Security in a Small Nation Scotland, Democracy, Politics EDITED BY ANDREW W. NEAL To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/524 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. Security in a Small Nation Scotland, Democracy, Politics Edited by Andrew W. Neal Centre for Security Research University of Edinburgh https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2017 Andrew W. Neal. Copyright of each chapter is maintained by the author. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). 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Open Reports Series, vol. 4 | ISSN: 2399-6668 (Print); 2399-6676 (Online) ISBN Paperback: 978-1-78374-268-4 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-78374-269-1 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-78374-270-7 ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 978-1-78374-271-4 ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 978-1-78374-272-1 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0078 Cover image: Scottish Parliament (2011) by deargdoom57, CC BY 2.0. Image from Flickr, https://www.flickr.com/photos/deargdoom57/5471878523/ All paper used by Open Book Publishers is SFI (Sustainable Forestry Initiative), PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes) and Forest Stewardship Council(r)(FSC(r) certified. Printed in the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia by Lightning Source for Open Book Publishers (Cambridge, UK) Dedicated to the memory of Alyson J. K. Bailes Contents Acknowledgements viii Notes on Contributors ix Introduction 1 Andrew W. Neal 1. Perspectives on Small State Security in the Scottish 21 Independence Debate Juliet Kaarbo and Daniel Kenealy 2. Do Small States Need ‘Alliance Shelter’? Scotland 49 and the Nordic Nations Baldur Thorhallsson and Alyson J. K. Bailes 3. Security, Privacy and Oversight 77 Charles D. Raab 4. Parliamentary Oversight of Intelligence Agencies: 103 Lessons from Westminster Hugh Bochel and Andrew Defty 5. Scotland and the Politics of Intelligence Accountability 125 Colin Atkinson, Nick Brooke and Brian Harris 6. ‘Hardly a Moment’s Discussion’? Intelligence 149 and the Scottish Referendum Sandy Hardie 7. Press Scrutiny and the Proposals for Security 179 and Intelligence in an Independent Scotland Eamonn P. O’Neill 8. To Speak Security or Not to Speak Security? Responsibility 203 and Deference in the Scottish Independence Debate Andrew W. Neal Concluding Remarks: The Narrative of Security 225 and Pathways of Transition Thierry Balzacq Acknowledgements This book is the product of a seminar series funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council entitled ‘Security in Scotland, with or without constitutional change’, which ran from 2013–2015 at the University of Edinburgh (grant reference ES/L00139X/1). The Reports from this seminar series can be found on the title page on the Open Book Publishers website, http://www.openbookpublishers.com/ product/524#resources The editor and principal investigator Andrew W. Neal would like to thank his primary co-investigators, Juliet Kaarbo and Charles Raab, for their wisdom and advice throughout the project. Special thanks to Colin Atkinson for editorial assistance in the early stages of the book project. Thanks also to the many contributors to the seminars, including Stine Bergersen, Didier Bigo, Paul Cairney, Monica den Boer, Francesca Dickson, Faye Donnelly, Gunilla Eriksson, Peter Gill, Jens Christian Svabo Justinussen, Bill Paterson, Paul Rogers, Stephen Tierney, William Vlcek, and others who will remain unnamed due to the political and professional sensitivities of the subject matter. Notes on Contributors Colin Atkinson is Lecturer in Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of the West of Scotland. His research interests focus mainly upon the intersection of crime, policing, intelligence and security, particularly as these issues relate to terrorism and organised crime. Colin has a professional background in intelligence analysis and counter-terrorism. He holds several degrees, most recently achieving an MLitt in terrorism studies (with distinction) from the University of St Andrews and a PhD in sociology from the University of Glasgow. His research has appeared in several peer-reviewed journals. Colin is an associate editor for the journal Criminology and Criminal Justice. Alyson J. K. Bailes was a full-time Visiting Professor at the University of Iceland from 2007 to 2016 and taught at several universities in Europe, including the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium. She previously served in the British Diplomatic Service for thirty-three years. Bailes was the United Kingdom Ambassador to Finland from 2000 to 2002, Political Director of the Western European Union from 1997 to 2000 and Director of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) from 2002 to 2007. Bailes published extensively on European defence, arms control, Arctic security, small states and the Nordic states’ foreign policies and edited several books on these subjects. Bailes passed away in April 2016. Thierry Balzacq is Francqui Research Chair (the most prestigious academic title awarded in Belgium) and Visiting Professor at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). He was the Scientific Director of the Institute for Strategic Research (IRSEM), the French Ministry of Defense’s research center (2014–2016). A former Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard, Balzacq held a Honorary Professorial Fellowship at the University of Edinburgh. In 2015, he was awarded a x Security in a Small Nation Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Diplomacy and International Security for his world-leading research. He is author/editor of over twelve books in English and French. Hugh Bochel is Professor of Public Policy at the University of Lincoln. He has wide-ranging interests in British politics and public policy. He is co-author, with Andrew Defty and Jane Kirkpatrick, of Watching the Watchers: Parliament and the Intelligence Services (2014). Nick Brooke is a Teaching Fellow in the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, where he completed his Masters and PhD. Nick teaches at undergraduate and Masters level on topics such as terrorism, nationalism and violence in deeply-divided societies. His research interests include nationalism and terrorism, the relationship between violent and non-violent forms of political protest, the depiction of terrorism and politics in popular culture and the impact of nationalism on British politics. Andrew Defty is Reader in Politics at the University of Lincoln. He has written widely on parliament and the intelligence services. He is co-author, with Hugh Bochel and Jane Kirkpatrick, of Watching the Watchers: Parliament and the Intelligence Services (2014). Sandy Hardie was a career member of the Diplomatic Service (1973– 2001). He later (2005–2012) worked on security sector reform with African and other governments. In the Scottish referendum campaign (2013–2014), he supported Better Together as an adviser on national security issues. Brian Harris is a criminal psychologist with a background from the policing, military and government sectors of countering terrorism. His experience stems from operations, organisational planning and industry resilience against acts of terrorism. He now conducts research into terrorism and its societal impact, and he specialises on terrorism and the aviation industry. He has over twenty years’ operational experience in this field. Brian holds an MBA (distinction) and an Honours Grade BSc in Criminology and Psychology. He is a visiting lecturer at Napier University and is currently finalising his PhD at the University of St Andrews. Notes on Contributors xi Juliet Kaarbo is Professor of International Relations with a Chair in Foreign Policy at the University of Edinburgh. She is founding co-director of Edinburgh’s Centre for Security Research. Her research focuses on political psychology, leadership and decision making, group dynamics, foreign policy analysis and theory, parliamentary political systems, and national roles, and her work has appeared in journals such as International Studies Quarterly, European Journal of International Relations, International Studies Review, and Political Psychology. Daniel Kenealy is