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Einheit Und Differenz in Der Religionswissenschaft

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Einheit Und Differenz in Der Religionswissenschaft Einheit und Differenz in der Religionswissenschaft Herausgegeben von Karsten Lehmann und Ansgar Jödicke DISKURS RELIGION BEITRÄGE ZUR RELIGIONSGESCHICHTE UND RELIGIÖSEN ZEITGESCHICHTE Herausgegeben von Ulrike Brunotte und Jürgen Mohn BAND 10 ERGON VERLAG Einheit und Differenz in der Religionswissenschaft Standortbestimmungen mit Hilfe eines Mehr-Ebenen-Modells von Religion Herausgegeben von Karsten Lehmann und Ansgar Jödicke ERGON VERLAG Hergestellt mit freundlicher Unterstützung des Schweizer Nationalfonds (SNF) und der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Fribourg Umschlagabbildung: © NatureQualityPicture – fotolia.com Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. 2016 Ergon-Verlag GmbH · 97074 Würzburg Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb des Urheberrechtsgesetzes bedarf der Zustimmung des Verlages. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen jeder Art, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und für Einspeicherungen in elektronische Systeme. Umschlaggestaltung: Jan von Hugo Satz: Matthias Wies, Ergon-Verlag GmbH www.ergon-verlag.de ISSN 2198-2414 ISBN 978-3-95650-142-5 Inhaltsverzeichns Karsten Lehmann / Ansgar Jödicke Vorwort..................................................................................................................... 7 Karsten Lehmann / Ansgar Jödicke Hintergrundpapier: Ein heuristisches Mehr-Ebenen-Modell von Religion ........ 11 Hans G. Kippenberg Quellen von Autorität: Religionen in der Öffentlichkeit moderner Kultur................................................27 Zur Relevanz und Kritik des Symbolbegriffs Ulrich Berner Gegenstände der Religionswissenschaft: Phänomene und/oder Symbolsysteme?................................................................ 53 Jens Schlieter Religion, System, Symbol: Eine Diskussion der Voraussetzungen des Drei-Ebenen-Modells von Religion .......................................................................75 Zur Resonanz des Modells in der Forschungspraxis Katharina Neef / Daniel Eißner Pietismus zwischen Reform und Radikalität: Nonkonformismus als analytisches Instrument in der Religionswissenschaft ...................................................................................97 Philippe Bornet Die mehrfachen Ebenen der Religion Rammohan Roys (1772-1833) ............... 119 Zur Resonanz des Modells in der Theoriebildung Jürgen Mohn Modellbildung in der Religionswissenschaft: Die prozessuale Interdependenz der Ebenen von Religion aus der Sicht der Religionsaisthetik und Religionssemiotik ............................... 135 6 INHALT François Gauthier Elements for a Three-Tier, Three-Axial Model for the Study of Religion......................................................................................157 Zur Kritik am Modell aus der Perspektive der Diskurstheorie Paula Schrode Islam als Forschungsgegenstand: Ein diskursiver Ansatz ....................................177 Ricarda Stegmann Identitätsmarker Islam: Das Mehr-Ebenen-Modell auf dem Prüfstein eines diskurswissenschaftlichen Ansatzes............................................................ 199 Schluss Ansgar Jödicke / Karsten Lehmann Resümee: Anmerkungen zum Ort der Gegenstands- und Theoriediskussion innerhalb der Religionswissenschaft.................................................................... 217 Autorenverzeichnis .............................................................................................. 231 Vorwort * Karsten Lehmann / Ansgar Jödicke Das vorliegende Buch ist das Resultat eines intensiven Diskussionsprozesses – zunächst zwischen den beiden Herausgebern und ihren Kolleginnen und Kolle- gen im Fachbereich Religionswissenschaft der Universität Freiburg/Schweiz und dann zwischen den Teilnehmenden eines Workshops, welcher mit der finanziel- len Unterstützung des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds und der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Fribourg im Juni 2013 an derselben Universität durchge- führt wurde. Rückblickend nahm dieser Prozess seinen Ausgang in einer einfachen Beobach- tung: Die vielfältigen Diskussionen des Freiburger Magistranden- und Doktoran- denkolloquiums im Jahr 2012 hatten den Herausgebern erneut vor Augen ge- führt, wie dynamisch sich die deutschsprachige Religionswissenschaft in den Jahr- zehnten seit der so genannten „kulturwissenschaftlichen Wende“ entwickelt hat. Am Beispiel aktueller Einführungswerke wurde in den Diskussionen deutlich, wie in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten – primär in Auseinandersetzung mit Autoren wie Burkhard Gladigow, Hans G. Kippenberg1, Kurt Rudolph2 oder Rainer Flasche3 – neue Forschungsschwerpunkte und –zugänge entstanden sind, welche die For- schung in ganz verschiedene Richtungen vorangebracht haben.4 Um nur drei Beispiele zu nennen: Die Einleitung in die Religionswissenschaft von Kippenberg/von Stuckrad profiliert die Agenda einer Auflösung der Religionswis- senschaft in den Kulturwissenschaften, indem sie nicht nur den Religionsbegriff auf kulturwissenschaftliche Parameter reduziert, sondern gleichzeitig auch religions- wissenschaftliches Arbeiten im Rückgriff auf vielfältige disziplinäre Bezüge konzi- * Die Herausgeber bedanken sich bei ihren Freiburger Kollegen Oliver Krüger, Helmut Zan- der und Richard Friedli für ihren Input in der Planungsphase des Workshops. Weiter gilt unser Dank Géraldine Casutt, Serina Heinen, Gabriella Loser Friedli und Daniela Vaucher, ohne deren Unterstützung dieses Projekt nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Schließlich soll nochmals explizit den Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern an unserem Workshop gedankt werden, welche sich mit uns auf intensive Diskussionen eingelassen haben und so zur Ver- wirklichung dieses Projekts beigetragen haben. 1 Vgl. Gladigow, Burkhard et al. (Hg.): Neue Ansätze in der Religionswissenschaft. 2 Vgl. Rudolph, Kurt: Geschichte und Probleme der Religionswissenschaft. 3 Vgl. Flasche, Rainer: Religionwissenschaft-Treiben. Versuche einer Grundlegung der Religi- onswissenschaft. 4 Vgl. unter anderen: Lehmann, Karsten et al.: Kulturwissenschaftliche Methoden in der Re- ligionswissenschaft, in: Kurth, Stefan et al. (Hg.): Religionen erforschen. Kulturwissen- schaftliche Methoden in der Religionswissenschaft, S. 7-20, hier: S. 11; Figl, Johann: Handbuch Religionswissenschaft. Hödl et al. (Hg.): Religionen nach der Säkularisierung. Festschrift für Johann Figl zum 65. Geburtstag (Schriftenreihe der Österreichischen Gesell- schaft für Religionswissenschaft, 4). 8 KARSTEN LEHMANN / ANSGAR JÖDICKE piert.5 Jörg Rüpkes Historische Religionswissenschaft versucht dagegen, einen spezifisch geschichtswissenschaftlichen Zugang religionswissenschaftlichen Arbeitens zu kon- turieren und im Sinne einer innerdisziplinären Arbeitsteilung gegen andere Zugän- ge in der Religionswissenschaft abzusetzen.6 Michael Stausbergs Sammelband Reli- gionswissenschaft präsentiert schließlich ein Fachverständnis, welches ganz unter- schiedliche Zugänge unter einem vergleichsweise allgemeinen Dach zusammenführt und dabei die Vielfalt religionswissenschaftlichen Arbeitens hervorhebt.7 Abstrakter formuliert sehen die Herausgeber in dieser Entwicklung einen Pro- zess der Systemdifferenzierung8, in deren Verlauf sich für die Religionswissen- schaft die Frage von Einheit und Differenz des Fachs auf eine neue Art und Wei- se stellt: Zum einen heben die soeben genannten Beispiele hervor, dass innerhalb der Religionswissenschaft sehr unterschiedliche neue Referenzpunkte entstanden sind, welche das Fachverständnis in Bezug auf dessen Gegenstände, Fragestellun- gen und Methoden prägen. Zum anderen scheint die externe Abgrenzung (bei- spielsweise von der Theologie) angesichts dieser Entwicklungen nur noch bedingt auszureichen, um Religionswissenschaft als Einheit zu greifen. Die aktuellen Me- thodendiskussionen machen deutlich, wie Ethnologie, Sprachwissenschaft, So- ziologie oder Geschichtswissenschaft in der Religionswissenschaft erneut als Refe- renzwissenschaften an Bedeutung gewinnen.9 Aus diesen Beobachtungen ergibt sich in zweifacher Hinsicht ein neuer Dis- kussionsbedarf: Einerseits kann die angedeutete Differenzierung zu einer weite- ren Dynamisierung der Religionswissenschaft beitragen, insofern die damit ver- bundenen Debatten aktiv gesucht und ausgetragen werden. Andererseits scheint es im deutschsprachigen Raum aber gegenwärtig an einer Heuristik zu mangeln, welche die mit dieser internen Differenzierung virulent werdende Frage nach Einheit und Differenz des Fachs produktiv herausarbeitet und für die weitere Forschung nutzbar macht. Genau diese zweifache Agenda bildet das Zentrum des vorliegenden Bandes: – Auf der einen Seite möchte er eine Heuristik vorschlagen, welche als Referenz- punkt für die Diskussionen innerhalb der Religionswissenschaft dienen kann. – Auf der anderen Seite möchte er die notwendigen Debatten initiieren, um so die Potentiale der genannten Prozesse für die Religionswissenschaft nutzen zu können. 5 Vgl. Kippenberg, Hans G. et al.: Einführung in die Religionswissenschaft. Gegenstände und Begriffe. 6 Vgl. Rüpke, Jörg: Historische Religionswissenschaft. Eine Einführung. 7 Vgl. Stausberg, Michael (Hg.): Religionswissenschaft. 8 Vgl. Luhmann, Niklas: Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft, S. 597. 9 Vgl. Stausberg, Michael et al.: The Routledge Handbook for Research Methods in the Stu- dy of Religions. VORWORT 9 Um diese doppelte
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