THETHE FUNCTIONFUNCTION OFOF NOSTALGIA:: ERNESTERNEST HEMINGWAHEMINGWAYY

byby

StephenStephen LL.. TannerTanner

A thesisthesis submittedsubmitted toto thethe facultyfaculty ofof thethe UniversityUniversity ofof UtahUtah iinn partialpartial fulfillmentfulfillment ofof thethe requirementrequirementss forfor ththee degreedegree ooff

MasterMaster ofof ArtArtss

DepartmentDepartment ofof EnglisEnglishh

UniversityUniversity ofof UtaUtahh AugustAugust 1961964U This Thesis for the

Master of Arts Degree

by Stephen L. Tanner

has been approved (July 1964)

Ch rman, Supervisory Committee

Reader, Supervisory Co

/

Head,� Maj or Department TABLETABLE OFOF CONTENTCONTENTSS

PagPagee

LISTLIST OFOF ABBREVIATIONABBREVIATIONSS •...... u iivv

INTRODUCTIO!~INTRODUCTION .• . ooooooeooo 1

ChapteChapterr

I.I. THETHE SHORTSHORT STORIESSTORIES •...... 1313

IIII.. BULLSBULLS ANANDD BIBIGG GAME.GAME...... • 2299

III.III. THETHE SPANISHSPANISH EARTH.EARTH ...... • ^455

IV.IV. DEATHDEATH IINN VENICVENICEE •...... • 5566

V.V. THETHE OLDOLD MAMANN ANANDD THTHEE SEASEA •...... • 6655

VI,VI. THETHE MOVEABLEMOVEABLE FEASTFEAST...... • 7766

SELECTEDL>EIjiljCli!iJJ BIBLXOGRAPHBIBLIOGRAPHYY •O»©OOQO©OQO*OOO<»QOOO • O • O81X

iii111 LISTLIST OOFF ABBREVIATEABBREVIATEDD TITLESTITLES

BYBY WHICHWHICH ERNESTERNEST HEMINGWAY'SHEMINGWAY'S WORKWORKSS

AREARE CITEDCITED ININ REFERENCESREFERENCES

ARIT ARIT ·o ·o ·o ·o ·o ·o AcrossAcross thethe RiverRiver andand IntIntoo thethe TreeTreess DADA · · · · · · DeathDeath iinn thethe AfternoonAfternoon

FWBTFWBT · · ·0 ·• •« •a ForFor WhomWhom ththee BellBell TollTollss GHAGHA · · · • · · GreenGreen HillHillss ofof AfricAfricaa

A Moveable Feast MFMF · · · •o ·o ·o A Moveable Feast

The Old Man and the Sea OMSOMS ·e ·o • ·o ·• · Tbe Old Man and the Sea

The Short Stories of Ernest HemingwayHemingway SSSS ·o •© ·o ·o ·o ·o Tbe Short Stories of Ernest

SARSAR · · ·o ·e ·o ·o TheThe SunSun AlsoAlso RiseRisess

ivIV INTRODUCTIOINTRODUCTIONN

WrighWrightt MorriMorriss onconcee madmadee ththee statements: "Th"Thee 'subject' subject0' ooff WolfeWolfe,,

HemingwayHemingw~,, anandd Faulkner,, howevehoweverr variouvariouss ththee backgroundsbackgrounds., howevehoweverr eoncon-­ trastintrastingg ththee stylesstyles,, pushepushedd ttoo ititss extremityext:r'emi ty., iiss nostalgia."^nostalgia. ,,1- ThThee chapchap­- terterss whicwhichh follofolloww areare,, iinn a sensesense,, aann examinatioexaminationn ooff hohoww valivalidd thithiss

statemenstatementt iiss iinn regarregardd ttoo HemingwayHemingw~,, bubutt iinn thethemm I havhavee gongonee beyonbeyondd jusjustt

considerationsconsiderations ooff nostalginostalgiaa aass "subject"subject"" ttoo examinexaminee hohoww nostalginostalgiaa funcfunc-­ tiontionss aass a technicatechnicall devicdevicee anandd whawhatt significancsignificancee iitt hahass foforr aann underunder­-

standingstanding ooff HemingwaHemingw~y aass artistartist.. IItt shoulshouldd bbee understoounderstoodd thathatt I aamm nonott

attemptingattempting ttoo explaiexplainn alalll ofof HemingwaHemingw~y iinn termtermss ofof nostalgianostalgia;; nnoo ononee

criticalcritical approacapproachh cacann providprovidee alalll ofof ththee answeranswerss ttoo whwhyy a mamann writewritess

fictiofictionn anandd whawhatt thathatt fictiofictionn meansmeans.. MMyy purpospurposee hahass beebeenn ttoo concentratconcentratee oonn aann elemenelementt iinn Hemingway'Hemingw~ ' ss writinwritingg whicwhichh I feefeell iiss importanimportantt foforr a thoroughthorough understandinunderstandingg ofof HemingwaHemingw~y andand whichwhich,, asas farfar aass I know,. hahass prepre­- viouslyviously receivereceivedd littllittlee considerationconsideration..

I havehave usedused thethe wordword "nost"nostalgiaalgia"" inin mymy titletitle withwith somesome reservareserva-­ tiontionss becausbecausee thethe meaningmeaning ofof thisthis wordword i s rratheatherr ambiguousambiguous.. IInn ththee paspastt itit simplysimply meantmeant homesickness,homesickness, bubutt nownow,, acaccordincordingg ttoo WebsterWebster'' ss ThirThirdd InterInter-­ nationalnational Dictionary , itit meanmeanss "a"a wistfuwistfull oror excessivelyexcessively sentimentasenti mentall somesome-­ timestimes abnormalabnormal yearningyearning forfor returreturnn toto oror returreturnn ofof somesome reareall oorr romantiromanti-­ cizedcized periodperiod oror ' irrecoverableirrecoverable conditconditioion oror settingsetting iinn ththee past.past."" BuButt eveevenn thisthis broadbroad definitiondefinition isis notnot completelycompletely satissatisfactoryfactory,, probablprobablyy becausbecausee

l"ThelnThe FunctionFunction ofof Nostalgia;: F.F. SScotcottt Fitzgerald" iinn FF.. ScotScottt FitZgerald,Fitzgerald, ed.ed. ArthurArthur MizenerMizener (Englewood(Englewood Cliffs,Cliffs, N.J.:N.J.s Prentice-HalPrentice-Halll Inc.,Inc., 1963)1963) p.p. 2525.. 1 thethe feelingsfeelings toto whichwhich ththee termterm nostalgianostalgia iiss appappliel iedd areare themselvethems e lvess ververyy difficultdifficult ttoo describedescribe becausbecausee ofof thetheii r subtlety andand eevanescencevanescence.. IInn ththee ess~essay quotedquoted aboveabove,, Mr.Mr. MorriMorriss sayss~s ;:

TheThe powepowerr andand sourcessources ofof nostalginostalgiaa lielie beyondbeyond ththee scal­ pel.pel. NostalgiNostalgiaa singssings iinn ththee bloodblood,, andand withwith ageage itit ggrowrowss thicker,, andand whenwhen allall otherother thingthingss failfail itit joinjoinss memenn inin a singularsingular brotherbrother­ hoodhOOd.. WhereveWhereverr thetheyy livlivee inin ththee presentpresent,, oror hopehope toto livelive iinn ththee future,future, itit isis inin thethe paspastt thatthat yoyouu willwill trulytruly findfind them.them. IInn ththee pastpast oneone isis safelysafely outout ofof timtimee butbut notnot out ofof mind.2

NostalgiaNostalgia isis notnot associatedassociated withwith anyany partparticulai "cularr eerraa oror ananyy particularparticular civilizationcivilization oror culture.culture. ItIt iiss ancientancient andand modern, ruralrural andand urbanurban.. IItt iiss foundfound inin primitivprimitivee societiessocieties asas welwelll asas advanced.advanced. ItIt isis a phenomenonphenomenon fundafunda­- mentalmental ttoo thethe humanhuman creature.creature, BeardslBeardslyy Ruml, inin anan articlearticle entitledentitled "Som"Somee

NotesNotes onon NostalgiaNostalgia"" sayss~s:;

A recognitionrecognition ofof thethe fundamentalfundamental andand pervasivepervasive influenceinfluence ofof ththee nostalgicnostalgic,, underunder whateverwhatever names , willwill enableenable uuss toto iinterprenterprett humanhuman behaviobehaviorr witwithh a neneww realism.realism. ThiThiss re-interpretatiore- interpretationn ooff humanhuman behaviorbehavior wilwilll makmakee itit possiblepossible forfor usus toto rewritrewritee thethe dramdramaa ofof sisinn andand selfself andand sex .• •••. . .Th Thee understandinunderstandingg of interpersonalinterpersonal relationshipsrelationships alsoalso requiresrequires anan appreciationappreciation ofof ththee role pl~edplayed bbyy nostalgicnostalgic sentiments.sentiments. WWee needneed ttoo realizrealizee thatthat friendship,friendship, affecaffec­ tion,tion, lovelove,, whetherwhether betweebetweenn personpersonss ofof ththee samesame oror ofof differendifferentt sexes,sexes, havehave anan emotionalemotional basibasi~s thatthat isis aalwaylw~ss i n parpartt andand fre­ quentlyquently dominantlydominantly nostalgicnostalgi c..

AsAs I useuse thethe tertermm "nostalgia"nostalgia,,"" I will be referrinrefer ringg primarilprimar i lyy t o a person'person'ss emotionalemotional responseresponse t o memoriememoriess ofof placeplacess andand eventsevents wwhichichh are , foforr him,, assoassociateciatedd withwith pleasurepleasure oror satisfactios at i s f act ionn ofof sosomme ssortor t , kekeepinepi ngg iinn minmindd thathatt suchsuch emotionalemotional responseresponse isis basic toto ththee hhumaumann psychologypsychology.. ErnesErnestt HemingwaH e mingw~y seemedseemed toto realizrealizee thathatt anan undunderstandinerstandingg ofof tht he nostalgicc ""wilwi lll enablenablee uuss toto interpretinterpret humahumann behaViorbehavior withwith a newnew realirealism, s m, " andand hehe ddii d makemake ususe ooff hishis understandinunderstandingg ofof thethe nostalgnostalgiicc inin hihiss atattempt empt toto "rewrite"rewrite ththee dramdr amaa ofof sinsin andand selfself andand sex.sex.""

2 > c 2lli!!.,Ibid.t p.p. 2626.,

3SaturdaySaturday Review , ofof Literature,Literature, JunJunee 22,22, 119^6946,, pp.. 7.7. 3

NoNostalgistalgi a isis oftenoften assoassociateciatedd withwith sentimentalitysentimentality, andand sentimentsentiment

seemsseems fforeigorei gnn toto thethe popopulapular imageimage ofof HemingwHemingwaayy andand thethe HeHemingwamingwayy hero.

ButBut thethe HemingwHemingwaayy herohero isis nonott,, aass manymany ppeopleoplee havehave tthoughthought,, a tough ,

insensitinsensitivi vee brubruttee obsessedobsessed byby anan appeappetittitee forfor bblood-sportslood.-spor ts,„ drink, andand women.women. HeHe is,is, onon tthhee ccontraryontrary , ddeepleeplyy senssensitivi tivee andand sufferssuffers prprofoundlofoundl y

fromfrom thethe shoshockckss ofof experexperiencei ence.. Hemingway , himself, isis notnot thethe hardhard-- boiledboiled "tough"tough guy"guy" thatthat manymany wouldwould havehave usus bbelieveelieve.. ""InsteadInstead, hehe isis a

poetpoet wiwitthh fine awarenessawareness ofof tthhee manifoldmanifold impresimpressionsions ofof sightsight andand sound

andand smell andand taste.taste, a poetpoet forfor whomwhom thethe MichiganMichigan hemlockhemlock foresforestt s ofof hi s

boyhooboyhoodd areare foreverforever atat thethe titippss ofof hishis senses.senses." ,, 4^ SeanSean OO'Faolai· Faol ainn says ,.

"I believebelieve thatthat HemingwayHemingway'' s ''realismrealism'' isis merelymerely thethe ccarapacarapace oror shelshelll

thatthat protects,protects, grips, holdsholds fromfrom overspilloverspilliningg a naturenature fundamentallyfundamentally

emotionalemotional andand tender.tender." ,,5^ Anyone who hahass reareadd Hemingway'Hemingway ' s wworork carefullcarefullyy

shouldshould bbee wellwell awareaware that hihiss naturnaturee isis' fundamfundamentallentallyy eemotionamotionall anandd sensisensi­- titivvee anandd nonott withouwithoutt sentisentimentalitymentality., thougthoughh hhee mighmightt trtryy ttoo conceaconceall itit.,

HemingwaHemingwayy leledd aann extremeextremelly activ activee lilifef e . IItt wawass packepackedd witwith shootshoot-­

ing,ing, big-gambig-gamee huntinghunting,, fishing, fightingfighting,, travelingt ravell.ng , anandd aboutabout aass mucmuchh physicaphysicall punishmenpunishmentt iinn war, roar oadd anandd aiairr accidentaccidentss aass ththee humahumann bodbodyy cacann taketake.. HHee enjoyeenjoyedd activitactivityy anandd adventuradventuree anandd iitt seemseemss naturanaturall thathat sucsuchh enjoymenenjoymentt woulwouldd nonott bbee confinecon~~~~~~~~=-~~~finedd t o ththee timtimee ooff experienceexperience,, bubutt woulwouldd laslas tt iinn hihiss memormemoryy so thathatt particularlparticularlyy googoodd oorr excitingg timetimess woulwouldd bbee reviewereviewedd witwithh feelingfeelingss ooff nostalgianostalgia.. RepeatedlRepeatedlyy iinn hihiss writinwritingg hhee stressestressedd ththee imim­- portancportancee ooff remembering.. Hee dididd nonOtL havhavee ververyy mucmuchh ttoo sasayy abouaboutt ththee futurefuture,,

4MichaelMichael FF.„ MaloneyMaloney,. "Ernes"Ernestt HemingwayHemingway;: ThThee MissinMissingg ThirThirdd DimensionDimension"" iinn HemingwaHemingry:y anandd HiHiss Critics,Critics , eded.. CarloCarloss BakeBakerr (New Yorks: HilHilll anandd WangWang,, Inc.Inc.,, I96I)19 1 ,, pp.. l8l181..

5"A"A CleanClean,, Well-LighteWell- Lightedd PlacePlace"" ii n HemingwayHemin~1 9' eded.. RoberRobertt PP.. WeekWeekss (Englewoo(Englewoodd CliffsCliffs,, N.J.N.J.s: Prentice-HallPrentice- Hall,, Inc.Inc . ,, 1962)1~ 2 ,• pp.. 113113.. 4

butbut itit isis obviousobvious howhow importantimportant thethe paspastt waswas toto him.him. IInn thethe accounaccountt ooff

hishis intervieintervieww withwith HemingwayHemingway,, GeorgeGeorge PlimptoPlimptonn givesgives thisthis descriptiondescription ooff

Hemingway'sHemingway's workwork room?:

TheThe roomroom,, howeverhowever,, foforr allall thethe disordedisorderr sensedsensed atat firsfirstt sight,sight, indicateindicatess onon inspectioinspectionn aann ownerowner whwhoo " isis basicallbasicallyy neaneatt butbut cannotcannot beabearr ttoo throthroww anythinganything away--espeaway—especiallciallyy ifif sentimentalsentimental valuevalue iiss attached.attached. OneOne bookcasebookcase totopp hashas anan oddodd assortmentassortment ooff mementos:mementos; a giraffegiraffe madmadee ofof woodwood beadsbeads,, a littlelittle castironcastiron turtur­ tle,tle, tinytiny modelsmodels ofof a locomotive , twtwoo jeepjeepss andand a VenetiaVenetiann gongon­­ dola,dola, a totoyy beabearr withwith a kekeyy inin itsits backback,, a monkeymonkey carryingcarrying a pairpair ofof cymbals,cymbals, a miniatureminiature guitar,guitar, andand a littlelittle titinn modelmodel ooff a U.U. S.S. NavyNavy biplanebiplane (one(one wheelwheel missing)missing) restingresting awryawry onon a cir­ cularcular strawstraw mat--themat—the qualit~ualityy ofof ththee collectioncollection thatthat ofof ththee oddoddss andand endsends whichwhich turturnn uupp iinn a shoeboxshoebox atat thethe backback ofof a smallsmall boy'boy 'ss closet.closet. IItt iiss evident,evident, thoughthough,, thathatt thesethese tokenstokens havhavee theitheirr value,value, jusjustt asas threethree buffalbuffaloo hornshorns HemingwayHemingway keepskeeps iinn hihiss bed­ roomroom havehave a valuevalue dependentdependent nonott onon sizesize butbut becausebecause duringduring ththee ac~uiringacquiring ofof thethemm thingthingss wentwent badlbadlyy iinn ththee busbushh whicwhichh ultimatelyultimately turnegturned outout wellwell.. ''IItt cheercheerss mmee ttoo looklook atat them,'' HemingwayHemingway

S8\YSsays, 0 °

TheThe paspastt hadhad greatgreat meaninmeaningg forfor HemingwaHemingwayy andand hhee waswas stronglystrongly affecteaffectedd bbyy nostalgia.nostalgia. InIn thethe chapterschapters whicwhichh follow,follow, I havehave triedtried toto poinpointt ououtt ththee effectseffects thatthat hihiss inordinatinordinatee concernconcern forfor thethe paspastt andand ththee nostalginostalgicc hahadd uponupon hishis writingwriting..

JustJust exactlyexactly hohoww autobiographicalautobiographical Hemingway'Hemingway'ss worworkk iiss wwee cannocannott teltelll withwith certainty.certainty, butbut itit isis obviouobviouss hohoww closeclose hishis fictionfiction iiss toto hihiss owownn experexper-­ iencesiences asas farfar asas majomajorr eventsevents andand locationlocationss areare concerned.concerned. WeWe cacann sasayy witwithh certaintycertainty thathatt Hemingway,Hemingway, moremore thathann mostmost authors,authors, portraysportrays onlyonly whawhatt hhee hashas personallypersonally feltfelt andand seenseen andand knownknown.. HisHis imaginationimagination isis firmlfirmlyy anchoreanchoredd toto hishis ownown experience.experience. AccordinAccordingg ttoo CarlosCarlos Bakers:

~ WhatWhat hhee hahass personallypersonally done,done, oror whawhatt hhee knowknowss unforgettablyunforgettably bbyy havinghaving gonegone throughthrough oneone versionversion of itit isis whatwhat hhee isis interesteinterestedd inin tellingtelling about.about. ThisThis isis notnot toto saysay thatthat hhee hahass refusedrefused ttoo inventinvent freely.freely. ButBut hhee hahass alwaysalways madmadee itit a sacrosanctsacrosanct poinpointt ttoo 7 inventinvent iinn termsterms ofof whatwhat hhee actuallyactually knowsknows fromfrom havinhavingg beebeenn therethere.. 7

6"An"An InterviewInterview withwith ErnesErnestt Hemingway"Hemingway" inin HemiHemingwayn and His Critics. ed.ed. CarlosCarlos Baker,Baker, pp.. 2121.. 7 7HemingwayHemingway;: ThThee WriterWriter aass ArtistArtist (Princeton,(Princeton, N.JN.J.. : s PrincetonPrinceton UniversityUniversity PressPress,, 1956),1956), pp.. 48. 5

OfOf course,course, allall authorauthorss mustmust drawdraw upouponn theirtheir ownown paspastt expexperienceeri ence , bubutt HemHem­

ingwayingway''ss tendentendenccyy toto rrestricestrict hishis materiamateriall toto hishis ownown experexperienci encee hahass a

specialspecial signifisignificanccancee forfor thisthis studystudy becausbecausee thithi s tendenc t endency ccombineomb i nedd witwithh

hishis sensitivitysensitivity toto thethe nostalgicnostalgic provideprovides somesome importanimportantt answers ttoo hohoww

andand whywhy hehe createdcreated hishis artart..

Hemingway'sHemingway's maimainn themesthemes areare violence,, sex, andand death, anandd ththee

questionquestion immediatelyimmediately arises?: WhaWhatt couldcould thesethese themesthemes possiblpossiblyy havhavee ttoo ddoo

withwith nostalgia?nostalgia? ItIt isis inin regardregard toto thisthis questquestioi onn that I differdiffer witwithh ththee

mainmain streamstream ofof HemingwayHemingway criticism.. IItt isis generallgenerallyy believebelievedd thatthat,, foforr

Hemingway,Hemingway, writingwriting waswas "an"an exhaustexhaustini ngg ceremonyceremony ofof exorcismexorcism,," aass MalcolMalcolmm

CowleyCowley putputss it.it, HemingwaHemingwayy himselhimselff cancan bbee quotedquoted toto supportsupport thithi s view vi ew..

ForFor example,example, RobertRobert JordaJordann inin FoForr WhomWhom thethe BellBell TollsTolls sayssays thatthat hhee cacann gegett

ridrid ofof anan unpleasanunpleasantt experienceexperience "by"by writingwriting aboutabout it. OnceOnce yoyouu writwrit e iitt

downdown itit isis allall gonegone.. " A numbernumber ofof criticscritics havhavee saidsaid that hatt HemingwayHemingway wrotwrotee

outout hishis experienceexperience ofof beinbeingg woundewoundedd asas a kinkindd ofof theraptherapyy whichwhich woulwouldd helhel p hihi m getget ridrid ofof emotionalemotional scars.. TheThe theorytheory seemsseems toto bbee thathatt HemingwaHemingwayy

ccamamee outout ofof thethe FirsFirstt WorldWorld WaWarr withwith painfulpainful memoriesmemories ofof whwhici chh hhee wantewantedd t o rrii d himsel hi ms elff byby settingsetting themthem allall ddownown . ButBut if thisthis theorytheory iiss truetrue , whwhyy werwere thosethose memories notnot gone aftafteerr hehe hahadd writtewrit t enn aboutabout them.them. Take , fof or exampleexample,, hishis wounding.wounding. HHee diddid nonott riridd hihimselms elff ofof ththee mmemoremoryy ofof hishis woundingwounding bbyy writingwriting aboutabout it;it; onon thethe contrary , hhee wrotwrot e aabouboutt itit againagain andand again anandd overover a longlong perioperiodd ofof years.years. I d o no nott ththini nkk hhee reallyreally wantedwanted to loslose sucsuchh a memorymemory—h- -hee valuedvalued itit andand itit waswas anan iimportanmportant partpart ofof hishis writwritingi ng.. HHee cherishedcherished thethe experienceexperience ofof hishis woundinwoundi ngg witwi thh a strangestrange kindkind ooff nostalgianostalgi a.,

HemingwayHemingway waswas alwaysalways concernedconcerned withwith beinbei ngg professional-^knowinprofessional--knowingg thethe rightright gungun andand ammunition·, thethe rightright fishingfishing geargear,, thethe correctcorrect militarmilitaryy strategy-strategy—t- too ththee ridiculousridiculous extremeextreme ofof reachinreachingg forfor a bottlbottlee ofof ValpolicellValpolicella 6

"accuratelII accuratelyy anandd wellwell"" iinn AcrosAcrosss tnt nee RiveHi verr anandd IntIntoo ththee TreesTrees., HiHiss woundwound­-

iningg wawass importanimportantt ttoo hihi m becausebecause,, aass hhee saysayss iinn DeatDeat h iinn tht hee AfternoonAfternoona,

hhee wantewantedd ttoo writwritee trultrulyy abouaboutt violencee anandd death.. HHee valuevaluedd hihi ss owownn

woundinwoundingg aass hhee dididd alalll ooff hihiss wawarr experiencexperiencee becausbecausee iitt helpehelpedd ttoo qualifqualifyy

hihimm aass a kinkindd ooff "professional."professi onal."" HHee sais ai dd that otheother writerwriterss iinn writinwritingg

abouaboutt deatdeathh closeclosedd theithei r eyeeyess at ththee laslastt instantinstant.. 8 HHee didi dd nonott wantt ttoo

ddoo thisthis,, and,, I aamm suresure,, felfel t thathatt hihiss woundinwoundingg anandd otheotherr wawarr experienceexperiencess

qualifiequalifiedd hihimm ttoo writwritee accuratelaccurat elyy abouaboutt ththee momenmomentt ooff violenviolentt death.. IInn

GreeGreenn HillHillss ooff AfricAfricaa hhee givegivess somsomee indicatioi ndicationn ooff ththee wawayy hhee valuevaluedd hihiss

wawarr experienceexperience.. AAnn experiencexperiencee ooff war, he assertsasserts , iiss a greagreatt advantagadvant agee

ttoo a writer, beinbeingg

ononee ooff ththee majomajorr subjectsubjectss anandd certainlcertainlyy ononee ooff ththee hardeshardestt ttoo writwritee trultrulyy ooff anandd thosthosee writerwriterss whwhoo hahadd nonott seeseenn iitt werweree alwayss ververyy jealoujealouss andand trietriedd ttoo make i t seeseemm unimportant, oorr abnormalabnormal,, oorr a diseasdiseasee aass a subjectsubject,, while, reallyreall y ,. iitt wawass jusjustt somethingg quitquite irreplaceablirreplaceablee thathatt thetheyy hahadd missed,missed.9

OuOurr bodiebodiess ddoo nonott rememberememberr pain, anandd ouourr psychipsychicc processeprocessess obliteratobliteratee oorr

atat leasleastt attempattemptt ttoo obliterate, thosthosee partpartss ooff memoriememoriess whicwhichh are painfulpainful..

TThihiss meanmeanss thathatt asas wwee rememberememberr experiencesexperiences whicwhichh werweree ververyy .unpleasan.unpleasantt aatt

thethe timt i me thetheyy happenedhappened,, wwee tentendd ttoo rremembeememberr onlyonly ththee leslesss painfupainfull partsparts..

InIn thithiss wayway wwee mightmight becombecomee nostalginostalgicc abouaboutt eventeventss thathatt havhavee beebeenn imporimpor­-

tanttant toto uuss eveneven thougthoughh thertheree wawass nothing particularlparticularlyy pleasurablpleasurablee abouaboutt

ththeemm whewhenn theythey transpired.transpired. I thinthinkk thithi.ss iiss tht hee casecase witwithh HemingwaHemingwayy andd

manymany ofof hihiss experiences.experiences. TherTheree i s no doubt aboutabout ththee factfact thathatt Heming­- wayway'' s woundingwounding waswas horriblyhorribly painpainfuf ul andand waswas anan extextremelremelyy traumaticc exper­-

iienceence,, butbut atat thethe samesame time, hehe tooktook a certacertaiinn prpridi dee inin it.it. HHee savedsaved ththee

8DA , pp.pp. 22-3-. 3 .

9GHAGHA , pp.pp. 47-48.i»7-U8. 7 uniforuniformm hhee wawass woundewoundedd inin,, anandd whewhenn hhee returnereturnedd ttoo OaOakk ParParkk anandd lecturelecturedd aatt hihiss highighh schoolschool,, hhee helheldd uupp ththee shrapnel-riddleshrapnel- riddledd trousertrouserss foforr ththee studentstudentss ttoo see.^-see.100 ThiThiss hardlhardlyy seemseemss ththee thinthingg hhee woulwouldd ddoo iiff hhee werweree reallreallyy ssoo intenintentt oonn "exorcising"exorcising"" ththee memormemoryy ooff hihiss ·wounding wounding..

ThThee poinpointt II wiswishh ttoo makmakee iiss thathatt althougalthoughh HemingwaHemingwayy ofteoftenn dred~eww upouponn experienceexperiencess wwee mighmightt consideconsiderr mosmostt unpleasantunpleasant,, thesthesee experienceexperiencess werweree importanimportantt ttoo hihimm anandd hhee valuevaluedd thethemm becausbecausee thetheyy helpehelpedd hihimm ttoo accomplisaccomplishh whawhatt hhee desiredesiredd iinn hihiss writingwriting.. SucSuchh experienceexperiencess hahadd nosnos-­ talgitalgicc significancsignificancee foforr himhim,, anandd iitt iiss importanimportantt ttoo realizrealizee thithiss whewh enn examininexaminingg hohoww hhee converteconvertedd thethemm intintoo fiction.. IItt iiss mmyy contentioncontention,, therethere­- forefore,, thathatt nostalginostalgiaa iiss aatt ththee ververyy rooroott ooff ththee procesprocesss bbyy whicwhichh HemingwaHemingwayy createcreatedd arartt frofromm hihiss owownn experienceexperience,, anandd thathatt nostalginostalgiaa doedoess havhavee ververyy mucmuch ttoo ddoo witwithh hihiss maimainn themethemess ooff violenceviolence , sex, anandd deathdeath..

IInn additioadditionn ttoo ththee wawayy itit affectaffectss Hemingway'Hemingway ' s "subject,"subject , " nostalginostalgiaa alsoalso functionsfunctions asas a technicaltechnical andand stylisticalstylistical devideviccee inin hishis writingwriting., Hem­- ingwayingway soughtsought permanencpermanencee inin artart andand hhee feltfelt itit couldcould bbee achievedachieved iiff ththee artistartist "is"is seriousserious enoughenough andand hashas luck"luck" andand cancan getget beyondbeyond a three-dimenthree- dimen­- sionalsional imitationimitation ofof actualityactuality intointo a "fourth"fourth oror fifthfifth dimension."dimension," TherTheree hashas beenbeen mumucch speculationspeculation aboutabout whatwhat HemiHemingwangwayy meantmeant byby a fourthfourth oror fifthfifth dimensiondimension andand whetherwhether hehe himselfhimself achievedachieved it.it. OneOne ofof thethe mostmost interestinterestini ng articlesarticles dealingdealing withwith thesethese ~uestionsquestions isis oneone byby F.F, I.I. CarpenterCarpenter calledcalled

"Hemingway"Hemingway'' s FifthFifth Dimension.Dimension,"" MrMr. CarpenterCarpenter pointspoints outout thatthat oftenoften i n

Hemingway'sHemingway's workwork

AA brief,brief, immediateimmediate experienceexperience,, observedobserved rearealisticallyl i stically, isis describeddescribed firstfirst asas itit occurredoccurred ''iinn ourour timetime'';; thethe protagonistprotagonist isis intenselyintensely moved,moved, butbut remainsremains confusedconfused,, soso thatthat thethe meaningmeaning

lOSee10See CharlesCharles A.A. Fenton,Fenton, TheThe ApprenticeshipApprenticeship ofof ErnestErnest HemingwayHemingway (New(New YorkYork:? TheThe VikingViking Press,Press, 1954),195*0, p.p. 70.70. 8

ofof iitt allall seemsseems nothingnothing oror ''nada.nada. ' BuButt thithi s immediate exex­­ perperienciencee recallrecalls iindividuandivi duall memormemorieiess ofof otherother,, similasi milarr experiences .• •••. „ .An An d ttheshesee ''mediatemediate'' experienexperiencecess areare sugs ug­ gestedgested bbyy ''flashbacks,flashbacks ,'' oror byby cconversationsonver sations .•••• . „ .An Andd thest hesee fragmentaryfragmentary remembranceremembrancess ofof ssimilai milarr experienexperiencesces , bbyy relatinr elat ingg thethe individualindividual t o otherother people, placeplaces anandd timest imes,, suggessuggest newnew meaningmeaningss andand forms.forms. FinallFinallyy thithiss newnew awarawarenesenesss ofof tht hee patternspatterns andand meaningsmeanings implicii mplicitt inin thethe immediate, individuai ndivi duall experienceexperience intensifiesintensifies itit,, andand givesgives itit a newnew 'dimension' dimension'' riotnot apparentapparent atat ththee ttimi me itit aactuallctuallyy happened.llH

I amam notnot convconvincei ncedd thatthat thethe nostanostalgil gic flashbaflashbackcks andand cconversationonversations whwhicichh appearappear soso oftenoften iinn Hemingway'Hemingway ' s workwork constitutconst i tute th t he ffifti fthh ddimensioi mensionn iinn questquestioni on,, asas Mr.Mr, CarpenterCarpenter seemsseems to suggest , bubutt itit isis ccertaiert ainn that hat HemingHeming­- wayway learnelearnedd toto ususee a peculiarpeculiar overlayoverlay ofof ththee past uponupon ththee presenpresentt in ordeorderr t o intensifyintensify characharactecterr andand dramaticdramatic situation.situation. HeHe alwayalwayss sstrovt rovee fof orr econecon­- omy,omy, andand thithiss methodmethod ofof interweavini nterweavingg thethe pastpast intointo ththee presenpresentt made iitt pospos­- siblesible forfor himhim ttoo givegive realreal depthdepth to the prepresensentt condiconditiot ionn ofof hihi s charactercharact erss withwith whatwhat appearappearss toto bbee ssimpli mplyy a fewfew casualcasual brushstrokesbrushstrokes.. NotNoticicee foforr exampleexample,, hhoow mumucch SantSantiago'i ago ' s briefbrief rerecollectiocollectionn ofof hhii s armarm-wrestl- wrestlee wwitith ththee NegrNegroo iin

CasablanCasablancca addsadds toto anan understandinunderstandingg ofof tthhee ooll d mamann inin hihi s ppresenresentt -~ stru strugglgglee wwiti thh thethe greatgreat fish , oror howhow importantimportant toto thethe storystory the flashbaflashbackckss araree iinn

"The"The SnowsSnows ofof Kilimanjaro,Kilimanjaro."" TheThe events portrayedportrayed inin FoForr WhWhoom tht hee Bell

TTollol lss trantranspirs piree durinduringg a pperioe r iod of Justjust thret hree daydayss , anandd yeyet ththee charactercharacterss iinvolvenvol ved are wwelelll devedevelopedloped. MuchMuch of ththiiss ddevelopmenevel opmentt comecomes frofrom reminremin­- iiscencesscences,, manmanyy ofof whiwhicch areare flefleetineting oror aappeappearr completelcomplet elyy unrelateunrelatedd ttoo ththee ploplott . ThisThis overlayoverlay ofof the past uponupon ththee ppresenresent is notnot apparentapparent in Tht~s

SunSun AlsoAlso RisRisees andand A FarewellFarewell t o Arms , andand tthihi s isis oneone ofof tht hee maimainn reasonreasonss tthahatt I willwill notnot devotdevotee mumucch spaspacce to thethesse ttwwoo ververyy important novelsnovels. IInn thesethese booksbooks,, HemingwayHemingway'' ss workinworkingg assumptionassumption sseemeeemedd to bbee that characte characterr couldcould bbee revealedrevealed almostalmost exexclusivelclusivelyy throughthrough actionaction,, andand ththee functiofunctionn ooff

111n11I n HemingwayHemingway andand HisHis Critics,, ed.ed. CarlosCarlos Baker, pp.. i961960. 99 nostalginostalgiaa iiss nonott aass significansignificantt aass iinn otheotherr workworkss whicwhichh II havhavee chosechosenn ttoo discussdiscuss..

Hemingway'Hemingway'ss consistenconsistentt testestt foforr authenticitauthenticityy iinn aann arartt objecobjectt wawass ththee involuntarinvoluntaryy subjectivsubjectivee responsresponsee ooff ththee perceiverperceiver.. IInn hihiss writingwriting,, hhee ofteoftenn useusedd nostalginostalgiaa aass aa meanmeanss ooff evokinevokingg thithiss kinkindd ooff responseresponse.. HHee

communicatecommunicatedd unexpresseunexpressedd emotionemotionss bbyy makinmakingg ththee readereaderr identifidentifyy himselhimselff witwithh ththee objectively-describeobjectively- describedd settingsettingss anandd actionactionss anandd reactionreactionss ooff hihiss

characterscharacters.. NostalgiaNostalgia,, aa basibasicc anandd pervasivpervasivee humahumann emotionemotion,, becambecamee aa

vehiclvehiclee bbyy whicwhichh hhee eliciteelicitedd ththee subjectivsubjectivee responsresponsee hhee desiredesiredd frofromm hihiss

readerreader.. Hemingway'Hemingway 'ss writinwritingg iiss pervadepervadedd bbyy aa stronstrongg senssensee ooff placeplace.. HHee

hahadd a lovlovee ooff landscaplandscapee whicwhichh iiss revealerevealedd iinn hihiss descriptions,, e.g.,, ththee

IratIratii RiveRiverr countrcountryy iinn ThThee SuSunn AlsAlsoo Rises, ththee highighh valleyvalleyss anandd streamstreamss

ofof FoForr WhoWhomm ththee BelBelll TollsTol ls , oorr ththee gamgamee countrcountryy ooff TanganyikTanganyikaa iinn Gree~n

HillHillss ofof Africa. YeYett seldomseldom iinn thesthesee descriptiondescriptionss dodo ththee uniquenesseuniquenessess

ofof thethe placeplacess receivreceivee specialspecial emphasis.emphasis. InIn discussingdiscussing ththee desdescriptiocriptionn ooff

thethe IratiIrati ·RiverRiver country,country, CarlosCarlos BakerBaker sayss:

OneOne recognizesrecognizes easilyeasily thethe genericgeneric typetype ofof thethe cleanclean andand orderlorderlyy grove,grove, wherewhere weedsweeds andand brushbrush dodo notnot flourishflourish becausebecause ofof ththee shadeshade, andand thethe grassgrass getsgets· onlyonly enoughenough lightlight toto riserise toto carpetcarpet level.level. Undoubtedly, asas inin thethe neoclassicalneoclassical estheticesthetic, thethe intenintentt isis toto provideprovide aa genericgeneric frameframe withwithiinn whichwhich thethe readerreader isis atat libertyliberty toto insertinsert hishis ownown uniquenessesuniquenesses—a--ass manymany oror asas fewfew aass hishis imaginationimagination maymay supply.12supply.12

MuchMuch ofof Hemingway'sHemingway's descriptiondescription isis actuallyactually designeddesigned toto utilizeutilize thethe readerreader'' s

ownown nostalgicnostalgic images.images. WhenWhen HemingwayHemingway isis successfulsuccessful inin doingdoing this,this, whatwhat

appearsappears toto bebe veryvery objectiveobjective writinwritingg becomesbecomes chargedcharged withwith emotionemotion andand takestakes

onon aa subjectivesubjective significancesignificance forfor thethe reader.reader. Hemingway'sHemingway's methods,methods, however,however,

areare notnot alwaysalways successfulsuccessful forfor allall readers.readers. Sometimes,Sometimes, especiallyespecially inin thethe earlyearly work,work, thethe factsfacts givengiven seemseem tootoo manymany forfor thethe effecteffect intended.intended. ForFor

12Hemingvay12Hemingwav:s TheThe WriterWriter asas Artist,Artist, p.p. 5151 1:J,.O0 exampleexample,, iinn ThThee SuSunn AlsAlsoo RisesRises,, Jake'Jake 'ss completcompletee itineraritineraryy ooff hihiss walwalkk witwithh BilBilll GortoGortonn througthroughh ththee streetstreetss ooff PariPariss mentionsmentions,, ononee afteafterr ththee otherother,, ththee buildingbuildingss thetheyy passedpassed,, ththee thingthi ngss thetheyy ateate., anandd ththee drinkdrinkss T1O3 they drank. For those who know Paris , this itinerary would produce they drank, J For those who know Paris, this itinerary would produce the happy shock of recognition and would evoke nostalgic impressions the happy shock of recognition and would evoke nostalgic impressions whi ch might give new reality to Jake and Bill and what they are doing , which might give new reality to Jake and Bill and what they are doing, but for others , these facts of municipal geography , which serve no but for others, these facts of municipal geography, which serve no dramatic purpose , may seem excessive. dramatic purpose, may seem excessive. The nostalgic often functions in Hemingway ' s writing as a tech- The nostalgic often functions in Hemingway's writing as a tech­ nical device for achieving realism and emotional intensity. In many nical device for achieving realism and emotional intensity. In many cases the realism of an event or setti ng described derives not so much cases the realism of an event or setting described derives not so much from what is described as from the fact that someone is describing and from what is described as from the fact that someone is describing and is intensely seeing through the eye of memory . Much of Hemingway ' s is intensely seeing through the eye of memory. Much of Hemingway's first- person narrative has a special nostalgic quality which gives a first-person narrative has a special nostalgic quality which gives a certain realism and immediacy to that which is described. The first certain realism and immediacy to that which is described. The first paragraphs of A Farewell to Arms and " In Another Country" are good ex- paragraphs of A Farewell to Arms and "In Another Country" are good ex­ amples of this quality. amples of this quality. In the Case of The F'ifth Column , Hemingway ' s experiment with the In the case of The Fifth Column, Hemingway's experiment with the drama, nostalgia functions as one pole in the conflict within Philip drama, nostalgia functions as one pole in the conflict within Philip Rawlings , and it is about this conflict t hat the plot of the play re- Rawlings, and it is about this conflict that the plot of the play re­ volves. Dorothy Bridges, whose name might have ~ been Nostalgia, Hem- volves. Dorothy Bridges, whose name might have been Nostalgia, Hem­ ingway tells us in his preface to the play, serves as a kind of objec- ingway tells us in his preface to the play, serves as a kind of objec­ tive correlative for the nostalgic emotions which Philip must slough tive correlative for the nostalgic emotions which Philip must slough off if he is to remain dedicated to t he cause i n which he is engaged. off if he is to remain dedicated to the cause in which he is engaged. This is an example of the way Hemingway used nostalgia almost like another This is an example of the way Hemingway used nostalgia almost like another

13SAR SAR,, pp.pp. 77-877-8 .. 1111 protagonisprotagonistt iinn hihiss storiestoriess iinn ordeorderr ttoo creatcreatee emotionaemotionall conflictconfl ict., Thi Thiss poinpointt iiss especiallespeciallyy significansigni f i cantt iinn regarregardd ttoo ThThee OlOldd MaMann anandd ththee SeaSea.,

NostalgiNostalgiaa ofteoftenn servesserves,, iinn Hemingway'Hemingway 'ss writingwriting,. aass tht hee kekeyy ttoo whawhatt aa mamann isis,. IItt seemseemss ttoo constitutconstitutee whawhatt wwee calcalll tht hee selfself,, foforr iinn termtermss ooff Hemingway'Hemingway 'ss naturalisnaturalismm aa mamann iiss whawhatt hhee hahass experiencedexperi enced,, anandd nostalginostalgiaa seemseemss ttoo bbee ththee procesprocesss bbyy whicwh ichh ththee mosmo stt meaningfumeaningfull ooff thosthosee experienceexperiencess araree selecteselectedd ttoo bbee activelactivelyy rememberedremembered., IInn ordeorderr foforr aa mamann ttoo bbee iinn controcontroll ooff himselfhimself,, hhee musmustt bbee iinn controcontroll ooff hihiss memoriesmemories,. IIff hhee cannocannott puputt hihiss memoriememoriess intintoo somsomee kinkindd ooff order,, oorr iiff hhee iiss dishonesdishonestt abouaboutt them,, hihiss liflifee becomebecomess confusinconfusi ngg anandd depressingdepressing,. ThiThiss iiss ththee probleprobl emm wwee finf indd ssoo apparenapparentt iinn ththee shorshortt storiestoriess concerneconcernedd witwi thh NicNickk AdamAdamss afteafterr ththee WarWar,.

FroFromm mmyy investigatioinvestigationn ooff ththee functiofunctionn ooff nostalginostalgiaa iinn HemingwayHemingway,, ononee thinthingg isis clearlclearlyy evident?: ErnesErnestt HemingwaHemingwayy knekneww welwelll ththee powepowerr anandd pervasivenesspervasiveness ofof ththee nostalgic,nostalgic. AAss a mamann withwith a basicallbasicallyy sensitivesensitive anandd emotionalemotional nature.nature, hhee waswas personallypersonally awareaware ofof thethe poignancpoignancyy ofof feelingfeelingss ooff nostalgia,nostalgia. HeHe seemedseemed toto recognizrecognizee howhow basibasicc andand universaluniversal thisthis emotioemotionn is,is, andand hehe frequentlyfrequently sought toto use i t t o aachievchievee hishis artartistii sticc purposespurposes,.

WithWith characteristic,. seself-disciplinl f- discipl inee hehe nevneveerr lelet t iit t getget outout ofof hishis concon­­ trol,trol, forfor hehe seemedseemed toto knowknow ththatat , ununcontrolledcont rolled, nostalgianostalgia ccoulouldd destroydestroy thethe valuevalue ofof hishis workwork throughthrough shallowshallow sesentimentalityntimentality,. CHAPTERCHAPTER I

THETHE SHORTSHORT STORIESSTORIES

TheThe shortshort storystory Waswas thethe meansmeans ofof HemingwayHemingway'' s entranentrancce intointo seriousserious fiction.fiction. ThisThis waswas a naturalnatural wayway forfor himhim toto begbegii n bebecauscausee itit waswas suitesuitedd toto hishis estheticesthetic aims.aims. HeHe waswas interestedinterested inin projectingprojecting hishis readerreader intintoo whatwhat hehe hashas oftenoften calledcalled "the"the wayway itit was. "" InIn 194219^+2 HemingwayHemingway saidsaid "A wriwriter' ter' s jojobb isis toto telltell thethe truthtruth,", ,,11 andand itit isis evidentevident thatthat hehe hadhad bebe­­ lievedlieved thisthis forfor twentytwenty yearsyears andand wouldwould continuecontinue toto believebelieve itit.. Heming­ wayway sosoughughtt toto telltell thethe truthtruth inin hishis wrwritini t i ngg prprimarili mari lyy byby cchoosinhoosingg ttoo writewrite onlyonly aboutabout thosthosee thingsthings whicwhichh hhee knekneww andand understood.understood. ThiThiss iiss whwhyy mosmostt ofof hihiss subjectsubject mattematterr isis personapersonall experience, whichwhich,, however, hhee diddid notnot hesitathesitatee toto altealterr ttoo suitsuit hihiss estheticesthetic purposespurposes.. TheThe shorshortt storstoryy wawass ththee perfecperfectt meanmeanss bbyy whicwh i chh hhee couldcould presenpresentt shortshort episodeepisodess drawdrawnn frofromm life.life. ConstructinConstructingg thesthesee shorshortt episodeepisodess wawass practicpracticee iinn a rigorourigorouss selfself-- disciplidisciplinne whicwhichh madmadee hihimm a craftsmacrafts mann aatt convertinconvertingg hihiss owownn experiencexperiencee intointo artart.. IInn writinwritingg hihiss earlearlyy shorshortt storiess tories , hhee learnelearnedd hohoww ttoo gegett ththee mosmostt ououtt ooff eaceachh ooff hihiss experiencesexperiences;; he learnelearnedd hohoww to ususee dialogudialoguee aass expositionexposition;; hhee learnelearnedd hohoww ttoo prunprunee languaglanguagee so thathatt nonott a worwordd wawass wastedwasted;; hhee learnelearnedd methodmethodss foforr multiplyingg dramati dramat icc intensityint ensity.. ManManyy yearyearss afteafterr ththee timtimee whewhenn HemingwaHemingwayy wawass livinlivingg i n thee roo r oom abovabovee ththee sawmilsawmilll iinn PariPariss anandd writinwritingg shorshortt stories, hhee said,, "U " Upp i n thathatt roor oomm II decidedecidedd thathatt II woulwouldd writwritee ononee storstoryy abouaboutt eaceachh thinthingg thathatt I knekneww aboutabout.. I wawass tryintryingg ttoo ddoo thithiss alalll ththee timtimee I wawass writingwriting,, anandd iitt wawass googoodd anandd severseveree discipline.discipline." ,,2

IMenMen aatt WarWar,, NeNeww YorkYork,, 19^21942,, introductionintroduction,, pp.. xvxv.. 22MF MF,, pp.. 1212.. 1122 1133

Hemingway'Hemingw~ ' ss storiestoriess mamayy bbee convenientlconvenientlyy taketakenn aass a kindd ooff unitunit,, sincsincee mosmostt ooff thethemm werYeree writteyrittenn withiYithinn tetenn yearye arss anandd appeareappearedd iinn ththee followinfolloYingg collectionscollections?: IInn OuOurr TimTimee (1925)(1925)., MeMenn WithouWithoutt WomeWomenn (1927),,

811(and1 WinneWinnerr TakTakee NothinNothingg (1933)(1933).. IInn 19319388 ththee storiestoriess in thest hesee colleccollec­­ tiontionss weryeree broughbroughtt togethetogetherr anandd foufourr mormoree weryeree addeaddedd ttoo makmakee a total ooff forty-nineforty- nine.. AlthougAlthoughh HemingwaHemingwayy publishepublishedd several otheotherr storiesstories,, thetheyy havhavee nonott addeaddedd ttoo ththee 19319388 list—Scribner'list- -Scribner ' ss mosmostt recenrecentt editionn ooff ThThee

ShorShortt StorieStoriess ooff ErnesErnestt HemingwaHemingwayy stilstilll containcontainss just forty-nineforty-nine..

"I"Itt wayass trultrulyy ththee starst artt ooff everythineverythi ngg hhee wawass everr goingoingg ttoo do.dO.""

--—thithiss iiss hohoww PhiliPhilipp Young, using a phrasphrasee frofromm "Th"Thee SnowSnoyss ooff KilimanKi liman­

3 jaro,jaro," referreferss ttoo IInn OuOurr Time0, Hemingway'Hemingw~ ' ss firsfirstt importanimportantt book.book . 3 Il!ln

OuOur TimTimee containcontainss fifteef i fteenn shorshortt storiestoriess anandd seventeeseventeenn littll ittlee vignettesvignettes..

EighEightt ooff ththee storiestoriess anandd ononee ooff ththee vignettevignettess araree abouaboutt a younyoungg mamann namenamedd NicNickk Adams, anandd severaseverall ooff ththee otherother storiestoriess anandd vignettevignettess araree obviouslobviouslyy seeseenn througthroughh ththee eyeseyes ooff NicNickk oorr a younyoungg mamann mucmuchh likl ikee himhim..

Some ooff thesthesee stostorieriess taketakenn alonalonee ddoo nonott seemseem ttoo makmakee mucmuch sense, aatt leasleastt thithiss hahass ofteoftenn beebeenn ththee compcomplainlaintt ooff ththee averagaveragee readerr eader, bubutt wheYhenn these storstorieiess areare taketakenn asas a whole aanndd iinn relatiorelationn ttoo ththee otherother NicNickk

AdamsAdams storiesstories whicYhichh apappearepearedd later,later, a kindkind ofof novenovell taketakess shapeshape whicYhichh tellstells ofof a youngyoung manman'' s lossloss of innoinnocenccencee asas hehe ccomeomess to matumaturitrityy iinn a yorldworld ofof violenceviolence,, war, andand deathdeath..

TheThe parallelparallel s betweebetyeenn ththee short storiesstories anandd HemingwayHemingway'' ss biographbiographyy areare obvious.obvious. ThisThis isis notnot toto sas~y thatthat NickNick AdamsAdams isis simplysimply Hemingw~Hemingway aass a youngyoung man;man; thethe relationshiprelationship ofof NiNicckk AdamsAdams toto HemingwayHemingway isis mumucchh moremore complexcomplex thanthan that.that. CarlosCarlos BakerBaker hashas givgiveen thisthis eexplanatioxplanationn foforr ththee facfactt

3Ernest^Ernest HemingwayHemingway (Ney(New York?: RinehartRinehart & Company , InInc.c.,, 1952) , p . 22., 1Ik4 tthahatt i n tthhe sshorhortt storiesstories HemingwaHemingwayy reliereliedd soso heavilyheavily onon personapersonall exex-­ periperienceence:?

HisHis determideterminationationn t o writwritee onlyonly thosthosee aspecaspecttss ofof experienceexperience withwith whicwhichh he was personapersonallllyy aacquaintecquainted gave a numbenumberr ofof tht hee firstfirst fortyforty-fiv- fivee shortshort storiesstories ththee flavorflavor ofof ffictionalizeictionalizedd personalpersonal hihistorystory. HeHe wawass alwaysalways preparepreparedd ttoo inventinvent peoplpeoplee andand Circumstancescircumstances, ttoo choose babackgroundckgroundss whicwhichh wouldwould throthroww hishis peoplpeoplee intointo three-dimensionathree- dimensionall reliefrelief. •••• „ „ .Bu But duringduring ththee dedecadcade whewhen thethe ffirsi r stt forforty-fivt y- fivee storistorieess werweree writtenwritten,, hhee wawass unwillunwillini ngg ttoo straystray ververyy farfar fromfrom ththee liliffee hhee knewknew bbyy direcdirectt personalpersonal contact,contact, oror toto dodo anyany moremore guessingguessing thanthan waswas abso­ lulutelt elyy necessary..4

SSinci nce HemingwayHemingway waswas writinwriting aboutabout hishis ownown experiences,experiences, andand in sosommee casecasess aboutabout ververyy earlyearly experexperiencesiences,, ththee ququestioestionn arisearisess whethewhetherr nostalginostalgiaa hahadd anyany effeeffecct onon tthhe wawayy he convertedconverted incidentsincidents i n hishis lifl ifee intintoo fictionfiction..

OnOn thethe surfacsurfacee thertheree seemsseems toto bbee nonothinthingg sentimentalsentimental oror nostalgicc abouaboutt thethe NickNick AdamAdamss storistorieses;; onon tht hee ccontraryontrary , ttheheyy · areare ccharacterizeharacteri zed bbyy a rigorousrigorous objectivityobjectivity.. TheThe eventsevents inin thethe storiesstories deadeall witwithh violence,, pervperversione rsion, andand unpleasantnessunpleasantness,, whicwhich areare certainlcertainl y nonott subjsubjectectss genergener-­ allyally associateassociated inin anyany wayway witwithh nonostalgiastalgia. HowHoweverever, bbyy usingusing ththee defi­- nnitioi tionn ofof nonostalgistalgi a ggivei venn inin thethe introduction,introduction, anandd bbyy examinexaminining Heming­- way'sway's personality, itit cancan bbee shownshown ththaatt nostalgianostalgia isis a significantsignificant iteitemm toto bbee consideredconsidered iinn a studystudy ofof HemingwaHemingwayy andand hihiss shortshort storiesstories..

EachEach ofof thethe NicNickk Adams stories showsshows NicNickk lelearninarning andand maturinmaturingg throughthrough experiencesexperiences whicwh ichh introduceintroduce hhii m ttoo ththee harsh realitiesrealities ooff lifelife..

AsAs wewe readread througthroughh ththee stories,stories, wwee witneswitnesss Nick'Ni ck 'ss firstfirst encountersencounters witwi thh bbirthi rth, violentviolent ddeatheat h , drinking, sexualsexual perversionperversion , lloveove,, lovelove endingending,, war, wounds , andand soso on. HHemingwaemingwayy ttelle lls usus inin oneone ofof ththee quotationquotationss aboveabove ofof hihiss planplan toto writewrite oneone storystory abouaboutt eaeacchh thing hhee knew , anandd iitt seemsseems thathatt i n eacheach storystory hhee attempattemptetedd ttoo portraport rayy Nick disdiscoverincoveringg a

4HemingwayHemingway?: TheThe WriteWriter aass ArtistArtist,. pppp.. 127-28127-28., 1515 truthtruth aboutabout thethe wayway lifelife iiss . Therefore , the NNicick AdamsAdams sstoriest ories,, alonal ongg withwith ththososee whicwhichh whilewhile ttheheyy dodo nnoot have NiNicck i n thethemm areare closelclosel y relaterelatedd toto those thatthat do, givegive usus a kinkindd of dodocumentarcumentaryy aaccounccountt ofof tthhee experienceexperiencess whichwhich mademade ththee maturemature NickNick AdamsAdams ththee kinkindd ofof persopers onn he is, and , ooff coursecourse,, thethe maturmaturee NicNickk AdamAdamss goesgoes bbyy manymany nnamesame s?: JakJakee Barnes,Barnes, FredrickFredrick Henry,,

RobertRobert Jordan, RicharRichardd CantwellCant wel L,

AAss thethe youngyoung HemingwaHemingwayy inin ParPariiss begabegann hihiss ffirsi rstt attattemptemptss aatt

seriousserious fictionfiction · withwith hihiss desirdesiree toto writwritee trultrulyy bbyy writinwriti ngg ofof whawhatt he knew,,

itit isis naturanaturall thathatt hhee drewdrew upouponn whatwhat hhee considereconsideredd toto bebe ththee importanimportantt

experieexperiencencess ofof hihiss ownown life. IItt i s intinterestingeresting , howeverhowever,, thatthat ththee storiestori ess

dealingdealing withwith Nick'Nick'ss earlyearly lifelife areare allall sseett iinn MiMichigachigann andand nonnonee iinn OaOakk

Park.Park. EvenEven whewhenn HarolHaroldd Krebs,Krebs, a youngyoung manman mumucch likelike NickNi ck , comescomes homhomee frofromm

thethe warwar iinn "Soldier"Soldier'' s Home,Home , " hishis home isis notnot inin OaOakk ParkPark bubutt iinn Oklahoma..

HemingwayHemingway'' s earlyearly lifelife iinn OakOak ParkPark hahadd notnot bbeeeenn completcompletelely happyhappy;; iinn factfact,,

he ranran awaawayy fromfrom homhome severalseveral ttimesi mes . OnOn tht hee otherother hand, hishis greatesgreatest lovlovee

was ththee outdoorsoutdoors andand hunhuntint ingg andand ffishingishing,, andand thisthis isis whawhat northernorthernn MichigaMi chigann

meantmeant ttoo himhim.. AAss a ssensitivensit i vee younyoung manman inin a foreforeigi gnn ccountryount ry, HemingwaHemingwayy wawass

affectedaffected byby nonostalgiastalgia, butbut itit waswas nonot nnostalgiostalgia fo f or hihiss hhomomee neanearr ChicagoChi cago,,

whichwhich apparentapparentll y diddid notnot hhololdd manmanyy ffonond memomemorier ies fo f orr him; itit wawass nostalginost algiaa

forfor ththee countrycountry inin MichigaMichigann whicwhi ch he lolovevedd and whwhicich hadhad beenbeen tht hee scenescene ooff

hishis initiationinitiation intointo ththee activeactive ooutdoout doorr liliff e wwhichichh meantmeant soso mmucuch ttoo himhim..

HemingwHemingwaayy apparapparentlentlyy coulcouldd nnoot wriwrittee aboutabout MichiganMichigan untiuntill hhee gogott

awayaway frofromm it. IInn describinde s cribingg hishis eearlarly yearyearss inin PariPariss in A MoveablMoveablee FeastFeast,,

hehe sayssays thisthis aboutabout a timetime whenwhen hhee was lealeavinvi ng ParisParis ttoo gogo oonn a shorshortt tritripp

toto anotheranother parpartt ofof France?:

MaybeMaybe awayaway fromfrom PariPariss I couldcould writwritee aboutabout ParisParis asas iinn ParisParis II couldcould writwritee aboutabout Michigan.Michigan. I diddid notnot knoknoww itit wawass totooo earlearlyy 1166

foforr thathatt becausbecausee II dididd nonott knoknoww PariPariss welwelll enoughenough.. BuButt thathatt wawass hohoww iitt workeworkedd ououtt eventually.eventually.55

IItt seemseemss thathatt iinn manmanyy casecasess twtwoo thingthingss werweree necessarnecessaryy foforr HemingwaHemingwayy ttoo writwritee successfullsuccessfullyy abouaboutt aa placplacee oorr experienceexperience?: firstfirst,, hhee hahadd ttoo knoknoww ththee placplacee oorr experiencexperiencee wellwell;; anandd secondsecond,, hhee hahadd ttoo bbee awaawayy frofromm iitt eitheeitherr iinn timtimee oorr distancedistance.. HHee wrotwrotee hihiss storiestoriess abouaboutt MichigaMichigann iinn

EuropeEurope;; hhee wrotwrotee hihiss worworkk oonn AfricAfricaa anandd hihiss worworkk oonn ththee SpanisSpanishh CiviCivill

WaWarr iinn ththee UniteUnitedd StatesStates.. GettinGettingg ththee propeproperr distancdistancee frofromm hihiss subjecsubjectt anandd hihiss settinsettingg wawass aann importanimportantt concerconcernn foforr HemingwayHemingway.. HHee mentionementionedd iinn severaseverall placeplacess thathatt hhee wawass totooo closclosee ttoo a particulaparticularr subjecsubjectt ttoo writwritee abouaboutt itit.. HHee seemeseemedd ttoo feefeell thathatt iiff hhee gavgavee aann experiencexperiencee timtimee ttoo settlsettlee intintoo hihiss memorymemory,, hhee coulcouldd frefreee himselhimselff frofromm immediatimmediatee prejudiceprejudicess anandd emotionemotionss whicwhichh woulwouldd cloucloudd hihiss perspective.. TimTimee anandd distancdistancee gavgavee hihimm a betterbetter controlcontrol ofof hishis subject , and, ofof course,course, timetime andand distancedistance araree ththee twtwoo vitavitall elementselements whicwhichh producproducee nostalgianostalgia.. AAnn exampleexample ooff ththee wawayy nostalgianostalgia affectedaffected HemingwayHemingway'' s writinwritingg isis indicateindicatedd iinn a statementstatement bbyy

CharlesCharles FentonFenton concerningconcerning somesome writingwriting HemingwayHemingway diddid aboutabout ththee BlacBlackk

Forest.Forest. WhenWhen Hemingway,Hemingway, asas a youngyoung newspaperman,newspaperman, wawass forcedforced byby circumcircum-­ stancesstances toto returnreturn toto TorontoToronto frfroom EuropeEurope,,

HeHe turnedturned frequentlyfrequently toto hishis EurEuropeaopeann mmemoriesemories,, forfor stories aboutabout continentalcontinental hunting , fishing,fishing, andand skiing.skiing. HisHis nos­ talgiatalgia eveneven permittedpermitted himhim toto makemake aa newnew assessmentassessment ofof hishis BlackBlack ForestForest experience-- ofof twotwo summerssummers before.before. A TorontoToronto exileexile hadhad cleansedcleansed thethe originaloriginal dispatchesdispatches ofof theirtheir queru­ louslous pregudice;prejudice; toto thatthat extenextent tthhee CanadianCanadian banishmentbanishment waswas a purge.purge. °

InIn thethe introductionintroduction nostalgnostalgiiaa waswas defineddefined asas aa personperson'' s emotionalemotional responseresponse toto memoriesmemories ofof placesplaces oror eventsevents whichwhich areare,, forfor him,him, associatedassociated

55MF , p.p. 7.7.

6TheThe ApprenticeshipApprenticeship ofof ErnestErnest HemingwayHemingway, pp.pp. 251-52.251-52. 1717

withwith pleasurepleasure oror satisfactionsatisfaction ofof somesome sort.sort. AAtt firstfirst itit mightmight bee

difficultdifficult toto understandunderstand howhow nostalginostalgiaa ccaann applyapply ttoo Hemingway'Hemingway 'ss shorshortt

stories,stories, manmanyy ofof whichwhich areare concernedconcerned withwith subjectssubjects generallygenerally considereconsideredd

unpleasantunpleasant.. ItIt mamayy bbee trutruee thatthat hehe wrotewrote aboutabout placeplacess whichwhich hhee likedliked,,

butbut whatwhat aboutabout ththee events?? WhaWhatt doesdoes nostalgianostalgia havhavee toto do , foforr exampleexample,,

wiwit thh a storystory liklikee "Indian"Indian CampCamp,, " inin whicwhichh thethe boy,boy, NickNick., watcheswatches hiss

fatherfather perforperformm a CaesareaCaesareann operationoperation onon anan IndiaIndiann squawsquaw withwith a jackjack-­

knifeknife andand seessees ththee slitslit throatthroat ofof thethe husbandhusband inin thethe bunbunkk aboveabove whwhoo

hashas killedkilled himselfhimself becausbecausee hehe coulcouldd nonott standstand toto heahearr hishis wife'wife' ss screamscreamss

anyany longerlonger?? ThThee answeranswer lieslies inin HemingwayHemingway'' ss personalitpersonalityy andand hihiss attitudattitudee

towardtoward lifelife andand art.art. HeHe wawass extremelyextremely interestedinterested iinn violence , sex, anandd

deathdeath anandd thesethese ·themethemess areare foundfound throughoutthroughout hihiss writing.writing. WeWe havhavee menmen­­

tionedtioned alreadyalready thethe importancimportancee hhee placeplacedd onon knowingknowing hihiss subjectsubject welwelll anandd

writinwritingg aboutabout thingthingss ththee wawayy thetheyy trultrulyy are.are. WheWhenn wewe puputt thesethese thingthingss

together,together, wewe cancan begibeginn toto understanunderstandd howhow muchmuch HemingwayHemingway wouldwould valuvaluee ananyy

experienceexperience whicwhichh madmadee itit possiblpossiblee foforr himhim toto knowknow thethe truthtruth abouaboutt thathatt

whichwhich interesteinterestedd himhim andand enabledenabled himhim toto writewrite asas oneone havinhavingg authorityauthority..

Therefore,Therefore, manmanyy ofof Hemingway'Hemingway ' ss expexperienceeriencess whiwhicch hhee transformedtransformed intintoo shorshortt

storiesstories (as(as wewe seesee them, forfor exexampleample , inin tht he NicNickk AdamsAdams ststoriesories)) hahadd a

nostalgicnostalgic significancesignificance forfor hhimi m,, nnoot bbecausecausee thetheyy werewere particularlparticularlyy pleaplea­

surablesurable atat ththee timtimee theythey transpired,transpired, bubutt becausbecausee thetheyy latelaterr broughbroughtt a

certaincertain satisfactionsatisfaction ttoo himhim aass a wwriterIterr whwhoo waswas vitallvi tallyy interestedinterested iinn knowingknowing howhow thingthi ngss looked,looked, felt,felt, tastedt asted, aanndd smelledsmelled soso thathatt hhee coulcouldd writewrite trultrulyy aboutabout themthem..

LayingLaying asideaside thesethese considerationsconsiderations ofof HemingwayHemingway'' ss personapersonall nos­ talgiatalgia inin relationrelation ttoo ththee shortshort stories,stories, letlet uuss examineexamine hohoww nostalginostalgiaa functionsfunctions asas a technicaltechnical devicedevice inin particularparticular stories.stories. InIn A MoveablMoveablee 1818

Feast,Ffeast, at thethe pointpoint wherewhere HemingwayHemingway reflectsreflects onon ththee timetime hehe begabegann

thinkinthinkingg he shouldshould wrwrititee a novelnovel,, hhee sayssays thathatt hhee ddecideecidedd hhee woulwouldd nonott

writewrite one jusjustt becausbecausee · itit was ththee thinthingg ttoo ddoo;; hehe woulwouldd wawaiitt untiuntill hihiss

impu~seimpulse ttoo writwritee oneone couldcould notnot bebe overovercomecomeo. "In thethe meantime,meantime , " hhee sayssays,,

"I"I woulwoul d writwritee a longlong short · storystory aboutabout whatewhateveverr I knekneww bestbest, 0" AAss hhee walkedwalked uupp tthhee ruerue Bonaparte , hhee begabegann ttoo decidedecide onon a subject?: "Wha"Whatt didd

I knowknow bestbest thatthat II hadhad notnot wrwritteittenn abouaboutt andand lost?lost? WhatWhat ddii d I knowknow about

7 trulytruly andand carecare foforr thethe most? ThereThere waswas nnoo choicechoice at alLall," ,, 7 TherTheree wawass nono choicechoice bebecauscausee hhee thoughtthought ththee answeranswer wawass obviouslyobviously troutroutt fishinfishingg iinn

Michigan,Michigan, anandd thethe storystory hhee satsat ddowownn ttoo writewrite at th t he titimmee wawass "Bi"Bigg TwoTwo--

HeartedHearted River.Rivero " ThisThis storystory .iinn ttwwoo parts,. isis notnot justjust aa detaileddetailed aaccounccountt aboutabout a mman'an ' s solitarysolitary fishinfishingg trip;trip. "The"The storystory-wa. wass aboutabout comingcoming bacback fromfrom thethe warwar bubutt thertheree waswas nono mentmentioi onn ofof thethe warwar inin itoit," .. 88

UnderUnder thethe surfasurfacce ofof thethe objeobjectivective , detaileddetailed ddescriptioes criptionn ooff set­- tingting uupp camp,camp, cooking,cooking, eating,eating, catchingcatching grasshoppers , andand soso on, wwee cacann sensesense a tension.o ItIt iiss obviousobvious thathatt NicNickk isis returningreturning toto a placplacee whicwhichh isis familiar,familiar, a placplace wherwhere hehe likeslikes ttoo be , andand hhee isis goingoingg ttoo ddoo somesome~­ thingthing hehe lloveovess ttoo do , fishingfishing ; butbut itit isis alsoalso obviouobviouss that hatt itit hahass beebeenn somesome timtimee sincesince hehe wawass ttherhere fishing—hfishing--hee rememberrememberss thathatt hhee hadhad paipaidd eigheightt ddollarollarss forfor hihiss taperedtapered flf lyy line "a"a lonlongg timtime agago"—ano"--and duringduring ththee timtimee sincesince hehe waswas thetherree last hehe hashas undergoneundergone sosomme kindkind ofof extremelyextremely nervenerve-- rackrackini ngg experienexperiencece.o NowNow,, asas NicNick returnsreturns tt.oo ""ThThee goodgood place,place ,"" ththee placplacee whichwhich isis associatedassociated withwith a cert.certaiainn parpartt ofof hishis past—fishinpast--fishingg anandd hunting,, thethe riverriver andand thethe woods—whicwoods-- whichh hhee ddoeoess nonott wwanantt t o forget , itit iiss aass thougthoughh

7MF, pop. 76760. 8 8IbidoIbid. 19 hehe wantswants ttoo rubrub outout hishis immediatimmediatee past andand begbegii n clecleaann againagain herheree iinn tthhee woodswoods . HHee Isis dedeliberatelliberatelyy slowslowiningg downdown hihiss emotemotionaionall metabolismetabolism iinn orderorder ttoo allowallow scarscar tisstissuue ttoo fforormm overover thethe wwoundoundss of hishis war experiencexpe,nence,' e andand hehe isis tryintrying ttoo ususee hihi s pleasant andand healthhealthyy paspastt experienceexperience as a kindkind ofof salvesalve t o aidaid thethe healhealining process,process. NicNi ck turnt urnss ttoo nostalnostalgiagi a , fof orr itit isis a kinkindd ofof nostalgianostalgia whicwhi ch hahass prompteprompt edd hihimm ttoo returnreturn,, iinn ordeorderr ttoo stabilizestabilize hishis eemotionmotionss andand get cocontrontroll ofof himselfhimself,. NicNi ck coconcentratencentratess veryvery deliberatdeliberatelely onon thethe smasmallll thingthingss hehe isis doing iinn orderorder toto keekeepp himhim-­ selfself fromfrom thinking, becausbecausee hhee iiss afraidafraid thathatt hihiss thouthoughtgh tss wilwilll turturnn ttoo hihiss badbad experienexperiencce ' andand hhee wwilill llososee cocontront roll of his emotions,emotions. HHee feelfeel ss thatthat hehe mustmust taktakee allall sensationssensations sslowlylowly, eveneven tht he exciteexcitemenmentt ooff battlinbattlingg a largelarge trouttrout whiwhicch hehe hashas alwaysalways enjoyed,enjoyed. AfterAfter hehe hashas hookedhooked anan espeespe-­ ciallycially bibigg ffisi shh andand lolosstt it,it, hhee cliclimbmbs outout ofof thethe ststreareamm andand sitssits dowdownn oonn a loglog bebecauscausee "He"He diddid notnot wantwant toto rurussh hishis sensationssensations any,"any," NiNic ck avoidsavoids gogoini ngg intointo thethe swamp ., ItIt iiss asas thougthoughh thethe swampswamp symbolizessymbolizes tht hee depthdept hss ofof hihiss emotionalemotional experienexperiencce whicwhichh he isis nonot preparepreparedd toto enenteterr yet., Hee thinksthinks that hat thertheree willwill bbee pplentlent y ofof timt ime toto fishfish thethe swamp , oorr in otheotherr wordwordss,, ttoo plumplumbb thethe meaninmean ingg ofof hihiss recent paspastt expeexperiencriencee whicwhich now seemseemss likelike a hhorriblorriblee nnightmarightmare thatthat hhee isis nonott ableable ttoo cocoppe withwith,.

TheThe sstortoryy ""NoNoww I Lay Me" nas anan importantimportant relatrelationshii onshipp ttoo "Bi"Bigg TwoTwo--

HearHearteted River"River" andand shouldshould bbee reareadd beforebefore thisthis lattelatterr storystory iinn ordeorder foforr

NiNick'ck' s solitarysolitary ffishinishingg tritripp ttoo bebe fullyfully understoodunder stood.. InIn ""NoNoww I LaLayy MeMe" wewe findfind NiNicck at a poinpointt ccloseloserr inin timtimee toto hihiss trtraumatiaumaticc experience,experience, anandd wewe learnlearn whatwhat that hatt experienexperiencce wawass?: hehe "had beebeenn blowblownn uupp at night,night,"" anandd hadhad feltfelt hihiss soulsoul gogo outout ofof hishis bodybody andand tthehenn comecome backback.. NoNoww hhee cannocannott sleepsleep becausbecausee hhee isis afraidafraid ""ThaThatt ifif I eeveverr shutshut l11Ifmy eyeseyes inin thethe dardarkk anandd

M letlet mysell11Ifselff go,. l11Ifmy soulsoul wouldwould gogo outout ofof l11Ifmy bodybody.. " HHereere,, as inin "Bi"Bigg TwoTwo-- 2020

HeartedHearted RiRiver vern" Nick'sNick's immediateimmediate pastpast experienceexperience isis lilikkee aa darkdark abyssabyss

whwhicichh mmusustt bebe avoidedavoided atat allall costsocosts. AsAs hehe isis lyinglying onon thethe floofloorr listen-listen­

inging toto thethe sisillkk worms,worms, thousthousandandss ofof milesmiles fromfrom homhomee andand withwith hishis woundingwounding

stillstill vividvivid inin hishis memorymemory,, itit isis nonott sursurprisinprisi ngg thathatt hehe turturnnss toto nonostalgistalgic

recollectionrecollectionss ttoo occupyoccupy hhii ss mindmindo.

II hadhad differentdifferent waysways ofof occupyingoccupying mymyselselff whwhililee II laylay awakeoawake . II wouldwould thinkthink ofof aa trouttrout strestreaamm II hadhad ffisheishedd alongalong whwheenn II wawass aa boyboy andand fifisshh itsits wholwholee lenglengtthh veryvery carefullycarefully inin mymy mindmind; ffishinishingg veryvery carefullycarefully underunder allall thethe llogsogs,, allall thethe turturnnss ofof thethe bankbank, thethe deepdeep holeholess andand thethe ccleal earr shallowshallow stretches,stretches, sosometimemetimes ccatchinatching trotrouutt andand somesometimetimess losinglosing them0them.9y

RememberingRemembering thethe partsparts ofof hhiiss papasstt inin whwhicichh hehe waswas wholewhole andand actactivi vee andand happhappyy

seemsseems toto makemake itit possible forfor hhii mm toto getget aa holdhold onon himselfhimself soso tthahat hehe cacann

keepkeep hishis soulsoul fromfrom slslippini ppingg outout ofof hishis bodybody oror keepkeep hhimseli mselff fromfrom lapsinlapsingg

intointo oneone ofof thosethose spellsspells depictdepicteedd inin "A"A WayWay YouYou'lelll NeverNever BeBe.o"" HiHiss memormemoryy

ofof hihiss earlyearly youthyouth isis hishis importantimportant llininkk ttoo sanitysanity andand emotemotionaionall stabilitystability,,

andand hhee returnreturnss agaiagai n anandd againagain toto suchsuch reminiscencesreminiscences.o

OOnn thosthosee nightnightss I trietriedd to rememberememberr everythineverythingg that hat hahadd eveeverr happenehappenedd ttoo me,, startinstartingg witwithh jusjustt beforbeforee I wenwentt ttoo ththee wawarr anandd rememberinrememberingg bacback frofromm ononee thinthingg ttoo anotheranothero. I founfoundd I coulcouldd onlonlyy rememberememberr bacback ttoo thathatt attiatticc in mmyy grandfather'grandfather'ss househouse.o TheThenn I woulwouldd starstartt thertheree anandd rememberememberr thithiss wawayy again, untiuntill II reachereachedd ththee war.1waro lO0

HHee goegoess bacbackk anandd fortf orthh oveoverr hihiss memoriesmemories , bubutt noticnoticee thathatt jusjustt aass iinn "Bi"Bigg

Two-HearteTwo-Heartedd River,River,"" hhee stopstopss hihiss fishinfishingg whewhenn hhee reachereachess tht hee edgedgee ooff ththee

swampswamp,, herheree hhee stopst opss hihiss rememberinrememberingg whewhenn hhee reachereachess ththee warwar.o IInn ththee samsamee wawayy thathatt hhee wilwilll nonott bbee preparepreparedd ttoo enteenterr tht hee swamswampp whewhenn hhee returnreturnss homhomee hhee iiss nonott yeyett preparepreparedd ttoo reflecre fle ~tt oonn hihiss wawarr experienceexperienceo. AnotheAnotherr interestininterestingg thinthingg abouaboutt ththee nostalginostalgicc recollectionrecollectionss iinn thithiss storstoryy iiss thathatt thet heyy reveareveall aa googoodd deadeall abouaboutt ththee younyoungg mamann whwhoo iiss rememberinrememberingg anandd ad addd aa

99SSSS,, ppo. 3633630.

10lOSS,ss, ppo. 3650365 . 2121

newnew dimensiondimension ttoo ourour understandingunderstanding ofof hhiiss presenpresentt conditioncondition,.

""Soldier'Soldier' s HomHomee"" isis tht he storystory ofof anothanotheer younyoungg mamann comincomingg homee

fromfrom thethe war,war. HarHarololdd KrebsKrebs is mucmuch like NicNi ck AdamAdamss , but apparentlapparently hhee

hashas notnot sufferedsuffered asas eextremxtremee a psychologicapsychologicall shoshocck as NicNi ck did, anandd thertheree

isis nono mentionmention ofof anyany physicaphysicall woundswounds,. HaroldHarold''ss warwar experexperienci ence hahass lefleftt

hihimm ratheratherr llistlesi stl esss andand indifferent aboabouut hi hi s futurfuturee ., HHee jusjust wantwantss ttoo

bebe leftleft alone., He doesdoes nnoot wantwant ttoo iinvolvnvolve himselhi mself inin tthhe ordinarordinaryy livinl i vingg

thatthat isis goinggoing oonn arounaroundd hhii m bbecausecausee it seeseemmss too ccomplicateompl i catedd ttoo himhi m,.

GoingGoing outout withwith ggirlsi rls,, argumargumententss wwiti thh hhii s parents—eveparents--even thesthesee thingss araree

tootoo complicomplicatecatedd forfor himhim rigrighhtt now., UnlikUnlike NNicki ck , HarolHarol d ccaann thinthinkk abouaboutt

thethe warwar;; inin fact,fact, ththee onlyonly thingthing tthahat meanmeanss mumucch ttoo hihi m i s beinbei ngg ablablee ttoo thinkthink bacbackk onon ththee timestimes durinduri ngg tht he warwar whwheen hehe hahadd aactectedd bravelbravelyy anandd well,,

andand hishis mainmain interesint erestt iiss readingreading aboabouutt tht hee war.,

HeHe satsat therethere onon ththee porcporch rereadinadi ngg a boo book oonn thethe war,war. ItIt wawass a historyhistory andand hhee wawass readreadini ngg aaboubout allall tthhe eengagementngagement s hhee hahadd beebeenn in,in. ItIt waswas the mostmost iinterestinnterestingg rreadineadingg hhee hadhad eveeverr done,done. HHee wishedwished thertheree werweree mormoree maps,maps. He lolookeokedd forwarf orwardd witwi thh a googoodd feel­ inging toto readingreading all the rearealll lyy ggoooodd historiehistories whenwhen theythey camcamee ououtt witwithh goodgood detadetaii l mapmapss ., NoNoww hehe was reallreallyy learninlearningg aboutabout the warwar,. HHee hadhad beebeenn a goodgood soldier,soldier. 'Tha.chatt mademade a difference. di fference,l1l1

ThisThis nostalgic re-re-livinl ivingg ofof ththee warwar isis ssatisfyinatiSfYi ngg to Harold, bubutt hhee disdis-­ ccoverover s thatthat itsits vvalualue iiss ddependenependent onon trutht ruth., AtAt ffirsi rst hehe diddid nonot wanwantt ttoo taltalkk aboutabout ththee war,war. LatLateer h e ffelel t a nneeeedd ttoo taltalkk but nono oneone wantewantedd ttoo listenlisten becausbecausee HaroldHarold had rereturnet urned lalatt e ffroromm tthhe wawarr andand people hahadd alreadalreadyy heardheard theirtheir filfilll aboutabout it., HHee ffounound that hat ttoo be llistenei stened to aatt alalll he hahadd toto lie , anandd afterafter hhee hahadd dondonee thit hiss a ccouplouplee of titimemes,s 9 hhee reactereactedd againsagainstt thethe warwar andand againstagainst talktalkini ngg aboutabout itit,,

A distastedistaste forfor everythingeverything thathatt hadhad happenehappenedd t o himhim i n tthhee wawarr sesett inin because ofof ththee lieslies hhee hahadd totoldl d,. AlAlll of tht hee titimemess thathatt hahadd beebeenn ableable toto makemake hihimm feefeell coolcool anandd clearclear insideinside himselfhimself whewhenn hhee

111ILSS , p.p. 141U88.. 2222

thoughtthought ofof them;them; thethe timestimes soso longlong backback whenwhen hehe hadhad donedone tthhe oneone thing,thing, thethe onlyonly thingthing forfor aa manman toto do,do, easilyeasily andand naturallynaturally, whenwhen hehe mightmight havehave donedone somethingsomething elseelse,, nownow lostlost theirtheir coolcool, valuablevaluable qualityquality andand thenthen werewere lostlost themselvesthemselves •. •••. , ,Kreb Krebss acquiredacquired thethe nauseanausea inin regardregard toto experienceexperience thatthat isis thethe resultresult ofof untruthuntruth oror exaggeration,exaggeration, andand whenwhen hehe occasionall~occasionally metmet anotheranother manman whowho hadhad reallyreally beenbeen aa soldiersoldier" andand theythey talkedtalked aa fewfew minutesminutes inin thethe dressingdressing rOOmroom atat aa dancedance hehe fellfell intointo thethe easteast postpost ofof thethe oldold soldiersoldier amongamong otherother soldierssoldiers?: thatthat hehe hadhad beenbeen badlybadly, sick­sick- eninglyeningly frightenedfrightened allall thethe time.time. InIn thisthis wayway hehe lostlost everything.everything.l212

Harold'sHarold's memoriesmemories areare veryvery importantimportant toto himhim inin thisthis periodperiod afterafter thethe warwar whilewhile hehe isis tryingtrying toto adjustadjust becausebecause hehe findsfinds comfortcomfort andand meaningmeaning inin themthem..

ThoseThose timestimes whenwhen hehe hadhad actedacted asas a manman shouldshould actact werewere significantsignificant anandd meaningfulmeaningful andand hehe clingsclings toto themthem amidamid lifelife inin hishis homehome towntown wherewhere nothinnothingg seemsseems veryvery significantsignificant oror meaningful , butbut throughthrough a fewfew lieslies hhee losesloses eveevenn thesethese memories,memories, andand "whenwhen hehe hashas lostlost them,them, hehe hashas lostlost everything..

PastPast experienceexperience isis importantimportant toto a mamann becausebecause itit actuallyactually consticonsti-­ tutestutes whawhatt thathatt manman isis—thi--thiss seemsseems toto bbee thethe notionnotion thatthat isis expresseexpressedd iinn muchmuch ofof Hemingway'Hemingway ' s writing.. If,If, liklikee Nick, thethe mamann iiss unablunablee ttoo copcopee witwithh oror controlcontrol hihiss memoriememoriess ofof paspastt experienceexperience,, oror ifif,, liklikee HaroldHarold,, hhee distortsdistorts thethemm witwithh falsehoodfalsehood,, hihiss liflifee iiss nonott goingoingg ttoo bbee ververyy satisfyingsatisfying..

PerhapPerhapss thithiss concerconcernn witwithh self-disciplinself- disciplinee anandd honesthonestyy iiss a reflectioreflectionn ooff

Hemingway'Hemingway 'ss owownn philosophphilosophyy ooff liflifee andd esthetiestheticc standardsstandards..

ThThee beginninbeginningg lineliness ooff "I"I n AnotheAnotherr CountryCountry"" exemplifexemplifyy Hemingway'Hemingway 'ss skilskilll iinn descriptiodescriptionn anandd iinn makinmaki ngg hihiss settinset tingg realreal..

IInn ththee falfalll ththee wawarr wawass alwayalwayss there,, bubutt wwee dididd nonott ggoo ttoo iitt ananyy moremore.. IItt wawass colcoldd iinn ththee falf a.lll iinn MilaMilann anandd ththee dardarkk camcamee ververyy earlyearly.. TheThenn ththee electrielectricc lightlightss camcamee onon,, anandd iitt wawass pleaspleas­­ anantt alonalongg ththee streetstreetss lookinlookingg iinn ththee windowswindows.. TherTheree wawass mucmuchh gamgamee hanginhangingg outsidoutsidee ththee shopsshops,, anandd ththee snosnoww powderepowderedd iinn ththee fufurr ooff ththee foxefoxess anandd ththee winwindd blebleww theitheirr tailstails.. ThThee deedeerr hunhungg stifstifff anandd heavheavyy anandd emptyempty,, anandd smalsmalll birdbirdss blebleww iinn ththee winwindd an~dd ththee winwindd turneturnedd theitheirr feathersfeathers.. IItt wawass aa colcoldd falfalll anandd ththee winw1ndd camcamee dowdownn frofromm ththee mountains.mountains.1313

13 1212SSSS,, pppp.. lH5-fc6145-46.. 13SSSS,, pp.. 267267.. 9323

ItIt isis interestinginteresting ttoo notnotee thathatt thethe realismrealism ofof thithiss passagpassagee isis reallreallyy nonott inin whawhatt iiss seen,seen, bubutt inin thethe facfactt thathatt someonesomeone iiss intenselyintensely seeing.seeing. WhaWhatt isis describeddescribed isis inin ththee paspastt butbut itit hahass a certaincertain immediacyimmediacy.. ThiThiss realisrealismm andand immediacimmediacyy areare "thethe resultresult ofof thethe skillfulskillful useuse ofof a firstfirst persopersonn recolrecol­ lectionlection formform ofof writing.writing. ThThee passagpassagee aboveabove iiss a ratherrather nostalginostalgicc evocaevoca­ tiontion andand itsits effectivenesseffectiveness derivesderives ttoo a certaincertain degreedegree fromfrom thithiss tingtingee ofof nostalgia.nostalgia. NostalgiNostalgiaa isis a common-" elementelement ofof humanhuman experienceexperience andand readersreaders wilwilll responrespondd toto itit,, almostalmost unconsciouslyunconsciously,, ifif itit isis presentepresentedd skillfully.skillfully. ThiThiss entireentire storystory isis a kindkind ofof reminiscencreminiscencee whichwhich ththee writewriterr sharesshares witwithh thethe reader.reader. ItIt hahass immediacy,immediacy, butbut parpartt ofof itsits poignancpoignancyy comecomess fromfrom ththee factfact thathatt thethe narratornarrator remindsreminds usus thatthat itit isis a personapersonall recollecrecollec­­ tiontion ofof somethingsomething whicwhichh happenehappenedd iinn thethe past:past? "But"But thithiss wawass a lonlongg timtimee ago,ago, andand thethenn wewe diddid notnot ananyy ofof usus knoknoww hohoww itit waswas goinggoing toto bbee afterwards.afterwards.""

Hemingway,Hemingway, inin thithiss story,story, usesuses nostalgianostalgia asas a technicatechnicall devicdevicee ttoo achievachievee realismrealism andand emotionalemotional intensity.intensity. TheThe realisrealismm isis achievedachieved bbyy havinhavingg ththee descriptiondescription bbee ththee vividvivid personapersonall recollectionsrecollections ofof ththee narrator,narrator, anandd ththee emotionalemotional intensitintensityy iiss heighteneheightenedd bbyy havinhavingg ththee readerreader seseee thethe experiencexperiencee inin termtermss ofof thethe effecteffect itit hashas hadhad oonn thethe narratonarratorr anandd thethe wawayy iitt hahass setset­­ tledtled intointo hihiss memorymemory.. WWee wilwilll comecome bacbackk toto thithiss poinpointt inin discussingdiscussing otheotherr ofof Hemingway'Hemingway'ss worksworks.. InIn "Fathers"Fathers andand Sons"Sons" wewe findfind NicNickk AdamAdamss asas a manman ofof thirty-eighthirty- eightt yearsyears witwithh a sonson ofof hishis own.own. WhilWhilee thesethese twotwo ara~ee drivingdriving toto a placplacee wherwheree theythey areare goinggoing toto hunthunt quail,quail, NicNickk beginbeginss toto rememberememberr abouaboutt hihiss youthyouth..

ItIt isis inin ththee fallfall ooff thethe yearyear andand nearingnearing ththee endend ofof a day--aday—a naturanaturall timtimee forfor nostalgicnostalgic recollectionrecollection.. ThinkingThinking ofof quailquail huntinghunting remindremindss NicNickk ooff hihiss father.father. "Nick"Nick couldcould nonott writwritee aboutabout hihimm yet,yet, although,although, hhee would,would, latelaterr butbut thethe quailquail countrycountry mademade himhim rememberememberr hihimm asas hhee waswas whenwhen NicNickk wawass a boboyy ft andand hehe waswas veryvery gratefulgrateful toto himhim forfor twotwo thingsthings:: fishinfishingg andand shooting."shooting."

OutsideOutside ofof theirtheir experiencesexperiences togethertogether huntinghunting andand fishing,fishing, itit iiss obviouobviouss thatthat NicNickk andand hihiss fatherfather hadhad notnot beebeenn ververyy close.close. NicNickk S8¥Ssays thathatt "After"After hehe wawass fifteenfifteen hehe hahadd sharedshared nothingnothing withwith him."him." HHee remembersremembers thathatt hihiss fatherfather hahadd beebeenn asas unsoundunsound onon sexsex asas hehe hahadd beenbeen soundsound oonn fishingfishing anandd shooting,shooting, andand thisthis leadsleads hihimm toto recollectionrecollectionss ooff hishis sexualsexual relationshiprelationship withwith TrudyTrudy,, anan IndiaIndiann girl.girl. ThThee storystory concludesconcludes with Nick'Nick'ss sosonn askinaskingg questionsquestions aboutabout hishis grandfathergrandfather andand aboutabout Indians.Indians. NostalgiNostalgiaa iiss a mosmostt importantimportant elementelement inin thisthis storystory becausbecausee iitt isis Nick'sNick's personalpersonal reminisreminis­­ cencescences thatthat givegive meaningmeaning ttoo ththee relationshirelationshipp ofof fathersfathers and.. sonssons whichwhich thethe storystory isis about.about. OneOne ofof ththee thingsthings thatthat thithiss storystory seemsseems ttoo S8¥say iiss thatthat ththee personalitpersonalityy ofof eacheach personperson isis mademade upup ofof memories,memories, manmanyy ooff whicwhichh areare simplysimply fleetingfleeting reminiscences,reminiscences, andand thesthesee reminiscences,reminiscences, thougthoughh ofteoftenn subtle,subtle, havehave meaningmeaning andand valuevalue forfor thethe individualindividual,, bubutt areare almosalmostt imposimpos­­ siblesible ttoo communicatecommunicate toto others,others, eveneven inin thethe relationshiprelationship ofof fathefatherr anandd

son.son. PlacesPlaces andand experiencesexperiences carrycarry differentdifferent emotionalemotional associationsassociations foforr eacheach personperson,, andand thesthesee evanescent,evanescent, oftenoften bitter-sweebitter-sweett associationsassociations araree

almostalmost impossibleimpossible toto explainexplain ttoo someonesomeone else.else. TheTheyy areare likelike ththee treetreess mentionedmentioned iinn thethe ' firstfirst paragrapparagraphh orof ththee story--Nickstory—tiiek andand hiShis sosonn drivdrivee

"on"on underunder thethe heavyheavy treestrees ofof thethe smallsmall towntown thathatt areare a partpart ooff youyourr hearheartt

ifif itit iiss youryour towntown andand youyou havehave walkedwalked underunder them,them, bubutt thathatt araree onlonlyy totooo

heavy,heavy, thatthat shutshut outout thethe sunsun andand thathatt dampendampen thethe houseshouses forfor ththee stranger.stranger.""

Nick'sNick's fatherfather hadhad notnot beebeenn ableable toto explainexplain toto hihimm whatwhat hihiss experiencesexperiences hadhad meanmeantt toto hihimm anyany moremore thanthan NickNick isis ableable toto explainexplain toto hishis sosonn ththee

emotionsemotions connectedconnected withwith experiencesexperiences iinn hishis pastpast.. TheThe onlyonly waw8¥y thathatt Nick'sNick's

fatherfather couldcould communicatecommunicate ttoo NicNickk whatwhat fishingfishing andand huntinhuntingg meanmeantt ttoo hihimm waswas bbyy teachingteaching NicNickk hohoww ttoo dodo thosethose thingsthings soso thatthat hehe couldcould havhavee hihiss owownn 2255

experiencexperiencee ooff them,, anandd NicNickk iiss doindojngg ththee samsamee thinthingg witwithh hihiss sonson.. WheWhenn

Nick'Nick' ss sosonn askaskss hihimm whawhatt iitt wawass liklikee whewhenn hhee wawass a boboyy anandd huntehuntedd witwithh

ththee Indians, Nick'Nick' ss shorshortt answeanswerr iinn contrascontrastt witwithh ththee recollectionrecollectionss whicwh ichh

havhavee jusjustt beebeenn runninrunningg througthroughh hihiss minmindd iiss dradrabb anandd incompleteincomplete.. WheWhenn ththee

boboyy askaskss abouaboutt ththee Indians—"BuIndians- -"Butt whawhatt werweree thetheyy liklikee ttoo bbee with?"—Nicwith?"--Ni ckk rep11 replies" es , "it'"It'ss harhardd ttoo say.say. " H e ha h ass a flasfl as h o0 f memoriememor1es" s croscrosss hih i ss mindmind,, bubutt hhee knowknowss iitt iiss uselesuselesss ttoo trtryy ttoo communicatcommunicatee them..

CoulCouldd yoyouu sasayy sh shee dididd firsfirstt whawhatt nnoo ononee hahass eveeverr dondonee bettebetterr anandd mentiomentionn plumplumpp browbrownn legslegs,, flaflatt bellybelly,, harhardd littllittlee breastsbreasts,, welwelll holdinholdingg arms,, quicquickk searchinsearchingg tonguetongue,, ththee flaflatt eyeseyes,, ththee googoodd tasttastee ooff mouthmouth,, thethenn uncomfortablyuncomfortably,, tightlytightly,, sweetly,, moistlymOistly,, lovelylovely,, tightlytightly,, achingly,, fullyfully,, finallyfinally,, unendinglyunendingly,, never-endinglynever-endingly,, never-to-endinglynever-to-endingly,, suddenlsuddenlyy ended, ththee greagreatt birbirdd flowflownn liklikee aann owowll iinn ththee twilighttwilight,, onlonlyy iitt daylighdaylightt iinn ththee woodwoodss anandd hemlochemlockk needleneedless stucstuckk againsagainstt youyourr belly.belly.1411*

HHee hahass ttoo settlsettlee foforr ththee answeranswer,, "the"theyy werweree ververyy nice,nice."" NickNick., aass a boyboy,, hadhad askeaskedd hihiss fathefatherr ththee samsamee questioquestionn anandd hahadd receivereceivedd ththee samsamee kinkindd ooff answer?: "Whe"Whenn I askeaskedd hihimm whawhatt thetheyy werweree liklikee hhee saisaidd thathatt hhee hahadd manmanyy friendsfriends amonamongg them,them." Nick'Nick' ss sosonn wilwilll havhavee ttoo finfindd hihiss owownn answeranswer ,, jusjustt aass NicNickk did,did, iinn hihiss ownown experience. WheWhenn hhee asksasks hihiss fathefatherr iiff hhee wilwilll everever livelive witwithh ththee IndiansIndi ans ., hihiss fatherfather says,says, ""II don'don ' t knowknow.. That'That ' ss uupp toto you.youo"U

TheThe relationshiprelationship betweebetweenn the fathefatherrss andand sonssons iinn thithiss storystory iiss aa ratherrather ironicironic one.one. ItIt iiss obviouobviouss thatthat inin somesome waysways thetheyy areare inherentlyinherently- alike,alike, anandd therethere isis thethe bloobloodd loyaltyloyalty whicwhichh promptpromptss ththee boyboy ttoo thinthinkk hhee mustmust praprayy atat ththee tombstombs ofof hihiss fathfatheerr andand hishis grandfather, andand thertheree iiss thethe ' bondbond ofof thethe sharedshared huntinghunting expeexperiencerience,, butbut regardlessregardless ofof thesthesee concon­­ nections , eacheach isis anan individualindividual whowho mustmust livelive hishis ownown lifelife andand makmakee hihiss ownown decisions.decisions. EachEach hashas hishis ownown innerinner emotionalemotional life , andand inin thithiss realrealmm

14l4SSSS , pp.. 497497«. 2266 thertheree iiss ververyy littllittlee communicatiocommunicationn oorr closenesscloseness.. NostalgiNostalgiaa iiss aann importanimportantt parpartt ooff aa man'man'ss inneinnerr lifelife,, anandd iitt iiss extremelextremelyy personapersonall anandd subjectivesubjective.. HemingwaHemingwayy reachereachedd aa poinpointt iinn hihiss writinwritingg wherwheree hhee recogrecog­­ nizenizedd thathatt memenn musmustt dependependd oonn eaceachh otherother.. ThThee laslastt wordwordss ooff HarrHarryy

MorgaMorgann iinn TToo HavHavee anandd HavHavee NoNott araree "N"Noo mattematterr hohoww aa mamailn alonalonee ain'ain 'tt gogott nnoo bloodbloodyy chance.chance."" FoForr ththee titltitlee ooff hihiss novenovell abouaboutt ththee SpanisSpanishh CiviCivill

WaWarr hhee wenwentt ttoo aa quotatioquotationn frofromm JohJohnn DonnDonnee whicwhichh saysayss nnoo mamann iiss aann islandisland.. BuButt regardlesregardlesss ooff thithiss consciousnesconsciousnesss ooff a man'mall 'ss responsibilitresponsibilityy ttoo otheotherr memenn whicwhichh HemingwaHemingwayy experienceexperiencedd iinn ththee thirtiesthirties,, whewhenn iitt comecomess

ttoo personalitpersonalityy anandd psychologicapsychologicall make-upmake-up,, eaceachh mamann iiss aann islanislandd anandd HemHem­­

ingwaingwayy wawass alwayalwayss awarawaree ooff thisthis.. IInn alalll ooff hihiss writinwritingg iitt irss ththee individindivid­­

uauall thathatt hhee iiss interesteinterestedd inin,, anandd a person'person'ss individualitindividualityy derivederivess iinn

greatgreat measurmeasuree frofromm hihiss paspastt experiencexperiencee anandd ththee wawayy hhee rememberrememberss iitt anandd

interpretsinterprets itit.. IInn mosmostt ooff hihiss fictiofictionn HemingwaHemingwayy givegivess uuss glimpseglimpsess ooff

hishis character'scharacter's pastpast,, anandd oftenoften thesthesee glimpsesglimpses areare ververyy importantimportant ttoo ouourr

understandinunderstandingg ofof thatthat particulaparticularr character.character. "The"The SnowsSnows ofof KilimanjaroKilimanjaro""

isis a goodgood exampleexample ofof thisthis process..

AsAs HarryHarry lieslies onon hishis cotcot onon thethe hothot AfricanAfrican plain,plain, hihiss legleg rot­

tingting withwith infection,infection, hishis mindmind repeatrepeatedledlyy turnsturns toto recollectionsrecollections ofof hihiss

past.past. TheseThese flashbacksflashbacks containcontain anan unusualunusual varietyvariety ofof impressionsimpressions anandd

experiences,experiences, butbut toto oneone acquaintedacquainted withwith Hemingway'sHemingway's biographybiography andand hihiss

otherother writingwriting theythey are~familiarare familiar. TheseThese flashbacksflashbacks areare long,long, consticonsti­­

tutingtuting aa goodgood dealdeal ofof thethe story,story, andand werewere prprobablobablyy meantmeant toto serveserve sev­sev­

eraleral purposes.purposes. ForFor oneone thing,thing, theythey provideprovide contrast.contrast. HarryHarry'' s reminisreminis­­

cencescences areare contrastedcontrasted withwith "the"the heatheat shimmershimmer ofof thethe plain"plain" whichwhich isis assoasso­­

ciatedciated withwith thethe rottingrotting leg,leg, thethe hyena,hyena, Helen,Helen, etc.etc. InIn thethe flashbacksflashbacks wewe

seesee HarryHarry asas aa youngyoung writerwriter fillingfilling hishis mindmind withwith materialmaterial toto writewrite about.about. 27

ThereThere wawass soso mucmuchh ttoo write., HeHe hahadd seenseen ththee worldworld change;change; nonott Jjust !\ the5 *!events;VentS; althoualthough8h hhee hahadd se seen«n man manyy o fof the themm an andd ha hadd watchedwatched ththee peoplpeoplee bubutt hehe hadhad seenseen ththee subtlersubtler changchangee andand hhee could_remembecould rememberr hohoww thethe peoplepeople werewere atat differentdifferent times . HHee hahadd beenbeen inm itit andand hehe hadhad watchewatchedd iitt andand itit wawass hihiss dutyduty toto writwritee ofOI itlwo •• 0 •o o• 15

AsAs wewe shiftshift frofromm ththee flashbacksflashbacks toto ththee presenpresentt wwee learnlearn thatthat hhee dididd nonott

fulfillfulfill thisthis duty--heduty—he betrayebetrayedd himselhimselff andand hihiss talenttalent..

InIn additioadditionn toto providinprovidingg contrast , perhapperhapss thesethese flashbacksflashbacks werweree

meantmeant toto portraportrayy thethe wayway a dyingdying manman supposedlysupposedly seessees hihiss lifelife iinn reviewreview..

ItIt isis obviousobvious thathatt thisthis storystory isis aboutabout ththee procesprocesss ofof dying , anandd maybmaybee

HemingwayHemingway meantmeant toto indicatindicatee thathatt recollectionrecollection isis partpart ofof thatthat process..

TheThe mostmost importanimportantt reasonreason forfor ththee flashbacksflashbacks,, however, isis thathatt thithiss overover-­

layinglaying ofof thethe paspastt upouponn ththee presenpresentt serveservess ttoo clarifyclarify andand explainexplain ththee present.present, Harry'sHarry's presenpresentt conditioconditionn ofof dyingdying fromfrom a scratchedscratched lelegg iinn aa lonelylonely parpartt ooff AfricaAfrica wouldwould notnot bbee meaningfumeaningfull ifif itit werweree notnot seeseenn iinn ththee perspectiveperspective ofof hihiss recollerecollectionctionss ofof ththee pastpast.. ThThee relationshiprelationship ofof nosnos-­ talgiatalgia flashbacksflashbacks ttoo ththee actionaction ofof thethe presentpresent wilwilll bbee explainedexplained iinn greategreaterr lengthslengths inin thethe sesectioctionn onon GreenGreen HillHillss ofof AfricaAfrica..

"Get"Get a SeeingSeeing-eye- eyedd Dog"Dog" appearedappeared iinn thethe AtlantiAtlanticc MonthlyMonthly (Novem(Novem-­ berber 1957)1957) asas oneone ofof "Two TalTaleess ofof DaDarkness.rknes s ."" BothBoth ofof thesethese taletaless araree about blindness—somethinblindness--somethi ngg whicwhi ch HHemingwayemi ngway,, whwhoo hadhad mucmuchh troubletrouble witwithh hishis eyes , alwaysalways feared.feared. "Get"Get a SSeeing-eyeeeing- eyed Dog"Dog" telltellss ofof a writewriterr whwhoo throughthrough somesome kindkind ofof acaccidencidentt hashas losl ostt hihiss sisighghtt andand SOmesome ofof hihiss memorymemory..

HeHe hashas returnereturnedd witwithh hihiss wifewife ttoo a hohoususee on ththee coastcoast ofof ItalyItaly whicwhichh holdholdss memoriesmemories forfor themthem.. AAss theythey sitsit togtogetherethe r,, the manman isis remembering,remembering, tryintryingg toto getget a gripgrip oonn hihiss pastpast.. TheThe firstfirst lineline ofof ththee storystory isis "And"And whawhatt dididd wewe ddoo then?'then?' hhee askedasked her.her."" AsAs thetheyy talktalk ofof pastpast experiencesexperiences shshee saysayss

15SSSS ,, pp.. 66.66, 2828

"You're"You're rememberingremembering wellwell today.today. Don'tDon't dodo itit totooo much.much."" ThThee wifwifee seemseemss concernedconcerned thatthat totooo muchmuch rememberingremembering wilwilll bbee anan emotionalemotional strainstrain foforr him ,• oror perhapperhapss sheshe isis afraidafraid thatthat rememberingremembering happyhappy timestimes wilwilll makmakee hihimm bitterbitter aboutabout hishis presenpresentt condition.condition. AtAt anyany rate,rate, sheshe offersoffers ttoo reareadd ttoo him,him, hopinhopingg toto gegett hihiss minmindd offoff remembering,remembering, bubutt hehe doedoess notnot wanwantt thisthis..

"No."No, pleaspleasee don'tdon't readread.. JustJust talktalk.. TalkTalk aboutabout ththee goodgood days."days." AgaiAgainn sheshe trietriess ttoo changechange ththee subject.subject. "Do"Do yoyouu wantwant ttoo heahearr whawhatt it'sit's liklikee outside?"outside?" BuButt thethe · manman willwill notnot bebe dissuaded;dissuaded; hhee seemsseems ttoo feelfeel a neeneedd toto exploreexplore thethe pastpast.. HHee sayssays thatthat thetheyy areare luckluckyy ttoo havehave comecome herheree bebe­­ causecause hhee remembersremembers itit soso well;well; theythey couldcould notnot havhavee comecome ttoo a bettebetterr placplacee forfor him.him. TheThe manman iinn thithiss story,story, liklikee NicNickk AdamsAdams inin "As"As I LaLayy MeMe"" oorr "Bi"Bigg

Two-HeartedTwo-Hearted River,"River," hahass undergonundergonee physicaphysicall woundinwoundingg accompanieaccompaniedd bbyy psycholpsychol­­ ogicalogical shock.shock. He,He, tootoo,, hahass returnedreturned ttoo a "good"good place,place,"" a placplacee associateassociatedd withwith pleasanpleasantt experiences,experiences, andand hehe,, tootoo,, isis tryintryingg toto adjustadjust bbyy rememberingremembering,, tryingtrying toto getget controlcontrol ofof himselhimselff byby puttingputting hihiss paspastt experienceexperience iinn orderorder..

AlthoughAlthough hehe isis nonott alonealone,, asas NickNick waswas onon hihiss fishingfishing trip,trip, hhee wantwantss ttoo bebe..

HeHe thinkthinkss thathatt hhee musmustt getget hihiss wifewife awayaway asas soonsoon aass possiblepossible withouwithoutt hurthurt­­ inging herher.. HeHe wantswants ttoo makemake hishis adjustmentadjustment inin solitudesolitude..

Nostalgia,Nostalgia, inin oneone formform oror another,another, isis recurrenrecurrentt iinn ththee shorshortt storiesstories..

ItIt lieslies atat thethe basebase ofof Hemingway'sHemingway's approachapproach ttoo shortshort storystory writing,writing, iinn whicwhichh hehe attemptedattempted toto writwritee oneone storystory aboutabout eacheach thinthingg hhee knekneww abouaboutt anandd reliereliedd heavilyheavily onon personapersonall experience.experience. AsAs a technicaltechnical devicedevice inin ththee stories, iitt grewgrew naturallnaturallyy outout ofof Hemingway'sHemingway's ownown realizationrealization ofof ththee importancimportancee ooff nos­ talgiatalgia ttoo ththee innerinner lifelife ofof ththee individualindividual.. InIn thethe followingfollowing chapterschapters,, otherother evidenceevidence wilwilll ·bbee consideredconsidered whichwhich alsoalso indicatesindicates thathatt foforr HemingwaHemingwayy nostalgianostalgia waswas a vitavitall constituenconstituentt ofof ththee selfself oror personalitypersonality,, anandd iiff useusedd properly,properly, itit couldcould comfortcomfort a man,man, helhelpp hihimm recoverrecover fromfrom thethe blowblowss liflifee dede­­ livers,livers, andand strengthenstrengthen hihimm inin fightingfighting thethe goodgood fightfight.. CHAPTERCHAPTER IIII

BULLSBULLS ANANDD BIBIGG GAMGAMEE

TheThe thirtiesthirties,, andand particularlyparticularly thethe perioperiodd fromfrom 19321932 ttoo 1937 , waswas a timetime ofof experimentalexperimental workwork forfor Hemingway, bothboth inin fictionfiction anandd non-- fictionofiction. ThisThis perioperiodd beganbegan witwithh · thethe publicationpublication ofof DeathDeath inin ththee AfterAfter-­

~noon (1932)(1932) andand wawass . broughtbrought ttoo a closeclose witwithh TheThe FiftFifthh ColumnColumn (1937)0(1937),

OtherOther worksworks includeincludedd inin thisthis periodperiod araree GreenGreen HillsHills ofof AfricaAfri ·~·a,. TToo HavHavee andand HaveHave NotNot,, andand twotwo ofof HemingwayHemingway'' s longestlongest andand bestbest shorshortt storiesstories,

"The"The ShorShortt HappyHappy LifeLife ofof FranciFranciss Macomber"Macomber" andand "The"The SnowSnowss ofof Kiliman-Kiliman­ jaro.jaroo"" TheThe writinwritingg ooff thithiss experimentaexperimentall perioperiodd iiss notnot Hemingway'Hemingway ' s bestbest work,work, bubutt itit certainlycertainly hashas merit,, anandd itit isis veryvery importanimportantt ttoo aann under-­ standingstanding ofof HemingwayHemingway'' s writingwriting asas a wholewholeo. ThThee twotwo non-fictionon- fictionn bookbookss onon bull-fightinbull-fightingg andand big-game-huntinbig-game- huntingg areare especiallyespecially interestinginteresting ttoo thethe studentstudent andand ccritiriticc ofof HemingwayHemingway becausbecausee theythey ccontaiontainn a goodgood deadeall ooff HemHem-­ ingway'singway's personalpersonal philosophphilosophyy asas welwelll asas whawhatt mightmight bbee termedtermed hihiss philo-philo­ sophysophy ofof artoart.

ThroughoutThroughout hihiss lifetimee HemingwaHemi ngwayy hahadd a greatgreat lovelove forfor bull-­ fightingfighting andand huntinhuntingg andand fishingofishing. ""TherTheree wawass eveevenn a time, inin BurgetteBurgette inin 19192525,, whenwhen hehe toldtold hihiss neneww frifrienendd FitzgeraldFitzgerald thatthat hishis ideideaa ooff heavenheaven wouldwould bebe a bigbig bullringbullring inn whichwhich hhee ownedowned twotwo barrerabarrera seats,seats, witwithh a troutroutstreat s t reamm auoutsid t S1°d ee ththa a t nono oneone else 1 see wa wass allouedallowe" d ttoo ffish.'~ sho"" l ThisThis statementstatement waswas madmadee beforbeforee hehe hadhad beenbeen ttoo AfricaAfrica,, andand afterafter hihiss exper-exper­ ienceience big-game-huntinbig- game- huntingg hhee probablyprobably wouldwould havehave changedchanged thithiss conceptionconception

lBaker,Baker, HemingwayHemin~ay?: TheThe WriteWriterr asas Artist,, ppo. 1430lU3.

2929 3P

ooff heaveheavenn enougenoughh ttoo placplacee ththee bullrinbullringg anandd ththee troutstreatroutstreamm iinn ththee hearheartt

ooff ththee AfricaAfricann bushbush.. SincSincee HemingwaHemingwayy iinn DeatDeathh iinn ththee AfternooAfternoonn anandd

GreeGreenn HillHillss ooff AfricAfricaa iiss writinwritingg abouaboutt placeplacess hhee lovelovedd anandd experienceexperiencess

hhee cherishedcherished,, iitt iiss naturanaturall thathatt wwee mighmightt expecexpectt ththee elemenelementt ooff nosnos-­

talgitalgiaa ttoo havhavee somsomee significancsignificancee iinn aann analysianalysiss ooff thesthesee booksbooks..

OOnn aa practicapracticall levellevel,, DeatDeathh iinn ththee AfternooAfternoonn iiss aa kinkindd ooff

BaedekeBaedekerr handboohandbookk ttoo bullfightingbullfighting.. Malcol Malcolmm CowleCowleyy hahass saisaidd thathatt iitt iiss

ththee besbestt boobookk writtewrittenn oonn ththee subjecsubjectt iinn ananyy language,, anandd SpanisSpanishh

criticscritics,, whwhoo shoulshouldd bbee iinn a positiopositionn ttoo judgjudgee accuratelyaccurately,, havhavee agreeagreedd

ttoo ititss valuvaluee aass a cleaclearr expositioexpositionn ooff ththee dramdramaa ooff ththee bullfightbullfight.. IItt

containcontainss descriptiodescriptionn ooff ththee threthreee phasephasess ooff ththee bullfightbullfight;; explanatioexplanationn

ooff ththee techniquetechniquess useusedd bbyy ththee variouvariouss participantsparticipants,, includingg ththee bullbull;;

evaluatioeValuationn ooff a numbenumberr - ooff bullfightersbullfighters;; discussiodiscussionn ooff bulbulll breedingbreeding,,

andand ssoo onon.. IItt iiss a completcompletee textbootextbookk foforr ththee laymanlayman..

OOnn anotheranother level,level, DeatDeathh inin ththee AfternooAfternoonn isis a miscellanmiscellanyy concon­-

tainingtaining reflectionreflectionss onon lifelife anandd death;death; excursionsexcursions intointo literaryliterary criticriti­-

cism;cism; commentscomments onon SpanSpanisi shh painterspainters,, venereavenereall disease,disease, drinkindrinkingg, andand ththee

sexsex lifelife ofof bulls.bulls. ItIt rangesranges fromfrom seriousserious discussiondiscussion ofof thethe aesthetiaestheticc

andand tragictragic elementselements inin bullfibullfightinght i ngg t o ananecdotesecdotes,, ironicironic leg-pullingleg- pull ing,,

andand harshharsh satire.satire. InIn additionaddition toto thesethese things,things, itit hashas a finalfinal chapterchapter,,

aa kindkind ofof epilogue,epilogue, filledfilled withwith subjectivsubjective impressionsimpressions ofof SpainSpain whichwhich

S.S. F.F. SandersonSanderson describesdescribes asas "A"A hauntinhauntingg,, emotionalemotional evocationevocation ofof SpainSpain

andand whatwhat itit hashas meantmeant toto him,him, whichwhich sstandtandss amongstamongst thethe mostmost movingmoving paspas--

sagessages hehe hha ass everever wr1written.Ott en. ,,2"

TheThe ideaidea ofof writinwriting somesome suchsuch bookbook asas DeathDeath inin thethe AfternoonAfternoon hadhad beenbeen inin Hemingw~'sHemingway's mindmind forfor sevenseven yearsyears beforebefore thethe finalfinal versionversion appeared,appeared,

2Ernest Hemingway, p . 64. 3i

CarlosCarlos BakerBaker pointspoints ollt.out.33 IInn hishis firstfirst letterletter- toto MaxwellMaxwell PerkinsPerkins oonn

AprilApril 15,1925,15, 1925, HemingwayHemingway -mentionementionedd thathatt hehe wantewantedd ttoo dodo anan illustrateillustratedd bookbook oonn -bullfightingbullfighting.. ButBut thithiss plaplann waswas laidlaid -asideaside whilwhilee hehe preparepreparedd

IInn OurOur TimeTime forfor publicatiopublicationn andand composedcomposed TheThe TorrentsTorrents ofof Spring,Spring. Th~e

SunSun AlsoAlso -Rises-., MenMen WithouWithoutt Women,Women, andand -kA FarewellFarewell ttoo Arms.Arms. DurinDuringg thithiss period,period, hehe spentspent - a goodgood deadeall ofof timtimee inin -SpainSpain andand continuecontinuedd studyinstudyingg thethe bullfight,bullfight, makinmakingg notesnotes andand writingwriting shorshortt piecepiecess onon thethe sportsport.. HemHem-­ ingwayingway wawass greatlygreatly attractedattracted -toto bullfightinbullfightingg andand hadhad becombecomee a genuingenuinee aficianado;aficianado;- hehe hahadd - alsoalso fallenfallen -inin- lovelove -with-- ththee countrycountry inin whicwhichh thithiss sportsport tootookk -placeplace,, -- soso whewhenn hehe-wrot-wrotee hihiss bookbook onon bullfightingbullfighting,, hhee wantewantedd itit toto bbee moremore thathann - a -textbooktextbook -historyhistory - ofof- apologia;apologia^ hhee wantedwanted,, iiff pos­- sible,sible, forfor itit toto - conveyconvey ththee veryvery experienceexperience ofof SpainSpain andand thethe bullringbullring.,

--he—he wantewantedd itit ttoo be-"thbe -"thee -bullfighbullfightt itself.itself.,,4"

ItIt -isis probablprobablyy thithiss desiredesire ttoo portraportrayy ththee totaltotal experienceexperience ooff bullfightingbullfighting inin SpainSpain whicwhichh accountaccountss forfor- thethe careful,careful, detaileddetailed descripdescrip-­ tiontion ofof placesplaces,, people,people, animalsanimals,, tastes, odors,odors, temperaturestemperatures,, etcetc.. whicwhichh areare foundfound throughoutthroughout thethe boobookk andand particularlparticularlyy inin thethe laslastt chapterchapter.. AnAndd itit isis inin thisthis descriptiondescription thathatt wewe cacann -notnotee elementselements ofof nostalgianostalgia.. IInn chapterchapter - fourfour,, wherewhere HemingwayHemingway isis apparentlyapparently givinggiving hishis readerreaderss a guidguidee toto bullfightingbullfighting inin - Spain, - tellingtelling thethemm wherwheree toto go,go, hohoww toto travel,travel, anandd wherewhere andand whatwhat ttoo -eat,eat, itit becomebecomess obviousobvious thathatt whawhatt hehe iiss reallreallyy doindoingg isis simplysimply rememberingremembering hihiss ownown pleasantpleasant experiencesexperiences..

ValenciaValencia iiss hottehotterr inin temperaturt emperaturee sometimessometimes andand hottehotterr inin factfact whewhenn thethe winwindd blowsblows fromfrom Africa,Africa, bubutt thertheree yoyouu cacann alwaysalways ggoo ououtt onon a busbus oror ththee tramwatramwayy ttoo ththee portport ofof GraGrauu aatt

• -••- 3Hemingway:-Hemingway; TheThe WriterWriter asas Artist,Artist, p.p. 1^5145.«

4LetterLetter frofromm HemingwaHemingwayy toto MaxwellMaxwell Perkins,Perkins, 12/6/26,12/6/26, citecitedd iinn Baker,Baker, Hemingway;: ThThee WriteWriterr asas ArtistArtist,, pp.. 1^5145.• 3232

nightnight andand swimswim atat ththee publicpublic beachbeach or,or, whenwhen itit isis tootoo hothot ttoo swimswim , floatfloat outout witwithh asas littlelittle efforteffort asas yoyouu neeneedd andand lielie iinn thethe barelybarely coolcool watewater andand watch ththee lightslights andand ththee dardarkk ooff thethe boatsboats andand thethe rowsrows ofof eatingeating shacksshacks andand swimmingswimming cabinscabins.. AtAt Valencia, too,too, whenwhen iitt isis hottesthottest,, yoyouu cacann eateat downdown aatt ththee beachbeach forfor a pesetpesetaa oror twotwo pesetaspesetas atat oneone ofof thethe eatineatingg pavilpavil­­ ionsions wherwheree thet heyy willwill serveserve yoyouu beebeerr andand shrimpsshrimps andand a paellapaella ofof ricerice,, tomato,tomato, sweetsweet pepperspeppers,, saffrosaffronn andand goodgood seafood,seafood, snails,snails, crawfish,crawfish, smallsmall fish,fish, littlelittle eels , allall cookedcooked togethertogether inin a locallocal winwinee forfor twotwo pesetapesetass andand ththee childrenchildren wilwilll gogo bbyy bareleggedbarelegged onon thethe bbeaceach andand ththereree isis a thatchethatchedd roofroof overover ththee pavilion, thethe sandsand coolcool undeunderr youyourr feet , ththee seasea withwith thethe fishermenfishermen sittinsi tUngg iinn ththee coocooll ofof ththee evenine'i'eningg inin ththee blackblack feluccafelucca riggedrigged boatboatss thathatt youyou ccaann see,see, ifif youyou comecome ttoo swimswim thethe nexnextt morning, beinbeingg draggeddragged uupp thethe beabeacch byby sixsix yokyokee ofof oxen.oxen „5 - *

SuchSuch descriptivedescriptive passagepassagess asas thethe oneone above,above, tinget i ngedd witwithh nostalgia,nostalgia, givgivee thethe bookbook a certaincertain amountamount ofof eemotionamotionall bodbodyy andand makmakee SpainSpain inin ththee twentietwentiess .."!;.," comecome alivealive forfor us.us. ThThee boobookk hashas romanticromantic overtonesovertones whichwhich araree ththee naturalnatural consequencesconsequences ooff writinwritingg aboutabout a placplacee ononee lovesloves andand hahass beebeenn happhappyy inin..

CarlosCarlos BakeBakerr describesdescribes DeathDeath iinn thethe AfternooAfternoonn aass "A"A veryvery ccarefuarefull anandd some­- timestimes laboredlabored distillationdistillation ofof allall thethe yearsyears duringduring andand afterafter hihiss nominalnominal residenceresidence iinn ParisParis,, whenwhen HemingwaHemingwayy wawass nearlynearly asas ofteoftenn iinn SpainSpain aass ououtt ,,6 ofOI it.IT/ o O o o

Apparently,Apparently, HemingwayHemingway feltfelt thatthat withiwithinn thethe firstfirst nineteenineteenn chapterchapterss ofof thethe bookbook hhee hahadd not beebeenn able toto distdistililll enoughenough ofof hihiss experienceexperience iinn

SpainSpain—h--hee perhapperhapss waswas not satisfiedsatisfied that hhee hadhad beenbeen sucsuccessfucessfull iinn makinmakingg hishis bookbook bebe thethe bullfighbullfightt rather thathann bebe aboutabout it , forfor hhee addedadded a laslastt chapterchapter whicwhichh seemseemss toto bbee nothinnothingg moremore thathann anan enumerationenumeration ooff ththee impresimpres-­ sionssions whichwhich shouldshould have beenbeen iinn ththee bookbook..

IfIf I ccoulouldd havhavee mademade thithiss enoenougughh ooff a boobookk itit wouldwould havhavee hadhad everythingeverything inin it.it. TheThe Prado, lookinlookingg liklikee somesome bibigg AmericanAmerican collegecollege buildingbuilding,, witwithh sprinklerssprinklers watering ththee grasgrasss earlyearly iinn ththee brighbrightt MadriMadridd summersummer morning;morning; thethe barebare whitwhitee mumudd hillshills lookinlookingg

5DA, p.p. 44.kk.

6HemingwayHemingways: TheThe WriteWriterr aass Artist,Artist, pp.. 147lkf«0 13

acrosacrosss towartowardd CarabanchelCarabanchel;; daydayss oonn ththee traitrainn iinn AugusAugustt witwithh ththee blindblindss pullepulledd dowdownn oonn ththee sidsidee againsagainstt ththee susunn anandd ththee winwindd blowinblowingg themthem;; chafchafff blowblownn againsagainstt ththee cacarr iinn ththee winwindd frofromm ththee harhardd eartheearthenn threshinthreshingg floorsfloors;; ththee odoodorr ooff graigrainn anandd ththee stonstonee winwindd millsmills.. IItt woulwouldd havhavee hahadd ththee changchangee whewhenn yoyouu leavleavee ththee greegreenn countrcountryy behinbehindd aatt AlsasuaAlsasua;; iitt woulwouldd havhavee hahadd BurgoBurgoss fafarr acrosacrosss ththee plaiplainn anandd eatineatingg ththee cheescheesee latelaterr uupp iinn ththee roomroom;; iitt ·woulwouldd havhavee hahadd ththee boboyy takintakingg ththee wickerwicker­- bounboundd jugjugss ooff winwinee oonn ththee traitrainn aass samplessamples;; hihiss firsfirstt tritripp ttoo MadriMadridd anandd openinopeningg thethemm iinn enthusiasenthusiasmm anandd thetheyy alalll gogott drundrunkk includinincludingg ththee paipairr ooff GuardiGuardiaa CiviCivill anandd II loslostt ththee ticketticketss anandd wwee werweree taketakenn througthroughh ththee wickewickett bbyy ththee twtwoo GuardiGuardiaa CiviCivill (wh(whoo tootookk uuss ououtt aass thougthoughh prisonerprisonerss becausbecausee thertheree werweree nnoo ticketticketss anandd thethenn salutesalutedd aass thetheyy puputt uuss iinn ththee cab)cab);; HadleyHadley,, witwithh ththee bull'bull'ss eaearr wrappewrappedd iinn a handkerchiefhandkerchief,, ththee eaearr wawass ververyy stifstifff anandd drdryy anandd ththee haihairr alalll worworee ofofff iitt anandd ththee mamann whwhoo cucutt ththee eaearr iiss balbaldd nonoww totooo anandd slickslickss lonlongg strips of hair over the top of his head and he was beau then. strips of·hair over7 the top of his head ·and he was beau then. HHee waswas,, alalll right.right.7

ThThee entirentiree chaptechapterr continuecontinuess iinn thithiss veinvein;; iitt iiss aass thougthoughh Hemingwa~emingwayy werweree tryintryingg ttoo cracramm intintoo ninninee pagepagess alalll ooff ththee impressionimpressionss bbee coulcouldd rememremem-­ beberr whicwhichh constituteconstitutedd SpaiSpainn foforr himhim.. AAtt ononee poinpointt iinn ththee chaptechapterr hhee pausepausess ttoo sasayy "Ther"Theree reallreallyy wawass sucsuchh a yearyear,, bubutt thithiss iiss nonott enougenoughh ooff a book."book." ThisThis chapterchapter containscontains HemingwayHemingway'' s mostmost nostalgicnostalgic writing.writing. WhenWhen hehe sayssays thathatt "This"This isis nonott enoughenough ofof a bookbook, ,"" hhee isis perhapsperhaps implyingimplying thathatt nono boobookk couldcould bebe enoughenough ofof a bookbook ttoo capturecapture completelycompletely ththee fleetinfleetingg nosnos-­ talgictalgic reminiscencesreminiscences whichwhich constituteconstitute oneone'' s emotionalemotional attachmentattachment ttoo placeplacess andand experiencesexperiences ofof thethe past.past. ButBut thisthis chapterchapter isis notnot simplysimply aann ~~ubi sunt complaintcomplaint aboutabout wherewhere areare thethe tripstrips toto thethe bullfightbullfight ofof yesteryear,yesteryear, foforr thethe chargecharge ofof sentimentsentiment thatthat itit carriescarries isis neutralizedneutralized atat thethe end.end. OnOnee ofof Hemingway'sHemingway's friendsfriends hashas toldtold himhim thatthat PamplonaPamplona hashas changedchanged veryvery muchmuch andand hehe won'twon't gogo therethere anyany more.more. ToTo thisthis HemingwayHemingway sayssays

•••. . .Pamplon Pamplonaa isis changed,changed, ofof course,course, but but notnot asas muchmuch asas wewe areare older.older. II foundfound thatthat ifif youyou tooktook aa drinkdrink thatthat itit gotgot veryvery muchmuch thethe samesame asas itit waswas always.always. II knowknow thingsthings changechange nownow andand I ddoo

77nADA,, p.p. 270.270. 3^

not care. not care. ItIt'' ss allall beenbeen changedchanged forfor me.me. LetLet itit allall c~ange.change, We'llwe ll alalll bbee gonegone beforbeforee it'it' s changedchanged tootoo much.much. . . .° ThisThis lightlight mockerymockery ofof nostalgianostalgia-sayin--sayingg thatthat thingthingss asas theythey useusedd ttoo bbee

can be regained simply by tipping a few drinks—offsets the sentiment i can be regained simply by tipping a few drinks-- offsets the sentiment iinn thisthis chapter.chapter. ThisThis isis anan examplexamplee ofof ththee wayway HemingwayHemingway keepkeepss nostalginostalgiaa

inin check.check. HeHe isis welwelll awarawaree ofof thethe sweetnesssweetness ofof thoughtsthoughts aboutabout ththee "goo"goodd

oldold times,"times," andand hhee doesdoes notnot shunshun them;them; hhee enjoysenjoys themthem iinn theitheirr placeplace,,

bubutt keepskeeps thethemm bridledbridled soso thatthat theythey dodo nonott interfereinterfere withwith hihiss pursuitpursuitss

inin thethe realreal worldworld ofof thethe presentpresent.. TheThe imporimportantantt thingthing isis toto "wor"workk anandd learn,"learn," andand wewe musmustt acceptaccept thethe facfactt thatthat pleasanpleas antt experiencesexperiences changchangee andand paspasss awayaway..

WeWe nevernever willwill ridridee bacback fromfrom ToledoToledo inin ththee dark,dark, washingwashing thethe dustdust outout withwith Fundador, nornor willwill therethere bbee thathatt weeweekk ofwnatof whjat happenedhappened inin thethe nighnightt inin thatthat JulyJuly iinn MadridMadrid.. WeWe'v I vee see;seen'i-' i tt allall gogo andand wewe'l' lll watcwatch itit gogo again.again. TheThe greatgreat thingthing isis toto lastlast andand gegett youryour workwork donedone anandd seesee andand hearhear andand learnlearn anandd understand;understand; andand writwritee whenwhen therethere iiss somethingsomething thathatt youyou knowknow;; andand notnot beforebefore;; anandd nonott totooo damneddamned muc~UChh after. •••• . . .Th Thee thingthing toto dodo iiss worworkk andand learnlearn toto makmakee it.it.

ThisThis notionotionn ofof ththee greatgreat thingthing beinbeingg "to"to lastlast anandd getget youyourr worworkk donedone"" isis veryvery importanimportantt inin Hemingway'Hemingway ' s writingwriting andand wewe wilwilll comComee backback ttoo iitt again,again, particularlyparticularly iinn regardregard ttoo SantiagoSantiago inin ThThee OldOld MaMann andand ththee Sea.Sea.

WrighWrightt MorriMorriss hahass contrastedcontrasted ththee nostalgianostalgia ofof HemingwayHemingway witwithh thatthat ofof ScottScott FitzgeraldFitzgerald,, sayingsaying thatthat itit isis abundantabundant iinn ththee writingswritings ooff bothboth men,men, bubutt FitzgeralFitzgeraldd taketakess itit seriouslyseriously andand HemingwaHemingwayy doesn't.doesn't. 10 MrMr.,

MorrisMorris sayssays thathatt Hemingway'Hemingway ' s nostalginostalgiaa "is"is cacarefullrefullyy de-mothedde-mothed beforebefore hehe wearwearss it"it" -—h-hee cancan controcontroll itit and,and, atat times,times, lauglaughh atat it,it, bubutt FitzgeraldFitzgerald

8 DADA,, pp.. 278.278. 9 9yIbid.•

lO"The10"The FunctioFunctionn ofof Nostalgia,Nostalgia,"" inin FF.. ScottScott FitzgeraldFitzgerald,, eded.. ArthuArthurr Mizener,Mizener, pp.pp. 28-928-9.. 3535 whomwhom MorrisMorris callscalls thethe estheteesthete ofof nostalgia,nostalgia, admitsadmits toto itsits cripplingcrippling effects.effects. ToTo makmakee hishis poinpointt aboutabout HemingwayHemingway,, Mr.Mr. MorrisMorris quotequotess ththee followingfollowing passagpassagee fromfrom DeathDeath inin thethe Afternoon.Afternoon. Hemingway,Hemingway, inin speakinspeakingg ofof thethe GoodGood OldOld Days,Days, thosethose timestimes whenwhen memenn werweree menmen andand bullbullss werweree tremendous,tremendous, sumssums upup ththee paspastt iinn thesethese wordswords;:

ThingsThings changechange ververyy mucmuchh anandd insteadinstead ofof greagreatt athletesathletes onlonlyy childrenchildren playplay onon thethe hihghihg-schoo- schooll teamteamss now .•••• . . .the theyy areare alalll childrenchildren withoutwithout honorhonor,, skillskill oror virtue,virtue, mucmuchh thethe samesame aass thosethose childrenchildren whwhoo nownow plaplayy football,football, a feeblefeeble gamegame iitt hahass become,become, onon thethe high-schoohigh- schooll teamteam andand nothinnothingg likelike thethe greagreatt mature,mature, sophisticatedsophisticated athletesathletes iinn canvas-elbowedcanvas-elbowed jerseysjerseys,, smellingsmelling vinegaryvinegary fromfrom sweatedsweated shouldershoulder padspads,, carryingcarrying leatheleather'r headhead guards,guards, theirtheir moleskinsmoleskins clottedclotted withwith mud,mud, thathatt walkewalkedd oonn leather-cleateleather-cleatedd shoesshoes thathatt printeprintedd inin thethe earthearth alonalongg besidbesidee thethe sidewalksidewalk iinn thethe dusk, a lonlongg timetime ago.ll11

ThroughThrough thethe ironironyy inin thisthis passage,passage, HemingwaHemingwayy neutralizeneutralizess anandd mockmockss ththee

chargecharge ofof sentimentsentiment thatthat itit containscontains..

EvenEven thoughthough HemingwayHemingway hahass thithiss tendenctendencyy inin DeathDeath inin ththee AfterAfter-­

~noon toto puncturpuncturee ththee ballooballoonn ofof sentimensentimentt whicwuichh swellsswells aroundaround memoriesmemories,, wewe shouldshould notnot concludeconclude thathatt hhee isis unfeelingunfeeling aboutabout ththee past,past, foforr thougthoughh hehe shunsshuns sentimentalsentimental feelingsfeelings abouaboutt ththee past,. hhee valuesvalues ththee sincersinceree kinkindd ofof emotionemotion iinn nostalgianostalgia whichwhich addsadds anotheanotherr dimensiondimension toto one'sone's presenpresentt experience.experience. ThereThere iiss evidenceevidence bothboth iinn Hemingway'Hemingway'ss lifelife andand hihiss writinwritingg whichwhich indicatesindicates thathatt hehe thoughthoughtt ththee valuvaluee ofof memoriememoriess iiss somethinsomethingg ttoo

considerconsider inin decidingdeciding ourour actionactionss inin thethe presentpresent.. ThereThere isis a"certaia "'certainn

amountamount ofof thithiss attitudeattitude inin hihiss much-quotemuch~quotedd statementstatement abouaboutt morals;: "S"Soo

far,far, aboutabout morals,morals, I knowknow onlonlyy thatthat whawhatt iiss moralmoral iiss whawhatt youyou feefeell googoodd ,,12-I p after and what is immoral is what you feel bad after ••• This after and what is immoral is what you feel bad after. . . . This seems to be placing a utilitarian value on the way you feel about your seems to be placing a utilitarian value on the way you feel about your

llDA,i:LDA, pp.. 183183..

12 12DADA,, p.p. 4.k. 3636 actionsactions afterafter youyou havehave donedone them.them. ThiThiss meansmeans thatthat oneone mighmightt ddoo somesome­­ thingthing notnot onlyonly forfor thethe immediatimmediatee pleasurepleasure oror excitementexcitement involved ,• oorr perhapsperhaps despitedespite ththee immediateimmediate paipainn andand fearfear involved,involved, iinn orderorder ttoo enjoyenjoy thethe pleasurepleasure thatthat comescomes inin rememberingremembering hhee hashas donedone it.it. IInn speakingspeaking ofof thethe younyoungg menmen whowho participateparticipate inin thethe capeas,capeas, oror towntown-- squaresquare bullfightsbullfights,, Hemingwa;yHemingway sayssa;ys::

TheThe -peoplpeoplee whwhoo gogo intointo thesethese capeascapeas dodo soso sometimessometimes aass aspirantaspirant professionalprofessionalss toto getget frefreee experienceexperience witwithh bullbullss bubutt mostmost oftenoften aass amateurs,amateurs, purelpurelyy forfor sport,sport, forfor ththee immediateimmediate eXCitement,excitement, andand itit isis ververyy greatgreat- excitementexcitement;; andand forfor thethe retrospectivretrospectivee pleasure,pleasure, ofof havinhavingg shownshown theitheirr contemptcontempt forfor deathdeath onon a hohott dayday iinn theitheirr ownown towtownn squaresquare.. ThereThere iiss absolutel~absolutely - nOthingnothing forfor themthem toto gaigainn exceptexcept ththee innerinner satisfactionsatisfaction ofof havinhavingg beebeenn iinn ththee ringring withwith a bullbull;; itselfitself a thinIhing thatthat anyany ononee whwhoo hahass donedone itit wilwilll alwayalwa;yss remember.remember. ^3

HemingwayHemingway iiss speakingspeaking herehere fromfrom experience,experience, foforr asas a youngyoung mamann iinn ththee earlyearly 1920's1920's hhee hadhad participateparticipatedd iinn thethe runninrunningg ofof ththee bullbullss anandd hahadd beenbeen bumpedbumped arounaroundd withwith ththee restrest Ofof ththee crowdcrowd ofof daringdaring amateuramateur torerostoreros..

UndoubtedlyUndoubtedly hhee enjoyedenjoyed a "retrospective"retrospective pleasurepleasure"" andand -"inner"inner -satisfacsatisfac-­ tion"tion" fromfrom havinghaving donedone thisthis -becausbecausee -thatthat waswas thethe casecase witwithh soso manmanyy ooff hishis otherother experiences.experiences. HHee -wouldwould valuevalue thisthis experienceexperience jusjustt aass hhee dididd hishis experiencesexperiences withwith war,war, woundings,woundings, andand violenviolentt death,death, becausbecausee iitt taughtaughtt himhim anandd mademade -himhim aann insider--iinsider--itt gavegave himhim a certaincertain authorityauthority ttoo writwritee aboutabout itit..

InIn DeathDeath inin ththee -AfternOonAfternoon Hemingwa;yHemingway hashas explainedexplained mucmuchh aboutabout bullbull-­ fighting,fighting, -andand hhee hashas attempteattemptedd ttoo sa;ysay mucmuchh aboutabout a numbenumberr ofof otherother thingsthings..

Particularly,Particularly, hehe hahass attemptedattempted ttoo conveyconvey ththee emotionalemotional impacimpactt whicwhichh SpaiSpainn andand thethe dramadrama ofof thethe -bullfightbullfight havehave hadhad uponupon hihimm becausbecausee hhee feelfeelss thathatt hishis hauntinghaunting emotionalemotional responseresponsess areare a vitavitall partpart ofof ththee totatotall experienceexpe-rience..

13DADA,, pppp.. 23-2423-24.. 3737

TheThe readerreader cannotcannot appreciateappreciate fullyfully whatwhat hehe desiresdesires toto communicatecommunicate unlesunlesss hehe cancan causecause himhim toto tastetaste thethe flavorflavor ofof hishis experienceexperience inin Spain,Spain, andand thithiss flavorflavor lieslies inin thethe fleetingfleeting nostalgicnostalgic impressionsimpressions whichwhich areare soso difficuldifficultt toto express.express. TheThe practicalpractical aspectsaspects ofof thethe bullfightbullfight areare wellwell expressed,expressed, butbut HemingwayHemingway himselfhimself seemedseemedt-too doubtdoubt hishis successsuccess inin expressingexpressing ththee subtlesubtle emotionalemotional aspects,aspects, forfor inin thethe lastlast sentencessentences ofof thethe bookbook hehe saysayss

"No."No. ItIt isis notnot enoughenough ofof a book,book, butbut stillstill therethere werewere a fewfew thingthingss ttoo bebe said.said. ThereThere werewere a fewfew practicapracticall thingsthings toto bebe said."said." ThisThis maymay jusjustt bebe modestmodest posturing,posturing, butbut eveneven -ifif HemingwayHemingway werewere notnot satisfiedsatisfied thathatt hhee hadhad puputt "everything""everything" aboutabout bullfightinbullfightingg intointo thethe book,book, hehe neverthelessnevertheless hashas achievedachieved inin thithiss lastlast chapterchapter a mostmost vividvivid andand evocativeevocative expressioexpressionn ­ ofof thethe subtlesubtle impressionsimpressions thatthat constituteconstitute anan importantimportant parpartt ooff a person'person'ss reactionreaction toto placeplacess andand happeninghappeningss whichwhich havhavee impresseimpressedd himhim..

HemingwayHemingway admitsadmits inin hishis forewardforeward thathatt GreenGreen HillsHills ofof AfricAfricaa iiss aann experiment?: "The"The writerwriter hahass attemptedattempted ttoo writwritee anan absolutelyabsolutely trutruee boobookk toto seesee whetherwhether thethe-shap-shapee ofof a countrcountryy andand ththee patterpatternn ofof a month'month'ss actioactionn can,can, ifif trultrulyy presentedpresented,, competecompete witwithh a worworkk ooff ththee imagination.imagination."" ThThee month'month'ss actionaction mentionementionedd herheree tootookk placplacee roughlroughlyy frofromm JanuarJanuaryy 2211 ttoo FebFeb­­ ruarruaryy 2020,, 1934,1934, durinduringg whicwhichh timtimee Hemingway wawass iinn EasEastt AfricAfricaa huntinhuntingg bibigg gamegame.. ThThee boobookk wawass writtewrittenn latelaterr iinn 19341934 iinn KeKeyy WesWestt anandd wawass pubpub­­ lishelishedd iinn FebruarFebruaryy ooff ththee nexnextt yearyear,. AlthougAlthoughh iitt iiss ththee trutruee accounaccountt ooff

a huntinghunting trip,trip, thisthis bookbook hashas thethe flavorflavor ofof a novel.novel. ThisThis effecteffect iiss propro­­

duceducedd partlpartlyy bbyy ititss structure—thstructure-- thee wawayy iinn whicwhichh HemingwaHemingwayy hahass chosechosenn ttoo

narratnarratee ththee month'month'ss actionaction.. HHee beginbeginss hihiss accounaccountt witwithh jusjustt threthreee daydayss

ooff ththee hunhuntt remainingremaining,, anandd wwee learlearnn whawhatt hahass happenehappenedd uupp ttoo thathatt timtimee

througthroughh flashbacksflashbacks.. SuspensSuspensee iiss provideprovidedd bbyy ththee naturanaturall excitemenexcitementt anandd

suspenssuspensee whicwhichh accompanaccompanyy ththee pursuipursuitt ooff bibigg gamegame,, anandd aann elemenelementt ooff 3388

conflicconflictt derivederivess frofromm Hemingway'Hemingway'ss competitiocompetitionn witwithh ththee otheotherr huntehunterr iinn

ththee partyparty..

WheneveWheneverr ononee findfindss mentiomentionn ooff thithiss boobookk iinn HemingwaHemingwayy criticismcriticism,,

hhee cacann "expecexpectt ttoo reareadd ththee often-quoteoften-quoted d "sectionsectionss iinn whicwhichh HemingwaHemingwayy comcom­­

mentmentss oonn writerwriterss anandd writingwriting.. ThThee interesinterestt "iinn thithiss boobookk foforr mosmostt literarliteraryy

criticcriticss hahass hahadd ititss sourcsourcee almosalmostt entirelentirelyy iinn thesthesee incidentaincidentall sectionssections;;

ththee resrestt ooff ththee boobookk seemseemss ttoo havhavee gongonee quitquitee unregardedunregarded.. ThiThiss iiss naturanaturall

enoughenough,, foforr mosmostt ooff ththee boobookk woulwouldd holholdd interesinterestt foforr anandd coulcouldd onlonlyy bbee

fullfullyy appreciateappreciatedd bbyy anotheanotherr hunterhunter.. HemingwaHemingwayy saysayss aatt ononee poinpointt thathatt

alalll hunterhunterss everywhereverywheree araree ththee samesame.. TherTheree iiss aa greagreatt deadeall ooff truttruthh iinn

thithiss commentcomment.. AlAlll hunterhunterss seeseemm ttoo sharsharee iinn commocommonn a peculiapeculiarr satisfacsatisfac-­

tiotionn iinn ththee pursuipursuitt anandd ththee killkill.. WhetheWhetherr thithiss satisfactiosatisfactionn comeCOmess frofromm aa

lovlovee ooff ththee outdoorsoutdoors,, oorr frofromm ththee enjoymenenjoymentt ooff practicinpracticingg a skillskill,, oorr

fromfrom somsomee primitivprimitivee instincinstinctt iiss harhardd ttoo determine,determine, bubutt thertheree cacann bbee nnoo

doubtdoubt thatthat itit existsexists andand bindsbinds huntershunters togethertogether inin a specialspecial comradeshipcomradeship..

ThereThere isis anan interestinginteresting connectionconnection betweenbetween thisthis satisfactionsatisfaction iinn ththee hunhuntt

andand nostalgia.nostalgia. AnyoneAnyone whowho hashas satsat withwith a partyparty ofof huntershunters aroundaround a campcamp--

firefire inin thethe eveningevening knowsknows "thatthat huntinghunting experiencesexperiences areare nevernever forgottenforgotten..

TheyThey holdhold aa specialspecial placeplace inin thethe mmemoremoryy andand cancan bebe broughtbrought toto mindmind underunder

thethe slightestslightest stimulationstimulation andand bebe eenjoyenjoyedd timetime afterafter time.time. WheneverWhenever a

sportsmansportsman relatesrelates aa huntinghunting experience,experience, itit isis seldomseldom untingeduntinged byby nostalnostal-­

gia,gia, andand" thisthis isis truetrue withwith HemingwayHemingway asas hehe narratesnarrates hishis experiencesexperiences inin

Tanganyoka.Tanganyoka. CarlosCarlos BakerBaker sayssays "The"The formform ooff thethe bookbook hashas inin factfact beenbeen

conditionedconditioned throughoutthroughout byby Hemingway'sHemingway's 'emo'emotionatedtionated'' recollectionrecollection ofof thethe nl4 bestbest andand worstworst partsparts ofof ththe e sasafarif arlo· . ,,14

14Hemingway14 : The Writer as Artist, p. 171. Hemingway: The Writer as Artist, p. 171• 3939

HemingwayHemingway fellfell iinn lovlovee wwitith AfricAfricaa immediately, perhaps becausbecausee iitt provideprovidedd suchsuch goodgood hunhuntingting, oror maybmaybee becausbecausee itit reminder emindedd himhim ssoo mucmuchh ooff

Spain.Spain. HeHe sayssays " I lovedloved thisthis countrycountry andand I feltfelt aatt homehome anandd wherwheree a manman feelsfeels atat home, outsideoutside ofof wherwheree he'he ' s bornborn,, iiss wherewhere he'he'ss meanmeantt ttoo

go. ",,15 ? AfricAfricaa seemeseemedd ttoo havhavee somsomee kinkindd ooff speciaspeciall nostalginostalgicc significancsignificancee

forfor him;him; beforebefore ththee hunthunt isis halhalff oveoverr hehe sayssays "All"All I wantedwanted ttoo ddoo nonoww wawass

getget backback toto AfricaAfrica.. WeWe hadhad nonott leftleft it,it, yetyet,, bubutt whenwhen I woulwouldd wakwakee iinn •J z- the night I woul d lie , listening. homesick for it already. ,,16 It is the night I would lie, listening, homesick for it already." It is interesting that many years later t.he nostalgic reminiscences of the interesting that many years later the nostalgic reminiscences of the characters in The Old Man and the Sea (1952) and " Get a Seeing- eyed Dog" characters in The Old Man and the Sea (1952) and "Get a Seeing-eyed Dog" (1957) are about Africa. Hemingway himself, of course, returned to (1957) are about Africa. Hemingway himself, of course, returned to Africa a number of times, and kept himself surrounded by his African Africa a number of times, and kept himself surrounded by his African game trophies and skins right up to his last years. game trophies and skins right up to his last years. With Death in the Afternoon Hemingway wanted hi s book to be the With Death in the Afternoon Hemingway wanted his book to be the bullfight not just about it, and he attempted to accomplish this by using bullfight not just about it, and he attempted to accomplish this by using long lists of subjective impressions which might make it possible for the long lists of subjective impressions which might make it possible for the reader to share the emotional impact that Spain and bullfighting had on reader to share the emotional impact that Spain and bullfighting had on him. He did this because he knew that objective explanation alone could him. He did this because he knew that objective explanation alone could never make a reader who had never been in Spain at a bullring understand never make a reader who had never been in Spain at a bullring understand what he was getting at. Thi s situation is somewhat different., in Green what he was getting at. This situation is somewhat different, in Green Hills of Africa. Hemingway still f eels that in order for a book on big- Hills of Africa. Hemingway still feels that in order for a book on big- game-hunti ng to be good , it mus t make the reader feel what that experience game-hunting to be good, it must make the reader feel what that experience is like. When Pop says "Most of the damned Safari books are most awful is like. When Pop says "Most of the damned Safari books are most awful bloody bores ," Hemingway agrees. "They 're terrible. The only one I ever bloody bores," Hemingway agrees. "They're terrible. The only one I ever

15GHAGHA,, pp.pp. 283-84283-84.«

16l6GHAGHA^, pp.. 7272.. 404o likedliked waswas Streeter's ••••. ... HeHe mademade yoyouu feelfeel whawhatt itit waswas like. That'That 'ss thethe best.best . "17" * HemingwayHemingway knewknew thatthat i f hi hiss SafariSafari bookbook wawass goinggoing ttoo bbee anyany good, hehe wouldwould havhavee ttoo makemake hhii s " readerreader "feel"feel whatwhat itit waswas like.like.""

ButBut hhee diddid nonott trytry ttoo dodo ththii s ththee samesame wawayy asas hhee hadhad donedone inin DeatDeathh iinn thethe Afternoon.Afternoon. PerhapPerhapss ththee reasonreason hehe diddid nonott isis wrappewrappedd uupp iinn hihiss commentcomment thatthat "all"all countriescountries anandd allall hunterhunters are thethe same. " IInn hihiss bookbook onon Africa, HemingwaHemingwayy isis writingwriting thethe experienceexperience ooff "the the hunter,, whichwhich hahass somesome kinki ndd " ofof commocommonn elemenelementt forfor allall "huntershunters in allall countriescountries..

HeHe doesdoes nonott relyrely uponupon subjectivesubjective impressionsimpressions becausbecausee anan objectiveobjective narnar­­

ration,ration, ifif donedone trultrulyy andand accuratelyaccurately enough,enough, willwill ccausausee anotheranother huntehunterr

(and(and almostalmost everyevery mamann hashas hahadd somesome tastetaste ofof huntinghunting)) toto feelfeel whawhatt iitt waswas likelike.. ThougThoughh thethe foliagefoliage andand thethe animalsanimals iinn TanganyikaTanganyika araree mucmuchh

differentdifferent fromfrom thosethose inin Utah, whenwhen HemingwayHemingway''ss descriptiondescription ooff search­

inging forfor andand shootingshooting a rhinorhino oror a kudkuduu isis accurateaccurate enoughenough,, ththee Utautahh

deedeerr huntehunterr cancan feelfeel whawhatt itit waswas like.like. EvEveenn thougthoughh G~enGreen HillHillss ooff

AfricaAfrica isis anan objectiveobjective narrationarrationn ofof Hemingway'Hemingway ' s huntinghunting experiencesexperiences,,

therethere isis a certaincertain amountamount ofof nostalginost algiaa inherentinherent inin ththee retellingretelling ooff ananyy huntinghunting adventure whichwhich anyoneanyone withwith somesome huntinghunting instinctinstinct wilwilll responrespondd to.to.

InIn GreenGreen HillHillss ofof AfricAfrica we finfindd a chcharacteristiaracteristicc ofof HemingwaHemingwayy whichwhich hhee developeddeveloped ratheratherr earlyearly inin hishis careecareerrs: anan oddodd overlayoverlay ooff ththee paspastt "uponupo n ththee presentpresent.. WeWe seesee thithiss inin ththee flashbacksflashbacks inin thisthis bookbook..

WhileWhile HemingwayHemingway isis huntinghunting foforr rhinorhino,, hehe sitssits downdown toto restrest undeunderr a tree.tree. AsAs hhee restrestss therethere hishis thoughtthoughtss turturnn ttoo hihiss earlyearly yearsyears iinn PariPariss andand hhee beginsbegins ttoo " rememberememberr placesplaces anandd happeningshappenings.. ThesThesee nostalginostalgicc flashbacksflashbacks comcomee fromfrom timetime ttoo timtimee inin ththee courscoursee ooff thethe "narrativenarrative,, usuallusuallyy

177 GHAGHA , pp.pp. 193-94.193-94. 4411

aass HemingwaHemingwayy iiss restinrestingg durinduringg a a strenuou strenuouss hunthunt,, anandd oonn ththee surfacsu rfa~ee

thetheyy appeaappearr ttoo havhavee nnoo connectioconnectionn aatt alalll witwithh ththee actioactionn ooff ththee present.,

IItt iiss obviouobviouss thathatt thetheyy servservee ttoo varvaryy ththee temptempoo ooff ththee narrativenarrative,, foforr

thetheyy ofteoftenn com comee jusjustt beforbeforee aa suddesuddenn rusr ushh ooff actionaction,, bubutt thit hiss iiss nonott

theitheirr onlonlyy purposepurpose., WWee finfindd sucsuchh flashbackflashbackss ttoo fleetinfleetIngg reminiscenceremi n ~sc en cess

iinn manmanyy ooff Hemingway'Hemingway 'ss worksworks,, anandd wwee wilwi lll havhavee occasiooccasionn ttoo examinexaminee thethemm

againagain,, particularlparticularlyy iinn regarr egardd ttoo FoForr WhoWhomm ththee BelBelll Toll'foIlss anandd ThThee OlOldd

MaMann anandd ththee Sea,, ThThee poinpointt ttoo bbee madmadee herheree iiss thathatt thesthesee flashbackflashbackss araree

nonott withouwi t hou.t significansigni f icantt relevancrelevancee t too tht hee presentpresent,. ThiThi ss overlaoverlayy ooff tht.hee

paspastt on ththee presenpresentt iiss a wawayy ooff clarifyinclarify ' ngg anandd expandinexpandi ngg ouourr undunderstandinerstandingg

ooff a man'man 'ss presenpresentt conditioncondition., HemingwaHemingwayy useusess iitt as a techniqutechniquee foforr addinaddi ngg

deptdepthh ttoo hihiss characters., KeiichKeii chii Harada,, iinn aann essaessayy oonn ThThee OlOldd MaMann anandd

ththee SeaSea,, discussediscussess hohoww HemingwaHemingwayy useusess ththee alteratioalterationn ooff dream-memordream-memoryy anandd

actualactual experienceexperience iinn hihiss works,. HHee pointpointss ououtt thathatt thithiss alteratioalterationn serves

too clarifyclarify man'man 'ss presenpresentt conditioncondition bbyy ccontrastinontrastingg tht hee paspastt witwithh ththee prepresentsents:

"T"Thhe experieexperiencencess ooff tht hee paspastt aarre nonott meaninglesmeaningless factss butbut. aree ofte oftenn •'re re-­

ccapturedaptured'' byby thethe selff ththrougroughh thethe ddescriminatines criminatingg andand organizingorganizing proprocescesss

of thethe miminndd inin orderorder toto establishestablish onone'e ' s seself-identitylf-identity,. AssociationsAssociations andand

remembranremembrancecess dodo nnoett taketake pplacl acee at randrandoomm butbut areare directeddirected totowarwardd susucchh aann

1 end,end." ,,18 WhatWhat HemiHemingwa.ngwayy hadhad lelearnearnedd toto dodo waswas nott onlyonly useuse hhiiss ownown out-out­

wardward llifi fee asas thethe basisbasis ofof hishis fiction-fiction—hi- hiss warwar experience,experience, his travels,travels,

hishis huntinghunting andand ffishingi shing,, etc,--butetc.—but hehe had alsoalso learnedlearned thatthat hehe couldcould

capicapitalizt alizee onon hhii s subjesubjectivective , evevanescenanescentt reminiscencesreminiscences ofof thethe past., AAss

CarlosCarlos BakerBaker putputs itit,, "Already,"Already, inin shoshortrt., beforebefore hehe waswas forty,forty, hehe waswas beginningbeginning toto emphasiemphasiz>;ee thethe changeschanges titimme inevinevitabli tablyy bringsbrings andand toto makemake

18l8"Th"Thee MarlinMarlin andand thethe SharkSharks: AA NoteNote onon TheThe OldOld ManMan andand thethe Sea,"Sea," inin HemingwayHemingway andand HisHis Critics,Critics, eded,, CarCarloloss BakerBaker,, pp,. 271,. 42 fictionalfictional capitalcapital fromfrom thethe remembrancremembrancee ofof thingsthings past.past.,,19"

ThereThere areare a numbernumber ofof examplesexamples inin GreenGreen HillHillss ofof AfricAfricaa ooff

HemingwayHemingway'' s notnotioion thatthat one'sone's presenpresentt actionsactions cancan bbee evaluatedevaluated iinn termtermss ofof hohoyw oneone wilviIIl looklook bacbackk oonn thethemm iinn memorymemory.. HemingwaHemingwayy derivederivess greagreatt pleasurepleasure andand excitementexcitement fromfrom huntinhuntingg bibigg gamegame;; inin fact , hhee repeatrepeatss ninenine timetimess vithinwithin thethe firfirsstt seventy-tvoseventy-two pagepagess thatthat hhee iiss doingdoing whavhatt hhee likelikess mosmostt andand isis havinhavingg a wonderfuvonderfull time. BuButt iinn additionaddition ttoo thithiss immediateimmediate enjoyment , HemingwaHemingwayy isis awaravaree thatthat hishis triptrip wilviIIl providprovidee manmanyy pleasantpleasant memoriesmemories forfor himhim toto enjoyenjoy inin thethe future.future. InIn hihiss narrationarrationn ooff stalkingstalking a lionlion inin deepdeep grasgrasss witvithh onlyonly MM'Cola' Cola,, hishis nativenative trackertracker,, alongalong witvithh him,him, HemingwaHemingwayy says"says " „••• . . 1I kneknevw thatthat iiff I coulcouldd kilkilll ononee alone,alone, viwithouthout t PopPop along.along, I vouldwould feelfeel goodgood aboutabout itit forfor a lonlongg time."time ... 2020

AfterAfter hehe hashas madmadee anan exceptionallyexceptionally googoodd shoshott andand killedkilled a rhinorhino,, HemHem-­ ingway'ingway'ss wifvifee sayssays "You're"You're prettypretty pleasepleasedd vithwith itit yourself,'yourself,' anandd hhee repliesreplies "Don"Don' itt worrvorryy abouaboutt hohoyw I feefeell aboutabout it.it. I cancan wakvakee uupp anandd thinthinkk 21 aboutabout thathatt anyany night. ,,21" " InIn bothboth ooff thesthesee examplesexamples thertheree isis a concerconcernn forfor hoyhow hhee cancan looklook backback onon whavhatt hehe hashas done;done; iinn otherother vords,words, parpartt ooff thethe valuevalue ofof eacheach experienceexperience lies iinn vhatwhat kindkind ofof memorymemory itit wilviIIl makemake..

WhenWhen HemingwayHemingway isis feelingfeeling discourageddiscouraged becausbecausee hishis kudkuduu werveree nonot quitquitee asas largelarge aass thethe oneone ofof hishis friendfriend Karl, PopPop sayssays toto hihimm "You"You cacann alwayalwayss 22 rememberremember hoyhow youyou shotshot themthem.. ThatThat'' ss vhatwhat youyou reallreallyy getget outout ooff it.it, ,,22"

19"Introduction"Introduction?: CitizenCitizen ofof thethe World,"World," iinn HeminHemingwayf and His Critics,Critics, p.p. 99.»

20GHAGHA ,, pp.. 14Ll4l.

21GHAGHA , pp.. 80.80.

22GHAGHA , pp.. 293.293. 4343

ThisThis concernconcern foforr thethe wayway experienceexperience willwill bbee rememberremembereedd indiindi ­- catescates HemingwayHemingway'' s respectrespect forfor nostalgianos~lgia,, atat leasleastt wherewhere huntinghunting exper­ iencesiences areare concerned., AsAs waswas mentmentionedi oned,, allall huntershunters enjoyenjoy relivingreliving paspastt hurthur.tss inin memory,memory, but thertheree areare veryvery fewfew whowho asas theythey sightsight dowdownn onon a bibigg bucbuckk givegive anyany thoughtthought ttoo hohoww thithiss experienceexperience wilwilll bebe rememberedremembered inin ththee future,future. HemingwayHemingway'' s sensesense ofof cconstructinonstructingg inin ththee presenpresentt a paspastt worthworth rememberinrememberingg isis a ratherrather uniquuniquee characteristic,characteristic. ItIt isis aass thoughthough hishis mindmind werewere a " ccamerameraa andand hhee werweree collectingcollecting snapshotssnapshots toto fillfill aann albumalbum whicwhichh inin thethe futurefuture willwill providprovidee "hourshours ofof nostalginostalgicc enjoymentenjoyment aass hehe thumbsthumbs throughthrough it., HHee wouldwould likelike ttoo watcwatchh ththee sablesable onon thethe hillsidehillside

"and"and "sesee e themthem longlong enoughenough ssoo thetheyy belongedbelonged ttoo mmee forever.forever, ",,23 AfteAfterr hhee hashas shotshot a kudukudu andand examinedexamined ththee beautifubeautifull animalanimal lyinlyingg oonn ththee groundground,, hehe doesdoes nonott wanwantt ttoo watchwatch ththee nativesnatives skiskinn itit becausbecausee hehe woulwouldd liklikee ttoo 2424 rememberremember itit asas hhee foundfound it,it. AsAs thethe huntinhuntingg partpartyy passespasses throughthrough a littlelittle villagvillagee wherewhere oneone ofof ththee groupgroup hadhad beenbeen stalkedstalked bbyy a liolionn whilwhilee huntinghunting kudukudu,, hhee suggestsuggestss thetheyy drinkdrink somesome specialspecial GermanGerman beebeerr "i"inn orderorder .,2,,255 thatthat wwee mightmight rememberememberr ththee placplacee betterbetter andand eveneven appreciateappreciate iitt more.,

A sensesense ofof thethe importanceimportance ofof " rememberingremembering pervadespervades thisthis book--itbook—it eveevenn closescloses onon suchsuch " a note,note. TheThe hunt isis ovoveerr andand ththee HemingwaysHemingways anandd theitheirr friendsfriends areare sittingsitting inin a restaurant ovoverlookinerlookingg thethe SeaSea ofof GalileeGalilee,.

''YoYouu knowknow,, '' PP.O.M, Q,M,. sasaidi d, ' I cancan'' t rememberememberr itit,. I cancan'' t rememberremember Mr,Mr. J,J. P.'p, ' s face,face. AnAndd he'she's beautiful.beautiful. I thinkthink aboutabout himhim andand thinkthink about hihimm andand I can'tcan't seesee him.him. It'sIt's terrible,terrible. HHee isn'tisn't thethe wayway hehe lookslooks inin a photograph.photograph. InIn a littlelittle whilwhilee I won'won ' t bebe able ttoo rememberremember himhim atat allall,. AlreadyAlready I can'tcan't seesee him,'him.'

ZlGHA,GHA, pp.. 282282,. 2424 GHA,GHA, pp,. 235235.. 25GHAGHA,, pp,. 159159,. kk44

'Yo'Youu musmustt rememberememberr himhim'' KarKarll saisaidd ttoo herher.. ''II cacann rememberememberr him,him,'' II saidsaid.. 'I'l'I'lll writwritee yoyouu aa piecpiecee somsomee timtimee anandd puputt hihimm in.in.''

HemingwaHemingwayy founfoundd pleasurpleasuree iinn closelcloselyy observinobservingg anandd rememberinrememberingg nonott foforr theitheirr owownn saksakee alonealone,, bubutt alsalsoo becausbecausee thetheyy werweree ththee wellsprinwellspringg ooff hihiss writingwriting;. HHee hahadd -carefullcarefullyy trainetrainedd himselhimselff ttoo alwayalwayss bbee awarawaree ooff placesplaces,, peoplepeople,, happeningshappenings,, anandd hihiss owownn -feelingsfeelings,, ttoo observobservee thethemm carecare-­ fullfullyy anandd rememberememberr thethemm iinn detaildetail.. HHee adviseadvisedd hihiss brothebrotherr LeicesterLeicester,, aann aspirinaspiringg younyoungg writerwriter,, ttoo ddoo ththee samesame:; "An"Andd rememberremember,, keekeepp observinobservingg alalll ththee timetime.. ThiThiss iiss -collegcollegee foforr - a writer.writer.,,26" "Tr"Tryy ttoo rememberememberr everyevery-- . 27 thing about everyth1ng." 27 Although Hemingway tried to remember every- thing about everything." Although Hemingway tried to remember every­ thing about everything, in his writing he was very selective in the thing about everything, in his writing he was very selective in the impressions he used-. - He felt that if-you had observed closely and re- impressions he used. He felt that if you had observed closely and re­ membered, then you knew your subject well enough that you could afford membered, then you knew your subject well enough that you could afford ttoo bbee selectiveselective.. IInn -DeatDeathh - iinn ththee AfternooAfternoonn hhee writeswrites:: IfIf a writerwriter ooff prosprosee knowsknows enoughenough aboutabout whawhatt hehe iiss writinwritingg aboutabout hhee mamayy omiomitt thingsthings thathatt hehe knowknowss - andand thethe reader,reader, ifif ththee writewriterr isis writinwritingg trultrulyy enough,enough, willwill havhavee a feelingfeeling ofof thosthosee thingsthings - asas stronglystrongly asas thoughthough thethe writewriterr hahadd statedstated themthem.. ThThee dignitydignity ofof movementmovement ofaanofflan icebergiceberg isis duedue toto onlyonly one-eighthone-eighth ooff itit beingbeing aboveabove water.2

PartPart ofof Hemingway'sHemingway's concernconcern forfor remembering,remembering, then,then, comescomes fromfrom hihiss desirdesiree toto writewrite andand toto knowknow hishis subjesubjecct wellwell enoughenough thatthat hehe -cancan writewrite withwith a specialspecial quality,quality, butbut anotheranother partpart ofof thatthat concernconcern derivesderives simplysimply fromfrom thethe nostalgicnostalgic enjoymentenjoyment thatthat comescomes fromfrom remembering.remembering. ]sIs itit notnot possiblepossible thatthat atat thethe basebase ofof hishis notivationnotivation toto writewrite andand thethe satisfactionsatisfaction hehe gotgot fromfrom beingbeing aa writerwriter waswas thisthis -specialspecial tendencytendency toto retainretain andand cherishcherish mem-mem­ oriesories ofof pastpast experience.experience.

26LeicesterLeicester Hemingway,Hemingway, MYMy Brother,Brother. ErnestErnest HemingwayHemingway (Greenwich,(Greenwich, Conn.Conn. : FawcettFawcett Publications,Publications, Inc.,Inc., 1963),1963), p.p. 161.161. 2a 2727Ibid.£2ll.,- , pp.. 141.141. 28DADA,, pp.. 192192.. CHAPTERCHAPTER IIIIII

THETHE SPANISHSPANISH EARTEARTHH

TheThe FiftFifthh Column,Column. Hemingway'sHemingway's onlyonly publishepublishedd playplay,, camcamee ououtt

ofof hihiss experienceexperience inin SpainSpain duringduring ththee SpanishSpanish CivilCivil War;War; inin factfact,, iitt

waswas writtenwritten inin MadridMadrid whilewhile thatthat citcityy waswas underunder bombardmentbombardment.. ThiThiss plaplayy

isis notnot outstanding,outstanding, andand ititss weaknesseweaknessess areare duedue ttoo moremore thathann ththee thirtythirty­-

oddodd shellsshells whicwhichh ·hihitt · thethe ·HotelHotel FloridaFlorida-whil· whilee hhee waswas writingwriting it. PerhapPerhapss

HemingwayHemingway waswas unablunablee toto handlehandle hihiss materiamateriall· effectivelyeffectively becausbecausee hhee wawass

soso closeclose toto it'—>hit--hee generallygenerally allowedallowed hishis experienceexperiencess severalseveral yearyearss ttoo

settlesettle iinn hishis mindmind beforbeforee hehe triedtried toto writewrite abouaboutt them—othe~-orr maybmaybee ththee

mainmain probleproblemm waswas thatthat althoughalthough hhee wawass a mastemasterr atat dialoguedialogue anandd dramatidramaticc

situationssituations inin ththee novelnovel,, hhee hahadd nonott e~uippedequipped himselfhimself withwith ththee speciaspeciall

techniquetechni~uess andand craftsmanshipcraftsmanship whicwhichh workwork forfor· thethe theatetheaterr demands.demands. SomSomee

peoplepeople feelfeel thatthat thethe reareall valuvaluee ofof TheThe FifthFifth ColumnColumn lieslies iinn ththee facfactt

thatthat itit servedserved toto purgepurge HemingwayHemingway ofof hihiss intensintensee emotionalemotional involvemeninvolvementt

inin ththee fightfight againstagainst fascisfascism soso thatthat iinn FoForr WhoWhomm ththee BelBelll TollsTolls hhee wawass

ableable ttoo writwritee withwith ththee maturitmaturityy andand propeproperr aestheticaesthetic distancedistance whicwhichh

mademade thatthat novelnovel greatgreat..

TheThe FiftFifthh ColumnColumn dealsdeals withwith counter-espionagecounter-espionage iinn MadridMadrid durinduringg thethe thirties.thirties. PhilipPhilip RawlingsRawlings,, thethe protagonisprotagonistt ofof thethe play,play, iiss engageengagedd

inin espionageespionage forfor thethe RepublicanRepublican Loyalists ,. HHee poseposess asas a drunkendrunken,, disdis­­

solutesolute war-correspondenwar-correspondentt whwhoo seldomseldom doedoess anyany workwork atat hihiss typewritertypewriter..

WhiskeyWhiskey andand sexsex areare apparentlyapparently whawhatt keepkeep himhim fromfrom mentalmental breakdowbreakdownn frofromm thethe tensiontension ofof hihiss dangerous,dangerous, unnervinunnervingg workwork asas a counter-spy.counter-spy. HHee dividedividess

45 461*6 hishis affectionsaffections betweenbetween AnitaAnita,, a MoorisMoorishh tart,tart, andand DorothyDorothy BridgesBridges,, aann

AmericanAmerican journalisjournalistt whwhoo wantwantss toto reforreformm himhim andand marrymarry him. IIff ththee storstoryy hashas a moral, sayssays HemingwaHemi ngwayy inin hishis prefacepreface,, "it"it iiss thatthat peoplpeoplee whwhoo worworkk forfor certaincertain organizatorganizationi onss havhavee veryvery littlelittle · timtimee forfor homehome life.life," ,,11 ThThee hemeheme life ., suchsuch asas itit is , whichwhich PhiliPhilipp hahass notnot timtimee forfor consistsconsists ooff sleepingsleeping withwith DorothDorothyy andand allowingallowing heherr toto showershower smallsmall domesticdomestic favorfavorss onon him,him, suchsuch asas warminwarmingg a tintin ofof bullybully beefbeef forfor himhim oror tidyingtidying hihiss roomroom..

Dorothy, whosewhose namename mightmight havehave beenbeen Nostalgia,Nostalgia, HemingwayHemingway telltellss uuss inin hishis prefacepreface., isis a Junior-League-formeJunior-League-formedd spectatorspectator ofof thethe SpanishSpanish warwar..

SheShe woulwouldd likelike toto taketake PhiliPhilipp andand leaveleave ththee upheavaupheavall iinn SpainSpain foforr ththee delightsdelights ofof traveltravel aroundaround thethe continent;: steeplechasessteeplechases andand finfinee dinnerdinnerss inin France,France, shootingshooting iinn HungaryHungary,, surfingsurfing onon ththee beachbeach atat MelindiMelindi,, anandd similarsimilar pursuitpursuitss ofof ththee iidldlee ·rich. InIn a way , DorothyDorothy representsrepresents alalll ooff thethe eventsevents andand placeplacess PhilipPhilip hahadd knownknown beforbeforee ththee war, whicwhichh remai remainn iinn hishis memormemoryy appearingappearing eveneven mormoree piercinglypiercingly sweetsweet inin contrastcontrast ttoo ththee feafearr andand horrohorrorr ofof hishis lifelife iinn Spain.Spain. BuButt thertheree isis nono turningturning bacbackk foforr himhim..

HeHe tellstells DorothyDorothy,, ''YoYouu cancan gogo.. BuButt I'vI ' vee beebeenn toto allall thosthosee placesplaces andand I'veI've leftleft themthem allall behind.behind. AndAnd wherwheree I gogo nownow I ggoo ~one,alone, oror withwith othersothers whowho gogo therethere foforr thethe samesame reasonreason I 2 go"go.' ' Nostalgia,Nostalgia, therefore,therefore, servesserves toto accentuateaccentuate thethe basibasicc conflicconflictt ooff thethe play.play. PhilipPhilip hahass chosenchosen hihiss coursecourse ofof lifelife outout ofof a sensesense ooff dutyduty,, andand hishis sensesense ofof responsibilitresponsibilityy isis placeplacedd inin oppositionopposition toto hihiss nostalginostalgicc feelingsfeelings aboutabout lifelife awayaway fromfrom ththee cconfliconflictt iinn Spain.Spain. Dorothy,Dorothy, a personperson­­ ificationification ofof nostalgia, useusess allall ofof her charmscharms toto lurluree himhim awayaway frofromm ththee causecause ttoo whichwhich hehe hashas givengiven hishis allegiance..

~he1The FFifti fthh ColumnColumn andand thethe FirstFirst Forty-nineForty-nine StoriesStories (New(New York:: CharlesCharles ScribnerScribner'' s Sons,Sons, 1938),1938), p. vivi.. 2~.,2Ibid., p.p. 9898.. 4T

BuButt PhiliPhilipp iiss nonott ttoo bbee dissuaded, , ananyy mormoree thathann RoberRobertt JordanJordan,, ththee herheroo ooff FoForr WhoWhomm ththee BelBelll TollsTolls,, iiss ttoo bbee dissuadedissuadedd frofromm hihiss commitcommit­- menmentt ttoo ththee causcausee ooff ththee SpanisSpanishh LoyalistsLoyalists.. HemingwaHemingwayy hahadd a greagreatt lovlovee foforr SpaiSpainn anandd ththee SpanisSpanishh peoplpeoplee whicwhichh datedatess bacbackk ttoo ththee twentietwentiess whewhenn hhee wawass a younyoungg expatriatexpatriatee discoverindiscoveringg ththee thrilthrilll ooff ththee bullfightbullfight..

DurinDuringg ththee SpanisSpanishh CiviCivill WaWarr hhee spenspentt a googoodd deadeall ooff -timtimee iinn SpaiSpainn anandd hhee workeworkedd iinn evereveryy waw~y - hhee coulcouldd ttoo supporsupportt ththee sidsidee hhee thoughthoughtt woulwouldd bbee besbestt foforr ththee SpanisSpanishh peoplepeople..

BByy ththee enendd ooff 19319366 hhee hahadd raiseraisedd $40,00$40,0000 oonn personapersonall notenotess ttoo helhelpp equiequipp ththee LoyalistLoyalistss witwithh ambulanceambulancess anandd medicamedicall supsup­­ pliesplies.. IInn JanuarJanuaryy 19371937 hhee becambecamee chairmachairmann ooff ththee AmbulancAmbulancee CommitteeCOmmittee,, MedicaMedicall BureauBureau,, AmericaAmericann FriendFriendss ooff SpanisSpanishh DemoDemo­­ cracycracy.. ThThee namnamee ooff ththee organizatioorganizationn fairlfairlyy describedescribedd HemingHeming­­ way'w~'ss positiopositionn anandd ththee reasonreasonss behinbehindd it.it.33

ItIt iiss naturanaturall thathatt Hemingway'Hemingw~'ss dedicatiodedicationn ttoo thithiss causcausee shoulshouldd bbee rere-­ flecteflectedd iinn ththee fictiofictionn whicwhichh hhee wrotwrotee aatt thathatt timetime.. ThThee portrayaportr~all ooff

RoberRobertt Jordan'Jordan'ss -involvemeninvolvementt witwithh ththee SpanisSpanishh LoyalisLoyalistt causcausee comecomess ofofff veryvery wellwell,, bubutt thithiss iiss nonott ththee cascasee witwithh PhiliPhilipp RawllngRawlingss iinn ThThee FiftFifthh

ColumnColumn.. HemingwaHemingw~y himselhimselff saisaidd

I thinkthink TheThe FifthFifth ColumnColumn isis probablyprobably thethe mostmost unsatisfactoryunsatisfactory thingthing I everever wrote.wrote. •. •. •. IItt waswas anan attemptattempt ttoo writewrite undeunderr whatwhat youyou couldcould honestlyhonestly callcall impossibleimpossible conditions.conditions. AfteAfterr it,it, andand afteafterr wwee werewere beatenbeaten iinn Spain,Spain, I camecame homhomee andand cooled, 4 outout andand disciplineddisciplined myselfmyself andand wrotewrote ForFor WhoWhomm ththee BelBelll TollsTolls..

TheThe time,time, setting,setting, .andand personaepersonae ofof FoForr WhomWhom ththee BellBell TollTollss araree ratherrather limited,limited, .bubutt Hemingw~Hemingway extendedextended beyonbeyondd thesthesee confineconfiness ttoo achievachievee anan amplitudeamplitude andand complexitycomplexity whicwhichh hhee hadhad notnot previouslypreviously attemptedattempted.. AAss hehe -hadhad donedone beforebefore,, hehe turnedturned toto thethe resourcesresources ofof nostalgianostalgia iinn ordeorderr ttoo putput intointo thethe eventsevents ofof threethree dayd~ss thethe manymany thingsthings hehe wantedwanted ttoo sasayy iinn

3 3Baker, Hemingway:Hemingway; TheThe WriterWriter asas Artist,Artist, p.p. 229229.. 4QuotedQuoted byby CarlosCarlos BakerBaker inin HemingwayHemingway andand HiaHis Critics,Critics, p.p. 6.6. 4848 thithiss novel,novel. BecausBecausee ofof ththee fifictionalctional, requirementrequirement thatthat a lifetimelifetime bbee compressedcompressed intointo threthreee days.days, HemingwayHemingway mademade a fufullellerr dramaticdramatic ususee ofof ththee memorymemory flashbackflashback andand ofof thethe innerinner monologumonologuee inin thisthis novenovell thanthan iinn ananyy ofof hishis othersothers,.

ByBy dippdippini ngg into thethe thought-streamthought-stream ofof ththee -herheroo asas hhee contemcontem­­ platesplates hihiss presentpresent tasktask andand thethe eventeventss whicwhichh havehave broughbroughtt hihimm toto it,it, bbyy makingmaking PilaPilarr andand otherother membersmembers ofof thethe guerrillaguerrilla banbandd relaterelate theitheirr accountsaccounts ofof earlierearlier episodeepisodess iinn thethe war, andand bbyy takingtaking usus insideinside thethe tthoughthoughtss anandd memoriememoriess ofof variouvariouss characcharac­­ ters,ters, hehe enlargesenlarges itsits scopescope toto almostalmost epicepic proportions,proportions,55

OfOf course, allall ofof ththee memorymemory flashbaflashbackckss iinn thisthis boobookk areare nonott nostalgicnostalgic,, bubutt thethe elemenelementtss ofof nonostalgistalgiaa areare " presenpresentt inin manymany ofof them,them, andand whewhenn thetheyy are.are, thetheyy areare thertheree forfor a purposepurpose,. GenerallyGenerally thisthis purpospurposee hahass ttoo ddoo witwithh makingmaking timetime paspastt workwork iinn a specialspecial wayway inin timetime presentpresent,.

TheThe similaritiessimilarities betweenbetween HemingwayHemingway'' s heroeheroess areare apparent,apparent, anandd thesethese similaritiessimilarities tentendd ttoo givgivee Hemingway'sHemingway's workwork anan organicorganic qualityquality,.

AlmostAlmost allall ofof hihiss heroesheroes havehave beebeenn physicallphysicallyy oror psychologicallpsychologicallyy woundedwounded,, andand iinn mosmostt "casescases ththee severesevere wwoundoundss havhavee beenbeen inflicteinflictedd durdurini ngg ththee FirsFirstt

WorldWorld War—aWar--ass waswas ththee casecase witwithh HemingwayHemingway himselfhimself,. ThisThis meansmeans thathatt ofteoftenn thethe charactercharacter ofof oneone herohero wilwilll taketake onon additionaladditional meaningmeaning forfor ththee readereaderr whowho becomebecomess acquaintedacquainted witwithh thethe otherother heroesheroes,. ForFor exampleexample,, ononee mighmightt understandunderstand muchmuch more aabouboutt JakJakee Barnes afterafter hhee hahass readread thethe NicNickk AdamAdamss storiesstories oror aboutabout RichardRichard CCantwelantwel l afterafter hhee hashas readread aboutabout NickNick AdamsAdams,, JakJakee

Barnes,Barnes, anandd FrFredricedrickk Henry"Henry„ TheThe sscarcarss vvisiblisiblee onon a particulaparticularr herheroo cacann usuallyusually bbee accountedaccounted forfor bbyy hishis experienexperiencce i n thethe FirsFirstt WorlWorldd WaWarr anandd ththee totalitytotality ofof thatthat experienceexperience comecomess frofromm a familiarityfamiliarity withwith a numbenumberr ooff

HemingwayHemingway''ss worksworks,. BuButt RobertRobert JordanJordan isis ththee firstfirst herohero whowho iiss totooo younyoungg toto havhavee beenbeen inin WorlWorldd WarWar 10I. IfIf HemingwaHemingwayy isis toto accounaccountt forfor thosthosee everever--

5Sanderson,"'Sanderson, ErnestErnest Hemingway , pp,. 92,92. 49 visiblvisiblee scarsscars,, hhee musmustt filfilll iinn agaiagainn ththee strokestrokess thathatt madmadee ththee originaoriginall injuriesinjuries,, ssoo thathatt hhee cacann shoshoww them,, anandd hohoww thetheyy araree beinbeingg overcomeovercome..

ThiThiss poinpointt iiss madmadee bbyy PhiliPhilipp YounYoungg whwhoo goegoess oonn ttoo sasayy

A worlworldd wawarr hahass specifispecificc datesdates;; ttoo havhavee beebeenn iinn iitt JordaJordann woulwouldd hav~avee ttoo bbee iinn hihiss fortiefortiess whewhenn hhee appeareappearedd iinn Spain, anandd thathatt i~ss totooo ololdd foforr tht hee picturpicturee HemingwaHemingwayy wantewantedd ttoo givegive.. ThThee kinkindd ooff thinthingg thathatt happenehappenedd ttoo NicNickk uupp iinn Michigan, however, cannocannott bbee ssoo preciselpreciselyy assigneassignedd ttoo certaicertainn yearsyears.. ThuThuss iinn thithiss novenovell HemingwaHemingwayy reachereachess alalll thee wawayy bacbackk ttoo NicNi ck AdamsAdams'' childhoochildhoodd anandd comecomess uupp witwithh a neneww 'shor'shortt storystory'' whicwhichh iiss as/-representativaS6representativee ooff ththee earlearlyy NicNickk storiestoriess aass ananyy iinn IInn OuOurr TimeTime..

OnOnee ooff ththee functionfunctionss ooff ththee nostalgicc flashbackflashbackss iinn thithiss novelnovel,, thereforetherefore,, isis ttoo adaddd deptdepthh ttoo ththee maimainn character.. RoberRobertt JordaJordann cannocannott bbee relaterelatedd ttoo ththee typicatypicall HemingwaHemingwayy herheroo iinn regar'regardd ttoo ththee FirsFirstt WorlWorldd War,, bubutt hhee cacann bbee iinn regarregardd ttoo ththee psychipsychicc woundwoundss ooff childhoochildhoodd whicwhichh araree aatt ththee crucruxx ooff ththee NicNickk AdamAdamss stories. Jordan'Jordan'ss recollectiorecollect ionn ooff ththee NegrNegroo beinbeingg hangehangedd anandd burneburnedd containscontains ththee samesame shocshockk anandd horrohorrorr aass "Indian"Indian Camp,Camp,"" andand hihiss memoriememoriess ooff hihiss fathefatherr anandd mothemotherr araree reminiscenreminiscentt ofof "Th"Thee DoctoDoctorr andand ththee Doctor'Doctor'ss Wife.Wife.""

RobRoberertt Jordan'Jordan'ss nostalginostalgicc reflectionreflectionss araree anotheanotherr examplexamplee ooff ththee pointpoint alreadyalready mademade concerninconcerningg ththee wawayy HemingwaHemingwayy overlaysoverlays ththee paspastt upouponn thethe presenpresentt toto producproducee a newnew awarenesawarenesss ofof ththee patternpatternss anandd meaningmeaningss implicitimplicit iinn immediate,immediate, individindividuauall experiexperienceence . ByBy thithiss methodmethod,, sucsuchh experienexperiencce isis ' intensifiedintensified anandd givengiven a newnew ddimensioni mension.. Generally,Generally, ththee eventsevents thathatt JordanJordan remembersremembers oorr thinksthinks aboutabout areare relaterelatedd eithereither directldirectlyy oror indirectlyindirectly ttoo ththee thethematimaticc nenecessitiecessitiess ofof thethe novel.novel. ThusThus hhee rememberrememberss thethe destructiondestruction ofof thethe NegrNegroo byby thethe mobmob asas counterpointcounterpoint toto PilarPilar'' s desdes-­ criptioncription ofof hohoww thethe fascistsfascists werewere destroyeddestroyed bbyy a mobmob;; hhee rememberrememberss sayinsayingg goodgood-by- byee ttoo hishis fatherfather atat thethe railwayrailway depotdepot asas a preludeprelude toto hihiss good-bygood- byee

6 Ernest Hemingway, pp.pp. 83-4«. 5500 ttoo MariaMaria;; hihiss recollectionrecollectionss ooff hihiss grandfather'grandfather'ss CiviCivill WaWarr experiencexperiencee suggessuggestt aa certaicertainn identificatioidentificationn betweebetweenn hihiss grandfather'grandfather'ss wawarr anandd ththee ononee iinn whicwhichh hhee iiss engagedengaged;; ththee reflectionreflectionss oonn hihiss father'father'ss suicidsuicidee araree

dramaticalldramaticallyy motivatemotivatedd bbyy hihiss owownn awarenesawarenesss ooff ththee forceforcess whicwhichh opposopposee hihimm anandd hihiss concerconcernn foforr performinperformingg wellwell.. IInn thesthesee waywayss ththee nostalginostalgicc serveservess ttoo clarifclarifyy anandd expanexpandd ththee importanimportantt themethemess ooff ththee novelnovel..

AAtt ononee poinpointt iinn heherr descriptiodescri ptionn ooff FinitoFinito,, ththee matadomatadorr shshee onconcee livelivedd withwith,, PilaPilarr saysayss "Bu"Butt II musmustt teltelll certaicertainn detaildetailss ssoo thathatt yoyouu wilwilll seseee it.it."" ThiThiss seemseemss ttoo bee aann expressioexpressionn ooff Hemingway'Hemingway 'ss approacapproachh ttoo writinwritingg thithiss novel.. HHee useusedd 474711 pagepagess ttoo portraportrayy ththee eventeventss ooff threthreee

daysdays;; thertheree iiss plentplentyy ooff rooroomm foforr detaildetail,, anandd thithiss detaidetaill iiss alwayalwayss inin-­ tendetendedd ttoo helhelpp ththee readereaderr seesee,, hear,, smell, anandd feefeell whawhatt iiss happeninghappening..

ItIt wawass mentionementionedd iinn ththee introductiointroductionn hohoww HemingwaHemingwayy useusedd certaicertainn detaildetailss inin hihiss descriptiondescription ofof ththee settinsettingg whicwhichh woulwouldd permipermitt ththee readereaderr ttoo creatcreatee fromfrom hihiss owownn nostalgnostalgiicc impressionsimpressions thethe mountainoumountainouss countrycountry arounaroundd ththee doomeddoomed bridgebridge.. HemingwayHemingway eveneven usedused odorsodors inin orderorder toto drawdraw thethe subjectivesubjective,, nostalgicnostalgic responsesresponses fromfrom hishis readerreader whichwhich hehe knewknew wouldwould provideprovide hihiss storstoryy withwith increasedincreased realismrealism andand intensity. JordanJordan describesdescribes suchsuch anan odorodor ooff nostalgia,nostalgia, andand itit becomes moremore pierc.inglypiercingly sweetsweet inin contrastcontrast toto Pilar'Pilar'ss foulfoul odorodor ofof death:

HeHe smelledsmelled thethe odorodor ofof thethe pinepine boughsboughs underunder him,him, thethe pineypiney smellsmell ofof thethe crushedcrushed needlesneedles andand thethe sharpersharper odorodor ofof thethe resinousresinous sapsap fromfrom thethe cutcut limbslimbs.. PilarPilar,, hehe thought.thought. PilarPilar andand thethe smellsmell ofof death.death. ThisThis isis thethe smellsmell II lloveove .. ThisThis andand freshfresh-cu-cutt clover,clover, thethe crushedcrushed sagesage asas youyou rideride afterafter cattlecattle,, woodwood-smok- smokee andand thethe burningburning leavesleaves ofof autumn.autumn. ThatThat mumusstt bebe thethe odorodor ofof nostalgia,nostalgia, thethe smellsmell ofof thethe smokesmoke fromfrom thethe ppilei less Ofof rakedraked leavesleaves burningburning inin thethe streetsstreets inin thethe· fallfall inin Missoula.Missoula.

InIn thethe chapterchapter aboveabove dealingdealing withwith DeathDeath inin thethe Afternoon,Afternoon, itit waswas

T 7FWBTFWBT,, p.p. 260.260< 5511 pointepointedd ououtt thathatt iinn thathatt boobookk ooff SpaiSpainn anandd bullfightinbullfightingg HemingwaHemingwayy madmadee ththee statemenstatementt "I"Iff II coulcouldd havhavee madmadee thithiss enougenoughh ooff aa boobookk iitt woulwouldd havhavee hahadd everythineverythingg iinn it.it."" TheThenn hhee proceedeproceededd ttoo sesett dowdownn ththee nostalginostalgicc impressionimpressionss whicwhichh constituteconstitutedd ththee reareall SpaiSpainn foforr himhim.. IItt seemseemss thathatt iinn FoForr WhoWhomm ththee BelBelll TollTollss hhee wawass stilstilll extremelextremelyy concerneconcernedd abouaboutt porpor­­ trayintrayingg ththee "real"real"" SpainSpain., IInn ordeorderr ttoo achievaChievee whawhatt hhee desiredesiredd iinn thithiss novelnovel,, hhee hahadd ttoo ddoo mormoree thathann simplsimplyy creatcreatee charactercharacterss witwithh SpanisSpanishh namenamess anandd placplacee thethemm iinn aa settinsettingg designatedesignatedd aass SpanisSpanishh mountainsmountains.. HHee hahadd ttoo iinn somsomee wawayy conveconveyy ththee languaglanguagee ooff thesthesee peoplepeople,, hohoww thetheyy thinkthink,, hohoww thetheyy lovelove,, whawhatt thetheyy wanwantt iinn lifelife,, theitheirr attitudattitudee towartowardd deathdeath--— iinn otheotherr wordswords,, theitheirr totatotall culturaculturall make-upmake-up.. ThiThiss wawass necessarnecessaryy iiff ththee novenovell wawass ttoo achievachievee ththee deptdepthh ooff meaninmeaningg anandd poignancpoignancyy ooff feelinfeelingg foforr whicwhichh HemingwaHemingwayy wawass striving.. OnOnee ofof ththee importanimportantt methodmethodss hhee useusedd toto showshow ththee hearheartt ofof ththee countrcountryy wawass nostalginostalgicc recollectionrecollection,, jusjustt aass iinn

DeathDeath inin thethe AfternooAfternoonn hehe turnedturned ttoo nostalgicnostalgic impressionsimpressions ttoo shoshoww ththee emotionalemotional corecore ofof thethe SpanishSpanish people.people. ForFor example,example, PilarPilar'' s reminiscencereminiscencess ofof Valencia::

WeWe ateate inin pavillionspavillions onon thethe sand.sand. PastriesPastries mademade ofof cookedcooked andand shreddedshredded fishfish andand redred andand greengreen pepperspeppers andand smallsmall nutsnuts likelike grainsgrains ofof ricerice. PastriesPastries ddelicatelicatee andand flakyflaky andand thethe fishfish ofof aa richnessrichness thatthat waswas incrediblincrediblee.. PrawnsPrawns freshfresh fromfrom thethe seasea sprinkledsprinkled withwith limelime juice. TheyThey werewere ppininkk andand sweetsweet andand therethere werewere fourfour bitesbites toto aa prawnprawn ••••. ... WeWe mademade lovelove inin thethe roomroom withwith thethe stripstrip woodwood blindsblinds hanginghanging overover thethe balconybalcony andand a breezebreeze throughthrough thethe openingopening ofof thethe toptop ofof thethe doordoor whichwhich turnedturned onon hinges.hinges. WeWe mademade lovelove therethere,, thethe roomroom darkdark inin thethe dayday timetime fromfrom thethe hanginghanging blindsblinds,, andand fromfrom thethe streetsstreets therethere waswas thethe scentscent ofof thethe flowerflower marketmarket andand thethe smellsmell ofof burnedburned powderpowder fromfrom thethe firecrackersfirecrackers ofof thethe tracatraca thatthat ra~ran throughthrough thethe streetsstreets explodingexploding eacheach noonnoon duringduring thethe FeriaFeria.,

SuchSuch evocativeevocative memoriesmemories dodo notnot furtherfurther thethe actionaction ofof thethe storystory inin anyany way,way,

88 NETFWBT,, p.p. 8585. 5252

butbut theythey enrenrichich,, activateactivate andand deependeepen ourour sensesense ofof Pilar'Pilar"s vitalvital perper­

formanformanccee inin tthhe prespresenent aass a reprrepresentativesent ativee ofof oneone aspecaspect; ofof tht.hee SpanisSpanishh

people,people. LLikewiseikewise,, thethe reflectreflectionions of Andres,Andres, a veryvery minorminor charactercharacter,,

asas hhee ccarriearriess Jordan'Jordan'ss messagmessagee ddoo nonott cocontributnt ributee toto tht hee ploplott in ananyy wayway,,

butbut theythey givegive insight iintntoo ththee SpanSpanisish peasant anandd howhow hehe feelsfeels abouaboutt

thethe bullbullss andand thethe parpartt theythey pplal ayy i n ththee SpanishSpanish cultureculture.,

HeHe lovelovedd the bullbaibullbaitin tingg whewhenn hehe 11va(,,,s a bo boy andand hhee lookelookedd forwarforwardd toto itit andand ttoo thethe moment whenwhen hhee woulwouldd bbee i n ththee ssquarquaree inin ththee hothot sunsun andand thethe dudusst witwithh thethe cartscarts rangedranged allall aarounr oundd toto closclosee thethe exiexittss andand to makmakee a closcloseedd placpl acee intointo whiwhicch thethe bullbull woulwouldd cocomeme,, slislidindingg ddowown oouut ofof hhiiss boxbOX,9 bbrakinr aking wit with allall fouf ourr feetfeet,, whenwhen ththeey pullepulledd tht,he end-gatend-gatee upup,. HeHe lookedlooked forwardforward witwit h exex­­ ccitementitement,, delighdelightt andand sweatisweatinngg feafearr ttoo tht hee momenmomentt when, inin ththee square,square, hehe wOwoull~ ldd heahearr the clatclatte te r ofof ththee bull'bull"s hornhornss knockinknockingg againstagainst ththee woodwood ofof his travellint ravelling boxbox,, andand thenthen ththee sightsight of himhim asas hehe came,came, sslidingl iding,, brakinbraki ngg ououtt inti ntoo thethe square,square, hishis heaheadd up,up, hishis nostrilsnostrils widewi de , hihiss eaearrss twitchingtw itching , dustdust iinn ththee sheesheenn ofof hhiiss blacblackk hidehi de,, drdrieied ccrurut splashespl ashedd onon hishis flanks , watchinwatchi ngg hishis eyeseyes setset wwididee apart , unblinkinunbl inkingg eyeseyes underunder ththee widespreadwidespread hornshorns asas smoothsmooth andand ssoliolid asas drdriftwooi ft.woodd polishedpolished bbyy thethe sandsand,, thethe sh~rpsharp tipstips uptilteuptilted soso thatthat toto seesee themthem diddid sosomethinme t hi ngg ttoo youyourr heart,

VViviividd recollectiorecollectionn ofof tthihi s kindkind,, ooccurrinccurringg atat numerousnumerous pointpointss iinn ththee novenovell

asas itit dodoeses,, ggivei vess a vividnesvivi dnesss andand rearealitl ityy toto ththee peoplpeoplee andand ththee countcountyy overr

whwhicichh theythey areare struggling,struggling, wwhichichh i n turturnn givesgives meaningmeaning toto thethe importanimportantt

thethememess withwith whichwhich HemingwaHemingwayy was concerned,concerned.

ThereThere are titimemes i n tthihis nove l1 whewhenn HemingwaHemingwayy useusedd nostalginostalgicc reflectioreflectionn

notnot sisimplmp lyy toto broadebroadenn thethe basbase of ememotionaotionall backgrounbackgroundd butbut asas a devic devicee foforr

heighteningheightening dramatdramatiicc intensityintensity., OnOn severseveraal occoccasionsasi ons,, JJordanordan,, iinn ththee facfacee

ofof danger.danger, hahass flaflasheshess ofof nnostalgiostalgicc recollrecollectionection,. ThThere r e areare probablprob ablyy

severalseveral rereasonasonss whywhy HemingwaHemingwayy ddii d ththisi S .0 For oneone thingthing,, thesthesee flasheflashess ooff

recollectionrecollection areare a naturanaturall psychpsychii c reareactioctionn ttoo dangedanger—ar~-ann attemptattempt aatt mentamentall escape.o AsAs JordanJordan leaveleavess campcamp ttoo gogo toto blobl oww upup thethe bridge, hhee feelfeelss ververyy

9FWBT, p. 364c 5353 young,young, andand hehe remembersremembers ththee timetime asas a boyboy whenwhen "he"he hahadd takentaken ththee traitrainn atat ReRedd LodgeLodge ttoo ggoo downdown ttoo BillingBi llingss ttoo getget ththee traitrainn therethere toto ggoo awaawayy 'toto schoolschool forfor thethe fifirsrstt time.time,"" BuButt hhee knowsknows thatthat thithiss kindkind ofof thinkinthinkingg isis notnot goods:

YouYou'r' ree gettinggetting thethemm again,again, hhee toltoldd himself,himself. ButBut I supposesuppose thertheree isis nono oneone thathatt doesdoes notnot feelfeel thathatt hhee isis tootoo younyoungg toto ddoo it., HHee wouldwould notnot puputt a namename toto it,it. ComComee on, hhee saidsaid ttoo himself., ComComee on,on. ItIt isis tootoo earlyearly forfor youyourr secondsecond childhood.childhood,lO10

TheseThese fleetinfleetingg attemptsattempts atat mentalmental esescapcapee addadd anan elementelement ofof realisrealismm ttoo

JordanJordan asas a character,character. InIn additionaddition ttoo this, thisthis memormemoryy ofof leavinleavingg familfamilyy toto faceface somethingsomething fearedfeared placeplacedd inin connectionconnection withwith JordanJordan'' s leavingleaving MariMariaa toto faceface ththee dangerdanger atat thethe bridgbridgee providesprovides anan awarenessawareness ofof certaincertain patternpatternss andand formsforms implicitimplicit iinn thethe immediatimmediatee experienceexperience whichwhich intensifintensifyy iitt andand,, aass

F,F. 1.I. CarpenterCarpenter says,says, givgivee itit a neneww "dimension."dimension,,,ll"

AnotherAnother exampleexample ofof thethe wayway HemingwaHemingwayy usedused thethe nostalgicnostalgic aass a dramatidramaticc devicedevice cancan bebe seenseen iinn thethe deathdeath ofof thethe guerillaguerilla leadeleaderr EEll Sordo., JusJustt beforbeforee hhee isis killed, hhee experienceexperiencess somesome fleetingfleeting nostalginostalgicc impressions::

pyingDying waswas nothingnothing andand hhee hahadd nono picturpicturee ofof itit nornor fearfear ofof iitt iinn hishis mindmind,. ButBut livingliving wawass a fieldfield ofof graingrain blowinblowingg iinn ththee winwindd onon ththee sideside ofof a hill., LivingLiving wawass a hawkhawk iinn ththee sky., LivinLivingg waswas anan earthenearthen jajarr ofof watewaterr inin thethe dustdust ofof thethe threshingthreshing witwithh thethe graingrain flaflailei ledd outout andand thethe chaff blowingblowi ng,. LivingLiving wawass a horshorsee betweenbetween youryour leglegss andand a carbincarbinee undeunderr ononee legleg anandd a hilhilll andand a valleyvalley anandd a streamstream witwithh treestrees aalonlongg itit andand ththee farfar sideside ooff ththee valleyvalley andand thethe hillshills beyondJbeyond.122

TheseThese impressionimpressionss emphasiemphasizzee thethe ddigniti gnityy withwith whicwhichh ElEl SordoSordo meetsmeets deathdeath,.

AsAs IvanIvan KashkeenKashkeen sayssays,, ""HHee diesdies withwith hishis eyeseyes open,open, butbut withwith suchsuch anan acuteacute sensesense ofof lifelife'' s completenesscompleteness thatthat hehe maymay certainlycertainly bebe saidsaid toto bbee alivalivee ttoo thethe last,last, alivealive inin ththee midsmidstt ofof death.,,,13

IlSee^See IntroductionIntroduction above , p., 8.,

12FWBTFWBT ,, pp., 312-13312- 13., 13"Alive13"Alive iinn ththee Mid.stMidst ofof Death"Death" iinn HemingwaHemingwayy andand HisHis CriticsCritics,, eded,. CarlosCarlos Baker, pp,. 169,169. 54

InIn thithiss novelnovel,, asas iinn otherother ofof Hemingway'Hemingway'ss worksworks whicwhichh wwee havhavee examined.examined, wwee findfind ththee recurrenrecurrentt notionnotion thatthat nostalgianostalgia cancan bbee a comfortcomfort..

OneOne musmustt notnot becombecomee soso carriedcarried awayaway bbyy itit thathatt itit becomesbecomes anan escapescapee frofromm reality,reality, butbut itit cacann serveserve ttoo soothesoothe ononee duringduring quietquiet moments.moments. IInn RoberRobertt

Jordan'Jordan' s casecase iitt isis callecalledd thethe "giant"giant-killer- killer"" anandd isis carriedcarried arounaroundd iinn a bottle.bottle. HeHe carriescarries a flaskflask ofof absinthe,absinthe, andand hehe sayssays thatthat

oneone cupcup ofof itit tooktook ththee placeplace ofof thethe eveningevening paperspapers,, ofof allall ththee oldold eveningsevenings inin cafes , ofof allall chestnutchestnut treestrees thatthat woulwouldd bbee iinn bloombloom nonoww inin thithiss month,month, ofof thethe greagreatt slowslow horseshorses ofof thethe outeouterr boulevards , ofof boobookk shops,shops, ofof kiosques,kiosques, andand ofof galleries,galleries, ooff thethe ParcPare Montsouris,Montsouris, ofof thethe StadeStade BuffaloBuffalo,, andand ofof ththee ButtButtee Chaumont,Chaumont, ofof thethe GuarantyGuaranty TrustTrust CompanyCompany andand thethe lIelie dede lala CiteCit~,, ofof Foyot'sFoyot's oldold hotel, andand ofof beingbeing ablablee toto readread andand relarelaxx iinn thethe evening;evening; ofof alalll ththee thingsthings hhee hadhad enjoyedenjoyed andand forgotteforgottenn andand thatthat camecame bacbackk toto hihimm whenwhen hehe tastetastedd thatthat opaque,opaque, bitterbitter,, tongue-numbing,tongue-numbing, brain-warming,brain-warming, stomach-warming,stomach-warming, idea-changinidea-changingg liquidliquid alchemyoalchemy.141^

ForFor Jordan, absintheabsinthe provideprovidess Hemingway'Hemingway'ss "moveable"moveable feast"feast" whicwhichh wilwilll bbee

discusseddiscussed inin a laterlater chapter..

AlthoughAlthough nostalginostalgiaa cancan bbee a solacesolace atat timestimes,, thertheree isis nnoo placplacee foforr

itit whewhenn oneone musmustt comecome ttoo gripgripss witwithh realityreality anandd comportcomport himselhimselff aass a mamann

inin a desperatedesperate situation.situation. InIn ththee finalfinal scenescene ofof thithiss novel,novel, RoberRobertt JordaJordann

isis leftleft woundedwounded toto holholdd offoff ththee enemyenemy forfor a shortshort timetime whilewhile hihiss companioncompanionss

escapeescape.. AAss hhee beginbegi nss ttoo shiftshift hihiss brokebrokenn legleg soso thathatt hehe wilwilll bbee iinn posiposi-­

tiontion toto firefire hishis weapon, hehe thinkthinkss ofof thethe absinthe::

ThenThen hehe remembererememberedd thatthat hhee hahadd thethe smallsmall flaskflask inin hishis hihipp pockepockett andand hhee thoughtthought,, II'l' lll taketake a goodgood spotspot ofof thethe giangiantt killerkiller anandd thenthen I'llI'll trtryy it.it. BuButt thethe flasflaskk wawass nonott thertheree whewhenn hhee feltfelt foforr it.it. ThenThen hehe feltfelt thatthat muchmuch moremore alonalonee bebecauscausee hehe knekneww thatthat thertheree waswas nonott goinggoing ttoo bbee eevevenn that.that. I guessguess I'dI'd countedcounted oonn that,that, hhee said.151^ JordanJordan knowsknows thatthat whawhatt hehe mustmust dodo hehe musmustt dodo alonealone anandd therethere wilwilll bbee nothinnothingg

14ll+FWBT , pp.. 5151..

15FWBTFWBT,, pp.. 467467.< 5555 toto cushioncushion ththee shockshock ofof it., NostalgiNostalgiaa cacann bebe ofof nono comfortcomfort ttoo hihimm nownow::

16 "Think"Think aboutabout Montana., I cancan't' t ., ThinkThink aboutabout Madrid.Madrid. I can't."can ' t.,,16 IItt cacann bbee a guideguide forfor himhim,, howeverhowever,, foforr iinn thithiss closingclosing Scenescene ththee fatherfather--

and-sonand-son themthemee whicwhichh hashas beebeenn introducedintroduced intointo Jordan'Jordan'ss nostalginostalgicc reflecreflec-­ tionstions atat variousvarious earlierearlier timetimess iiss rounderoundedd off.,

Now,Now, atat ththee endend ofof thethe line,line, aass JordaJordann lieslies nearlnearlyy faintinfaintingg underunder ththee ballooningballooning painpain fromfrom hihiss fracturedfractured leg,leg, thethe fatherfather­- grandfathergrandfather oppositionopposition onconcee mormoree commandscommands hishis mind,mind. SuicidSuicidee wouldwould bbee permissiblpermissiblee underunder ththee ccircumstancesircumstances.. ButBut thethe memormemoryy ofof hihiss grandfather, hihiss trutruee spiritualspiritual ancestor,ancestor, helphelpss hihimm ttoo holdhold ontoonto hihiss couragecourage andand diedie inin combatcombat., 1717

InIn thisthis lastlast scene,scene, asas JordaJordann strugglesstruggles witwithh thethe ideideaa ofof suicide,suicide, wwee seseee

thethe mainmain purpospurposee forfor mosmostt ofof hishis nostalgicnostalgic recollectionrecollection whicwhichh appearsappears,,

wiwit thh nono apparentapparent bearinbearingg onon thethe plot, aatt variousvarious pointpointss inin ththee novelnovel..

l61 FWBT , p,p. 470470,. 1717 Baker, Hemingway : The Writer as Artist, p. 256. Baker, Hemingways The Writer as Artist, p. 256. CHAPTERCHAPTER IVIV

DEATHDEATH ININ YENIVENIC CEE

AcrossAcross thethe RiverRiver andand IntoInto thethe TreesTrees appearedappeared tenten yearsyears afteafterr

ForFor WhomWhom thethe BellBell Tolls , andand forfor mostmost HemingwayHemingway readersreaders itit waswas a greagreatt disappointment.disappointment. ItIt isis generallygenerally ratedrated asas thethe leastleast successfUlsuccessful ofof ththee

HemingwayHemingway novels.novels. InIn regardregard toto style , itit hashas beebeenn thethe brunbruntt ofof mucmuchh parody;parody;•i' inn ' fact,fact, a' numbernumber ofof criticscritics havehave saidsaid thatthat thethe novenovell itselitselff isis likelike a parodparodyy ofof ththee HemingwayHemingway style.style. TheThe contentcontent hashas alsoalso beebeenn mucmuchh critiCized,criticized, generallygenerally becausbecausee itit isis feltfelt thatthat thethe procesprocesss ofof artistiartisticc translationtranslation waswas incomplete--Colonelincomplete—'Colonel CantwellCantwell isis tootoo mucmuchh HemingwaHemingw~y himhim-­ self.self. PhiliPhilipp YounYoungg saysayss "As"As RoberRobertt JordaJordann isis abouaboutt asas farfar asas ththee herheroo everever getsgets fromfrom beingbeing HemingwayHemingway himselfhimself,, ssoo RicharRichardd CantwellCantwell iiss abouaboutt aass 1 closeclose ttoo him." NeverNever,, itit seems , hadhad HemingwaHemingwayy presentepresentedd himselhimselff iinn suchsuch a thithinn disguisedisguise—eve--evenn Cantwell'Cantwell' s agagee matchematchess Hemingway'Hemingw~'ss ttoo ththee yearyear.. BecausBecausee thithiss novenovell wawass so personalpersonal , ititss authorauthor,, aass hhee hahass indiindi-­ catedcated,, founfoundd iitt almosalmostt intolerablintolerablyy poignantpoi gnant,, bubutt thithiss poignancypoignancy,, iitt seemsseems,, hahass nonott beebeenn appreciateappreciatedd eveevenn bbyy manmanyy readerreaderss whwhoo araree sympathetisympatheticc toto HemingwayHemingway.. BuButt regardlesregardlesss ooff ththee questio~uestionn ooff ititss importancimportancee iinn termtermss ooff artistiartisticc merit, thithiss novenovell iiss importanimportantt ttoo ththee presenpresentt discussiodiscussionn ooff ththee nostalginostalgicc iinn Hemingway'Hemingw~ ' ss writingwriting..

AcrosAcrosss ththee RiveRiverr anandd IntIntoo ththee TreeTreess iiss actuallactuallyy ononee lonlongg memormemoryy flashbackflashback.. IItt iiss ththee recollectiorecollectionn ooff aann oldeolderr man—onman--onee whwhoo knowknowss thathatt

lErnest Hemingway . pp.. 8888..

56 5757 hehe isis soonsoon ttoo die.die. HeHe rememberrememberss directlydirectly thethe eventsevents ofof ththee previoupreviouss twotwo days,days, bubutt introduceintroducedd intointo thesethese memoriesmemories areare recollectionrecollectionss thathatt ggoo backback toto hihiss youth.youth. CarlosCarlos BakerBaker describesdescribes whawhatt underlaunderlayy HemingwayHemingway''ss writingwriting ofof thisthis novenovell

asas youthyouth recollectedrecollected andand thenthen placedplaced intintoo dramaticdramatic contiguity , almostalmost asas inin a palimpsest, witwithh advancinadvancingg age.age. ForFor whenwhen ththee ' dyingdying professionaprofessionall soldiersoldier CantwellCantwell returnsreturns toto ththee scenesscenes ooff hishis youthyouth forfor a fewfew lastlast hourhourss beforbeforee hishis personalpersonal time-wheetime-wheell stopsstops turningturning foforr goodgood,, itit soonsoon becomebecomess evidentevident thatthat thethe concon­­ frontationfrontation betweebetweenn youtyouthh anandd ageage isis oneone ofof thethe majomajorr thematithematicc devicesdevices ofof ththee novel.22

ItIt hahass beebeenn notednoted inin thethe previoupreviouss chapterschapters thatthat forfor somesome timtimee beforbeforee hhee

wrotewrote thisthis novenovell ofof Venice,Venice, HemingwaHemingwayy hadhad shownshown a markemarkedd interesinterestt iinn ththee

effectseffects whicwhichh mighmightt bbee producedproduced byby thethe collocationcollocation ofof twotwo widelwidelyy separateseparatedd

periodsperiods ofof time,time, andand suchsuch effecteffectss havehave beenbeen discussediscussedd iinn regardregard to parpar-­

ticularticular worksworks.. TheThe wayway inin whicwhichh ththee nostalgicnostalgic paspastt functionsfunctions iinn thithiss

novelnovel hashas beebeenn treatedtreated veryvery perceptivelperceptivelyy bbyy CarlosCarlos BakerBaker inin hishis HemingwayHemingway::

TheThe WriterWriter asas ArtistArtist.. SomeSome ofof ththee commentscomments iinn thithiss chapterchapter willwill simplsimplyy

bbee restatementsrestatements ofof thethe pointspoints hehe makemakess inin hishis chaptechapterr titledtitled "Th"Thee RiveRiverr

andand ththee Trees.Trees.""

ThereThere isis a reminiscentialreminiscential qualityquality aboutabout AcrosAcrosss thethe RiveRiverr anandd IntIntoo

thethe Trees,Trees, andand allall thethe tides ., riversrivers andand canals,canals, allall thethe boatsboats,, gondolasgondolas,,

bridgesbridges andand mooringsmoorings taketake oonn a specialspecial connotativconnotativee meaning. SS.. FF.. SanSan­­

dersonderson hahass saidsaid thathatt thethe defectdefectss ofof thithiss uneveunevenn novelnovel "are"are redeemedredeemed bbyy

thethe elegaic,elegaic, nostalginostalgicc evocationevocation ofof VenicVenicee aass thethe winterwinter windwind whipwhipss ththee

waveswaves aroundaround heherr ancientancient beauty."beauty. ,,33 ButBut inin itsits deepedeeperr reaches,reaches, AcrosAcrosss ththee

RiverRiver andand IntIntoo thethe TreesTrees isis a symbolicsymbolic studystudy ofof a complecomplexx statestate ooff mindmind..

AsAs MrMr.. BakeBakerr putsputs it,it, "It"It representrepresentss thethe recollectiorecollectionn ofof thingsthings paspastt iinn a

2"Introduction2"Introduction: CitizenCitizen ofof thethe World"World" inin HemingwayHemingway andand HisHis CriticsCritics,, pp.. 1010.. 5858

of a spell ...1 41 It statstatee ooff imaginativimaginativee hypertensiohypertensionn almosalmostt ththee equivalentequivalent of a spell." It for Colonel Cant­ shoulshouldd bbee apparenapparentt ttoo eveevenn ththee mosmostt cursorcursoryy readereaderr thatthat,, for Colonel Cant­ special meaning--he wellwell,, evereveryy eveneventt ooff hihiss laslastt week-enweek-endd iinn VenicVenicee hahass a special meaning—he is produced iiss iinn aann intensintensee statstatee ooff awarenessawareness.. ThiThiss statstatee ooff awarenesawarenesss is produced and partly by his partlpartlyy bbyy ththee facfactt thathatt hhee knowknowss hhee iiss goingoingg ttoo didiee soosoonn and partly by his for him since the returningreturning ttoo aann areareaa whicwhichh hahass hahadd a speciaspeciall significancsignificancee for him since the s of the way it was timtimee ooff hihiss youthyouth.. HHee iiss fillefilledd witwithh a joyfujoyfull awareness of the way it was young lieutenant in iinn ththee countrcountryy arounaroundd VenicVenicee iinn ththee daydayss whewhenn hhee wawass a young lieutenant in of the good ththee ItaliaItaliann Army. ThiThiss iiss nonott a mermeree sentimentasentimentall heighteninheighteningg of the good one to cry over partpartss ooff hihiss pastpast,, foforr CantwellCantwell,, liklikee hihiss creatorcreator,, iiss nonott one to cry over ththee daydayss thathatt araree nnoo moremore..

EverybodyEverybody loselosess allall ththee bloom, HemingwaHemingwayy onconcee toltoldd FitzgeraldFitzgerald,, are worn A gugunn oorr a saddlsaddlee oror a persopersonn areare allall bettebetterr whewhenn thetheyy are worn is fresh andand ththee bloobloomm isis offoff themthem.. YoYouu mamayy loslosee everythingeverything thathatt is fresh and you andand everythineverythingg thathatt iiss easyeasy.. BuButt yoyouu havhavee mormoree metiem~tierr and you get more knowknow mormoree andand whewhenn yoyouu gegett flasheflashess ooff ththee oldold juicjuicee yoyouu get more resultresultss witwithh them.-them. 5' . As was mentioned BuButt thithiss iiss nonott ttoo saysay thathatt ththee paspastt shoulshouldd bbee rejected. As was mentioned the present. before,before, ththee paspastt hahass valuvaluee iinn understandinunderstandingg anandd interpretininterpretingg the present. sharpen the meaning TToo bbee consciouconsciouss ooff iitt iinn anandd througthroughh ththee presenpresentt iiss ttoo sharpen the meaning ofof evereveryy presenpresentt incidentincident.. is in, BecausBecausee ooff ththee statstatee ooff recollectiorecollectionn whicwhichh ththee ColoneColonell is in, suggests, for objectobjectss anandd peoplpeoplee taktakee oonn symbolisymbolicc meaningmeaning.. Mr. BakeBakerr suggests, for serve him as example,example, thathatt ththee bridgebridgess iinn VenicVenicee whicwhichh CantwelCantwelll crossecrossess serve him as experience. symbolicsymbolic reminderreminderss ooff ccertaiertainn milestonemilestoness iinn hihiss youthfuyouthfull experience. as they HeHe neveneverr identifieidentifiess thethemm precisely,, merelmerelyy notinnotingg thethemm as they child­ pass,pass, bubutt ononee mighmightt guessguess thathatt ththee firstfirst whitwhitee bridgbridgee iiss child­ the hoodhood,, ththee unfinisheunfinishedd woodewoodenn bridgbridgee interrupteinterruptedd adolescenceadolescence,, tne

4HemingwayHemingway:: ThThee WriteWriterr asas ArtistArtist,, pp.. 274274..

^Ibid.5~.,, p.p. 275275.. 59

rere~d bridgbridgee the.the.firs firstt · f~r-o~ffar-off warwar,, andand thethe high-flyinhigh-flyingg whitwhitee br~dgebridge aann aspecaspectt ofof youthfuyouthfull ambition.ambition. AtAt ththee endend ofof alalll thesethese comecomess thethe blacblackk ironiron bridgebridge.. IItt iiss nono symbolicsymbolic accidenaccidentt thatthat thisthis crossescrosses ththee canalcanal whichwhich leadleadss intointo thethe RioRio Nuovo—thNuovo--thee NewNew RiverRiver.. AcrosAcrosss thethe rivegriver isis wherwheree thethe ColonelColonel willwill bebe goingoingg beforebefore thethe week-enweek-endd isis outout..

Renata,Renata, likelike DorothDorothyy BridgeBridgess iinn TheThe FiftFifthh Column,Column, iiss a personificationpersonification ooff nostalgia.nostalgia. SheShe isis thethe figurativefigurative imagimagee ofof ththee Colonel'Colonel'ss youth,youth, stilstilll livingliving inin thethe beautifubeautifull citycity whichwhich hhee onceonce sawsaw fromfrom a distancedistance whewhenn hhee foughtfought forfor ItalItalyy onon thethe plainsplains ofof VenetVenetoo durinduringg thethe FirsFirstt WorlWorldd WarWar.. AAnn importantimportant clueclue toto herher symbolicsymbolic identityidentity isis ththee factfact thatthat sheshe iiss "nearl"nearlyy nineteen"nineteen" whichwhich waswas exactlyexactly ththee ageage ofof younyoungg CantwellCantwell whewhenn hhee receivereceivedd hihiss mostmost severesevere woundswounds atat FossaltFossaltaa iinn 19181918..

HerHer youth,youth, heherr freshness,freshness, andand herher bravery,bravery, likelike ththee seeminglyseemingly inborninborn wisdowisdomm sheshe sometimessometimes displays,displays, areare qualitiesqualities whichwhich evievi­­ dentlydently belongedbelonged toto youngyoung LieutenantLieutenant CantwellCantwell inin thathatt winterwinter ooff hishis rapidrapid growing-up.growing-up. RenataRenata carriescarries thethe bloobloomm whichwhich hehe,, likelike­­ wise,wise, ownedowned beforbeforee thethe ~sale m~tiermetier ofof war-makingwar-making substituteSUbstitu~edd ththee scarred,scarred, leathery,leathery, andand battle-smokebattle-smokedd patinpatinaa hhee nownow shows.shows. '

AnotheAnotherr thinthingg whichwhich servesserves toto identifidentifyy RenatRenataa withwith Cantwell'sCantwell's youtyouthh iiss heherr symbolicsymbolic portrait.portrait. "While"While itit isis notnot trulytruly me,"me," sayssays ththee Countess,Countess, "it"it iiss thethe wawayy youyou liklikee toto thinthinkk ofof me."me." TheThe ColonelColonel assistsassists inin ththee identificatioidentificationn ofof thethe meaningmeaning ofof thethe portrait.portrait. AtAt ononee pointpoint hhee says,says, "Portrait,"Portrait, boboyy oorr daughterdaughter oror mymy oneone truetrue lovlovee oror whatevewhateverr itit is."is." TheThe picturpicturee iiss interwoveninterwoven,, forfor him,him, withwith thethe nostalginostalgiaa hhee feelsfeels ifif hhee lookslooks backback toto hishis youthyouth..

InIn Renata'sRenata's presencepresence,, CantwellCantwell iiss ablablee toto returnreturn imaginativelimaginativelyy ttoo thethe freshnessfreshness ofof hishis youth.youth. ThisThis isis ththee meaningmeaning ofof whatwhat appearsappears oonn ththee surfacesurface ttoo bebe jusjustt a passingpassing incidenincidentt iinn Cantwell'sCantwell's hotelhotel roomroom.. IInn washinwashingg forfor dinner,dinner, hhee hashas occasionoccasion ttoo looklook aatt hishis faceface inin ththee mirrormirror.. "I"Itt looklookss

6 ~.,Ibid., pp.. 278278..

7~.,7Ibid., p.p. 283-84.283-84. 6600

aass thougthoughh iitt hahadd beebeenn cucutt ououtt ooff woovoodd bbyy aann indifferenindifferentt craftsmancraftsman., hhee

thought.thought."" IItt iiss coverecoveredd witvi thh weltveltss anandd ridgeridgess anandd ththee markmarkss ooff plastiplasticc surgery. surgery. "Well"Well, , thathatt iiss whavhatt II havhavee ttoo offeofferr aass aa gueulgueulee oorr facadefaiade,, hhee thoughtthought.. IItt iiss aa damdamnn poopoorr offer.offer."" ThaThatt facfacee showinshovingg ththee markmarkss ooff

experienceXperiencee doedoess nonott fifitt ththee moomoodd hhee iiss iinn aatt thathatt momenmomentt witvithh hihiss younyoungg

loveloverr waitinvaitingg foforr hihimm iinn ththee nexnextt roomroom.. "T"Too helhelll witvithh youyou,, hhee saisaidd ttoo

ththee mirrormirror.. YoYouu beabeatt uupp miserablemiserable.. ShoulShouldd wvee joijoinn ththee ladies?ladies?"" HHee

leaveleavess ththee bathroobathroomm anandd hhee iiss "a"ass younyoungg aass aatt hihiss firsfirstt attack."attack. ,,88

IInn VeniceVenice,, ththee citcityy ooff spellspellss foforr Cantwell'Cantvell'ss intensifieintensifiedd imagimag­­

inationination,, iitt iiss possiblpossiblee foforr youtyouthh anandd agagee ttoo becombecomee fusedfused,, thougthoughh onlonlyy

momentarilymomentarily,, foforr realitrealityy keepkeepss breakinbreakingg inin.. SucSuchh a fleetinfleetingg feelinfeelingg ooff

a uniounionn vithwith thethe pastpast isis seenseen vhenwhen thethe ColonelColonel andand RenataRenata areare iinn ththee

gondolagondola.. "Pleas"Pleasee holholdd mmee ververyy tightltightlyy soso wvee cacann bbee a parpartt ofof eaceachh otheotherr

forfor a littlelittle while,vhile,"" shshee saysseys,, andand hishis ansver,answer, tingetingedd witvithh ironyirony,, iiss "W"Wee

cancan try. ",,9 IInn thethe specialspecial atmosphereatmosphere anandd moomoodd ofof Venice,Venice, a degredegreee ooff

successsuccess seemsseems possiblepossible..

InIn thisthis novel,novel, justjust asas inin thethe yorksworks discusseddiscussed inin previousprevious chapchap­­ ters,ters, vewe findfind a notenote ofof Yarningwarning aboutabout becomingbecoming tootoo preoccupiedpreoccupied withwith ththee past.past. EvenEven ColonelColonel Cantvell,Cantwell, who,who, itit seems ,, hashas givengiven himselfhimself upup almostalmost entirelyentirely toto thoughtsthoughts ofof thethe pastpast duringduring hishis lastlast triptrip toto Venice,Venice, recognizesrecognizes thethe dangerdanger inin doingdoing so.so. EVenEven whilewhile hehe hashas thethe portraitportrait ofof Renata,Renata, hehe knovsknows veryvery wellwell thatthat itit isis nono substitutesubstitute forfor thethe realreal thing.thing. "The"The portraitportrait isis lovelylovely toto have,"have," butbut inin comparisoncomparison toto thethe livingliving RenataRenata "it"it isis likelike skin-skin­ ningning aa deaddead horse. "

88ARITARIT,, pp.pp. 112-12.112-12.

99ARITARIT,, p.p. 156.156*. 6161

He recognizes in the painting a 'static' quality which make„ He recognizes in the painting a ' static' quality which makess itit . anan inadequatinadequatee substitutsubstitutee forfor thethe movinmovingg thing.thing. HHee reflectreflects,•s a eV1dently,evidently, thathatt oneone cancan loslosee himselfhimself soso farfar anandd ssoo longlong iinn ththee paspastt thatthat hehe getsgets outout ofof touchtouch withwith thethe salutarysalutary presentpresent.. LookLook­ iningg atat hihiss ownown scarredscarred faceface inin thethe mirrormirror,, thethe ColoneColonell drawdrawss thethe contrasts: ''PortraiPortraitt wawass a thinthingg ofof thethe pastpast.. MirroMirrorr wawass actualityactuality andand ofof thisthis day.,lOday.'10

AtAt thethe GrittiGritti PalacPalacee HotelHotel wherewhere CantwellCantwell iiss staying,staying, ArnaldoArnaldo,, a

waiter,waiter, sayssays toto him,him, "You"You ggoo bacbackk a longlong wayway back,back, mymy COlonel."Colonel." ThThee

ColonelColonel repliesreplies,, "I"I gogo bacbackk soso damndamn farfar bacbackk thatthat itit isnisn'' t funny."funny." "D"Doo

youyou rememberremember everythingeverything fromfrom ththee oldold days?days?"" asksasks ththee waiter.waiter. "Every"Every-­ 11 thing."thing," saysayss Cantwell.Cantwell, TheThe "old"old days"days" areare veryvery importantimportant ttoo ththee

Colonel;Colonel; inin factfact,, itit isis thethe nostalginostalgicc meaninmeaningg ofof thosthosee oldold daysdays whicwhichh

constitutesconstitutes thethe fraternalfraternal bonbondd hehe sharesshares withwith thethe GraGrann MaestrMaestroo anandd whicwhichh

accountsaccounts forfor theirtheir fictitiousfictitious organization,~organization, El OrdineOrdine MilitarMilitar,, NobilNobilee y~

EspirituosoEspirituoso ~de ~los CaballeroCaballeross dede Brusadelli.Brusadelli. AAss CantwellCantwell arrivesarrives aatt ththee

Gritti,Gritti, hehe greetgreetss thethe malmattret re d'hoteld° hotel withwith aa warmwarm handshake.handshake.

ThusThus contactcontact wawass mademade betweebetweenn thethe twtwoo oldold inhabitantinhabitantss ofof ththee VenetoVeneto,, bothboth men,men, andand brothersbrothers inin theirtheir membershipmembership inin thethe humanhuman race .••• . . andand brothersbrothers,, too, iinn theirtheir lovelove forfor anan oldold country,country, muchmuch foughfoughtt over,over, andand alwayyalways ?triumphantriumphantt inin defeat,defeat, whichwhich theythey hadhad botbothh defendedefendedd inin theirtheir youthyouth.. 2

TheseThese twtwoo areare alsoalso brotherbrotherss inin theirtheir nostalginostalgicc feelingsfeelings aboutabout theitheirr youtyouthh whenwhen thetheyy foughtfought togethertogether asas sergeantsergeant andand lieutenanlieutenantt iinn defensedefense ooff thathatt

"old"old country"country" whicwhichh thetheyy love.love. ThroughoutThroughout ththee novelnovel,, CantwellCantwell experienceexperiencess

fleetingfleeting momentmomentss durinduringg whicwhichh hehe isis transportedtransported intointo thethe pasts: "Th"Thee

Colonel,Colonel, whwhoo wawass a sub-lieutenantsub-lieutenant againagain nownow,, ridinridingg inin a camioncamion,, hihiss facfacee dust,dust, untiuntill onlyonly hishis metallimetallicc eyeseyes showed,showed, andand theythey werewere red-rimmedred-rimmed anandd il3 sore,sore, satsat thinking.' ,,13

lOBaker10Baker , HemingwayHemingway:s TheThe WriterWriter asas Artist,Artist, pp.. 286286..

Hi:LARIT , pp.. 7373.. 13 12ARITARIT,, p.p. 5555.. 13ARITARIT.» Pp.- 12112l.« 6262

InIn ononee sense,sense, ColonelColonel Cantwell'sCantwell's lastlast visitvisit ttoo VeniceVenice iiss a

"sentimental journey." He's lOt all 0 0 "sentimental journey." He i• s literall1 er y revlsltingrevisiting thethe importantimportant scenesceness ofof hihiss youtyouthh beforebefore hhee dies,dies, jusjustt aass wwee mightmight expectexpect a manman contemcontem­­

platingplating deathdeath ttoo dodo inin imagination. AsAs hhee approachesapproaches VeniceVenice,, hhee looklookss

outout "at"at allall thithiss countrycountry hehe hahadd knowknownn whenwhen hehe waswas a boy.boy."" HeHe thinkthinkss

thatthat itit looklookss quitequite differentdifferent now.now. ""II supposesuppose itit isis becausbecausee ththee disdis-­

tancestances areare allall cchangedhanged.. EverythinEverythingg isis muchmuch smallersmaller whenwhen youyou araree 14 older."older." HiHiss observationobservation thathatt everythingeverything seemseemss smallersmaller iiss ververyy truetrue.,

asas anyonanyonee whwhoo hahass returnedreturned ttoo scenes ofof hishis childhoodchildhood knows.knows. HemingwaHemingwayy

himselfhimself mustmust havehave "experienced "" thisthis phenomenonphenomenon onon hishis firstfirst returnreturn toto

Italy.Italy. ThisThis countrycountry meansmeans mucmuchh toto Cantwell,Cantwell, andand,, ofof course,course, thithiss iiss

HemingwayHemingway comingcoming toto thethe surface,surface, forfor Hemingway'Hemingway'ss memoriememoriess ofof ththee countrcountryy

wherewhere hehe receivedreceived hishis wounds,wounds, whichwhich hahadd sucsuchh a greagreatt effecteffect oonn hihiss careecareerr

asas a writer, hadhad greagreatt meaningmeaning forfor him.him. HemingwayHemingway onceonce saidsaid abouaboutt hihiss

firstfirst tritripp bacbackk ttoo ItaItalyly., "I"I wouldnwouldn'' t gogo toto MilanMilanoo becausbecausee I wantewantedd ttoo

rememberremember hohoww itit was. ,,15" JustJust asas ColonelColonel CantwellCantwell isis returningreturning ttoo ththee

scenesscenes ofof hihiss youthyouth toto rounroundd ououtt hihiss life,life, Hemingway,Hemingway, througthroughh CantwellCantwell,,

isis roundingrounding outout a parpartt ofof hhiiss lifelife whicwhichh hashas hadhad a greagreatt influencinfluencee oonn whatwhat hehe hahadd accomplishedaccomplished asas anan artists: hihiss woundingwounding iinn youthyouth aatt FossaltaFossalta..

"This"This cocountruntryy meantmeant ververyy muchmuch toto himhim,, moremore thathann hhee could,could, oorr woulwouldd everever teltelll anyone,anyone,"" sayssays HemingwayHemingway-Cantwell_Cantwell..16 ActuallyActually,, howeverhowever,, aass PhiliPhilipp

YounYoungg hashas pointedpointed out,out, hhee foundfound a mos most remarkablremarkablee wayway toto expressexpress whawhatt thathatt

regionregion means.means. CantwellCantwell taketakess instrumenti nstrumentss andand surveyssurveys toto findfind ththee exacexactt spotspot onon ththee groungroundd wherwheree hehe hadhad beebeenn struckstruck..

141 ARIT , p.p, 12=.

15Cited"^Cited byby BakeBakerr inin HemingwayHemingway andand HiHiss CriticsCritics,, p. 88.e 16ARITARIT ,, p.p, 3333.. 6363

ThenThen inin anan actact ofof piercingpiercing andand transcendenttranscendent identificationidentification , 'the'the Colonel,Colonel, nono oneone beingbeing inin sight,sight, squattedsquatted low,low, andand loo~inglooking acrossacross thethe riverriver •, ••. . relievedrelieved himselfhimself inin thethe exactexact placeplace wherewhere hehe hadhad determineddetermined byby triangulation,triangulation, thatthat hehe hadhad beenbeen badlybadly woundedwounded thirtythirty yearsyears before.'before.' AtAt thisthis pointpoint asas nevernever elsewhere,elsewhere, HemingwayHemingway confrontsconfronts andand acknowledgesacknowledges thethe climaxclimax ofof hishis life,life, afterafter aa pilgrimagepilgrimage whichwhich bindsbinds thisthis bookbook toto hishis firstfirst oneone withwith anan ironiron band.band. InIn hishis efforteffort toto COmecome thethe fullfull circlecircle beforebefore hehe isis done,done, thethe herohero doesdoes notnot endend hishis journeyjourney atat thethe placeplace wherewhere hehe firstfirst lived,lived, butbut atat thethe placeplace wherewhere hehe firstfirst dieddied. ThenThen inin thethe mostmost perper­­ sonalsonal andand fundamentalfundamental wayway possiblepossible toto man,man, hehe performsperforms thisthis primitiveprimitive ceremonial,ceremonial, whichwhich isis revelationrevelation asas nothingnothing elseelse cacann everever bebe ofof hishis mingledmingled disgustdisgust andand reverencereverence forfor thatthat eventevent ooff hishis lifelife byby whichwhich thethe wholewhole maymay bebe known,known, andand byby whichwhich itit wawass 7 unalterablyunalterably determined.determined.17

AsAs waswas mentionedmentioned inin thethe introductionintroduction toto thisthis thesis,thesis, HemingwayHemingway repeatedlrepeatedlyy wrotewrote outout thethe experienceexperience ofof hishis woundingwounding notnot toto exorciseexorcise itit fromfrom hihiss memormemoryy butbut becausebecause hehe cherishedcherished itit inin a strangestrange nostalgicnostalgic way.way. WhenWhen hehe hadhad drawdrawnn allall hehe coulcouldd oror allall hehe desireddesired fromfrom it,it, hehe finallyfinally burieburiedd iitt witwithh aann unusualunusual primitivprimitivee ceremony.ceremony. Apparently,Apparently, itit waswas toto appeaappearr nnoo moremore..

InIn relatiorelationn ttoo ththee Hemingway-CantwelHemingway-Cantwelll returreturnn ttoo ththee placplacee ooff wounding,wounding, PhiliPhilipp YounYoungg quotequotess thithiss statemenstatementt frofromm ThThee ScarletScarlet LetteLetterr bbyy

NathanieNathaniell Hawthornes: TherTheree iiss a fatality,, a feelinfeelingg ssoo irresistiblirresistiblee anandd inevitablinevitablee thathatt iitt hahass ththee forcforcee ooff doomdoom,, whicwhichh almosalmostt invariablinvariablyy compelcompelss humahumann beingbeingss ttoo lingelingerr arounaroundd anandd haunthaunt,, ghostlikeghostlike,, ththee spospott wherwheree somsomee greagreatt anandd markemarkedd eveneventt hahass givegivenn ththee colocolorr ttoo theitheirr lifetime;; anandd stilstilll ththee mormoree irresistiblyirresistibly,, ththee darkedarkerr ththee tingtingee thathatt saddensaddenss it.it .181" MrMr.. YounYoungg feelfeelss thathatt nnoo ononee iinn ththee historhistoryy ooff AmericaAmericann letterletterss hahass demondemon-­

stratestratedd Hawthorne'Hawthorne'ss insighinsightt witwithh aass mucmuchh forcforcee anandd claritclarityy aass HemingwaHemingwayy

anandd hihiss herohero.. IIss nonott thithiss irresistiblirresistiblee feelinfeelingg whichwhich,, iitt seemsseems,, botbothh

1717ErnestErnest HemingwayHemingway,, pppp.. 92-392-3..

l818CitedCited iinn ErnesErnestt HemingwaHemingwayy (Minneapolis(Minneapolis:: UniversitUniversityy ooff MinnesotMinnesotaa PressPress,, 1959)1959),» Pp.« ia18» . 6464

HawthorneHawthorne andand HemingwaHemingwayy recognizerecognizedd a kinkindd ofof dark,dark, inscrutableinscrutable forformm ooff nostalgia?nostalgia? TheThe wellwell ofof nostalgianostalgia isis deepdeep,, anandd neitherneither thethe psychologispsychologistt nonorr ththee mamann ofof lettersletters hashas plumbeplumbedd itsits depthdepth completely,completely, barutt thithiss attractionattraction ttoo thethe spotspot wherewhere somsomee importantimportant personapersonall eventevent occurreoccurredd bearbearss a markedmarked resemblanceresemblance toto thethe attractionattraction ofof thethe nostalginostalgicc commonlcommonlyy acknowledged.acknowledged. CHAPTECHAPTERR VV

THTHEE OLOLDD MAMANN ANANDD THTHEE SESEAA

ThThee reviewreviewss anandd prespresss noticenoticess ooff AcrosAcrosss ththee RiveRiverr anandd IntIntoo ththee

TreeTreess werewere,, oonn ththee wholewhole,, ratheratherr unfavorableunfavorable.. TherTheree wawass aa currencurrentt ooff thoughthoughtt whicwhichh proclaimeproclaimedd thatthat,, unfortunatunfortunatee thougthoughh iitt mighmightt bebe,, HemingwaHemingwayy hahadd loslostt hihiss touchtouch,, hihiss powepowerr aass a novelistnovelist;; butbut,, speakinspeakingg iinn aa favoritfavoritee

HemingwaHemingwayy idiomidiom,, hhee wawass nonott dowdownn foforr ththee countcount.. WitWithh ththee publicatiopublicationn twtwoo yearyearss latelaterr ooff ThThee OlOldd MaMann anandd ththee Sea„, HemingwaHemingwayy wawass ofofff ththee canvacanvass anandd wawass ththee champiochampionn againagain.. ThiThiss shorshortt novenovell receivereceivedd almosalmostt unreserveunreservedd acclaiacclaimm anandd hahass generallgenerallyy beebeenn recognizerecognizedd aass a HemingwaHemingwayy masterpiecemasterpiece..

OnOn ththee purelpurelyy literaliterall levellevel,, thithiss storstoryy ooff aann oldold CubaCubann fisherman'fisherman'ss strugglestruggle withwith a giangiantt marlimarlinn iinn thethe GulfGulf StreamStream northnorth ooff HavanaHavana iiss a magmag­- nificentlynificently writtenwritten narrative,narrative, intenseintense andand moving.moving. ButBut eveneven ththee unsophisunsophis-­ ticatedticated readerreader recognizesrecognizes anan extraextra qualityquality whichwhich goesgoes beyondbeyond thethe litera.l leveLlevel. TheThe oldold man'sman's strugglestruggle isis likelike a fablefable oror parableparable ofof invincibleinvincible

ManMan fightingfighting thethe goodgood fightfight withwith courage,courage, endurance,endurance, andand ddignityi gnity.. ThiThiss workwork isis probablyprobably thethe mostmost allegoricalallegorical andand symbolicalsymbolical ofof thethe HemingwayHemingway novelsnovels andand revealsreveals himhim atat thethe apexapex ofof hishis abilityability toto organizeorganize closelyclosely andand dealdeal withwith symbols.symbols. AllegoryAllegory andand symbolismsymbolism areare alwaysalways openopen toto variousvarious interpretations.interpretations. HemingwayHemingway himselfhimself saidsaid ofof thisthis novelnovel "I"I triedtried toto makemake a realreal oldold man,man, aa realreal boy,boy, aa realreal seasea andand aa realreal fishfish andand realreal sharks,sharks, butbut ifif II mademade themthem goodgood andand truetrue enoughenough theythey wouldwould mmeaeann manymany ththings."ings."l"

ICited1Cited byby BakerBaker inin HemingwayHemingway:: TheThe WriterWriter asas ArtistArtist,, p.p. 323.323.

6565 6*6

SantiagoSantiago isis anan oldold fishermanfisherman whowho hahass gongonee eightyeighty-fou- fourr daydayss withoutwithout catchingcatching a fish;fish; hehe isis consideredconsidered salao., ""whicwhichh isis thethe worsworstt forformm ofof unlucky."unlucky." ForFor ththee firstfirst fortyforty days,days, a boboyy hadhad beenbeen witwithh himhim,, bubutt ththee boy'sboy's parentparentss hadhad forbiddenforbidden theitheirr sonson toto gogo outout anyany moremore withwith sucsuchh aann unluckyunlucky oldold manman.. TheThe boboyy lovesloves thethe oldold man,man, whowho hahass taughttaught hihimm alalll hhee knowsknows aboutabout fishing,fishing, andand continuescontinues ttoo looklook outout forfor himhim thoughthough hhee cacann nnoo longerlonger fishfish withwith him.him. HHee bringsbrings himhim foodfood andand fresfreshh baibaitt andand helphelpss hihimm carrycarry hihiss geargear toto hihiss littllittlee boatboat.. OnOn ththee eightyeighty-fift- fifthh day,, ththee ololdd manman sailssails outout fartherfarther thathann hehe hadhad fishedfished beforbeforee iinn hopeshopes ofof changinchangingg hihiss badbad luckluck,, andand aboutabout noonnoon hehe hookshooks a larglargee fishfish whichwhich staysstays downdown deedeepp anandd beginsbegins toto towtow ththee oldold mamann inin hishis littlelittle skiffskiff awayaway towardtoward thethe northwestnorthwest..

ForFor twotwo d8¥Sdays andand nightsnights thethe oldold manman hangshangs onon ttoo hishis fish,fish, beinbeingg scorchedscorched inin thethe daytimedaytime bbyy thethe sunsun andand chilledchilled bbyy thethe coolcool ofof ththee nightsnights..

TheThe fishfish' conticontinue'nuess ttoo towtow thethe smallsmall boaboatt northward.. OOnn ththee thirthirdd morningmorning,, thethe oldold manman,, whowho isis dozing,dozing, isis almostalmost jerkejerkedd outout ofof thethe boatboat aass ththee giangiantt marlinmarlin comescomes toto ththee surfacesurface andand beginbeginss toto jumpjump.. AfteAfterr a gruellinggruelling strugstrug­­ glegle whicwhichh sapssaps ththee oldold manman ofof almostalmost hishis entireentire strength,strength, thethe fisfishh iiss broughbroughtt nearnear enoughenough toto ththee boaboatt ttoo bbee harpoonedharpooned.. ThThee oldold man,man, witwithh crampedcramped anandd achingaching musclemuscless andand bleedinbleedingg hands,hands, lasheslashes thethe greagreatt fisfishh ttoo hishis smallsmall boaboatt andand setssets sailsail forfor homehome..

OnOn thethe returnreturn voyagevoyage,, thethe fishfish isis attackedattacked bbyy sharks,sharks, anandd althougalthoughh thethe oldold manman fightsfights noblynobly withwith everyevery meanmeanss availableavailable ttoo himhim,, hhee cannocannott keekeepp thethe sharkssharks fromfrom eatingeating hishis wonderfulwonderful fish , andand bbyy thethe timetime hehe reachereachess homehome,, thethe giantgiant marlinmarlin isis littlelittle mormoree thathann a skeleton.skeleton. TheThe oldold manman beachebeachess hihiss boaboatt witwithh thethe pitifupitifull evidenceevidence ofof hihiss babadd lucluckk stillstill lashelashedd ttoo iitt anandd stumblesstumbles toto hishis huthut wherwheree hehe collapsescollapses inin exhaustexhaustioni on.. InIn thethe morninmorningg ththee boboyy comeScomes toto taketake carecare ofof thethe oldold manman anandd determinesdetermines ttoo fishfish witwithh hihimm 67

againagain despitedespite hishis babadd luckluck oorr whatwhat hihiss parentsparents wilwilll saysay..

InIn thithiss lastlast novelnovel of Hemingway ,. ththee dominantdominant themetheme ooff ththee

HemingwayHemingway philophilosophysophy,, fightingfighting ththee goodgood fight , whichwhich wwee havhavee seeseenn manimani­­

festfest throughouthroughoutt hishis writing,writing, isis crystallizedcrystallized intointo a concentratedd poeticc

formform anandd becomesbecomes a parablparablee whiwhicch evokesevokes responsesresponses fromfrom deepdeep withiwithinn ouourr

emotionalemotional andand moralmoral being.being. WWee rerecognizcognizee iinn SantiagoSantiago thethe symbolsymbol ooff ththee

courageous,courageous, enduring,enduring, indomitableindomitable naturnaturee ofof manman.. "But"But mamann iiss nonott madmadee

foforr defeatdefeat,."" sayssays ththee oldold man.man, "A mamann cancan bbee destroyedestroyed bubutt nonott defeated."defeated. ,,22

~?~tal~~~Nostalgia serves.s ~:ves.. , !l.j1an . ~mpp11j;811~impprtan^ f@ctiPnfunction,:foc ~orr ijemingwa,¥Hemingway,.incin., this thi snQv\!l'(l;h~ch ngygl .giic h

attemptsattempts ttoo dealdeal withwith thethe greatgreat themetheme ofof manman'' s strugglestruggle iinn ththee universeuniverse..

ThisThis storystory reinforcesreinforces whatwhat HemingwaHemingwayy hahass expresseexpressedd beforebefore concerninconcerningg

nostalgia:nostalgia? iitt cacann bbee a comfortcomfort andand solacesolace atat times,times, butbut i t musmustt neveneverr

becomebecome a meanmeanss ofof escapescapiningg frofromm thethe responsibilitresponsibilityy ofof confrontinconfrontingg realitrealityy

inin allall itsits harshnessharshness..

AsAs thethe oldold mamann wearilywearily returnsreturns fromfrom hishis eightyeighty-fourt- fourthh unfruitfuunfruitfull

dayday ofof fishing,fishing, ththee boboyy meetsmeets hihimm atat ththee shoreshore andand taketakess hihimm ttoo ththee · cafcafee

toto buybuy hihimm a glasglasss ofof beer.beer. AAss thetheyy sitsit togethertogether,, ththee oldold mamann iiss "hold"hold~­ 's inging hishis glassglass andand thinkinthinkingg ofof manymany yearsyears agoago. ..." 3 ThereThere seemsseems ttoo bbee aa

definitedefinite connectionconnection betweebetweenn ththee ageage ofof ththee ololdd manman anandd hishis badbad luckluck;; ononee

·seemsseems ttoo conconfirfirmm ththee otheotherr iinn hhiiss ownown minmindd asas inin thathatt of hishis fellof elloww

fishermen.fishermen. ItIt isis natural,natural, thereforetherefore,, thatthat SantiagoSantiago iinn hishis agagee anandd babadd luckluck shouldshould turnturn hishis thoughtt houghtss toto "many"many yearsyears ago,"ago," ttoo whenwhen hhee wawass youngeyoungerr andand hishis luckluck wavass better. TheThe oldold mamann andand thethe boyboy taltalkk aboutabout ththee boy'boy 'ss firstfirst timetime inin hihiss boatboat.. ThThee boboyy hadhad beebeen onlyonly fivefive yearsyears oldold anandd thetheyy

20MS0MS ,• p.p. 114114..

3OMS0MS , p.p. 1212.. 6868 hadhad caughcaughtt a googoodd fisfishh butbut ononee thathatt gavegave themthem troubltroublee inin landinglanding itit,,

TheThe oldold manman asksasks thethe boyboy ifif hhee cancan rememberremember:s

'Can'Can yoyouu reallyreally rememberememberr thathatt oorr diddid I just ttelelll itit ttoo you?you?"' 'I'I rememberememberr everythingeverything fromfrom whewhenn wwee fifirsrst wenwentt together.together,'' TheThe O~dold manman lookelookedd atat himhim withwith hihiss sun-burnedsun-burned conconfidenf identt lovinlovingg eyes. H

TheThe oldold manman isis ververyy pleasedpleased thatthat ththee boyboy ccaann rememberememberr andand seemsseems ttoo lovlovee himhim moremore becausbecausee ththee twotwo ofof thethemm havhavee sharedshared experiencesexperiences togethertogether whicwhichh theythey bothboth remember,remember. TheseThese nostalgicnostalgic recollerecollectionctionss cconstitutonsti tutee a speciaspeciall tacittacit bonbondd betweebetweenn themthem,.

GoingGoing beyondbeyond thethe purelypurely literalliteral levellevel,, the boboyy isis mormoree thathann ththee

oldold man'man'ss friend.friend. HeHe sometimessometimes seseememss toto reflecreflect thethe oldold manman'' s youtyouthh anandd becomes,becomes, inin a sense,sense, anan objectiveobjective correlativcorrelativee ofof thethe oldold man'man ' s boyhoodboyhood,.

TheThe ololdd manman tellstells thethe boyboy "When"When I waswas youyourr ageage I wawass beforbeforee thethe masmastt oonn

a squaresquare riggedrigged shipship thatthat ranran toto AfricaAfrica andand I havehave seenseen lions onon ththee beachesbeaches inin thethe evening,evening."- .. 5' HHee seemsseems toto assoassociatciatee thethe boyboy withwith AfricAfricaa

andand thethe lionslions onon thethe beaches, andand thesthesee thingthingss representrepresent ttoo himhim hihiss owownn youth,youth. IInn hishis dreams,dreams, thethe lionlionss

playedplayed likelike youngyoung catscats iinn thethe duskdusk anandd hehe lovelovedd themthem asas hhee lovelovedd thethe boyboy,. ,.. , . , HHee nono longlongeer dreameddreamed ofof storms,storms, nonorr ofof women,, nornor ofof greatgreat occurrences,occurrences, nornor ofof greatgreat fishfish,, nornor ffightsi ghts , nonorr contestscontests ofof strength,strength, nonorr ofof hishis wifwifee,. HgHe onlyonly dreameddreamed ooff placesplaces nownow andand ofof thethe lionslions onon ththee beachbeach.,

TheThe oldold mamann nono longelongerr dreamsdreams ofof ththee activact ive lifl i f e ofof whicwhichh a youngeryounger mamann mightmight dreamdream,. HeHe isis oldold andand hashas reachereachedd a poipoinntt wherwheree thethe sweetestsweetest dreamdreamss toto himhim areare thethe onesones concerninconcerningg hihiss earlearlyy youth, thethe timetime whwheen hhee wawass ththee ageage ao f the boyb oy.. HeHe lovesloves the lionslions asas hehe lovesloves ththee boboyy becausbecausee thetheyy botbothh

4k OMS , p,p. 1313 5 5OMS0MS , p,p. 2424

6OMS0MS , p,p. 2727.. 69 provideprovide a sweetsweet comfortcomfort forfor himhim,, a balbalmm toto soothesoothe ththee woundswounds inflicteinflictedd byby a lonelylonely lifelife ofof povpovertertyy anandd ststrenuour enuouss work—thwork--thee lionlionss throughthrough theitheirr representingrepresenting pleasanpleasantt recollectionsrecollections ofof thethe past, andand ththee boyboy througthroughh hishis helphelp andand companionshipcompanionship asas wellwell asas hihiss remindingreminding thethe oldold mamann ooff hihiss ownown youth.youth. IItt isis interestinginteresting thathatt ththee oldold manman dreamsdreams ofof lionsl ions;; Heming­ wa:;rway ththee lionlion huntehunterr mighmightt alsoalso havehave dreameddreamed ofof lionslions..

AlthoughAlthough thethe oldold mamann enjoysenjoys hihiss dreamsdreams ofof thethe paspastt andand thetheyy araree a comfortcomfort toto him,him, hehe nevernever allowsallows themthem toto becomebecome anan avenueavenue ofof escapeescape fromfrom whawhatt hehe asas a manman knowknowss hehe mustmust do.do. NNoo mattematterr howhow rigorousrigorous anandd dede­~ mandingmanding lifelife mightmight becomebecome,, a manman isis nevernever justifiejustifiedd iinn escapescapiningg intintoo a dreamdream worldworld ofof ththee past—therpast--theree isis nnoo dignitydignity iinn thislthis; itit isis ththee samsamee aass acceptingaccepting defeat.defeat. TheThe oldold mamann feelfeelss a compulsivecompulsive neeneedd ttoo provprovee hihiss abilityability toto strugglestruggle andand win.win. "The"The thousanthousandd timetimess thatthat hhee hahadd proveprovedd itit meanmeantt nothing.nothing. NoNoww hehe waswas provingproving itit again. EachEach timtimee waswas a neneww timetime andand hehe nevernever thoughtthought abouaboutt ththee paspastt whewhenn hhee wawass dOingdoing it,it." 7 The oldold mamann hadhad caughtcaught manmanyy fish;fish; hhee hadhad shownshown manymany marlimarlinn ""whaWhatt a mamann cacann dodo andand whatwhat a manman endures, II" bubutt inin ththee oldold man'man 'ss cocodede,, there iiss nnoo placplacee forfor nostalgianostalgia inin ththee strugglestruggle of ththee presentpresent.. IInn hishis battlbattlee witwithh ththee giantgiant marlinmarlin,, tthhee oldold manman''ss pastpast catchescatches meanmean nothinnothingg anandd hhee doesn'doesn'tt thinthinkk aboutabout themthem;; allall thathatt mattersmatters forfor hihimm nonoww isis fightingfighting andand endurinenduringg asas hhee knowsknows hhee shouldshould..

NostalgiaNostalgia servesserves asas a foilfoil for thethe oldold man'man ' s noblenoble struggles t ruggle..

TheThe temptationtemptation toto turturnn toto thoughtthoughtss ofof ththee paspast isis alwa:;rsalways present, eses­­ peciallpeciallyy aass ththee oldold mamann beginbeginss ttoo tiretire,. RepeatedlRepeatedlyy hhee wishewishess thathatt ththee boyboy werewere there.there. ItIt isis asas ifif hhee werewere wishinwi shingg for thethe strengthstrength anandd energenergyy

7 OMS,OMS, pp.. 7373.. 70 ofof hishis youth.youth. AAss ththee crampscramps andand achesaches fromfrom ththee unrelunrelentinenting pull of tht hee greatgreat fishfish becombecomee increasinglincreasinglyy annoyannoyingi ng,, thethe oldold mamann sayssays "I wiswishh he'he'dd sleepsleep andand I couldcould sleepsleep andand dreamdream aboutabout thethe lions.lions. WhyWhy areare ththee lionlionss thethe mainmain thingthing left?"left?" ButBut hehe immediatelimmediatelyy shakesshakes offoff thesthesee kindkindss ooff thoughts.thoughts. "Don't"Don't thinkthink,, oldold man,man, hhee saidsaid ttoo himself."himself."B8 HHee seemseemss ttoo realizerealize thathatt ifif hehe isis notnot carefulcareful · thethe lionslions willwill becombecomee ththee ~only thinthingg left,left, anandd hehe wilwilll bbee nothingnothing bubutt anan oldold manman livingliving iinn ththee pastpast,, whicwhichh toto thethe oldold mamann woulwouldd bbee defeatdefeat..

TheThe oldold mamann · resistsresists ththee temptationtemptation ttoo · abandonabandon himselhimselff ttoo dreamdreamss ofof ·ththee lions,lions, butbut asas ththee suosun · setssets (the(the proverbiaproverbiall hourhour forfor remembering)remembering)

"he"he remembered,remembered, ttoo givegive himselfhimself;mor;moree confidence,confidence, ththee timetime inin ththee tavertavernn atat CasablancaCasablanca whewhenn hehe · hadhad playedplayed thethe hanhandd gamegame witwithh thethe greatgreat negrnegroo frofromm Q Cienfuegos who was the strongest man on the docks. ,,9 They had gone a Cienfuegos who was the strongest man on the docks." They had gone a day and a night with their elbows on a chalk line and their hands clasped day and a night with their elbows on a chalk line and their hands clasped so tightly that it brought blood out from under their fingernails. The so tightly that it brought blood out from under their fingernails. The odds had changed back and forth among the crowd of spectators looking on. odds had changed back and forth among the crowd of spectators looking on. Finally, Jnst before the crowd had to go to their morning work, Santiago Finally, Just before the crowd had to go to their morning work, Santiago had forced the hand of the Negro down until it rested on the wood of the had forced the hand of the Negro down until it rested on the wood of the table. After that everyone had called him the champion. The old man seems table. After that everyone had called him the champion. The old man seems to think that dreaming · of the golden beaches of Africa with the lions play­ to think that dreaming of the golden beaches of Africa with the lions play­ ing on them is a pleasant thing and is all right if it comes naturally at ing on them is a pleasant thing and is all right if it comes naturally at night While he is on his bed of newspapers in his hut, but he must not night while he is on his bed of newspapers in his hut, but he must not turn to such dreams in the daytime to escape from the hardships of strug­ turn to such dreams in the daytime to escape from the hardships of strug­ gling with the great fish. Remembering the arm game, on the other hand, gling with the great fish. Remembering the arm game, on the other hand, gives him more confidence. If he had so much strength when he was younger, gives him more confidence. If he had so much strength when he was younger, 8 .SIbid.-Ibid. 90MS, p. 76. 71 surelysurely ifif hehe hahass toto he wilwilll bbee ableable toto mmusteusterr thethe strengthstrength neeessarynecessary ttoo killkill ththee greatgreat fishfish hehe isis hanginghanging onon to.to. Also,Also, iinn thathatt armarm gamgamee hhee waswas,, inin a sensensese , onon hihiss ownown aass hehe iiss infightingin fighting ththee giantgiant marlin.. HHee rememberrememberss thatthat "they"they fedfed ththee negronegro rurumm andand lightlighteed cigarettescigarettes foforr him,him ,"" bubutt apparappar~­ entlyently thertheree wawass nono ononee toto dodo thithiss forfor him. 1010

ThThiiss flashbackflashback ttoo ththee armarm game isis importanimportantt iinn tetermrmss ooff techniquetechnIque..

JustJust -aass -inin -ForFor WhoWhomm -ththee BellBell Tolls thisthis storystory transpirestranspires ddurinuringg a ratheratherr shortshort perioperiodd ooff time-^justime -~ justt a fewfew days,days, andand thisthis nostalginostalgicc flashbackflashback serveservess i n developingdeveloping -thethe ololdd manman asas a ccharacterharacter. ItIt isis importantimportant ffoorr tht hee readereader toto knowknow ofof Santiago'sSantiago's strengthstrength anandd enduranenduranccee asas a youngyoung manman iinn ordeorderr ttoo understandunderstand how.hehow he,, asas anan oldold man,man, isis ablablee ttoo- subdue-suchsubdue such anan enormouenormouss fish..

This flashback Is also'important fbr theotgsjp© ©f thehetprya1- ThgroldroTr man'sman's lonlongg combacombatt withwith thethe fishfish consistsconsists ofof periodsperiods ofof calmcalm alternatinalternatingg withWith periodperiodss ofof abruptabrupt violenviolentt action;action; thesethese alternatalternatini ngg periodsperiods givgivee thethe storystory a kinkindd ofof pulspulsee beat . ForFor example,example, durinduringg thethe secondsecond nighnightt ththee oldold manman decidesdecides hhee mustmust gegett a littlittllee bibitt ofof sleepsleep oror he wilwilll nonott bbee prepre-­- paredpared toto meemeett ththee finalfinal surfasurfaccee battlbattlee witwithh thethe fishfish whichwhich hehe knowknowss musmustt soonsoon come.come. He arrangesarranges hishis lineline soso thathatt hehe cancan dozdozee forfor a whilwhilee restinrestingg hishis heaheadd onon ththee boboww ofof hihiss skiffskiff..

AfterAfter thatthat hehe begabegann ttoo dreamdream ofof ththee longlong yelloyelloww beacbeachh andand hehe sawsaw thethe firstfirst ofof thethe lionslions comecome downdown ontoonto itit inin ththee earlyearly darkdark andand thenthen tht hee othotheerr lionslions camecame andand hhee resterestedd hishis chichinn onon ththee woodwood ofof ththee bowbow wherewhere thethe shipship laylay anchoanchorer edd withwith ththee eveningevening offshoreoffshore breezbreezee andand h~ie waitewaitedd ttoo seesee ifif thetherree woulwouldd bbee moremore lionslions andand hhee wawass happyhappy..

ThisThis paragrapparagraphh setssets a veryvery calmcalm mood witwithh itsits idYllicidyllic scenescene ooff ththee quiequiett beachbeach inin thethe dusk.dusk. TheThe veryvery lengtlengthh ofof thithiss sentencesentence witwithh ononee clausclausee afteafterr

lOOMS,10OMS, p.p. 7777..

H1ILOMS , p.p. 9090.. 7722

anotheanotherr joinejoinedd bbyy ththee coordinatincoordinatingg conjunctioconjunctionn produceproducess aa rhythmicrhythmic,,

quietinqui~tingg effecterrect.. BuButt noticnoticee hohoww abruptlabruptlyy thithiss peacefupeacefUll moomoodd iiss brokenbroken..

"H"Hee wokwokee witwithh ththee jerjerkk oorf hihiss ·righ rightt fisristt comincomingg uupp againsagainstt hihiss facracee

anandd ththee linlinee burninburningg ououtt througthroughh hihiss righrightt hand.hand."" ThThee shorshortt dreadreamm oorf

ththee lionlionss iiss jusjustt aa calcalmm beforberoree ·ththee storstormm oorf ththee finarinall conflicconrlictt witwithh

ththee fisrishh iinn whicwhichh ththee marlimarlinn circlecircless anandd leapleapss witwithh ththee ololdd mamann strainstrain­­

iningg aatt ththee linlinee tiltilll hhee cannocannott seseee clearlyclearly., bubutt hhee stilstilll endureenduress lonlongg

enougenoughh ttoo drivdrivee ththee harpooharpoonn intintoo ththee fish'rish'ss heartheart..

ThThee ololdd mamann lashelashess hihiss enormouenormouss catccatchh ttoo hihiss smalsmalll boaboatt anandd

setsetss saisaill fororr home,, bubutt iitt iiss nonott lonlongg beforberoree ththee firsrirstt sharsharkk strikesstrikes..

ThThee ololdd mamann mustermusterss hihiss strengtstrengthh agaiagainn anandd killkillss ththee bibigg MakMakoo sharkshark,,

bubutt nonott beforberoree iitt hahass mutilatemutilatedd hihiss fishrish.. AgaiAgainn ththee ololdd mamann waverwaverss aa

littllittlee iinn hihiss perseverance, fororr hhee knowknowss thithiss sharsharkk wilwilll bbee jusjustt ththee

rirstfirst oorf manymany.. "I"Itt wawass totooo googoodd ttoo last,last, hhee thoughtthought.. I wiswishh iitt hahadd

beenbeen a dreamdream nownow andand thathatt I hadhad neVernever hookehookedd thethe fisrishh andand waWass alonalonee iinn 12 bebedd onon ththee newspaper. "l2" ButBut hehe knowsknows thatthat these thoughtsthoughts areare nonott

good.good. "'Don't"'Don't think,think, oldold man,'man,' hehe saidsaid aloud.aloud. 'Sail'Sail onon thisthis courscoursee

andand taketake itit whenwhen itit comes.comes.' '"" However,However, asas thethe oldold manman sIlO'ssays later,later, hhee

gigive vess himselrhimself goodgood advice,advice, butbut itit isis notnot easyeasy toto rollow.follow. "But"But I musmustt thinkthink hehe thought.thought. BecauseBecause iit isis allall II havehave len.left. ThatThat andand baseball."

SantiagoSantiago knowsknows hehe isis oldold andand thatthat lirelife dodoesn'esn'tt holdhold muchmuch rorfor himhim now.now.

TheThe onlyonly thingsthings orof valuevalue rorfor himhim outsideoutside orof doingdoing thethe rishingfishing whichwhich hehe

"was"was bornborn toto do"do" areare thinkingthinking aboutabout hishis lirelife andand rollowingfollowing thethe baseballbaseball scores.scores. "Think"Think aboutabout somethingsomething cheerrul,"cheerful," hehe tellstells hhimselimselrf reelingfeeling thatthat

"there"there waswas nothingnothing toto bebe donedone now."now." ButBut thisthis moodmood lastslasts justjust aa moment.moment.

l2120MS , pp.pp. 1l4114-115- ll5.. 7373

"I"Yees s therthere e ~s,is,. "" hehe sayssays aloudaloud andand hehe lasheslashes hihiss knifknifee ttoo one ooff ththee oaroarss toto serveserve asas a harpoonharpoon toto fightfight offoff thethe sharkssharks hehe knowknowss wilwilll comecome.. HHee determinesdetermines toto beabeatt downdown ththee ugluglyy GalanosGalanos asas lonlongg asas hhee hashas anyany kinkindd ooff weapon,weapon, eveneven thoughthough hehe knowsknows itit isis a hopelesshopeless fightfight..

AfterAfter thethe ololdd mamann killkillss thethe firstfirst shark,shark, hehe beginbeginss thinkinthinki ngg abouaboutt deathdeath anandd killingkilling..

'I'I killedkilled himhim iinn self-defenseself-defense,, '' thethe oldold mamann saidsaid aloudaloud.. 'And'And I killekilledd himhim well.'' BesidesBesides,, hhee thought , everythingeverything killkillss everytheverythini ngg elselsee inin somesome wayway.. FishingFishing killkillss mmee exactlyexactly asas iitt keepkeepss mmee alivealive.. TheThe boboyy keepk ps mmee alive,alive, hhee thought.thought. I musmustt notnot deceivedeceive myselmyselff tootoo muchmuch.. l3

FishingFishing isis strenuousstrenuous andand iiss drainingdraining -thethe oldold manman'' s lifelife andand strengthstrength,, bubutt atat ththee samesame timetime itit iiss hishis meansmeans ofof sustenancesustenance andand hihiss reasonreason foforr livingliving..

ButBut itit isis notnot hihiss onlyonly meanmeanss ofof sustenancesustenance -andand itit isis notnot hishis onlonlyy reasoreasonn forfor living—thliving--thee boboyy willwill seesee thatthat hehe hahass foodfood ("You("You'l' lll notnot fishfish withouwithoutt eatingeating whilewhile I'mI'm alive."),alive."), andand asas lonlongg asas thethe oldold mamann hahass thethe boboyy ttoo teachteach andand thethe boboyy causescauses himhim ttoo rememberememberr ththee vitalityvitality ooff hishis owownn youthyouth,, hehe hahass a reasonreason forfor livingliving..

TheThe bibigg MakoMako sharkshark hadhad causedcaused thethe fishfish toto bleedbleed,, leavinleavingg a traitraill ofof bloobloodd whichwhich soosoonn attractsattracts manymany more sharks.sharks. TheThe old mamann fightfightss thethemm withwith allall hishis strengthstrength -andand everyevery availableavailable weaponweapon untiuntill hehe isis lefleftt exhausteexhaustedd withwith ththee splinteredsplintered buttbutt ooff ththee -tillertiller inin hihiss hand.hand. WheWhenn hehe landlandss hihiss boat,boat, hhee isis soso wearyweary thatthat hhee stumblesstumbles toto ththee groundground fivefive timetimess iinn carry­ inging hihiss masmastt toto hihiss littlelittle shack,shack, whewherre hhee fallsfalls asleepasleep "With"With hihiss armarmss l4 outout straightstraight andand thethe palmpalmss ofof hishis handhandss up. "14" TheThe nexnextt dadayy ththee bob oyy

13OMS0MS ,, pp.. 117117.. lJ 14*OM0MBS , pp.. 134.134. ForFor discussiondiscussion ofof thethe obviousobvious ChristianChristian symbolissymbolismm inin thesethese actionsactions seesee Young,Young, ErnestErnest HemingwayHemingway., pp.pp. 100-101;100-101; BakerBaker,, Hemingway:Hstningwav: TheThe WriterWriter asas Artist,Artist, pppp.. 299-301,299-301, 319=320319- 320.. 74 comescomes ttoo carecare forfor himhim anandd tellstells himhim "Now"Now wwee fishfish togethertogether again. " WheWhenn thethe oldold manman -protesprotest tss thatthat hehe -isis notnot luckluckyy anyany moremore,, ththee boyboy saysayss "Th"Thee hellhell withwith luckluck.. I'lI'lll brinbringg thethe lucluckk witwithh meme.. " TheThe boboyy leaveleavess ththee ololdd manman ttoo restrest andand "get"get well;"well," andand thethe lastlast lineline ofof ththee boobookk isis "Th"Thee ololdd manman waswas dreamingdreaming aboutabout ththee lions."lions." HereHere areare ththee dreamsdreams ofof thethe lionlionss again,again, nonott actingacting asas a meanmeanss ofof escapeescape -butbut aass a healinghealing medicamentmedicament whicwhichh willwill preparpreparee thethe oldold -manman ttoo fishfish -againagain withwith thethe boyboy..

PhilipPhilip YoungYoung sayssays thatthat inin TheThe OldOld MaMann andand ththee SeaSea HemingwayHemingway hahass narrowednarrowed thethe gapgap betweebetweenn himselfhimself andand hihiss codecode -heroesheroes soso mumucch thathatt oonn ononee level this,tnovel.is wholly personal.

.., ~ . . . • ... 1.- I •• TheThe OldOld ManMan andand thethe SeaSea is.is, fromfrom oneone angle.angle, anan accountaccount ofof HemHem­­ ingway'ingway'ss personapersonall struggle,struggle, grim,grim, resoluteresolute anandd eternal,eternal, ttoo writwritee hihiss bestbest.. WithWith hihiss seriousness,seriousness, hihiss precisionprecision andand hihiss perfectionism,perfectionism, HemingwaHemingwayy seessees hihiss craftcraft exactlyexactly aass SantiagoSantiago seessees his.15his.1^

TheThe metaphometaphorr ofof fishingfishing andand ththee -fishermanfisherman turnturnss ououtt toto bbee ververyy aptapt.. SanSan-­ tiagotiago isis a -craftsmancraftsman whowho setssets -hishis lineliness moremore -carefullycarefully thathann hihiss colleaguescolleagues,, butbut hehe seemsseems toto havhavee nnoo luckluck anyany moremore.. AlAlll ththee same,same, hhee feelsfeels iitt iiss besbestt toto bebe skillfullyskillfully exactexact soso thatthat whenwhen lucluckk doesdoes comecome hhee wilwilll bbee readreadyy foforr it.it. HeHe hadhad onceonce beebeenn calledcalled "The"The Champion"Champion" andand hadhad overcomeovercome manmanyy rivalrivalss inin fairfair fights,fights, andand eveneven thoughthough hehe seemsseems ttoo havhavee nono lucluckk anyany more, hhee thinks"thinks " .••• . . 1I knowknow manmanyy trickstricks andand I havehave resolution.resolution."" HemingwayHemingway,, personallypersonally,, hadhad anan almostalmost superstitioussuperstitious respectrespect forfor luck,luck, andand aatt ththee timtimee hehe wrotewrote TheThe OldOld ManMan andand thethe SeaSea (1952),(1952), hihiss lucluckk hadhad notnot beenbeen goodgood.. HHee hahadd publishepublishedd Justjust oneone -novelnovel sincesince FoForr WhomWhom ththee BelBelll TollsTolls (1940),(1940), anandd itit hadhad beebeenn widelywidely criticized.criticized. -WitWithh hihiss earlyearly works,works, hehe hadhad beebeenn a kinkindd ofof literaryliterary champion., - bubutt asas withwith Santiago,Santiago, thethe timetimess hhee hadhad proveprovedd hihiss skillskill inin ththee pastpast meanmeantt nothing--"Nonothing--"Noww hehe waswas provingproving itit again.again.""

15Ernest^Ernest Hemingway,Hemingway, pp.. 9898.« 7575

If,If, aass MrMr.. YoungYoung says,says, thithiss novenovell cacann b bee interpretedinterpreted on a perper­

sonalsonal level,thenlevel, then perhapperhapss "ththee elementselements ofof "nostalginostalgia a whichwhich havhavee beebeenn

discusseddiscussed aboveabove cancan alsoalso bebe appliedapplied withwith significansignificancce ttoo HemingwayHemingway him­

self.self. AAss wewe havhavee seenseen earlier,earlier, HemingwaHemingwayy seemedseemed ttoo treasurtreasuree paspastt experexper­

iencesiences andand savedsaved allall kindskinds ofof mementosmementos toto remindremind himselfhimself ofof them,, bubutt

he,he, likelike thethe oldold manman,, neveneverr allowedallowed nostalgianostalgia toto bbee a meansmeans ooff psycholpsychol­

ogicalogical escape.escape. HHee trietriedd toto maintainmaintain a rigirigidd worworkk scheduleschedule righrightt uupp ttoo

thethe timetime ofof hishis death,death, anandd eveneven duringduring ththee barrenbarren peperior iodd ofof ththee fortiefortiess whenwhen hehe seemedseemed toto havhavee nono lucluckk hehe diddid nonott givgivee upup andand trtryy toto livlivee iinn a nostalgicnostalgic worlworldd ofof paspastt successes.successes. ItIt isis easyeasy toto imaginimaginee HemingwaHemingwayy

dreamingdreaming ofof AfricaAfrica andand lions,lions, and,and, likelike ththee oldold man,man, findingfinding greagreatt

pleasurepleasure iinn it,it, becausebecause jusjustt asas suchsuch dreamsdreams remindedreminded thethe oldold mamann ooff

hishis youthyouth andand strength,strength, suchsuch dreamsdreams wouldwould remindremind HemingwayHemingway ooff hihiss firsfirstt

AfricanAfrican big-gambig-gamee huntinhuntingg whichwhich hehe diddid whenwhen hehe waswas youngyoung andand wealthwealthyy frofromm hishis populapopularr earlyearly novels.novels. MemoriesMemories hahadd greagreatt valuvaluee forfor Hemingway,, bubutt

hhee seemedseemed toto realizrealizee thathatt thetheyy musmustt bbee keptkept iinn thethe propeproperr perspectiveperspective;; theythey musmustt nevernever hinderhinder hihimm iinn hishis strugglestruggle ttoo writwritee welwelll anandd bbee a "cham"cham­­

pion.pion."" ThisThis strugglstrugglee seemsseems ttoo havhavee beebeenn allall importantimportant foforr HemingwayHemi.ngway,,

andand thertheree areare manmanyy whowho feelfeel thatthat hehe tootookk hihiss ownown lifelife becausbecausee hihiss bodbodyy 16 hadhad betrayedbetrayed him;16him; hehe hadhad becomebecome soso physicallphysicallyy incapacitateincapacitatedd thathatt worworkk

andand thethe kinkindd ofof activeactive lifelife " hehe lovelovedd werweree nnoo longerlonger possiblpossiblee foforr him-—- memoriesmemories werweree notnot reasonreason enoughenough forfor livingliving..

16•^SeSeee LeicesteLeicesterr HemingwayHemingway., &My BrotherBrother ErnestErnest Hemingway , pp.. 256256.. CHAPTECHAPTERR VVII

THTHEE MOVEABLMOVEABLEE FEASI<'EASTT

ThThee deatdeathh ooff ErnesErnestt HemingwaHemingwayy wawass mournemournedd widelwi delyy anandd wawass concon­­

sideresideredd a greagreatt loslosss ttoo AmericaAmericann letters. BuButt fortunately, ththee HemingwaHemingwayy

canocanonn wawass nonott ttoo enendd aatt hihiss deathdeath.. IInn ththee sprinspringg ooff 19619644 a posthumouposthumouss worworkk appeareappearedd entitleentitledd A MoveablMoveablee Feast, thithiss titltitlee beinbeingg taketakenn frofromm aa

letteletterr ttoo a frienfriendd iinn whicwhichh HemingwaHemingwayy said?: B,"IIff yoyouu araree luckluckyy enougenoughh

ttoo havhavee livelivedd iinn PariPariss aass a younyoungg man, thethenn wherevewhereverr yoyouu ggoo foforr ththee

resrestt ooff youyourr lifelife,, iitt stayst ayss witwithh youyou,, for PariPariss iiss a moveablmoveablee feast.feast .""

ThiThiss boobookk iiss a serieseriess ooff vivivividd memoirmemoirss ooff ththee author'author"ss yearyearss iinn PariPariss

frofromm 19211921 ttoo 1926. Nostalgic, funny, tendertender,, anandd sometimesometimess savagesavage,,

thesthesee reminiscencereminiscencess reveareveall mucmuchh abouaboutt HemingwaHemingwayy whicwhichh dididd nonott shoshoww througt hroughh

inin hihiss storiestoriess anandd novelsnovels.. BeinBeingg personapersonall recollectiorecollectionn anandd hihiss lateslatestt work,work, thithiss boobookk iiss a fittinfittingg basibasiss foforr ththee concludingconcluding chapterchapter ooff thithiss

studystudy ooff ththee nostalginostalgicc inin HemingwayHemingway..

EachEach chapterchapter inin A MoveablMoveablee FeasFeastt isis a briebrieff independenindependentt reminremin­

iscentiscent sketch.sketch. ThereThere isis nono directdirect continuitycontinuity frofromm ononee chaptechapterr ttoo ththee next,next, thoughthough therethere isis a sensesense ooff chronologicachronologicall order,order, but taketakenn togethetogetherr theythey formform a unifiedunified emotionalemotional collagecollage ofof hohoww HemingwayHemingway remembersremembers Pariss inin thethe twenties . EvenEven inin thithiss work , whichwhich isis personapersonall recollectiorecollectionn ooff a timetime aboutabout whichwhich HemingwayHemingway heldheld thethe tenderesttenderest ofof feelings , nostalgianostalgia isis keptkept underunder rigidrigid controlcontrol andand isis nevernever permittedpermitted toto lapselapse intointo mermeree sentimentality.sentimentality. HemingwayHemingway nevernever expressesexpresses explicitlyexplicitly hishis emotionalemotional attattituditudee aboutabout thosethose earlyearly years;years; hehe nevernever sayssays thatthat theythey werewere wonderfulwonderful

76 7777 anandd happhappyy anandd thathatt hhee missemissess themthem.. HiHiss recollectionsrecollections,» actuallyact ually., havhavee aa ratheratherr objectivobjectivee quality,, bubutt thetheyy araree donee i n sucsuch a wawayy thathatt thethey havhavee a subjectivsubjectivee effecteffect upouponn ththee readerreader.. ThiThiss iiss a ccharacteristiharacteristicc HemingwaHemingwayy techniquetechnique;; aann experiencexperiencee iiss ·portrayeportrayedd objectivelobjectivelyy bubutt witwi thh a realisrealismm whicwhichh causecausess ththee readereaderr ttoo identifidentifyy witwithh ththee situatiosituationn iinn sucsuchh a wawayy thathatt hhee respondrespondss subjectivelsubjectivelyy anandd almosalmostt involuntarily,, iinn ththee mannemannerr whicwhichh HemingwaHemingwayy intendedintended.. ThiThiss iiss anotheanotherr examplexamplee ooff Hemingway'Hemingway 'ss notionotionn thathatt iiff a writewriterr knowknowss hihiss subjecsubject welwelll enougenoughh hhee mamayy omiomitt thingthingss anandd thetheyy wilwilll bbee suppliesuppliedd bbyy ththee reader'reader' ss imaginationi magination.. CertainlCertainlyy HemingwaHemingwayy knekneww hihiss subjecsubjectt welwelll enougenoughh iinn thithiss case, anandd aass ththee precedinprecedingg chapterchapterss ooff thithiss thesithesiss indicate, hhee alsalsoo knekneww welwelll ththee emotionaemotionall responseresponsess whicwhichh cacann bbee produceproducedd througthroughh nostalgia.. ThThee reareall levelevell ooff emotionaemotionall communicatiocommunicationn iinn thithiss worworkk iiss nostalgia, whicwhichh aass MrMr.. MorriMorriss sayssays,, "sing"singss iinn ththee bloodblood.. . . andand whewhenn alalll otheotherr thingthingss faifaill iitt joinjoinss memenn iinn a singusingu­- larlar brotherhood.brotherhood."" ThThee ververyy forformm ooff thithiss book—thbook--thee brief, looloosely-connectesely- connectedd vividvivid reminiscences—ireminiscences--iss suggestivesuggestive ofof ththee wawayy memenn experienceexperience nostalginostalgicc recollection.recollection. InIn A MoveablMoveablee FeasFeastt wwee finfindd furthfurtheer evevidenci dencee ofof ththee importancimportancee

HemingwayHemingway placeplacedd oonn remembering, andand wwee sseee agaiagainn hohoww ththee joy ooff rememremem­ beringbering asas hehe wrotwrotee constitutedconstituted a ggrear eatt portioporti onn ofof ththee satisfactisatisfactioonn hhee foundfound iinn hihiss professionsprofessions.. AAss hhee isis sittingsitting iinn a cafcafee oonn ththee PlacPlacee StSt ..

MichelMichel writingwriting a story,story, HemingwayHemingway nnoticeotices a beautifubeautifull girlgirl walkwalk iinn anandd sitsit down.down. HeHe seessees thatthat sheshe isis bbvobviousliouslyy wawaitini tingg forfor someone , "I'v"I ' vee seeseenn you,you, beauty,beauty, andand youyou belonbelongg toto meme now , wwhoevehoeverr youyou areare wwaitinaiti ngg fof or anandd if I never see you again,. "he" he th'nksthinks . "You"You belonbelong toto meme andand PariPariss belongbelongss if I never see you agaln, ~. " 1 ,,1 toto meme andand I belongbelong toto thisthis notebooknotebook andand thisthis penc1pencil. • " ItIt iiss easyeasy ttoo

lMP,1MF, p.p. 6.6. T788 imaginimaginee thithiss mentamentall snapshosnapshott tingetingedd witwithh aa pleasan pleasantt nostalgianostalgia,, flashinflashi ngg beforbeforee Hemingway'Hemingway'ss minmindd aass hhee wrotwrotee ooff BretBrettt AshleAshleyy iinn tht hee cafe cafess ooff

ParisParis.. SometimesSometimes,, whewhenn hihiss writinwritingg wawass goin goingg wellwell,, HemingwaHemi ngwayy woulwouldd bbee transportetransportedd bacbackk intintoo ththee scenesceness ooff hihiss paspastt abouaboutt whicwh ichh h hee wawass writingwriti,ng..

HHee describedescribess sucsuchh aa sensatiosensationn iinn ththee followinfollowingg wayway::

SomSomee daysdays,, iitt wenwentt ssoo welwelll thathatt yoyouu coulcouldd makmakee ththee countrcountryy ssoo thathatt yoyouu coulcouldd walwalkk intintoo iitt througthroughh ththee timbetimberr ttoo comcomee ououtt intintoo ththee clearinclearingg anandd worworkk uupp ontontoo ththee highighh groungroundd anandd seseee ththee hillhillss beyonbeyondd ththee ararmm ooff ththee lakelake.. AA pencipencill lealeadd mighmightt breabreakk ofofff iinn ththee conicaconicall nosnosee ooff ththee pencipencill sharpenesharpenerr anandd yoyouu woulwouldd ususee ththee smalsmalll bladbladee ooff ththee pepenn knifknifee ttoo cleaclearr iitt oorr elselsee sharpesharpenn ththee pencipencill carefullcarefullyy witwithh ththee sharsharpp bladbladee anandd thethenn slislipp youyourr ararmm througthroughh ththee sweat-saltesweat- saltedd leatheleatherr ooff youyourr pacpackk strastrapp ttoo lifliftt ththee pacpackk again,, gegett ththee otheotherr ararmm througthroughh anandd feefeell ththee weighweightt settlsettlee oonn youyourr bdtcbgckk anandd feefeell ththee pinpinee needlen~edless undeunderr youyourr moccasinmoccasinss aass yoyouu startestartedd dowdownn foforr ththee lakelake..

ThiThiss particulaparticularr referencreferencee iiss apparentlapparentlyy ttoo ththee writinwritingg ooff "Bi"Bigg Two-HearteTwo-Heartedd

River,"River," bubutt iitt iiss a glimpsglimpsee ooff ththee nostalginostalgicc pleasurpleasuree Hemingwayy musmustt havhavee experiencedexperienced inin writinwritingg alalll ooff hihiss storiestoriess sseett iinn ththee fragranfragrantt hemlochemlockk forestsforests ofof northernnorthern MichiganMichigan..

InIn thethe discussiondiscussion ofof thethe bittbitter-sweeer-sweet feelfeelingi ngss ofof nosnostalgitalgi a i n thithiss thesis,thesis, thethe emphasisemphasis hashas beenbeen uponupon thethe sweetsweet aspect.aspect. ThisThis hashas beenbeen a , deliberatedeliberate emphasis,emphasis, becausebecause ffoor Hemingway , the ssweeweett isis tthhe aspectaspect whicwhich dOminates.dominates. HeHe enjoyedenjoyed anan aactivctivee llifi fee papackeckedd withwith thethe kikindndss ofof eexcitinxc iti ngg experiencesexperiences whichwhich hehe soughtsought,, andand hee tritrieed t oo pprolonr olongg andand prepreservservee plea­ surablesurable andand valuablevaluable experiencesexperiences byby rememberingremembering themthem, asas hehe perhapsperhaps wouldwould havehave said,said, "accurately"accurately andand well.well."" BBuutt ththii ss iiss nnoott toto saysay thatthat hhee wawas un­­ acquaintedacquainted withwith thethe bitterbitter aspectaspect ofof nnostalgia—thostalgia- - thee pangspangs thatthat comecome i nn realizingrealizing thatthat thethe pastpast isis irrecoverableirrecoverable.. IInn AA MoMoveablveablee FFeaseastt hehe hashas mademade somesome veryvery perceptiveperceptive commentscomments aboutabout nnostalgiostalgiaa whiwhicchh revealreveal hhiiss aware­aware­ nessness ofof thethe emptinessemptiness andand yearningyearning whichwhich isis oftofteenn aa partpart ofof itit.. DurDurini ngg

~22 MF,MF, p.p. 91.91. 7799

and was a ththee earlearlyy PariPariss yearsyears,, HemingwaHemingwayy frequentefrequentedd ththee racracee tracktrackss and was a too much time systematisystematicc betterbetter,, bubutt hhee finallfinallyy stoppestoppedd becausbecausee iitt tootookk too much time anandd hhee wawass becominbecomingg totooo involvedinvolved..

WheWhenn II stoppestoppedd workinworkingg oonn ththee raceracess II wawass glagladd bubutt iitt lefleftt bad aann emptinessemptiness.. BByy thethenn II knekneww thathatt everythineverythingg googoodd anandd bad the lefleftt anandd emptinesemptinesss whewhenn iitt stoppedstopped.. BuButt iiff iitt wawass badbad, the only emptinese~ti~esss fillefi~le~d uupp bbyy itselfitself.. IIff iitt wawass googoodd yoyouu coulcouidd only filf111l i1tt bbyy findinf1ndingg somethinsomethingg betterbetter.3. as our experiences TherTheree iiss mucmuchh psychologicapsychologicall truttruthh iinn thithiss commentcomment,, foforr as our experiences be filled. Our slislipp awaawayy intintoo ththee paspastt thetheyy ddoo leavleavee aa spacspacee thathatt musmustt be filled. Our left by bad psychipsychicc processeprocessess automaticallautomaticallyy trtryy ttoo coveCoverr oveoverr ththee spacespacess left by bad by new exper- experienceexperiencess bubutt ththee spacespacess lefleftt bbyy ththee googoodd musmustt bbee fillefilledd by new exper­ emptiness left ienciencee iinn ththee presentpresent.. ThThee yearninyearningg ooff nostalginostalgiaa iiss ththee emptiness left it is to face bbyy ththee googoodd thingsthings,, anandd ththee onlonlyy · healthhealthyy wawayy ttoo deadeall witwithh it is to face honestlhonestlyy ththee presentpresent.. hunger. AtAt anotheranother pointpoint inin thithiss bookbook,, nostalginostalgiaa ·isis describeddescribed aass hunger. on a spring AsAs HemingwayHemingway andand hishis wifewife walkwalk acrossacross a bridgebridge inin ParisParis on a spring , with a friend evening,evening, theythey beginbegin toto remireminiscniscee aboutabout anotheranother springspring when , with a friend St, Bernard to namednamed Chink,Chink, theythey hadhad walkedwalked downdown thethe ItalianItalian sideside ofof thethe St. Bernard to had been done and Aosta.Aosta. AfterAfter theythey hahavvee remindedreminded eacheach otherother ofof allall thatthat had been done and bitter-sweet saidsaid andand eateneaten atat thatthat timetime andand theythey havehave lapsedlapsed intointo aa bitter-sweet "We should live nostalticnostaltic moodmood, HadleyHadley attemptsattempts toto shakeshake itit offoff andand sayssays "We should live , who though inin thisthis timetime nownow andand ·havehave everyevery minuteminute ofof it."it." HerHer husbandhusband, who though for it, hehe enjoysenjoys rememberingremembering thethe pastpast nevernever sacrificessacrifices thethe presentpresent for it, buttress. Look replies.replies, "We're"We're watwatchinChingg· thethe waterwater nownow 5Sas itit hitshits thisthis buttress. Look are across the whatwhat wewe cancan seesee whenwhen wewe looklook upup thethe riverriver.."" WhenWhen theythey are across the bridge and on the other side of the river, they decide theythey areare hungryhungry bridge and on the other side of the river, they decide

3MF, p. 62. 8080 andand willwill ggoo ttoo MichaUd'sMichaud's toto eeatat.. AsAs ttheh eyy reachreach thethe restaurant,restaurant, Hem­- ingwayingway writes,writes, "Stand"Standini ngg thertheree I wonderewonderedd howhow muchmuch ofof whatwhat wewe hahadd felfeltt onon thethe bridgebridge waswas jusJ'ustt hunger.hunger. I asaske k e d mymy w1fewif' e andand sheshe said,said, 'I'I don'don'tt know.know, Tatie.Tatie. ThereThere areare soso manymany sortssorts ooff hungerhunger.. InIn ththee springspring thertheree areare more.more. BuButt that'that'ss gonegone now.now. MemoryMemory i s hunger.hunger. ,,,'"4^ ThereThere isis aa paradoxicalparadoxical qualityquality aboutabout nostalgia.nostalgia. IItt isis aatt thethe samesame timetime aann emptiempti­­ nessness anandd a fullness,fullness, a yearninyearningg anandd a fulfillmentfulfillment.. HemHemingwaingwayy capturecapturess thisthis paradoparadoxx inin thisthis bookbook,, wherwheree wwee findfind sideside bbyy sideside thethe notionsnotions thathatt ttmemory"memory isis hunger,hunger,"" andand memorymemory isis ria"a moveablmoveablee feast.feast .. "

TheThe letterletter fromfrom whicwhi ch thethe titltitlee ofof thisthis bookbook wawass takentaken wawass

·writtewrittenn inin 1950.1950. Apparently,Apparently, HemingwayHemingway waswas fondfond ofof thethe phrase " a movemove­- ableable feast"feast" aboutabout thatthat timtimee becausbecausee itit appearsappears twicetwice inin AcrosAcrosss ththee RiveRiverr 5 andand IntIntoo ththee TreesTrees whicwhichh waswas publishedpublished thatthat samesame year.year.5 IInn ononee ooff ththee placeplacess itit appearsappears inin thathatt novel,novel, itit isis useusedd ttoo makemake thethe sel)tencesentence "Hap"Hap-­ piness,piness, asas yoyouu knowknow,, iiss a movablemovable [Si[sicC]] feast."feast." WheWhenn wwee ccombinombinee thithiss statementstatement witwithh thethe ononee "Paris"Paris isis a moveablmoveablee feast,"feast," wewe seesee thathatt whawhatt I HemingwayHemingway waswas gettinggetting atat waswas thatthat pleasanpleasantt memoriesmemories providprovidee a kin kind ooff feast,feast, or,or, inin otherother words , nostalgianostalgia isis a moveablmoveablee feafeastst.. ThisThis feasf eastt pro­- videdvided HemingwayHemingway withwith mumucch nourishmenourishmennt as a creativcreativee artist.artist. NostalgiNostalgiaa influencedinfluenced himhim iinn thethe choicechoice ofof subjsubjectectss aboutabout whwhicich hehe wrote,wrote, iitt ini n­- fluencedfluenced hihimm inin thethe wayway hhee wantewantedd toto treattreat thosethose subjectssubjects , andand iitt eveevenn becamebecame a tootooll ttoo aidaid himhim inin carryingcarrying outout hihiss desires.desires. ThisThis iiss nonott ttoo sasayy thatthat nostalginostalgiaa isis ththee keykey whichwhich unlockunlockss thethe meaningmeaning ofof Hemingway'Hemingway 'ss fictionfiction,, forfor itit isis not,not, ofof course;course; bubutt itit isis ssomethinomething whicwhich shouldshould nonott bbee overover-­ lookedlooked inin ththee searchsearch forfor suchsuch a keykey..

4MF, pppp.. 53-753-7..

5ARIT , pppp.. 68,6Qt 273273.. SELECTEDSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY

PrimaryPrimary SourcesSources byby ErnestErnest HemingwayHemingway

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DeathDeath inin thethe Afternoon.Afternoon. NewNew York : CharlesCharles ScribnerScribner'' s Sons,Sons, 19321932..

A FarewellFarewell toto Arms.Arms. NewNew York : CharlesCharles ScribnerScribner'' s Sons,Sons, 19291929..

The Fifth Column and the First Forty-nine Stories. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1938.

ForFor WhomWhom thethe BellBell Tolls.Tolls. NewNew Yorks: CharlesCharles Scribner'sScribner's Sons,Sons, 19401940..

"Get"Get a Seeing-eyedSeeing-eyed Dog,"Dog," AtlanticAtlantic Monthly,Monthly. CC,CC, (November,(November, 1957) , 64-6864- 68..

GreenGreen HillsHills ofof AfricaAfrica.. NewNew York: CharlesCharles ScribnerScribner'' s Sons , 19351935..

ToTo HavHavee anandd HavHavee Not. NeNeww York?: CharlesCharles Scribner'sScribner's SonsSons,, 19371937..

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