8.4 History of the Magnetic Method in Exploration There Is Little Doubt That the Chinese Were the First to Observe and Employ Th
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The Study of Earth's Magnetism
THE STUDY OF EARTH’S MAGNETISM (1269-1950): A FOUNDATION BY PEREGRINUS AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF GEOMAGNETISM AND PALEOMAGNETISM Vincent Courtillot, Jean-Louis Le Mouël To cite this version: Vincent Courtillot, Jean-Louis Le Mouël. THE STUDY OF EARTH’S MAGNETISM (1269-1950): A FOUNDATION BY PEREGRINUS AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF GEOMAGNETISM AND PALEOMAGNETISM. Reviews of Geophysics, American Geophysical Union, 2007, 45 (3), pp.RG3008. 10.1029/2006RG000198. insu-02448801 HAL Id: insu-02448801 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-02448801 Submitted on 22 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THE STUDY OF EARTH’S MAGNETISM (1269–1950): A FOUNDATION BY PEREGRINUS AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF GEOMAGNETISM AND PALEOMAGNETISM Vincent Courtillot1 and Jean-Louis Le Moue¨l1 Received 17 February 2006; revised 14 July 2006; accepted 18 September 2006; published 25 September 2007. [1] This paper summarizes the histories of geomagnetism induced magnetizations), Delesse (remagnetization in a and paleomagnetism (1269–1950). The role of Peregrinus direction opposite to the original), and Melloni (direction of is emphasized. In the sixteenth century a debate on local lava magnetization acquired at time of cooling). -
“The Touch of Cold Philosophy”
Edinburgh Research Explorer The Fragmentation of Renaissance Occultism and the Decline of Magic Citation for published version: Henry, J 2008, 'The Fragmentation of Renaissance Occultism and the Decline of Magic', History of Science, vol. 46, no. Part 1, No 151, pp. 1-48. <http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/shp/histsci/2008/00000046/00000001/art00001> Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: History of Science Publisher Rights Statement: With permission © Henry, J. (2008). The Fragmentation of Renaissance Occultism and the Decline of Magic. History of Science, 46(Part 1, No 151), 1-48 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 23. Sep. 2021 The Fragmentation of Renaissance Occultism and the Decline of Magic* [History of Science, 46 (2008), pp. 1-48.] The touch of cold philosophy? At a Christmas dinner party in 1817 an admittedly drunken -
Survey of Magnetism and Electrodynamics (Chapters 5-11)
Survey of Magnetism and Electrodynamics (Chapters 5-11) * Electrostatics - Coulomb’s law * Magnetostatics - Biot-Savart law closed V=1 potential ”flow “ I=1 V=2 I=2 surfaces discontinuity I=0 I = 6 ! I=6 closed flux divergent field lines B I=3 curling flow ”flux “lines D I=4 surfaces of H from source Q I=5 around source I * Helmholtz theorem: source and potential * Green ‘s function (tent/pole) * Macroscopic media - polarization chains * magnetization chains free charge in conductor M-chain bound charge (solenoid) in dielectric magnetic coil * Faraday’s law * Maxwell’s displacement current * Three electrical devices, each the ratio of flux / flow CAPACITOR RESISTOR INDUCTOR * Electrodynamics equations Lorentz force Continuity Maxwell electric, magnetic fields Constitution Potentials (wave equation) Gauge transform * Conserved currents desity flux energy momentum * Electromagnetic waves - Fresnell’s coefficients - skin depth - dipole radiation Section 5.1.1 – Magnetic Fields * the magnetic force was known in antiquity, but was more difficult to quantify ~ predominant effect in nature involves magnetization, not electric currents ~ no magnetic (point) charge (monopole); 1-d currents instead of 0-d charges ~ static electricity was produced in the lab long before steady currents * History: http://maxwell.byu.edu/~spencerr/phys442/node4.html 600 BC Thales of Miletus discovers lodestone’s atraction to iron 1200 AD Chinese use lodestone compass for navigation 1259 AD Petrus Peregrinus (Italy) discovers the same thing 1600 AD William Gilbert -
Magnetic Rocks © Learning A–Z Learning A–Z J Written by Katherine Follett Lexile 470L
FOCUS Book Magnetic Make a magnet! Get a strong magnet and a thin metal bolt. Rub the bolt Rocks across the magnet in one direction fifty times. Pick up a staple with the bolt. You made a magnet! Design a test for your magnet. What can it pick up? What else can you test? Now make another magnet with a new bolt. Change one thing about how you make the magnet. Then repeat your test. How did the results change? Beyond the Book Go to two places with sand. Find out which kind of sand has the most magnetite. Metal and Magnets Magnetic Have you ever played with magnets? Maybe there are magnets on your Rocks refrigerator. Some toys also have magnets in them. A magnet is a special piece of metal. It pulls on, or attracts, other pieces FOCUS Question of metal. What kinds of natural materials stick to magnets? But where do magnets come from? Cause and Effect Photo Credits: Front cover: © Joel Arem/Science Source/Getty Images; page 2: © Vanessa Davies/DK Images; page 3: © Art Directors & TRIP/Alamy Stock Photo; page 4: © Richard Hutchings/Science Source; page 5 (top): © Charles O’Rear/Corbis/VCG/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images; page 5 (bottom): © David Lee/ Alamy Stock Photo; page 6 (left): Sarah Cebulski/© Learning A–Z; page 6 (right): © Alexandru Dobrea/ Hemera/Thinkstock; page 7 (top): © Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images; page 7 (bottom): © Liu Liqun/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images; page 9: © The Natural History Museum/Alamy Stock Photo Illustration Credits: Page 8: Signe Nordin/© Learning A–Z; border (rock): Nora Voutas/© Learning A–Z; (clip): Casey Jones/ © Learning A–Z Reading Levels Magnetic Rocks © Learning A–Z Learning A–Z J Written by Katherine Follett Lexile 470L Correlations All rights reserved. -
Electricity and Magnetism
3637_CassidyTX_10b 6/14/02 12:47 PM Page 459 CHAPTER - 10 + Electricity and Magnetism 10.1 Gilbert’s Magnets 10.2 Electric Charges and Electric Forces 10.3 Forces and Fields 10.4 Electric Currents 10.5 Electric Potential Difference 10.6 Electric Potential Difference and Current 10.7 Electric Potential Difference and Power 10.8 Currents Act on Magnets 10.9 Currents Act on Currents 10.10 Magnetic Fields and Moving Charges 10.1 GILBERT’S MAGNETS Two natural substances, amber and lodestone, have awakened curiosity since ancient times. Amber is sap that oozed long ago from certain softwood trees, such as pine. Over many centuries, it hardened into a semitranspar- ent solid akin to model plastics and ranging in color from yellow to brown. It is a handsome ornamental stone when polished, and sometimes contains the remains of insects that were caught in the sticky sap. Ancient Greeks recognized a strange property of amber. If rubbed vigorously against cloth, it can attract nearby objects, such as bits of straw or grain seeds. Lodestone is a metallic mineral that also has unusual properties. It at- tracts iron. Also, when suspended or floated, a piece of lodestone always turns to one particular position, a north–south direction. The first known written description of the navigational use of lodestone as a compass in Western countries dates from the late twelfth century, but its properties were known even earlier in China. Today, lodestone would be called mag- netized iron ore. 459 3637_CassidyTX_10b 6/14/02 12:47 PM Page 460 460 10. -
5 Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism
5 Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism It is not known when the directive power of the magnet 5.1 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION - its ability to align consistently north-south - was first recognized. Early in the Han dynasty, between 300 and 5.1.1 The discovery of magnetism 200 BC, the Chinese fashioned a rudimentary compass Mankind's interest in magnetism began as a fascination out of lodestone. It consisted of a spoon-shaped object, with the curious attractive properties of the mineral lode whose bowl balanced and could rotate on a flat polished stone, a naturally occurring form of magnetite. Called surface. This compass may have been used in the search loadstone in early usage, the name derives from the old for gems and in the selection of sites for houses. Before English word load, meaning "way" or "course"; the load 1000 AD the Chinese had developed suspended and stone was literally a stone which showed a traveller the pivoted-needle compasses. Their directive power led to the way. use of compasses for navigation long before the origin of The earliest observations of magnetism were made the aligning forces was understood. As late as the twelfth before accurate records of discoveries were kept, so that century, it was supposed in Europe that the alignment of it is impossible to be sure of historical precedents. the compass arose from its attempt to follow the pole star. Nevertheless, Greek philosophers wrote about lodestone It was later shown that the compass alignment was pro around 800 BC and its properties were known to the duced by a property of the Earth itself. -
A Classified Bibliography on the History of Scientific Instruments by G.L'e
A Classified Bibliography on the History of Scientific Instruments by G.L'E. Turner and D.J. Bryden Originally published in 1997, this Classified Bibliography is "Based on the SIC Annual Bibliographies of books, pamphlets, catalogues and articles on studies of historic scientific instruments, compiled by G.L'E. Turner, 1983 to 1995, and issued by the Scientific Instrument Commission. Classified and edited by D.J. Bryden" (text from the inside cover page of the original printed document). Dates for items in this bibliography range from 1979 to 1996. The following "Acknowledgments" text is from page iv of the original printed document: The compiler thanks the many colleagues throughout the world who over the years have drawn his attention to publications for inclusion in the Annual Bibliography. The editor thanks Miss Veronica Thomson for capturing on disc the first 6 bibliographies. G.L'E. Turner, Oxford D.J. Bryden, Edinburgh April 1997 ASTROLABE ACKERMANN, S., ‘Mutabor: Die Umarbeitung eines mittelalterlichen Astrolabs im 17. Jahrhundert’, in: von GOTSTEDTER, A. (ed), Ad Radices: Festband zum fünfzigjährrigen Bestehen des Instituts für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe- Universtät Frankfurt am Main (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994), 193-209. ARCHINARD, M., Astrolabe (Geneva: Musée d'histoire des Sciences de Genève, 1983). 40pp. BORST, A., Astrolab und Klosterreform an der Jahrtausendwende (Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitatsverlag, 1989) (Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften Philosophisch-historische Klasse). 134pp. BROUGHTON, P., ‘The Christian Island "Astrolabe" ’, Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 80, no.3 (1986), 142-53. DEKKER, E., ‘An Unrecorded Medieval Astrolabe Quadrant c.1300’, Annals of Science, 52 (1995), 1-47. -
Article: XXVIII, Le 2 Septembre 1859, (Letter Du R
CMYK RGB Hist. Geo Space Sci., 3, 33–45, 2012 History of www.hist-geo-space-sci.net/3/33/2012/ Geo- and Space doi:10.5194/hgss-3-33-2012 © Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Access Open Sciences Advances in Science & Research Open Access Proceedings Father Secchi and the first Italian magnetic observatoryDrinking Water Drinking Water Engineering and Science N. Ptitsyna1 and A. Altamore2 Engineering and Science Open Access Access Open Discussions 1Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg Filial, Russia 2Physical Department “E. Amaldi”, University “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy Discussions Earth System Earth System Correspondence to: N. Ptitsyna ([email protected]) Science Science Received: 23 October 2011 – Revised: 19 January 2012 – Accepted: 30 January 2012 – Published: 28 February 2012 Open Access Open Abstract. The first permanent magnetic observatory in Italy was built in 1858 by Pietro AngeloAccess Open Data Secchi, a Data Jesuit priest who made significant contributions in a wide variety of scientific fields, ranging from astronomy to astrophysics and meteorology. In this paper we consider his studies in geomagnetism, which have never Discussions been adequately addressed in the literature. We mainly focus on the creation of the magnetic observatory on the roof of the church of Sant’Ignazio, adjacent to the pontifical university, known as the CollegioSocial Romano. Social From 1859 onwards, systematic monitoring of the geomagnetic field was conducted in the Collegio Romano Open Access Open Geography Observatory, for long the only one of its kind in Italy. We also look at the magnetic instrumentsAccess Open Geography installed in the observatory, which were the most advanced for the time, as well as scientific studies conducted there in its early years. -
Geomagnetic Research in the 19Th Century: a Case Study of the German Contribution
Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 63 (2001) 1649–1660 www.elsevier.com/locate/jastp Geomagnetic research in the 19th century: a case study of the German contribution Wilfried Schr,oder ∗, Karl-Heinrich Wiederkehr Geophysical Institute, Hechelstrasse 8, D 28777 Bremen, Germany Received 20 October 2000; received in revised form 2 March 2001; accepted 1 May 2001 Abstract Even before the discovery of electromagnetism by Oersted, and before the work of AmpÂere, who attributed all magnetism to the 7ux of electrical currents, A.v. Humboldt and Hansteen had turned to geomagnetism. Through the “G,ottinger Mag- netischer Verein”, a worldwide cooperation under the leadership of Gauss came into existence. Even today, Gauss’s theory of geomagnetism is one of the pillars of geomagnetic research. Thereafter, J.v. Lamont, in Munich, took over the leadership in Germany. In England, the Magnetic Crusade was started by the initiative of John Herschel and E. Sabine. At the beginning of the 1840s, James Clarke Ross advanced to the vicinity of the southern magnetic pole on the Antarctic Continent, which was then quite unknown. Ten years later, Sabine was able to demonstrate solar–terrestrial relations from the data of the colonial observatories. In the 1980s, Arthur Schuster, following Balfour Stewart’s ideas, succeeded in interpreting the daily variations of the electrical process in the high atmosphere. Geomagnetic research work in Germany was given a fresh impetus by the programme of the First Polar Year 1882–1883. Georg Neumayer, director of the “Deutsche Seewarte” in Hamburg, was one of the initiators of the Polar Year. -
Geophysical Journal International
Geophysical Journal International Geophys. J. Int. (2017) 210, 1347–1359 doi: 10.1093/gji/ggx245 Advance Access publication 2017 June 7 GJI Geomagnetism, rock magnetism and palaeomagnetism The HISTMAG database: combining historical, archaeomagnetic and volcanic data Patrick Arneitz,1 Roman Leonhardt,1 Elisabeth Schnepp,2 Balazs´ Heilig,3 Franziska Mayrhofer,1,4 Peter Kovacs,3 Pavel Hejda,5 Fridrich Valach,6 Gergely Vadasz,3 Christa Hammerl,1 Ramon Egli,1 Karl Fabian7 and Niko Kompein1 1ZAMG, 1190 Vienna, Austria. E-mail: [email protected] 2Palaeomagnetic Laboratory Gams, 8130 Frohnleiten, Austria 3Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary, 8237 Tihany, Hungary 4Department for Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria 5Institute of Geophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 4, Czech Republic 6Geomagnetic Observatory, Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 947 01 Hurbanovo 7Geological Survey of Norway, 7491 Trondheim, Norway Accepted 2017 June 6. Received 2017 May 23; in original form 2017 February 10 SUMMARY Records of the past geomagnetic field can be divided into two main categories. These are instru- mental historical observations on the one hand, and field estimates based on the magnetization acquired by rocks, sediments and archaeological artefacts on the other hand. In this paper, a new database combining historical, archaeomagnetic and volcanic records is presented. HISTMAG is a relational database, implemented in MySQL, and can be accessed via a web-based inter- face (http://www.conrad-observatory.at/zamg/index.php/data-en/histmag-database). It com- bines available global historical data compilations covering the last ∼500 yr as well as archaeomagnetic and volcanic data collections from the last 50 000 yr. -
The Magnetic Field of Planet Earth
Space Sci Rev DOI 10.1007/s11214-010-9644-0 The Magnetic Field of Planet Earth G. Hulot · C.C. Finlay · C.G. Constable · N. Olsen · M. Mandea Received: 22 October 2009 / Accepted: 26 February 2010 © The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The magnetic field of the Earth is by far the best documented magnetic field of all known planets. Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of its charac- teristics and properties, thanks to the convergence of many different approaches and to the remarkable fact that surface rocks have quietly recorded much of its history. The usefulness of magnetic field charts for navigation and the dedication of a few individuals have also led to the patient construction of some of the longest series of quantitative observations in the history of science. More recently even more systematic observations have been made pos- sible from space, leading to the possibility of observing the Earth’s magnetic field in much more details than was previously possible. The progressive increase in computer power was also crucial, leading to advanced ways of handling and analyzing this considerable corpus G. Hulot () Equipe de Géomagnétisme, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (Institut de recherche associé au CNRS et à l’Université Paris 7), 4, Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris, cedex 05, France e-mail: [email protected] C.C. Finlay ETH Zürich, Institut für Geophysik, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland C.G. Constable Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0225, USA N. -
Bibliography of Historical Geomagnetic Main Field Survey and Secular Variation Reports at WDC-A, 1993
WORLD DATA CENTER-A for Solid Earth Geophysics BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HISTORICAL GEOMAGNETIC MAIN FIELD SURVEY AND SECULAR VARIATION REPORTS AT THE WORLD DATA CENTER-A FOR SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS August 1993 NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL DATA CENTER WORLD DATA CENTERlA for Solid Earth Geophysics BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HISTORICAL GEOMAGNETIC MAIN FIELD SURVEY AND SECULAR VARIATION REPORTS AT THE WORLD DATA CENTER-A FOR SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS Susan McLean Dennis Smith August 1993 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE, DATA, AND INFORMATION SERVICE National Geophysical Data Center Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328, USA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank Joy Ikelman and Doreen Ardourel for their efforts to edit this report. Imposing order on chaos is never easy. DISCLAIMER While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed nor implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. .. 11 Contents Introduction ............................... 1 Bibliography .............................. 3 Appendices ............................. 119 Appendix I . Index by Date of Publication ....... 121 Appendix I1 . Index by Descriptive Word ........ 159 Appendix I11 . Index by Seismic Region ........ 177 Appendix IV . Index by Geographic Region ...... 181 Appendix V . The World Data Center System ..... 189 Introduction In order to determine the extent of historical data publications at the World Data Center-A for Solid Earth Geophysics, a digital inventory was begun in 1992.