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Studying Incestincest STUDYINGSTUDYING INCESTINCEST Prof. Philip D. JAFFÉ Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences [email protected] Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 1 OUTLINE 1. Case histories 2. Definitions of child sexual abuse / incest 3. Myths – Facts 4. Incestuous versus incestual 5. Prevalence 6.6. CChildhild SexualSexual AbuseAbuse accommodationaccommodation syndromesyndrome 7.7. DefinitionsDefinitions ofof paedophiliapaedophilia 8.8. GenericGeneric CSACSA versusversus paedophiliapaedophilia 9.9. TheoriesTheories ofof incestincest andand paedophiliapaedophilia 10.10. IncestIncest offendersoffenders’’ perceptionsperceptions ofof theirtheir motivesmotives Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 2 CaseCase historieshistories •• As a young intern… trying to get a vacation away from 120 h / week duties… I spotted a very good looking lady on a ferry to Nova Scotia… •• A young woman treated for depression and suicidal ideation at Harvard Univ. psychiatric hospital. Could not climb the stairs to my office… •• A middle-aged woman from India disclosed yesterday that she had been sexually abused by her cousin from age 9 to 11 •• Philippe… a 15 year old boy caught trying to have intercourse with his 5 year old sister •• Hubert… a 50+ y old man, marginalized homosexual, spent years in prison for swindling rich employers… disclosed having been a « boy toy » for the local count’s friendly gay parties… Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 3 DefinitionsDefinitions ofof incestincest • "...the sexual abuse of a child by a relative or other person in a position of trust and authority over the child. It is a violation of the child where he or she lives -- literally and metaphorically. A child molested by a stranger can run home for help and comfort. A victim of incest cannot." (Vanderbilt, 1992, p. 51). • Sexual contact or interaction between family members who are not marital partners; • Oral-genital contact, genital or anal penetration, genital touching of the victim by the perpetrator, any other touching of private body parts, sexual kissing and hugging; • Sexually staring at the victim by the perpetrator, accidental or disguised touching of the victim's body by the perpetrator, verbal invitations to engage in sexual activity, verbal ridiculing of body parts, pornographic photography, reading of sexually explicit material to children, and exposure to inappropriate sexual activity (Caruso, 1987). Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 4 LegalLegal definition:definition: SwitzerlandSwitzerland Art. 213 1 L’acte sexuel entre ascendants et descendants, ou entre frères et soeurs germains, consanguins ou utérins, sera puni de l’emprisonnement. 2 Les mineurs n’encourront aucune peine s’ils ont été séduits. Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 5 ASSERTION:ASSERTION: Most child sexual assaults are committed by strangers in isolated locations. TRUE or FALSE? •• FALSE:FALSE: TheThe overwhelmingoverwhelming majoritymajority ofof childrenchildren areare assaultedassaulted inin theirtheir ownown homehome oror indeedindeed inin thethe homehome ofof thethe offenderoffender whowho is,is, onon thethe whole,whole, aa malemale theythey knowknow andand trust.trust. InIn mostmost casescases thethe perpetratorperpetrator isis thethe father,father, stepfather,stepfather, grandfather,grandfather, brother,brother, uncle,uncle, etc.etc. Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 6 ASSERTION:ASSERTION: Incest mainly takes place in "dysfunctional", working-class families. TRUE or FALSE? •• FALSE:FALSE: IncestIncest occursoccurs inin familfamiliieess ofof everyevery descriptiondescription andand acrossacross allall sociosocio--economiceconomic groupings.groupings. ResearchResearch indicatesindicates thatthat therethere isis littlelittle toto distinguishdistinguish betweenbetween familiesfamilies wherewhere incestincest takestakes placeplace andand thosethose wherewhere itit doesn't.doesn't. IncestIncest doesdoes notnot discriminatediscriminate…… Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 7 IncestIncest doesdoes notnot discriminatediscriminate…… • takes place in families that are financially-privileged, as well as those of low socio-economic status. • happens to those of all racial and ethnic descent, and to those of all religious traditions. • victims of incest are boys and girls, infants and adolescents. • incest occurs between fathers and daughters, fathers and sons, mothers and daughters and mothers and sons. • perpetrators of incest can be aunts, uncles, cousins, nieces, nephews, step-parents, step-children, grandparents and grandchildren. • in addition, incest offenders can be persons without a direct blood or legal relationship to the victim such as a parent's lover or live-in nanny, housekeeper, etc. -- as this abuse takes place within the confines of the family and the home environment INCESTUOUS versus INCESTUAL Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 8 INCESTUALINCESTUAL CSACSA IncestualIncestual CSACSA entailsentails verifications,verifications, explorationsexplorations underunder thethe guiseguise ofof maintainingmaintaining thethe hygienehygiene ofof sexualsexual orifices;orifices; tootoo greatgreat physicalphysical proximity;proximity; frequentfrequent intrusionsintrusions intointo thethe privateprivate sphere;sphere; parentalparental exhibition;exhibition; buddybuddy-- likelike sharingsharing ofof eroticerotic experiencesexperiences verifications;verifications; etcetc…… ((ManciauxManciaux etet col.,col., 1997).1997). Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 9 PREVALENCEPREVALENCE •• thethe prevalenceprevalence andand severityseverity ofof childchild abuseabuse hashas beenbeen givengiven anan increasingincreasing amountamount ofof attention,attention, eveneven thoughthough attitudes,attitudes, definitionsdefinitions andand statisticsstatistics continuecontinue toto vary.vary. •• incestincest maymay inciteincite somesome ofof thethe greatestgreatest discrepancies,discrepancies, forfor itit remainsremains oneone ofof thethe mostmost underunder--reportedreported andand leastleast discusseddiscussed crimes.crimes. •• anan almostalmost internationalinternational taboo,taboo, incestincest oftenoften remainsremains concealedconcealed byby thethe victimvictim becausebecause ofof guilt,guilt, shame,shame, fear,fear, socialsocial andand familialfamilial pressure,pressure, asas wellwell asas coercioncoercion byby thethe abuserabuser Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 10 PREVALENCEPREVALENCE WhatWhat isis thethe prevalenceprevalence ofof childchild sexualsexual abuseabuse inin thethe generalgeneral population?population? Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 11 PrevalencePrevalence ofof childchild sexualsexual abuseabuse inin aa 1000+1000+ populationpopulation ofof adolescentsadolescents inin GenevaGeneva (all(all typestypes ofof CSACSA collapsed)collapsed) Halpérin, Bouvier, Jaffé, et al (1996), BMJ Pas d'abus 89.2% 59 / 548 Pas Abus d'abus 10.8% 68.1% CI : 8.4-13.7% 95 Abus 31.9% CI95 : 28.1-35.9% Studying incest - 181 / 568 GFMER/WHO 2006 12 PrevalencePrevalence ofof childchild sexualsexual abuseabuse inin aa 1000+1000+ populationpopulation ofof adolescentsadolescents inin GenevaGeneva (CSA(CSA withwith physicalphysical contact)contact) Halpérin, Bouvier, Jaffé, et al (1996), BMJ Pas d'abus 96.5% Pas d'abus 19 / 548 81.0% Abus 3.5% CI : 2.2-5.5% 95 Abus 19.0% CI95 : 15.9-22.5% Studying incest - 108 / 568 GFMER/WHO 2006 13 PREVALENCEPREVALENCE •• Incest has been cited as the most common form of child abuse, but this is difficult to substantiate •• for example, one research 43 percent (43%) of the children who are abused are abused by family members, 33 percent (33%) are abused by someone they know, and the remaining 24 percent (24%) are sexually abused by strangers (Hayes, 1990). •• other studies estimate that incest is experienced by 10 to 20 percent of children in the general population •• In Brazil, for example, prevalence estimates range widely from 0.05 percent to 21 percent (Flores, Mattos, and Salzano 1998). Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 14 PrevalencePrevalence ofof incestincest • in Finland: 2% with father and 3,7% with father-in-law (Sariola & Uutela, 1996) • in France, incest cases represent 20% of all high court trials, 75% of sexual assaults on minors (SNATEM, 1999) and over 57% of rapes committed against minors (Source CFCV). • intra-familial sexual abuse (Fisher & Mc Donald, 1998). – occurs earlier than extra-familial abuse – lasts longer – creates greater trauma – implies less physical abuse – entails more direct and indirect pressure to maintain secrecy [Child Sexual Abuse accommodation syndrome, (Summitt, 1983)] Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 15 LinkLink toto thethe abuserabuser (1)(1) %50 Garçons (n=59) Filles (n=181) 40 30 20 10 0 Studying incest - Connu Inconnu Connu + inconnu Autres GFMER/WHO 2006 16 LinkLink toto thethe abuserabuser (2)(2) 94.9 100 Garçons (n=59) % Filles (n=181) 82.3 80 60 pŠ0.02 40 17.7 20 5.1 0 Intrafamilial Extrafamilial Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 17 Child Sexual Abuse accommodation syndrome •• ChildChild abusersabusers (and(and particularlyparticularly incestousincestous abusers)abusers) useuse theirtheir authorityauthority toto imposeimpose theirtheir behaviorbehavior onon thethe child,child, butbut alsoalso thethe secrecysecrecy thatthat mustmust prevail.prevail. •• TheThe childchild hashas nono choice,choice, s/hes/he mustmust acceptaccept thethe abusiveabusive behaviorbehavior andand accommodateaccommodate toto thethe situationsituation Studying incest - GFMER/WHO 2006 18 Child Sexual Abuse accommodation syndrome (Summitt, 1983) 5 levels of accommodation: 1. secrecy,
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