THREE Two Carolingian Bifolia: Haimo of Auxerre and Carolingian 60 Liturgical Texts four From Flax to Parchment: A Monastic Sermon from 77 Twelfth-Century Durham FIVE The Schools and the Waldensians: A New Work by Durand 89 of Huesca II. PATRONS AND THE USE OF BOOKS, 1250–1400 SIX Manuscripts Belonging to Richard de Fournival 115 SEVen Early Manuscripts of Jean de Meun’s Translation of Vegetius 139 © 2013 University of Notre Dame viii Contents EIGHT Publishing Watriquet’s Dits 164 NINE Context and Reception: A Crusading Collection for Charles IV 215 of France TEN The Goldsmith and the Peacocks: Jean de le Mote in the 280 Household of Simon de Lille, 1340 ELEVEN French Literature and the Counts of Saint-Pol, ca. 1178–1377 308 twelVE Prudence, Mother of Virtues: The Chapelet des vertus 357 and Christine de Pizan III. COMMERCIAL BOOk-MAKERS, FRENCH AND ITALIAN, 1290–1410 thirteen Wandering Scribes and Traveling Artists: Raulinus of 423 Fremington and His Bolognese Bible fourteen Thomas of Wymondswold and the Making of a Glossed 459 Decretum FIFTEEN Jean Marlais and Bonne, His Wife: Last Wills from the Medieval 472 Paris Book Trade siXTEEN Pierre le Portier and the Makers of the Antiphonals of St-Jacques 494 seVENTEEN St. Antoninus of Florence on Manuscript Production 512 IV. EPILOGUE EIGHTEEN Archives in the Service of Manuscript Study: The Well-Known 525 Nicolas Flamel Index of Manuscripts and Documents Cited 543 General Index 557 © 2013 University of Notre Dame Foreword Robert Somerville In a review many years ago of Richard and Mary Rouse’s well-known monograph, Studies on the “Manipulus florum” of Thomas of Ireland, an eminent medievalist wrote that the Rouses “have shown how an accurate knowledge of groups of manuscripts casts light on the history of medieval ideas, as well as providing information about the history of influential works.” That summary tribute, published in 1981, and encapsu- lating much that was important about “Manipulus florum,” could echo through all of the scholarship of Richard and Mary Rouse. In 1991 the University of Notre Dame Press published a volume of their collected articles, which was titled Authentic Wit- nesses. The work’s subtitle was Approaches to Medieval Texts and Manuscripts. The present collection, Bound Fast with Letters, also carries a subtitle, Medieval Writers, Readers, and Texts. Medieval texts and manuscripts, medieval writers and readers— perhaps an appropriate, epigrammatic subtitle for both of these volumes would be “Presenting Historical Evidence,” or perhaps simply “Historical Evidence.” At the be- ginning of the first essay in Bound Fast with Letters, the Rouses make an obvious but often overlooked methodological point. They express regret over the fact that scholars who treat medieval subjects often fall into two mutually exclusive categories, namely, those who visit and work in the manuscript rooms of libraries, and those who work in archives. Such a divide, of course, often does not make a great deal of sense, and any- one who examines the printed inventories of archives will see that these depositories also contain manuscript books and not only documents. A historian specifically of the premodern church, such as this writer, who looks in a cursory manner into Bound Fast with Letters, might be somewhat surprised. The words “religion” or “belief” do not occur in any of the titles of the articles, although terms such as “Bible,” “sermon,” and “saint” do occur. In a more careful investigation, however, the reader interested in medieval religion will discover much to consider. The book’s first section is especially rich in discussions of religious writers and reli- gious themes. The first article, for example, “TheV ocabulary of Wax Tablets,” conveys information about the literary habits of both church fathers and of medieval monastic © 2013 Universityix of Notre Dame x Foreword authors, and concludes with a fascinating series of vignettes that treats wax tablets and the Bible in medieval culture. The North African Donatists, serious pains in the neck for the great St. Augustine of Hippo, make an appearance in the second article. So does Augustine’s fellow African theologian, St. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage in the middle of the third century, who was one of the earliest of the patristic thinkers to write in Latin. Carolingian liturgy, a twelfth-century monastic sermon from Durham, and the late-twelfth-century Waldensians are featured in the remaining articles in the first sec- tion of Bound Fast with Letters. Moving deeper into the book, our historian of medieval religion might easily gravitate to a title such as “Context and Reception: A Crusading Collection for Charles IV of France” (article 9), or one that deals with Christine de Pizan and virtue (article 12), or with St. Antoninus of Florence and manuscript production (article 17). An in- vestigator of the medieval institutional church, and especially of canon law, would notice an article that is concerned with Gratian’s Decretum. But if he is relying only on titles, a potential reader would overlook the fact that article 5, “The Schools and the Waldensians: A New Work by Durand of Huesca,” deals, of course, with the Waldensi- ans but also among other things treats the important late-twelfth-century scholar of canon law, Bernard of Pavia. Everyone knows not to judge a book by its cover, nor to judge an article only by its title, and anyone doing so in this case would risk missing the richness and the diversity to be discovered in the corpus of studies that the Rouses have assembled. Yet reading the table of contents of Bound Fast with Letters can entice not only investigators of religion but also literary scholars, social historians, classicists, and even historians of travel (see article 13, “Wandering Scribes and Traveling Ar tists”). And throughout, over and above everything, are medieval manuscripts, the foun- dation and the hallmark of the Rouses’ scholarship. When these remarks were com- posed, the book’s index of manuscripts cited was not available. That list will include dozens and dozens of shelf marks, and will offer a treasure trove for investigators working in many areas of medieval studies. But by no means is the reward for reading these articles only the wealth of shelf marks. There also are stunning examples of won- derful prose. Take one example, at the end of the second paragraph of the afore- mentioned “Context and Reception”: “Indeed, a text is one of the more protean of human creations, capable of being pushed, pulled, squeezed, stretched, colored any number of different hues, of changing its appearance considerably, all without ceasing to be recognizable as itself.” A well-traveled medievalist colleague of Richard Rouse once observed that he saw him more often in Europe than in North America. The reason, of course, is that Eu- rope is where the bulk of medieval Western manuscripts have been preserved (with all due respect for some fine American collections, for instance, the Plimpton Collection at my own university). It has been said that scholars who work with medieval books, if they do it well, must know many things. For starters, paleography and codicology, es- pecially the former, are essential fields of knowledge that can seem almost magical to © 2013 University of Notre Dame Foreword xi a nonspecialist. I have had the privilege to know some great paleographers, and once, years ago, in conversation on this subject with Richard, I bemoaned the fact that I never had formal instruction in dating manuscript hands and was in awe of those (like him) who could do this. He immediately attempted to demystify the matter, telling me that in the absence of other evidence “don’t believe anyone” who offers a date for a manuscript hand more precisely than within fifty years. The point has not been lost on a church historian who uses manuscripts yet knows less than he would like about when and where they were transcribed. Indeed, it certainly is necessary to be properly cautious in assigning dates to medieval books—one should not make this stuff up— yet I confess that I would be hard pressed to disbelieve Richard and Mary Rouse were they ever to tell me that a codex which I was studying was written, say, between 1140 and 1145.
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