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Orientalism and Indianess in the Anglophone World

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Orientalism and Indianess in the Anglophone World L C C T Edited by William E. Cain Professor of English Wellesley College A R S 1101766_Ray_3rd01766_Ray_3rd ppgs_11_17_.inddgs_11_17_.indd i 111/17/20061/17/2006 22:38:56:38:56 PPMM L C C T W E. C, General Editor B A C F F Mapping Gender, Race, Space, and Identity The Spectacular Performance of Fire at in Willa Cather and Toni Morrison Coney Island Danielle Russell Lynn Kathleen Sally R I S-I Gilles Deleuze and the “Minor” American Credit, Identity, and Property in English Writings of William James, W.E.B. Du Bois, Renaissance Literature Gertrude Stein, Jean Toomer, and Jill Phillips Ingram William Faulkner Mary F. Zamberlin M M The Ethics of Language in American Realism T S C R Jennifer Carol Cook The Myth of Wilderness in Modern American Literature “K U H G” Patricia A. Ross Women’s Writing and Geocultural Space in Twentieth-Century U.S. Literature and S C Culture The Medical Case History and the British Tanya Ann Kennedy Novel Jason Daniel Tougaw C M Crises in Colonial Male Identity from R V Joseph Conrad to Satyajit Ray Memoirs, Memorials, Museums Nalin Jayasena Julia Bleakney U N E E R The Pacific Writings of Stevenson, Ellis, L Melville and London Thomas More and Edmund Spenser David Farrier Andrew J. Majeske T S R A “Y F F W S T S F R W S U” Sharon DeGraw Culture, Ideology, and Action in the Gastonia Novels of Myra Page, Grace Lumpkin, and P C Olive Dargan Jonson, Middleton, Dekker, and City Comedy’s Wes Mantooth London as Language Heather C. Easterling “V D” Readings in Romanticism’s Quotidian N M Sublime Orientalism and Indianness in the Markus Poetzsch Anglophone World Amit Ray 1101766_Ray_3rd01766_Ray_3rd ppgs_11_17_.inddgs_11_17_.indd iiii 111/17/20061/17/2006 22:41:00:41:00 PPMM N M Orientalism and Indianness in the Anglophone World Amit Ray Routledge New York & London 1101766_Ray_3rd01766_Ray_3rd ppgs_11_17_.inddgs_11_17_.indd iiiiii 111/17/20061/17/2006 22:41:00:41:00 PPMM Routledge Routledge Taylor & Francis Group Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue 2 Park Square New York, NY 10016 Milton Park, Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-415-97843-2 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-415-97843-9 (Hardcover) No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ray, Amit, 1968- Negotiating the modern Orientalism and Indianness in the Anglophone world / Amit Ray. p. cm. -- (Literary criticism and cultural theory) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-415-97843-2 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. India--Study and teaching--Great Britain--History. 2. India--Study and teaching--India--History. 3. Orientalism--Great Britain--History. I. Title. DS435.8.R38 2006 303.48’241054--dc22 2006032123 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the Routledge Web site at http://www.routledge-ny.com For Jessica Catherine and Lucy Mala, of course. v 1101766_Ray_3rd01766_Ray_3rd ppgs_11_17_.inddgs_11_17_.indd v 111/17/20061/17/2006 22:41:00:41:00 PPMM 1101766_Ray_3rd01766_Ray_3rd ppgs_11_17_.inddgs_11_17_.indd vvii 111/17/20061/17/2006 22:41:00:41:00 PPMM Table of Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter One After Empire: British Orientalism In Decline 1 Chapter Two Orientalism, Antiquity and the Beginnings of British Colonial Rule in India: The Textual Basis of Early Orientalism—Hastings, Jones, Mill 29 Chapter Three Orientalism, Vedanta and Indian Modernity: Raja Rammohan Ray on Sanskritic Antiquity 55 Chapter Four Colonial Divides and Shared Orientalisms: Kipling and Tagore in the World 81 Chapter Five Modernist Orientalism and Empathetic Subjectivity: Mrs. Dalloway and the Discontents of Modernity 105 Epilogue 131 Notes 135 Bibliography 153 Index 173 vii 1101766_Ray_3rd01766_Ray_3rd ppgs_11_17_.inddgs_11_17_.indd vviiii 111/17/20061/17/2006 22:41:00:41:00 PPMM 1101766_Ray_3rd01766_Ray_3rd ppgs_11_17_.inddgs_11_17_.indd vviiiiii 111/17/20061/17/2006 22:41:00:41:00 PPMM Acknowledgments To Simon Gikandi, who inspired me to explore the past; Aamir Mufti, who challenged me to think about the future; and Lemuel Johnson, who always reminded me to remember those whom history had ignored. We miss you dear Lem. Thanks also to Sarita See and Sonya Rose, who came to my rescue after Lem’s passing. I want to thank the Horace Rackham Graduate School at the University of Michigan, which generously provided an atmosphere of intellectual breadth and rigor, and the Department of English Language and Literature, which sustained the spirit of interdisciplinarity that characterized my experience at Michigan. I want to acknowledge the generous financial support of the Department, Graduate School and, particularly, the Mellon Foundation. During my studies at Michigan, I had the opportunity to learn from a wide range of talented, bleeding edge scholars. Whether they remember me or not, their work and influence has had a lasting impact. Thanks to Ann Stoler, Fred Cooper and Nick Dirks for putting together a remarkable year- long seminar at the International Institute. The topic of the Sawyer Seminar, 1996–97, “Aftermaths of Empire,” brought together scholars and students from around the globe. Thanks to Dipesh Chakrabarty, Partha Chatterjee, Bruce Robbins, Tvetan Todorov and many others who came and lectured in Ann Arbor for entertaining the naive questions of a young graduate student. Thanks also to my teachers in English and Comparative Literature: Michael Awkward, Timothy Bahti, Anne Hermann, John Kucich, Marjorie Levinson, Stuart McDougal, Anita Norich, Marlon Ross, Steve Sumida, John Whit- tier-Ferguson and Patsy Yaeger to name just a few. To my peers, particularly the members of our reading group, Monopus (inside joke), thank you: Colin Jager, Jessica Lieberman, Sondra Smith and Jeremy Wells. A special thanks goes to Michael J. Franklin at the University of Wales, Swansea, who pro- vided a thorough and encouraging review of my manuscript. ix 1101766_Ray_3rd01766_Ray_3rd ppgs_11_17_.inddgs_11_17_.indd iixx 111/17/20061/17/2006 22:41:00:41:00 PPMM x Acknowledgments My stay at RIT has taken me in directions I would never have anticipated. I have been blessed to have many supportive and intellectually stimulating colleagues: Babak Elahi, Timothy Engström, Lisa Hermsen, Rahul Mehta, Sandra Saari, Richard Santana, Evan Selinger, Mary Sullivan and Janet Zandy. Thanks also to the College of Liberal Arts and the Dean’s Office for their financial support. And finally, thanks to Paul and Francena Miller for their generous fellowship, which helped me to complete this long gestating project. 1101766_Ray_3rd01766_Ray_3rd ppgs_11_17_.inddgs_11_17_.indd x 111/17/20061/17/2006 22:41:00:41:00 PPMM Chapter One After Empire: British Orientalism in Decline INTRODUCTION: ORIENTALISM AND SOUTH ASIA The systematic study of India by Europeans commenced during the eigh- teenth century, paralleling a steady rise in European influence on the Asian subcontinent. Orientalism, in its earliest South Asian incarnation, was a scholarly enterprise, reflecting the assumptions of the Enlightenment-era tex- tualists who assumed that human beings “civilized” enough to write would codify those traits, rituals, and laws that defined their societies. This textu- ally based codification of the Orient would come to supplement the body of travelers’ accounts, illustrations and items brought back from Asia that, col- lectively then, began to comprise a European “understanding” of the East. In studying the texts that were, at least to certain indigenous social groups, a compendium of Indian antiquity, the Orientalists would embark on an era of comparatist “discovery” and “debate.” Yet, the very same texts that were bringing knowledge of various non-European pasts were also increasingly being used to describe an Oriental that was counter-posed to the modernizing European. Comparison provided contrast, delineating the provenance of the European “mind” versus its Oriental counterpart. Adding to such essentialist characterizations, derived mostly from such textually-ori- ented scholarship, was the concrete technological and scientific advance- ments that had been rapidly transforming Western Europe. The dramatic rise of the concept of reason in the eighteenth century brought with it a presentist re-orientation of cosmology, theology and humanism facilitated by the beginnings of the scientific revolution. Concurrent with this major realignment in the society and thought of Western Europe came much of the justifying rationale for European expansion and colonization. Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Orientalists provided Europe’s access to the Orient. As such, their work would do quite a bit to affect how 1 1101766_Ray_3rd01766_Ray_3rd ppgs_11_17_.inddgs_11_17_.indd 1 111/17/20061/17/2006 22:41:00:41:00 PPMM 2 Negotiating the Modern Europe engaged with that distant Orient and, conversely, how various indig- enous populations could respond to their European colonial rulers. Edward Said’s Orientalism examines Europe’s colonization of the Middle East and Asia from the standpoint of a primarily British and French “high” cultural tradition. Concerned mostly with the texts and ideas of “experts” on the “Orient” during the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, Said examines a host of prominent British and French scholars, writers, and artists whose relationships to the Orient were, he argues, part of a systemic arrange- ment of power; an arrangement that had a profound impact on knowledge, representation, and the arts in ways which continued through to the time of the book’s writing and publication.
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