DOCSLIB.ORG

Glarus Overthrust: a Major Pathway for the Escape of Fluids out of the Alpine Orogen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Glarus Overthrust: a Major Pathway for the Escape of Fluids out of the Alpine Orogen Published in Geology 30, issue 10, 875-878, 2001, 1 which should be used for any reference to this work Glarus overthrust: A major pathway for the escape of fluids out of the Alpine orogen Nicolas P. Badertscher Institut de GeÂologie, Universite de NeuchaÃtel, Emile-Argand 11, 2007 NeuchaÃtel, Switzerland Georges Beaudoin MEDEF, DeÂpartement de GeÂologie et de GeÂnie GeÂologique, UniversiteÂLaval, QueÂbec G1K 7P4, ReneÂTherrien Canada Martin Burkhard* Institut de GeÂologie, UniversiteÂde NeuchaÃtel, Emile-Argand 11, 2007 NeuchaÃtel, Switzerland ABSTRACT element model of ¯uid ¯ow coupled with the advective-dispersive Thrust-related ¯uid ¯ow coupled with isotopic exchange be- transport of oxygen isotopes and associated exchange between ¯uids tween ¯uid and rock is simulated in a three-dimensional ®nite- and rock matrix. Numerical simulations are designed to reproduce pat- element model of the Glarus nappe, eastern Swiss Alps. Numerical terns of 18O depletion observed along and across the Glarus thrust. simulations are matched against well-established oxygen isotope Matching the results of such simulations with observed oxygen isotope gradients on the kilometer scale along the thrust. At internal south- patterns provides strong constraints on the various parameters that gov- ern locations, strongly channelized thrust-parallel ¯uid ¯ow re- erned ¯uid ¯ow. quires a high permeability contrast of .100:1 between the mylo- nite zone and country rocks and a high hydraulic head in the GLARUS OVERTHRUST hinterland and footwall. In contrast, isotopic patterns ;5±10 km During Oligocene±Miocene continent-continent collision, passive- farther north indicate a predominantly vertical, upward drainage margin sediments of the southern European shelf were involved in of ¯uids. We propose a situation in which the Glarus thrust evolved deformation to form the Helvetic foreland fold-and-thrust belt. In the northward across the boundary between the lithostatic and hydro- Glarus Alps (Fig. 1), Permian Verrucano red beds (d18O 5 10½) were static ¯uid-pressure regimesÐthe ``impermeable cap.'' A cyclic be- thrust northward over Mesozoic carbonates (d18O 5 25½) and Tertiary havior of ¯uid-pressure buildup, fracturing, channelized ¯uid es- ¯ysch series (d18O 5 19½). The thrust fault is continuously lined by cape, and sealing explains structural and geochemical observations an enigmatic 1±5-m-thick layer of Lochseitenkalk mylonite (Schmid, and the best-®t three-dimensional ¯uid-¯ow model parameters. 1975). Metamorphism ranges from anchizone in the north and in the footwall ¯ysch to lower greenschist facies in the south and in the Ver- Keywords: Glarus Alps, thrust faults, ¯uids, stable isotopes, ®nite- rucano hanging wall (Rahn et al., 1995). The anchizone-epizone bound- element analysis. ary (300 6 30 8C isograd) is offset along the Glarus thrust by ;2km to the north (Rahn et al., 1995) as the result of post±peak metamorphic INTRODUCTION thrusting between 25 and 20 Ma (Hunziker et al., 1986). The Glarus thrust of the eastern Swiss Alps (Fig. 1A) is an ex- tremely sharp and well-de®ned thrust contact (Schmid, 1975). Given OXYGEN ISOPLETHS ALONG THE THRUST PLANE strongly contrasted oxygen isotope compositions in footwall and hanging- Lochseitenkalk d18O (calcite) values are massively depleted with wall rocks (Burkhard et al., 1992), this structure is particularly well respect to the presumed Helvetic carbonate protolith of ;25½ (Burk- suited for the study of syndeformation interactions between ¯uid and hard et al., 1992). Several generations of veins in different states of rock. Despite abundant evidence for an intimate relationship between ductile overprinting provide a strong argument for the in®ltration of faulting and ¯uid advection (McCaig, 1989; Kirschner et al., 1999), ¯uids contemporaneous with thrusting (Badertscher and Burkhard, documentation and quanti®cation of ¯uid ¯ow remain dif®cult tasks 2000). Smooth regional trends in mean Lochseitenkalk d18O have been (McCaig et al., 1995). Transport theory (Bickle and McKenzie, 1987; established (Fig. 1B): a steep northward increase in d18O from 11½ Baumgartner and Rumble, 1988; Baker and Spiegelman, 1995) predicts to 19½ over ;4 km exists in the southern part, where Verrucano is the displacement of a sharp isotope front in a rock system by advective thrust over carbonates; farther north, above ¯ysch, Lochseitenkalk d18O ¯uid transport in the direction of ¯ow and broadening of the front by values are level at ;19½ (Badertscher, 2001). The asymmetric south- diffusion and hydrodynamic dispersion. Distension of sharp fronts also north gradient has been interpreted as an isotope-exchange front that occurs if the rate of ¯uid-rock reaction is slow compared to ¯uid- is due to the advection of 18O-depleted ¯uids expelled along the thrust in®ltration velocities (Lassey and Blattner, 1988; Bowman et al., 1994; fault (Burkhard et al., 1992; Bowman et al., 1994). Potential ¯uid Abart and Pozzorini, 2000). Inversely, the position and shape of an sources are evolved formation brines and metamorphic waters with an observed isotope front provide information about the direction of ¯uid estimated d18O composition of 4½±7½, in equilibrium with basement ¯ow, time-integrated ¯uid ¯uxes, the mechanism of ¯uid transport, and rocks (Marquer and Burkhard, 1992). Vertical d18O pro®les across the the provenance of in®ltrating ¯uids. thrust suggest that there has been an important component of ¯ow from Stable isotope systematics of the Glarus thrust and surrounding the footwall ¯ysch upward across the Lochseitenkalk and into the Ver- rock masses have been established in great detail (Badertscher, 2001). rucano hanging wall in northern parts of the thrust (Fig. 1C). Here the A regional-scale gradient of northward-decreasing 18O depletion is well dominant ¯uids (d18O 5 13½±15½, temperature, T 5 300 8C) must de®ned by more than 800 isotopic measurements covering a 15 3 20 have been derived from compaction and dewatering of ¯ysch series km area of thrust surface (Fig. 1B). Sharp asymmetric vertical gradients (calcite d18O 5 19½). on the meter scale are very well documented for many locations along the thrust (Fig. 1, C and D). These data provide strong evidence for SIMULATION OF FLUID FLOW COUPLED WITH highly channelized ¯uid ¯ow along the thrust in the south and vertical ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE upward ¯ow across the thrust in the north. Fluid ¯ow is modeled by using the three-dimensional ®nite- Here we present the application of a three-dimensional ®nite- element model, developed by Therrien and Sudicky (1996), that sim- ulates Darcy ¯ow and advective-dispersive transport coupled with iso- *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. topic exchange between ¯uids and rock matrix. The rock matrix is 2 Figure 1. A: Cross section of Glarus Alps in eastern Switzerland. B: Contour map of mean d18O composition (in per mil relative to Vienna standard mean ocean water [V- SMOW]) of Lochseiten calc-mylonite horizon obtained by kriging between sample sites (white dots). Irregular contours indicate map pattern of thrust contract. Coordinates in ki- lometers are according to Swiss grid. White dashed line represents boundary between Mesozoic carbonates and Tertiary ¯ysch in footwall of thrust. C: Observed calcite d18O composition in vertical pro®le of Verrucano hanging wall overlying ¯ysch at Lochseiten locality. D: Observed calcite d18O composi- tion in vertical pro®le at Vorab Pign locality. All isotopic data are from Badertscher (2001). discretized in three dimensions with the inclusion of two-dimensional balance considerations are used to calculate the evolution of the iso- planes of high permeability to represent fault zones (Beaudoin and topic composition of all rock cells and ¯uids with time. Resulting pat- Therrien, 1999). Kinetic oxygen isotope exchange between ¯uid and terns of isotopic composition are illustrated by using a color code (Fig. calcite is computed at each time step by using a ®rst-order reaction- 2). rate law. The Glarus thrust evolved at temperatures estimated as 260± Four representative simulations are shown in Figure 2 (B±F). A 330 8C (Burkhard et al., 1992; Rahn et al., 1995). An updip 70 8C more complete set of 15 additional simulations is available1. Boundary temperature gradient could account for a downstream, down-tempera- conditions for the ¯uid-¯ow simulations consist of prescribed hydraulic ture isotopic shift of no more than 2½ in d18O calcite, insuf®cient to heads at in¯ow boundaries, a lower hydraulic head equal to 0 m at explain the large isotopic shifts of .10½ observed. Isothermal con- out¯ow boundaries, and impermeable boundaries elsewhere (Fig. 2, B± ditions are assumed for simplicity. F). For the transport simulations, the isotopic composition of ¯uids is The domain considered for the numerical simulation has horizon- imposed at in¯ow boundaries, and a zero-dispersive ¯ux is assigned at tal dimensions of 21 km east to west, 18 km north to south, and a out¯ow boundaries. Two types of incoming ¯uids are distinguished. At vertical thickness of 2 km (Fig. 2A). Lithological units are discretized the southern in¯ow boundary (blue arrows in Fig. 2, B±F), a basement- by using three-dimensional rectangular prisms with horizontal dimen- derived ¯uid X has a d18O of 4.5½. A ¯ysch-derived ¯uid Y with an sions of 250 m 3 250 m. The vertical dimension of prisms is 250 m initial d18O of 14½ is in®ltrating at the bottom in the northern part of except in the vicinity of the thrust fault, where we used a layer of 10 the model domain (green arrows in Fig. 2, B±F). In a ®rst simulation cells of 1 m vertical dimension above and below the discrete thrust (Fig. 2B), a hydraulic head of 1500 m is speci®ed for ¯uid X, while a fault. Another 24 cells with 10 m vertical dimension populate the ®rst lesser head of 500 m is speci®ed for ¯uid Y. Out¯ow boundaries are 250 m both in the footwall and hanging wall adjacent to the thrust.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Alpstein in Three Dimensions: Fold-And-Thrust Belt Visualization in the Helvetic Zone, Eastern Switzerland
    Swiss J Geosci (2014) 107:177–195 DOI 10.1007/s00015-014-0168-6 The Alpstein in three dimensions: fold-and-thrust belt visualization in the Helvetic zone, eastern Switzerland Paola Sala • O. Adrian Pfiffner • Marcel Frehner Received: 14 August 2013 / Accepted: 9 September 2014 / Published online: 11 December 2014 Ó Swiss Geological Society 2014 Abstract To investigate the geometrical relationships determined from line-length balancing. The model also between folding and thrust faulting, we built a 3D geo- clearly shows the lateral extension, the trend, and the logical model of the Helvetic fold-and-thrust belt in eastern variation in displacement along the principal faults. The Switzerland from several existing and two newly drawn reconstruction of horizons in 3D allows the investigation of cross-sections in the Sa¨ntis area. We partly redrew existing cross-sections in any given direction. The 3D model is cross-sections and validated them by checking for line useful for developing and understanding how the internal length balance; to fill areas with no data we drew additional nappe structures, namely folds and thrust faults, change cross-sections. The model was built based on surface along strike due to palaeogeographic and stratigraphic interpolation of the formation interfaces and thrusts variations. Lateral stratigraphy variations correlate with between the cross-sections, which allowed generating eight different deformation responses of the nappe. Changes can main surfaces. In addition, we used cave data to validate occur either abruptly across transverse faults or in a more the final model in depth. The main structural elements in gradual manner. the Sa¨ntis area, the Sa¨ntis Thrust and the Sax-Schwende Fault, are also implemented in the model.
    [Show full text]
  • GSA Bulletin: Magnetostratigraphic Constraints on Relationships
    Magnetostratigraphic constraints on relationships between evolution of the central Swiss Molasse basin and Alpine orogenic events F. Schlunegger* Geologisches Institut, Universität Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland A. Matter } D. W. Burbank Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0740 E. M. Klaper Geologisches Institut, Universität Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland ABSTRACT thrusting along the eastern Insubric Line, sedimentary basins than in the adjacent fold- where >10 km of vertical displacement is inter- and-thrust belt, abundant stratigraphic research Magnetostratigraphic chronologies, to- preted. During the same time span, the Alpine has been done in foreland basins to assess the gether with lithostratigraphic, sedimentologi- wedge propagated forward along the basal evolutionary processes of the orogenic thrust cal, and petrological data enable detailed re- Alpine thrust, as indicated by the coarsening- wedge (Jordan et al., 1988; Burbank et al., 1986; construction of the Oligocene to Miocene and thickening-upward megasequence and by Burbank et al., 1992; Colombo and Vergés, history of the North Alpine foreland basin in occurrence of bajada fans derived from the 1992). Despite a more complete and better dated relation to specific orogenic events and ex- Alpine border. The end of this tectonic event is record within a foreland, the correlation of sedi- humation of the Alps. The Molasse of the study marked by a basinwide unconformity, inter- mentary events recorded in the foreland with tec- area was deposited by three major dispersal preted to have resulted from crustal rebound tonic events in the adjacent hinterland is com- systems (Rigi, Höhronen, Napf).
    [Show full text]
  • STORIES from LUCERNE Media Kit Lucerne – Lake Lucerne Region
    STORIES FROM LUCERNE Media Kit Lucerne – Lake Lucerne Region Summer/Autumn 2021 CONTENT Editorial 1 Facts and curiosities 2 Tourism history: a brief overview 3 News 4 Events and festivals 5 Anniversaries 6 Tell-Trail Hiking in the footsteps of William Tell 7 Stories along the Tell-Trail 8 Record-breaking region 11 The world in Lucerne 12 Information for media professionals Media and research trips 14 Information about filmproduction and drone flights 16 Contact information 17 Stories from Lucerne Front cover Spectacular Wagenleis wind gap – part of stage 5 of the “Tell-Trail” Media Kit, August 2021 © Switzerland Tourism EDITORIAL Welcome... Dear Media Professionals The Lucerne-Lake Lucerne Region finally has its own long-distance footpath in the shape of the new “Tell- Trail”. Starting this summer, hiking enthusiasts can follow in William Tell’s footsteps in eight stages. 2021 – a year that offers compelling stories and much to talk about – also finds us celebrating proud anniver- saries and re-openings of time-honoured hotels, cableways and mountain railways. Delve into our la- test news and stimulating short stories surrounding the “Tell-Trail” for inspiration for your next blog, ar- ticle or website copy. Sibylle Gerardi, Head of Corporate Communications & PR ...to the heart of Switzerland. Lucerne -Lake Lucerne 1 FACTS AND CURIOSITIES Sursee Einsiedeln Lucerne Weggis Schwyz Hoch-Ybrig Vitznau Entlebuch Stoos Stans Sarnen The City. Altdorf Engelberg Melchsee-Frutt The Lake. The Mountains. Andermatt The Lucerne-Lake Lucerne Region lies in the heart of 5 seasons Switzerland; within it, the city of Lucerne is a cultural Carnival, where winter meets spring, is seen as the stronghold.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluid Flow and Rock Alteration Along the Glarus Thrust
    1661-8726/08/020251-18 Swiss J. Geosci. 101 (2008) 251–268 DOI 10.1007/s00015-008-1265-1 Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2008 Fluid flow and rock alteration along the Glarus thrust JEAN-PIERRE HÜRZELER 1 & RAINER ABART 2 Key words: Glarus thrust, rock alteration, strain localization, Lochseiten calc tectonite ABSTRACT Chemical alteration of rocks along the Glarus overthrust reflects different the footwall units. In the northern sections of the thrust, the Lochseiten calc- stages of fluid rock interaction associated with thrusting. At the base of the tectonite has a distinct chemical and stable isotope signature, which suggests Verrucano in the hanging wall of the thrust, sodium was largely removed dur- that it is largely derived from Infrahelvetic slices, i.e. decapitated fragments of ing an early stage of fluid-rock interaction, which is ascribed to thrust-paral- the footwall limestone from the southern sections of the thrust, which were lel fluid flow in a damage zone immediately above the thrust. This alteration tectonically emplaced along the thrust further north. Only at the Lochseiten leads to the formation of white mica at the expense of albite-rich plagioclase type locality the original chemical and stable isotope signatures of the calc- and potassium feldspar. This probably enhanced mechanical weakening of the tectonite were completely obliterated during intense reworking by dissolution Verrucano base allowing for progressive strain localization. At a later stage and re-precipitation. of thrusting, fluid-mediated chemical exchange between the footwall and the hanging wall lithologies produced a second generation of alteration phenom- ena. Reduction of ferric iron oxides at the base of the Verrucano indicates DEDICATION fluid supply from the underlying flysch units in the northern section of the thrust.
    [Show full text]
  • The Glarus Thrust: Excursion Guide and Report of a Field Trip of the Swiss Tectonic Studies Group (Swiss Geological Society, 14.–16
    1661-8726/08/020323-18 Swiss J. Geosci. 101 (2008) 323–340 DOI 10.1007/s00015-008-1259-z Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2008 The Glarus thrust: excursion guide and report of a field trip of the Swiss Tectonic Studies Group (Swiss Geological Society, 14.–16. 09. 2006) MARCO HERWEGH 1, *, JEAN-PIERRE HÜRZELER 2, O. ADRIAN PFIFFNER 1, STEFAN M. SCHMID 2, RAINER ABART 3 & ANDREAS EBERT 1 Key words: Helvetics, Glarus thrust, deformation mechanism, mylonite, brittle deformation, geochemical alteration, fluid pathway PARTICIPANTS Ansorge Jörg (ETHZ) Nyffenegger Franziska (Fachhochschule Burgdorf, University of Bern) den Brok Bas (EAWAG-EMPA) Pfiffner Adrian (University of Bern) Dèzes Pierre (SANW) Schreurs Guido (University of Bern) Gonzalez Laura (University of Bern) Schmalholz Stefan (ETHZ) Herwegh Marco (University of Bern) Schmid Stefan (University of Basel) Hürzeler Jean-Pierre (University of Basel) Wiederkehr Michael (University of Basel) Imper David (GeoPark) Wilson Christopher (Melbourne University) Mancktelow Neil (ETHZ) Wilson Lilian (Melbourne University) Mullis Josef (University of Basel) ABSTRACT This excursion guide results form a field trip to the Glarus nappe complex or- and fluid flow, and (iii) the link between large-scale structures, microstruc- ganized by the Swiss Tectonic Studies Group in 2006. The aim of the excursion tures, and geochemical aspects. Despite 150 years of research in the Glarus was to discuss old and recent concepts related to the evolution of the Glarus nappe complex and the new results discussed during the excursion,
    [Show full text]
  • The Glarus Alps, Knowledge Validation, and the Genealogical Organization of Nineteenth-Century Swiss Alpine Geognosy
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by RERO DOC Digital Library Science in Context 22(3), 439–461 (2009). Copyright C Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/S0269889709990081 Printed in the United Kingdom Inherited Territories: The Glarus Alps, Knowledge Validation, and the Genealogical Organization of Nineteenth-Century Swiss Alpine Geognosy Andrea Westermann Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich Argument The article examines the organizational patterns of nineteenth-century Swiss Alpine geology. It argues that early and middle nineteenth-century Swiss geognosy was shaped in genealogical terms and that the patterns of genealogical reasoning and practice worked as a vehicle of transmission toward the generalization of locally gained empirical knowledge. The case study is provided by the Zurich geologist Albert Heim, who, in the early 1870s, blended intellectual and patrilineal genealogies that connected two generations of fathers and sons: Hans Conrad and Arnold Escher, Albert and Arnold Heim. Two things were transmitted from one generation to the next, a domain of geognostic research, the Glarus Alps, and a research interest in an explanation of the massive geognostic anomalies observed there. The legacy found its embodiment in the Escher family archive. The genealogical logic became visible and then experienced a crisis when, later in the century, the focus of Alpine geology shifted from geognosy to tectonics. Tectonic research loosened the traditional link between the intimate knowledge of a territory and the generalization from empirical data. 1. Introduction In 1878, Albert Heim (1849–1937) published a monograph on the anatomy of folds and the related mechanisms of mountain building based on what he had observed in the Glarus district of Mounts Todi¨ and Windgallen,¨ an area where, in today’s calculation, rocks aged between 250 and 300 million years overlie much younger rocks aged about 50 million years.
    [Show full text]
  • Inherited Territories: the Glarus Alps, Knowledge Validation, and the Genealogical Organization of Nineteenth-Century Swiss Alpine Geognosy
    Science in Context 22(3), 439–461 (2009). Copyright C Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/S0269889709990081 Printed in the United Kingdom Inherited Territories: The Glarus Alps, Knowledge Validation, and the Genealogical Organization of Nineteenth-Century Swiss Alpine Geognosy Andrea Westermann Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich Argument The article examines the organizational patterns of nineteenth-century Swiss Alpine geology. It argues that early and middle nineteenth-century Swiss geognosy was shaped in genealogical terms and that the patterns of genealogical reasoning and practice worked as a vehicle of transmission toward the generalization of locally gained empirical knowledge. The case study is provided by the Zurich geologist Albert Heim, who, in the early 1870s, blended intellectual and patrilineal genealogies that connected two generations of fathers and sons: Hans Conrad and Arnold Escher, Albert and Arnold Heim. Two things were transmitted from one generation to the next, a domain of geognostic research, the Glarus Alps, and a research interest in an explanation of the massive geognostic anomalies observed there. The legacy found its embodiment in the Escher family archive. The genealogical logic became visible and then experienced a crisis when, later in the century, the focus of Alpine geology shifted from geognosy to tectonics. Tectonic research loosened the traditional link between the intimate knowledge of a territory and the generalization from empirical data. 1. Introduction In 1878, Albert Heim (1849–1937) published a monograph on the anatomy of folds and the related mechanisms of mountain building based on what he had observed in the Glarus district of Mounts Todi¨ and Windgallen,¨ an area where, in today’s calculation, rocks aged between 250 and 300 million years overlie much younger rocks aged about 50 million years.
    [Show full text]
  • Triassic Chirotheriid Footprints from the Swiss Alps: Ichnotaxonomy and Depositional Environment (Cantons Wallis & Glarus)
    Swiss J Palaeontol (2016) 135:295–314 DOI 10.1007/s13358-016-0119-0 Triassic chirotheriid footprints from the Swiss Alps: ichnotaxonomy and depositional environment (Cantons Wallis & Glarus) 1 2 3 3 Hendrik Klein • Michael C. Wizevich • Basil Thu¨ring • Daniel Marty • 4 5 3 Silvan Thu¨ring • Peter Falkingham • Christian A. Meyer Received: 16 March 2016 / Accepted: 6 June 2016 / Published online: 24 June 2016 Ó Akademie der Naturwissenschaften Schweiz (SCNAT) 2016 Abstract Autochthonous Triassic sediments of the Vieux imprints, permit re-evaluation of ichnotaxonomy and Emosson Formation near Lac d’Emosson, southwestern modes of preservation. Most common are oval to circular Switzerland, have yielded assemblages with abundant impressions arranged in an ‘‘hourglass-like’’ shape, corre- archosaur footprints that are assigned to chirotheriids based sponding to pes-manus couples. Sediment displacement on pentadactyl pes and manus imprints with characteristic rims indicate the presence of true tracks rather than digit proportions. Tridactyl footprints formerly considered undertracks. A few well-preserved footprints with distinct as those of dinosaurs are identified as incomplete digit traces allow closer assignments. Several chirotheriid extramorphological variants of chirotheriids. Recently ichnotaxa are present with Chirotherium barthii,?Chi- discovered new sites, including a surface with about 1500 rotherium sickleri, Isochirotherium herculis, Chirotheri- idae cf. Isochirotherium isp. and indeterminate forms. This corresponds with characteristic assemblages from the Editorial handling: E. Dino Frey. Buntsandstein of the Germanic Basin. In the study area, the & Hendrik Klein Vieux Emosson Formation is an up to 10 m thick fining- [email protected] upward sequence with conglomerates, rippled sandstones, Michael C. Wizevich siltstones and mudstones and occasionally carbonate nod- [email protected] ules.
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Frey : 1940-2000
    In Memoriam : Martin Frey : 1940-2000 Autor(en): Engi, Martin / Schmidt, Susanne Th. / Capitani, Christian de Objekttyp: Obituary Zeitschrift: Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen = Bulletin suisse de minéralogie et pétrographie Band (Jahr): 80 (2000) Heft 3 PDF erstellt am: 30.09.2021 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch SCHWEIZ. MINERAL. PETROGR. MITT. 80,351-355,2000 In Memoriam Martin Frey 1940-2000 meticulous Martin Frey, outstanding penologist, tragically pursuit of a larger vision: By combining the field and laboratory lost his life in a mountain accident on September documentation in his observations 10, 2000. One fatal step on a hike in his beloved with careful interpretation of fundamental Grison Alps tore him out of his life, a life he had and data, he aimed to identify and these.
    [Show full text]
  • Northeastern Switzerland
    File19-ne-swiss-loc-swi7.dwg Book Initial Mapping Date Road Switzerland 7 Peter 21/11/11 Scale All key roads labelled?Hierarchy Hydro ChapterNortheastern SwitzerlandEditor Cxns Date Title Spot colours removed?Hierarchy Symbols Author MC Cxns Date Nthpt Masking in Illustrator done? Kerry Christiani Book Off map Inset/enlargement correct?dest'ns BorderCountry LocatorKey A1None Author Cxns Date Notes Basefile08-geneva-loc-swi6.dwgFinal Ed Cxns Date KEY FORMAT SETTINGS New References09-geneva-loc-swi7.dwg Number of Rows (Lines) Editor Check Date MC Check Date Column Widths and Margins MC/CC Signoff Date ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Northeastern SwitzerlandPOP 927,988 / AREA 4418 SQ KM / LANGUAGE GERMAN Includes ¨ Why Go? Schaffhausen . 250 Northeastern Switzerland is the place to tiptoe off the map Rheinfall . 253 and back to nature for a few days. Country lanes unravel like Stein am Rhein . 254 spools of thread, weaving through Appenzell’s patchwork Lake Constance . 255 meadows, past the fjord-like waters of Walensee and south to remote hamlets engulfed by the glacier-licked peaks of Kreuzlingen . 256 the Glarus Alps. This region calls for slow touring: whether Romanshorn & you’re cycling through cornfields and apple orchards on Arbon . 257 a cloudless summer’s day, or walking through Klettgau’s St Gallen . 257 gold-tinged vineyards in the diffused light of autumn. Appenzell . 260 From the thunderous Rheinfall to the still waters of Around Appenzell . 262 Lake Constance, nature is on a grand scale. Complet- ing the story book tableau are castle-topped towns such Säntis . 262 as Stein am Rhein and Schaffhausen, their facades fes- Walensee .
    [Show full text]
  • The Sixth International Geological Congress: Zürich, 1894
    187 by Sibylle Franks1 and Rudolf Trümpy2 The Sixth International Geological Congress: Zürich, 1894 1. Altwiesenstrasse 195, CH-8051 Zürich, Switzerland 2. Allmendboden 19, CH-Küsnacht, Switzerland In 1891, at the 5th International Geological Congress in on the structure of the Alps were in a state of flux. The Prealpine Washington DC, it was suggested that Switzerland story has been told by Masson (1976), the Glarus story by Trümpy (1991). should host the 1894 Congress. Since Switzerland had Thrusts had been noticed since the middle of the century, e.g. not issued an official invitation for the 6th International by Bernhard Studer (1853) and by Arnold Escher (1841). In the Geological Congress, the Swiss geologists accepted Glarus Alps, a spectacular thrust (recently proposed as part of the UNESCO Natural Heritage) carries Permian red-beds (‘Verrucano’) somewhat reluctantly. The general lectures still con- and their Mesozoic cover over Eocene to Lower Oligocene Flysch. cerned problems of classification. The most interesting Somehow, Escher recoiled from the consequences of his own obser- discussions had to do with the structure of the Alps. The vations, and he invented the strange hypothesis of the ‘double fold’: south- and north-facing recumbent anticlines facing each other conference took place at a time between the first recog- across a narrow gap due to later, essentially Pleistocene, erosion. nition of nappes and the general acceptance of their Escher’s disciple and successor Albert Heim (1878, 1891) took existence. The proponents of the nappe concept up his mentor’s ideas and defended them vigorously, illustrating them by splendid drawings.
    [Show full text]
  • And Regional-Scale Forcing of Glacier Mass Balance Changes in the Swiss Alps
    remote sensing Article Local- and Regional-Scale Forcing of Glacier Mass Balance Changes in the Swiss Alps Saeideh Gharehchahi 1,* , Thomas J. Ballinger 2 , Jennifer L. R. Jensen 3, Anshuman Bhardwaj 4 , Lydia Sam 4, Russell C. Weaver 5 and David R. Butler 3 1 Department of Chemistry and Geosciences, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL 36265, USA 2 International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; [email protected] (J.L.R.J.); [email protected] (D.R.B.) 4 School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, King’s College, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK; [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (L.S.) 5 ILR School, Cornell University, 617 Main Street, Suite 300, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Glacier mass variations are climate indicators. Therefore, it is essential to examine both winter and summer mass balance variability over a long period of time to address climate-related ice mass fluctuations. In this study, we analyze glacier mass balance components and hypsometric characteristics with respect to their interactions with local meteorological variables and remote large-scale atmospheric and oceanic patterns. The results show that all selected glaciers have lost their equilibrium condition in recent decades, with persistent negative annual mass balance trends and decreasing accumulation area ratios (AARs), accompanied by increasing air temperatures of ≥ +0.45 ◦C decade−1. The controlling factor of annual mass balance is mainly attributed to summer Citation: Gharehchahi, S.; Ballinger, mass losses, which are correlated with (warming) June to September air temperatures.
    [Show full text]