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Threatened Species Supporting Conservation Efforts R&D On Notebooks of the Fundación General CSIC / Nº 3 / December 2010 / Published quarterly / Price: 9 euros ||||||||||||||||||||||| Notebooks of the Fundación General CSIC / December 2010 04 12 40 60 Threatened R&D on Threatened Species: Supporting Socio-economic aspects species FGCSIC Proyectos Cero conservation efforts of conservation 03 LYCHNOS Notebooks of the Fundación General CSIC Nº 3 DECEMBER 2010 Notebooks of the Fundación General CSIC| Nº 3 | LYCHNOS | 1 Executive Editor Reyes Sequera Copy Editor Sira Laguna Page layouts DiScript Preimpresión, S. L. Illustration Lola Gómez Translation Duncan Gilson Published by President Rafael Rodrigo Montero Director Javier Rey Campos Address Príncipe de Vergara, nº 9 - 2ª derecha; Madrid 28001 www.fgcsic.es © Fundación General CSIC, 2010. All rights reserved. Use by third parties of the contents of this journal without the prior written consent of the copyright holder may constitute a criminal offence under intellectual property legislation. Printed by: DiScript Preimpresion, S. L. Legal Deposit: M-33022-2010. ISSN: 2172-0207 2 | LYCHNOS | Nº 3 | Notebooks of the Fundación General CSIC CONTENTS LYCHNOS Nº 3 DECEMBER 2010 01 Threatened species: an introduction ............................................................ 4 Threatened species. Enrique Macpherson ................................................... 6 02 R&D on Threatened Species: FGCSIC Proyectos Cero ............................. 12 02.1 Genomics and conservation of the Iberian lynx. José A. Godoy ........ 14 02.2 Studying Spain’s threatened plants: Are there still living fossils waiting to be discovered? Pablo Vargas ..... 19 02.3 How can we beat the invisible enemy of the amphibians? Jaime Bosch ......................................................................................... 24 02.4 “A step forward”. Economically viable farming and conservation of threatened bird species. L. Brotons, G. Bota, D. Giralt, B. Arroyo, F. Mougeot, C. Cantero and L. Viladomiu ... 29 02.5 The Patella ferruginea limpet: an endangered marine invertebrate. José Templado and Javier Guallart ................................. 34 03 Supporting conservation efforts ................................................................. 40 03.1 The role of a germplasm and tissue bank in the conservation of endangered species. Eduardo Roldán and Montserrat Gomendio ........ 42 03.2 Captive breeding programmes: an essential tool for the conservation of endangered species. Eulalia Moreno Mañas ........................................................................... 48 03.3 Interview with Miguel Ángel Valladares .............................................. 55 04 Socio-economic aspects of conservation ................................................... 60 04.1 Studying and managing threatened species: the conservation biology perspective. Daniel Oro ......................................................... 62 04.2 The socio-economic costs of biodiversity loss. Erik Gómez-Baggethun and Berta Martín-López ..................................... 68 04.3 Interview with Cristina Narbona ........................................................ 75 05 Forum ........................................................................................................... 80 The last chance. Javier Gregori ................................................................... 82 06 News ............................................................................................................ 84 Notebooks of the Fundación General CSIC | Nº 3 | LYCHNOS | 3 01 Threatened species: an introduction 01 THREATENED SPECIES ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Threatened species The effects of human action on the environment are numerous and well documented. Plant cover is being destroyed at a rate of around 200,000 km2 a year. This means that over half of all tropical forests have been destroyed in the last 50 years. According to the author, in just half a century we have wiped out the product of between 50 and 100 million years of evolution. Enrique Macpherson Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, CSIC Imagine a field which is har- Our society still on regardless of the effect of about 200,000 km2 per year, vested seven times a year but our actions and will eventually and to date it has been accel- never fertilised or sown. Ridicu- has a simplistic end up destroying it. When an erating. This means that over lous? That is what we have view of what is oncologist diagnoses cancer half of all the world’s tropical been doing to the sea for no one calls him an alarmist. forests have been destroyed years. On average, every happening to our But anyone warning of the in the last 50 years. In other square metre of the seas on dangers faced by the planet words, in just half a century our continental shelf is ecosystems. tends to be met with scorn. we have wiped out the prod- trawled seven times a year. Although this view Our society continues to have uct of between 50 and 100 Any farmer would tell you that a simplistic view of what million years of evolution. that it is absurd, that you can- is changing is happening to our eco- not make a living this way, as rapidly, there is systems. And although this The root of the planet’s envir- you would be relentlessly view is changing rapidly, there onmental problems is basi- impoverishing the soil. And still a long way is still a long way to go. cally the size of the human yet no one says the same to go population the Earth has thing about the sea. This is Examples of man’s impact on to support. Before farming just one of many examples of his environment are numerous began to spread around what we are doing to our and familiar. Plant cover is 10,000 years ago, it is esti- planet, of how we are carrying being destroyed at a rate of mated that the world’s popu- 6 | LYCHNOS | Nº 3 | Notebooks of the Fundación General CSIC ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| THREATENED SPECIES 01 The relationship between over-hunting and extinction is well documented. In the case of the sea, establishing this relationship is much more complex. / Photo: Enrique Ballesteros. lation totalled some five mil- availability of food, particularly 10 billion in 2100. In the entire This impact is a consequence lion people. At the beginning Newfoundland cod, stocks of history of the Earth no spe- of technological development of the Christian era, two mil- which have since collapsed cies has come even remotely and obviously varies greatly lennia ago, there were already and have yet to recover. It close to this amount of bio- from one country to another, about 300 million people, ris- was in the twentieth century mass. and even from one individual ing to 500 million in the mid- that the growth rate really to another, depending on their seventeenth century. In the took off: there were 2 billion in Energy needs purchasing power, access to eighteenth century the world’s 1930, 4 billion in 1975, 5 bil- To these figures we need to resources, and means of population reached 800 mil- lion in 1987 and around 6 bil- add a second factor, because processing those resources. lion, and went on to reach a lion today. Although the rate man is not only a very numer- Most species meet their billion in the first half of the fol- of population growth has ous species, but is also able energy needs solely through lowing century. Interestingly, slowed somewhat in recent to exert an effect on his envir- their food intake and, conse- in Europe this increase was times, there could be 8.1 bil- onment that no other animal quently, their total demand is made possible by the ready lion people alive in 2020 and or plant species can. directly proportional to their Notebooks of the Fundación General CSIC | Nº 3 | LYCHNOS | 7 01 THREATENED SPECIES ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| population size. In the case of Most species meet realise what is happening by leading us to disaster at humans the relationship is not looking at our terrestrial eco- unsuspected speed. so direct, as the energy we their energy needs systems, where the effects of consume as food accounts solely through their human actions, such as for- In 1883, the then president of for just 12% of our total est fires and excessive urban the Royal Society of London, energy consumption. The food intake, and development, are leaving a Thomas Huxley, said that the total also includes energy consequently, their visible mark which we are fisheries of cod, herring and, expended on heating, trans- regularly shown on our TV in general, most marine spe- port, homes, industry, etc. total demand is screens. However, our con- cies were inexhaustible and This non-food energy comes directly science is much less troubled that nothing and no one could partly from current eco- by what happens beneath seriously affect them. Since systems (for example, wood), proportional to the surface of the sea. Indeed then this view has changed but much more of it comes we tend only to readily per- dramatically and we are now from fossil ecosystems (oil, their population. ceive what is happening
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