DOCSLIB.ORG

Security in a Small Nation Scotland, Democracy, Politics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Security in a Small Nation Scotland, Democracy, Politics Security in a Small Nation Scotland, Democracy, Politics EDITED BY ANDREW W. NEAL To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/524 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. Security in a Small Nation Scotland, Democracy, Politics Edited by Andrew W. Neal Centre for Security Research University of Edinburgh https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2017 Andrew W. Neal. Copyright of each chapter is maintained by the author. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Andrew W. Neal (ed.), Security in a Small Nation: Scotland, Democracy, Politics. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2017. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0078 In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit https:// www.openbookpublishers.com/product/524#copyright Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/ All external links were active at the time of publication unless otherwise stated and have been archived via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at https://archive.org/web Digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at https://www. openbookpublishers.com/product/524#resources Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. Open Reports Series, vol. 4 | ISSN: 2399-6668 (Print); 2399-6676 (Online) ISBN Paperback: 978-1-78374-268-4 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-78374-269-1 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-78374-270-7 ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 978-1-78374-271-4 ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 978-1-78374-272-1 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0078 Cover image: Scottish Parliament (2011) by deargdoom57, CC BY 2.0. Image from Flickr, https://www.flickr.com/photos/deargdoom57/5471878523/ All paper used by Open Book Publishers is SFI (Sustainable Forestry Initiative), PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes) and Forest Stewardship Council(r)(FSC(r) certified. Printed in the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia by Lightning Source for Open Book Publishers (Cambridge, UK) Dedicated to the memory of Alyson J. K. Bailes Contents Acknowledgements viii Notes on Contributors ix Introduction 1 Andrew W. Neal 1. Perspectives on Small State Security in the Scottish 21 Independence Debate Juliet Kaarbo and Daniel Kenealy 2. Do Small States Need ‘Alliance Shelter’? Scotland 49 and the Nordic Nations Baldur Thorhallsson and Alyson J. K. Bailes 3. Security, Privacy and Oversight 77 Charles D. Raab 4. Parliamentary Oversight of Intelligence Agencies: 103 Lessons from Westminster Hugh Bochel and Andrew Defty 5. Scotland and the Politics of Intelligence Accountability 125 Colin Atkinson, Nick Brooke and Brian Harris 6. ‘Hardly a Moment’s Discussion’? Intelligence 149 and the Scottish Referendum Sandy Hardie 7. Press Scrutiny and the Proposals for Security 179 and Intelligence in an Independent Scotland Eamonn P. O’Neill 8. To Speak Security or Not to Speak Security? Responsibility 203 and Deference in the Scottish Independence Debate Andrew W. Neal Concluding Remarks: The Narrative of Security 225 and Pathways of Transition Thierry Balzacq Acknowledgements This book is the product of a seminar series funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council entitled ‘Security in Scotland, with or without constitutional change’, which ran from 2013–2015 at the University of Edinburgh (grant reference ES/L00139X/1). The Reports from this seminar series can be found on the title page on the Open Book Publishers website, http://www.openbookpublishers.com/ product/524#resources The editor and principal investigator Andrew W. Neal would like to thank his primary co-investigators, Juliet Kaarbo and Charles Raab, for their wisdom and advice throughout the project. Special thanks to Colin Atkinson for editorial assistance in the early stages of the book project. Thanks also to the many contributors to the seminars, including Stine Bergersen, Didier Bigo, Paul Cairney, Monica den Boer, Francesca Dickson, Faye Donnelly, Gunilla Eriksson, Peter Gill, Jens Christian Svabo Justinussen, Bill Paterson, Paul Rogers, Stephen Tierney, William Vlcek, and others who will remain unnamed due to the political and professional sensitivities of the subject matter. Notes on Contributors Colin Atkinson is Lecturer in Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of the West of Scotland. His research interests focus mainly upon the intersection of crime, policing, intelligence and security, particularly as these issues relate to terrorism and organised crime. Colin has a professional background in intelligence analysis and counter-terrorism. He holds several degrees, most recently achieving an MLitt in terrorism studies (with distinction) from the University of St Andrews and a PhD in sociology from the University of Glasgow. His research has appeared in several peer-reviewed journals. Colin is an associate editor for the journal Criminology and Criminal Justice. Alyson J. K. Bailes was a full-time Visiting Professor at the University of Iceland from 2007 to 2016 and taught at several universities in Europe, including the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium. She previously served in the British Diplomatic Service for thirty-three years. Bailes was the United Kingdom Ambassador to Finland from 2000 to 2002, Political Director of the Western European Union from 1997 to 2000 and Director of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) from 2002 to 2007. Bailes published extensively on European defence, arms control, Arctic security, small states and the Nordic states’ foreign policies and edited several books on these subjects. Bailes passed away in April 2016. Thierry Balzacq is Francqui Research Chair (the most prestigious academic title awarded in Belgium) and Visiting Professor at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). He was the Scientific Director of the Institute for Strategic Research (IRSEM), the French Ministry of Defense’s research center (2014–2016). A former Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard, Balzacq held a Honorary Professorial Fellowship at the University of Edinburgh. In 2015, he was awarded a x Security in a Small Nation Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Diplomacy and International Security for his world-leading research. He is author/editor of over twelve books in English and French. Hugh Bochel is Professor of Public Policy at the University of Lincoln. He has wide-ranging interests in British politics and public policy. He is co-author, with Andrew Defty and Jane Kirkpatrick, of Watching the Watchers: Parliament and the Intelligence Services (2014). Nick Brooke is a Teaching Fellow in the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, where he completed his Masters and PhD. Nick teaches at undergraduate and Masters level on topics such as terrorism, nationalism and violence in deeply-divided societies. His research interests include nationalism and terrorism, the relationship between violent and non-violent forms of political protest, the depiction of terrorism and politics in popular culture and the impact of nationalism on British politics. Andrew Defty is Reader in Politics at the University of Lincoln. He has written widely on parliament and the intelligence services. He is co-author, with Hugh Bochel and Jane Kirkpatrick, of Watching the Watchers: Parliament and the Intelligence Services (2014). Sandy Hardie was a career member of the Diplomatic Service (1973– 2001). He later (2005–2012) worked on security sector reform with African and other governments. In the Scottish referendum campaign (2013–2014), he supported Better Together as an adviser on national security issues. Brian Harris is a criminal psychologist with a background from the policing, military and government sectors of countering terrorism. His experience stems from operations, organisational planning and industry resilience against acts of terrorism. He now conducts research into terrorism and its societal impact, and he specialises on terrorism and the aviation industry. He has over twenty years’ operational experience in this field. Brian holds an MBA (distinction) and an Honours Grade BSc in Criminology and Psychology. He is a visiting lecturer at Napier University and is currently finalising his PhD at the University of St Andrews. Notes on Contributors xi Juliet Kaarbo is Professor of International Relations with a Chair in Foreign Policy at the University of Edinburgh. She is founding co-director of Edinburgh’s Centre for Security Research. Her research focuses on political psychology, leadership and decision making, group dynamics, foreign policy analysis and theory, parliamentary political systems, and national roles, and her work has appeared in journals such as International Studies Quarterly, European Journal of International Relations, International Studies Review, and Political Psychology. Daniel Kenealy is
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Meeting of the Parliament
    MEETING OF THE PARLIAMENT Thursday 19 February 2015 Session 4 © Parliamentary copyright. Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body Information on the Scottish Parliament’s copyright policy can be found on the website - www.scottish.parliament.uk or by contacting Public Information on 0131 348 5000 Thursday 19 February 2015 CONTENTS Col. GENERAL QUESTION TIME .................................................................................................................................. 1 Insult to Injury Campaign .............................................................................................................................. 1 Protecting Vulnerable Groups Scheme (Applications) ................................................................................. 2 NHS Lanarkshire (Meetings) ........................................................................................................................ 3 River Beds (Assistance to Farmers) ............................................................................................................. 3 Hospitals (Minimum Staffing Levels) ............................................................................................................ 4 National Health Service Central Register (Scotland) Regulations 2006 (Privacy Concerns) ...................... 6 Police Scotland (Merger) .............................................................................................................................. 7 NHS Borders (Meetings) .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Protecting Power
    Protecting Power drishtiias.com/printpdf/protecting-power Why in News? An American drone has killed Iranian military and intelligence commander Major General Qassem Soleimani in Baghdad (capital of Iraq). The Iranian government has registered its protest against the killing with the Embassy of Switzerland in Tehran. Switzerland represents the interests of the US in Iran (capital of Iran). This is because the US itself does not have an embassy there. In an arrangement such as this, Switzerland is the “Protecting Power” of the United States’ interests in Iran. Iran’s interests in the United States, on the other hand, are represented by the Pakistan Embassy in Washington. How is the Above Arrangement Possible? The instrument of Protecting Powers is provided for under the 1961 and 1963 Vienna Conventions on Diplomatic Relations. The 1961 Vienna Convention states that if diplomatic relations are broken off between two States, or if a mission is permanently or temporarily recalled, the sending State may entrust the protection of its interests and those of its nationals to a third State acceptable to the receiving State. E.g.: In this case, where Switzerland is the “Protecting Power” of the United States’ interests in Iran, sending state would be US, third state would be Switzerland; and receiving state would be Iran. The 1963 Convention reiterates that a sending State may with the prior consent of the receiving State, and at the request of a third State not represented in the receiving State, undertake the temporary protection of the interests of the third State and of its nationals.” The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 provides a complete framework for the establishment, maintenance and termination of diplomatic relations on the basis of consent between independent sovereign States.
    [Show full text]
  • Wooster Sauce – March 2009
    Wooster Sauce – March 2009 I had wanted to tell the Master this and gladden his That is increasingly true in England and the rest of indulgent heart with the tribute being paid to him at this the Commonwealth, but not in India. While no English- outpost of Wodehouseana thousands of miles away language writer can truly be said to have a “mass” from any place he had ever written about. But I had following in India, where only a small percentage of the never been satisfied by any of my drafts of the letter. It population read English, Wodehouse has maintained a had to be just right. Of course, it never was, and now I general rather than a “cult” audience; unlike others, he would never be able to establish this small connection has never gone out of fashion. This bewilders those to the writer who had given me more joy than anything who think that nothing could be further removed from else in my life. Indian life, with its poverty and political intensity, than The loss was personal, but it was widely shared: the silly escapades of Wodehouse’s decadent P. G. Wodehouse was by far the most popular English- Edwardian Young Men in Spats. language writer in India. His erudite butlers, absent- India’s fascination with Wodehouse is one of those minded earls and silly-ass aristocrats, out to pinch endearing mysteries. Many believe that Wodehouse’s policemen’s helmets or perform acts of petty larceny at popularity reflects a nostalgia for the British Empire in the behest of tyrannical aunts, are beloved by most India.
    [Show full text]
  • Christmas Stars Many Use the Coco-Cola Advert As Their Favourite First Sign of Christmas but at St
    December 2018 Christmas Stars Many use the Coco-Cola advert as their favourite first sign of Christmas but at St. Ed’s it is always our Nativity performances that signal Christmas is on its way! This year, our traditional nativity was performed by our Form 1 and Form 2 children who entertained their proud audience with an array of new festive songs including ‘A Great Big Star’ and “It’s a squash, it’s a squeeze”. #St. Ed’s defies anybody who left the Chapel that day without a tear in their eye! The following day it was our Early Years children who turned the Chapel into a winter wonderland of animals helping Rudolph who had lost his nose! After all of the animals kindly offered Rudolph alternatives, including a carrot and a star, it was Mr Walliker himself who saved the day as Rudolph’s nose appeared in his pocket! Thank Christmas for Mr Walliker! Congratulations to our Ties! Welcome Many congratulations to Ella Chauhan, Madelaine Murrin, Jake Paterson, Guy van Baby Michael Oudtshoorn and Erin Wilson who were awarded their Prefect “ties” this term. Voted for by the school staff, the “ties” role is to support the Heads of Prep Mr Church School, Kitty and Freddie, and assume particular responsibilities in and around the and his wife school. Quoting Churchill, “the price of greatness is responsibility” so well done Jitka are to you all for your more than deserving recognition. delighted to announce the birth of their son, Michael who arrived in this world on Saturday 17th November at 8.00 am weighing in at 8 lbs.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs
    The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project ARTHUR L. LOWRIE Interviewed by: Patricia Lessard and Theodore Lowrie Initial interview date: December 23, 1989 Co yright 1998 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background arly interest in Foreign Service Army service in Korean War Foreign Service exam Aleppo, Syria 1957-1959 Vice Consul ,oy Atherton as Consul -eneral Formation of .nited Arab ,epublic 0asser1s crackdo2n on communism Beirut 1931 Arabic language training Situation in 4iddle ast Khartoum 1932-1934 Political Officer Arabi7ation in the Sudan Declared P0- shortly before Abboud overthro2 Tunis 1934-1937 Political89abor Officer Ambassador ,ussell Impression of labor movement in Tunisia Assignment to Armed Forces Staff College I0,8Algerian Desk 1938-1972 Analy7ing the Sudanese guerilla force Algerian natural gas contract Dealing 2ith corporate America Baghdad 1972-1975 1 Chargé d1Affaires ,eopening the .S post in Baghdad Assessment of Belgian representation 0ationali7ation of Iraq Petroleum Company Kurdish struggle against government Improvement in ..S.-Iraqi relations Impression of Saddam Hussein Police state atmosphere in Iraq 0 A Chief of 4ission meeting Commercial relations 2ith Iraq Cairo 1975-1978 Political Counselor Sadat1s November 1977 trip to Jerusalem Briefing Israeli diplomats Impression of Sadat .nited Nations 1978-1979 4iddle ast Officer Camp David Accords Problems 2ith negotiations ..S. 4ission to uropean Communities 1979-1983 0ATO Defense College Differences bet2een urope and 4iddle ast posts PO9AD to Central Command 1983-1983 Working 2ith military Development of the ,apid Deployment Joint Task Force Difficulty gaining 4iddle ast cooperation Problem of support for Israel Conclusion -reatest achievement8disappointment ,easons for retiring INTERVIEW $: Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Missions Act 22 U.S.C. 4301-4316
    Foreign Missions Act 22 U.S.C. 4301-4316 a PREFACE The office of Foreign Missions was created by the 1982 Foreign Missions Act. Its mission has evolved into four major areas: • Employment of reciprocity to ensure equitable treatment for United States diplomatic and consular missions abroad and their personnel • Regulation of the activities of foreign missions in the United States in a manner that will pro- tect the foreign policy and national security interests of the United States; • Protection of the United States public from abuses of privileges and immunities by members of the foreign missions; and • Provision of service and assistance to the foreign mission community in the United States to assure appropriate privileges, benefits, and services on a reciprocal basis. Office of Foreign Missions regional offices are located in: – New York – Chicago – San Francisco – Los Angeles – Honolulu – Miami The material that follows was reprinted from the United States Code Annotated or Westlaw with per- mission of West Group. TABLE OF CONTENTS • § 4301. CONGRESSIONAL DECLARATION OF FINDINGS AND POLICY. 1 o (a) Findings. o (b) Policy. o (c) Treatment of foreign missions in United States. • § 4302. DEFINITIONS. 2 • § 4303. AUTHORITIES OF SECRETARY OF STATE. 5 • § 4304. PROVISION OF BENEFITS. 7 o (a) Request by foreign mission; terms and conditions as approved by Secretary. o (b) Benefits through Secretary as mandatory; compliance with terms and conditions. o (c) Surcharge or fee; waiver of recourse. o (d) Agent for waiver of recourse. o (e) Secret Service protection. o (f) In-kind exchange of properties with foreign government; transfer of funds; reciprocal agreement; regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scottish Conservative 2021 Manifesto | Rebuild Scotland
    The Scottish Conservative 2021 Manifesto | Rebuild Scotland 22 Apr 2021 Our manifesto is a positive policy programme, focused on rebuilding Scotland after the worst year that many of us have faced in living memory. On delivering an economic recovery that stops widespread unemployment and creates good jobs and growth in every part of our country. On supporting our education system to catch up every single pupil from a year of disrupted schooling – so that we do not face the prospect of a Covid- generation left behind. And funding our NHS to get through the backlog of a year of delayed operations. It is a programme that will ensure our recovery from coronavirus. Yet our manifesto does so much more than that, it sets out the issues that the Scottish Conservatives will fight for in the next Parliament. For renewing our justice system, so that it is firmly on the side of victims and not those who commit crime. For devolving power and funding to communities, so that we can put an end to the era of SNP centralisation and better support local services, like schools and roads. For creating a dynamic, innovative green economy, that works with business to drive a skills revolution and achieve our 2045 net zero ambition. And so much more. With our manifesto setting out 15 major bills that we would seek to take forward and pass through a Scottish Parliament working to rebuild our country. Using the powers of the Scottish Parliament to their maximum, rather than complaining that they are never enough. It is a manifesto that, at its heart, secures and accelerates our recovery from coronavirus.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs
    The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project ARNOLD DENYS Interviewed by: Self Copyright 1998 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements A out the Author Note to the Reader Preface A Crisis in the Life of a Foreign Service Officer My Beginnings (S Citi)enship Return to Civilian Life Panama Assignment Crisis in Panama London Egypt Athens Mexico Canada ,ashington, DC Antwerp ,ashington to Tijuana Tijuana Tijuana to Retirement Conclusion DIARY Son of Flanders The Making of a Consul. Diary of an American Foreign Service Officer In Memory of Emiel Denys 01103411767 8odelieve Maria Denys 01101411117 AC9NO,LED8MENTS 1 I feel deep gratitude to my late parents for their encouragement to write this memoir. The late Mrs. 9atherine McCook 9nox, an art historian from ,ashington, DC, was in great part responsi le for my efforts in compiling letters and notes on the American Foreign Service. My thanks also go to Rhoda Riddell, Ph.D., a writer and teacher, who transcri ed and edited my handwritten account, which was taken from my diary. I also wish to thank Art Drexler, who completed the editing and prepared the book for printing. I wish also to thank the following persons, whom I have known in the long course of my foreign service career, and who have meant so much to me both personally and professionally, and deserve special acknowledgment. Consul 8eneral John D. Barfield Vice Consul 0Ret.7 Frank J. Barrett Miguel Angel 8arcia Charles Stuart 9ennedy, Director of the Association for Diplomatic Studies, who inspired me with his work on the Foreign Affairs Oral History Program.
    [Show full text]
  • Texas Senate Candidate Ted Cruz, the Next Great Conservative Hope
    2011_10_17_C postal_cover61404-postal.qxd 9/27/2011 10:48 PM Page 1 October 17, 2011 49145 $4.99 KEVIN D. WILLIAMSON: Jon Huntsman’s Lonely Quest FIRST- CLASS CRUZ Texas Senate candidate Ted Cruz, the next great conservative hope BRIAN BOLDUC PLUS: Michael Rubin on Turkey’s Descent $4.99 Jay Nordlinger on Felonious 42 Munk’s Glorious Rants 0 74820 08155 6 www.nationalreview.com base_milliken-mar 22.qxd 9/26/2011 11:41 AM Page 2 base_milliken-mar 22.qxd 9/26/2011 11:41 AM Page 3 Content Management & Analysis Network & Information Security Mission Operations Critical Infrastructure & Borders www.boeing.com/security TODAYTOMORROWBEYOND D : 2400 45˚ 105˚ 75˚ G base_milliken-mar 22.qxd 9/12/2011 2:50 PM Page 2 base_milliken-mar 22.qxd 9/12/2011 2:50 PM Page 3 toc_QXP-1127940144.qxp 9/28/2011 2:10 PM Page 4 Contents OCTOBER 17, 2011 | VOLUME LXIII, NO. 19 | www.nationalreview.com COVER STORY Page 33 ‘As Good As It Gets’ Jay Nordlinger on Felonious Munk Despite his years in academia and in p. 30 Washington, Ted Cruz remains a true believer. He often says he’ll consider BOOKS, ARTS himself a failure if after a whole term & MANNERS in the Senate, he has only a perfect 44 RELUCTANT DRAGON voting record. He wants to see Ethan Gutmann reviews the conservative agenda Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, enacted. Brian Bolduc by Ezra F. Vogel. COVER: LUBA MYTS/NATIONAL REVIEW 49 LAWYERS WITHOUT BORDERS Jeremy Rabkin reviews Sovereignty ARTICLES or Submission: Will Americans Rule Themselves or Be Ruled by 22 THE PRESIDENT OF ROCK by Kevin D.
    [Show full text]
  • DISSERTATION Final
    “We've All To Grow Old”: Representations of Aging as Reflections of Cultural Change on the Celtic Tiger Irish Stage DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Christopher Austin Hill B.A., M.A. Graduate Program in Theatre History, Literature, Criticism The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Chair: Dr. Joy Reilly Dr. Jennifer Schlueter Dr. Ray Cashman Copyright by Christopher Austin Hill 2013 Abstract This dissertation discusses the work of four Irish playwrights: Sebastian Barry, Marina Carr, Conor McPherson, and Elaine Murphy. Specifically, it investigates the inclusion, by these playwrights, of “elderly” characters in their plays written between 1995 and 2010—a period of economic and cultural change known as the “Celtic Tiger.” This study argues that the way that aging and senescence—defined jointly as the process of aging and as the state of being “aged”—are represented on stage reveals a broader cultural negotiation of “new” and “old” Ireland. Into their representations of “old” characters, the playwrights discussed here have embedded a reflection of destabilized cultural narratives, which resulted from intense societal change in Ireland. ii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my wife Allison and to my amazing children. Without them, this work would have been impossible. Their unfailing support and love were a constant force of strength, which drove me throughout my research. Thank you—I love you. iii Acknowledgments There are many people who I wish to thank, and far too little space in which to do it.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuba Policy Reform CSIS Americas Program and Center for International Policy December 2, 2014
    Getting to Normal: A Legal Pathway for U.S. – Cuba Policy Reform CSIS Americas Program and Center for International Policy December 2, 2014 Presidential Power to Normalize Relations: Protection of New U.S. Investment Mark B. Feldman Robert has asked me to consider what steps a willing President might take to normalize relations with Cuba on his own authority under the Constitution and existing law without further measures by Congress. As a teacher of U.S. foreign relations law, I know this to be a complex question and a fluid one. Congress and the Executive have been debating the scope of Presidential power in foreign affairs since the first days of the Republic when Hamilton and Madison argued over the legality of Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation in 1793. While the Congress has important enumerated powers, including control of appropriations, foreign commerce and the power to declare war, as John Marshall famously said, “The President is the sole organ of the nation in its external relations, and its sole representative with foreign nations.”i In modern times, as the United States became a world power, the President has become the dominant force in the formulation of U.S. foreign policy, and has frequently made critical decisions on his own authority as Chief Executive and Commander-in-Chief. To cite just a few examples, the Yalta and Potsdam agreements that reshaped Europe after World War II, the Korean Armistice Agreement, and dozens of instances dating back to Commodore Perry when the President has engaged U.S. forces abroad without prior Congressional authorization.
    [Show full text]
  • Official Report Is Accurate
    Meeting of the Parliament (Hybrid) Thursday 17 June 2021 Session 6 © Parliamentary copyright. Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body Information on the Scottish Parliament’s copyright policy can be found on the website - www.parliament.scot or by contacting Public Information on 0131 348 5000 Thursday 17 June 2021 CONTENTS Col. FIRST MINISTER’S QUESTION TIME ..................................................................................................................... 1 Drug Deaths .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Covid-19 (Personal Protective Equipment) .................................................................................................. 5 Climate Targets ............................................................................................................................................ 9 Covid-19 (Business Support) ...................................................................................................................... 11 Malicious Prosecutions (Inquiry) ................................................................................................................. 12 Psychiatric Hospitals (Discharge Delays) ................................................................................................... 13 Removal of Dental Charges ....................................................................................................................... 14 ScotRail Strike Action ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]