Yeast Infections

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Yeast Infections Yeast infections are one of the most common vulvovaginal condidtions in women. Although most women experience at least one infection in their lifetime, only about 5% experience trouble with recurrent infection1. Recurrent yeast infections are defined as 4 infections in 12 months. Most experts agree that at least 2 infections should be documented by a practitioner. Research supports that women are only about 35% accurate when asked to self-diagnose a yeast infection. Symptoms associated with a candidal infection include redness, itching, irritation, burning with urination and pain with intercourse. There may be a thick, clumpy, white discharge. Diagnosis is made by physical exam which includes inspection of the vulva and vagina, collection of wet mount and occasionally obtainment of a vaginal fungal culture. Treatment includes the use of oral fluconazole (Diflucan) and over-the-counter intra-vaginal anti-fungal products2, 3. Boric acid is an alternative treatment that has been shown in research to be an effective and inexpensive alternative4. Yeast infections are not caused by sexual activity and are not associated with carriage in the male partner. High sugar diets are also not associated with recurrent candidiasis. Unfortunately, when the use of acidophilus products has been studied, it has not been shown to be helpful in preventing recurrent infections. Women who are immunocompromised or pregnant often require a longer treatment course and may have more difficulty with recurrence. By far, Candida albicans is the most common species associated with this type of infection. Less common Candida species are found and can be harder to treat. Examples include Candida glabrata, Candida parapsillosis and Sacchromyceses. Using a vaginal culture can be helpful to correctly diagnose the organism and thus allows more directed treatment5. Most yeast infections easily respond to the use of antifungal medications. More resistant cases are further investigated and almost always an effective and reasonable treatment plan is devised with your practitioner. 1. SPINILLO A, PIZZOLI G, COLONNA L, NICOLA S, DE SETA F, GUASCHINO S. Epidemiologic characteristics of women with idiopathic recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:721-7. 2. SLAVIN MB, BENRUBI GI, PARKER R, GRIFFIN CR, MAGEE MJ. Single dose oral fluconazole vs intravaginal terconazole in treatment of Candida vaginitis. Comparison and pilot study. J Fla Med Assoc 1992;79:693-6. The Program in Vulvar Health • OHSU Center for Women’s Health Last updated Nov 2007 • www.ohsuwomenshealth.com/vulva/ 3. OSSER S, HAGLUND A, WESTROM L. Treatment of candidal vaginitis. A prospective randomized investigator-blind multicenter study comparing topically applied econazole with oral fluconazole. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1991;70:73-8. 4. VAN SLYKE KK, MICHEL VP, REIN MF. Treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis with boric acid powder. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;141:145-8. 5. NYIRJESY P, SEENEY SM, GRODY MH, JORDAN CA, BUCKLEY HR. Chronic fungal vaginitis: the value of cultures. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:820-3. The Program in Vulvar Health • OHSU Center for Women’s Health Last updated Nov 2007 • www.ohsuwomenshealth.com/vulva/ .

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Austin Ultrahealth Yeast-Free Protocol 1
1 01/16/12/ Austin UltraHealth Yeast-Free Protocol 1. Follow the Yeast Diet in your binder for 6 weeks or you may also use recipes from the Elimination Diet. (Just decrease the amount of grains and fruits allowed). 2. You will be taking one pill of prescription antifungal daily, for 30 days. This should always be taken two hours away from your probiotics. This medication can be very hard on your liver so it is important to refrain from ALL alcohol while taking this medication. Candida Die-Off Some patients experience die-off symptoms while eliminating the yeast, or Candida, in their gut. Die off symptoms can include the following: Brain fog Dizziness Headache Floaters in the eyes Anxiety/Irritability Gas, bloating and/or flatulence Diarrhea or constipation Joint/muscle pain General malaise or exhaustion What Causes Die-Off Symptoms? The Candida “die-off” occurs when excess yeast in the body literally dies off. When this occurs, the dying yeasts produce toxins at a rate too fast for your body to process and eliminate. While these toxins are not lethal to the system, they can cause an increase in the symptoms you might already have been experiencing. As the body works to detoxify, those Candida die-off symptoms can emerge and last for a matter of days, or weeks. The two main factors which cause the unpleasant symptoms of Candida die off are dietary changes and antifungal treatments, both of which you will be doing. Dietary Changes: When you begin to make healthy changes in your diet, you begin to starve the excess yeasts that have been hanging around, using up the extra sugars in your blood.
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Candida Auris
microorganisms Review Candida auris: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Infection Control Measures to Combat the Spread of Infections in Healthcare Facilities Suhail Ahmad * and Wadha Alfouzan Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +965-2463-6503 Abstract: Candida auris, a recently recognized, often multidrug-resistant yeast, has become a sig- nificant fungal pathogen due to its ability to cause invasive infections and outbreaks in healthcare facilities which have been difficult to control and treat. The extraordinary abilities of C. auris to easily contaminate the environment around colonized patients and persist for long periods have recently re- sulted in major outbreaks in many countries. C. auris resists elimination by robust cleaning and other decontamination procedures, likely due to the formation of ‘dry’ biofilms. Susceptible hospitalized patients, particularly those with multiple comorbidities in intensive care settings, acquire C. auris rather easily from close contact with C. auris-infected patients, their environment, or the equipment used on colonized patients, often with fatal consequences. This review highlights the lessons learned from recent studies on the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, susceptibility, and molecular basis of resistance to antifungal drugs and infection control measures to combat the spread of C. auris Citation: Ahmad, S.; Alfouzan, W. Candida auris: Epidemiology, infections in healthcare facilities. Particular emphasis is given to interventions aiming to prevent new Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, Antifungal infections in healthcare facilities, including the screening of susceptible patients for colonization; the Susceptibility, and Infection Control cleaning and decontamination of the environment, equipment, and colonized patients; and successful Measures to Combat the Spread of approaches to identify and treat infected patients, particularly during outbreaks.
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Candida Species Identification by NAA
Candida Species Identification by NAA Background Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) occurs as a result of displacement of the normal vaginal flora by species of the fungal genus Candida, predominantly Candida albicans. The usual presentation is irritation, itching, burning with urination, and thick, whitish discharge.1 VVC accounts for about 17% to 39% of vaginitis1, and most women will be diagnosed with VVC at least once during their childbearing years.2 In simplistic terms, VVC can be classified into uncomplicated or complicated presentations. Uncomplicated VVC is characterized by infrequent symptomatic episodes, mild to moderate symptoms, or C albicans infection occurring in nonpregnant and immunocompetent women.1 Complicated VVC, in contrast, is typified by severe symptoms, frequent recurrence, infection with Candida species other than C albicans, and/or occurrence during pregnancy or in women with immunosuppression or other medical conditions.1 Diagnosis and Treatment of VVC Traditional diagnosis of VVC is accomplished by either: (i) direct microscopic visualization of yeast-like cells with or without pseudohyphae; or (ii) isolation of Candida species by culture from a vaginal sample.1 Direct microscopy sensitivity is about 50%1 and does not provide a species identification, while cultures can have long turnaround times. Today, nucleic acid amplification-based (NAA) tests (eg, PCR) for Candida species can provide high-quality diagnostic information with quicker turnaround times and can also enable investigation of common potential etiologies
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Candida & Nutrition
Candida & Nutrition Presented by: Pennina Yasharpour, RDN, LDN Registered Dietitian Dickinson College Kline Annex Email: [email protected] What is Candida? • Candida is a type of yeast • Most common cause of fungal infections worldwide Candida albicans • Most common species of candida • C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and female genital tracts. • Causes infections Candidiasis • Overgrowth of candida can cause superficial infections • Commonly known as a “yeast infection” • Mouth, skin, stomach, urinary tract, and vagina • Oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) • Oral infections, called oral thrush, are more common in infants, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems • Vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal yeast infection) • About 75% of women will get a vaginal yeast infection during their lifetime Causes of Candidiasis • Humans naturally have small amounts of Candida that live in the mouth, stomach, and vagina and don't cause any infections. • Candidiasis occurs when there's an overgrowth of the fungus RISK FACTORS WEAKENED ASSOCIATED IMUMUNE SYSTEM FACTORS • HIV/AIDS (Immunosuppression) • Infants • Diabetes • Elderly • Corticosteroid use • Antibiotic use • Contraceptives • Increased estrogen levels Type 2 Diabetes – Glucose in vaginal secretions promote Yeast growth. (overgrowth) Treatment • Antifungal medications • Oral rinses and tablets, vaginal tablets and suppositories, and creams. • For vaginal yeast infections, medications that are available over the counter include creams and suppositories, such as miconazole (Monistat), ticonazole (Vagistat), and clotrimazole (Gyne-Lotrimin). • Your doctor may prescribe a pill, fluconazole (Diflucan). The Candida Diet • Avoid carbohydrates: Supporters believe that Candida thrives on simple sugars and recommend removing them, along with low-fiber carbohydrates (eg, white bread).
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GRAS Notice for Pichia Kudriavzevii ASCUSDY21 for Use As a Direct Fed Microbial in Dairy Cattle
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Vaginal Yeast Infection a Vaginal Yeast Infection Is an Infection of the Vagina, Most Commonly Due to the Fungus Candida Albicans
5285 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202 (P) 313-577-5041 | (F) 313-577-9581 health.wayne.edu Vaginal Yeast Infection A vaginal yeast infection is an infection of the vagina, most commonly due to the fungus Candida albicans. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Most women have a vaginal yeast infection at some time. Candida albicans is a common type of fungus. It is often found in small amounts in the vagina, mouth, digestive tracts, and on the skin. Usually it does not cause disease or symptoms. Candida and the many other germs that normally live in the vagina keep each other in balance. However, sometimes the number of Candida albicans increases, leading to a yeast infection. A yeast infection can happen if you are: • Taking antibiotics used to treat other types of infections. Antibiotics change the normal balance between germs in the vagina by decreasing the number of protective bacteria. • Pregnant • Obese • Have diabetes A yeast infection is not a sexually transmitted illness. However, some men will develop symptoms such as itching and a rash on the penis after having sexual contact with an infected partner. Having many vaginal yeast infections may be a sign of other health problems. Other vaginal infections and discharges can be mistaken for vaginal yeast infection. Symptoms • Pain with intercourse • Painful urination • Redness and swelling of the vulva • Vaginal and labial itching, burning • Abnormal Vaginal Discharge • Ranges from a slightly watery, white discharge to a thick, white, chunky discharge (like cottage cheese) Signs and Tests A pelvic examination will be done. It may show swelling and redness of the skin of the vulva, in the vagina, and on the cervix.
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Targeting the Burkholderia Cepacia Complex
viruses Review Advances in Phage Therapy: Targeting the Burkholderia cepacia Complex Philip Lauman and Jonathan J. Dennis * Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-780-492-2529 Abstract: The increasing prevalence and worldwide distribution of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens is an imminent danger to public health and threatens virtually all aspects of modern medicine. Particularly concerning, yet insufficiently addressed, are the members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), a group of at least twenty opportunistic, hospital-transmitted, and notoriously drug-resistant species, which infect and cause morbidity in patients who are immunocompromised and those afflicted with chronic illnesses, including cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). One potential solution to the antimicrobial resistance crisis is phage therapy—the use of phages for the treatment of bacterial infections. Although phage therapy has a long and somewhat checkered history, an impressive volume of modern research has been amassed in the past decades to show that when applied through specific, scientifically supported treatment strategies, phage therapy is highly efficacious and is a promising avenue against drug-resistant and difficult-to-treat pathogens, such as the Bcc. In this review, we discuss the clinical significance of the Bcc, the advantages of phage therapy, and the theoretical and clinical advancements made in phage therapy in general over the past decades, and apply these concepts specifically to the nascent, but growing and rapidly developing, field of Bcc phage therapy. Keywords: Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc); bacteria; pathogenesis; antibiotic resistance; bacterio- phages; phages; phage therapy; phage therapy treatment strategies; Bcc phage therapy Citation: Lauman, P.; Dennis, J.J.
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Skin Immunity to Candida Albicans
TREIMM 1284 No. of Pages 11 Feature Review Skin Immunity to Candida albicans Sakeen W. Kashem1 and Daniel H. Kaplan2,* Candida albicans is a dimorphic commensal fungus that colonizes healthy Trends human skin, mucosa, and the reproductive tract. C. albicans is also a predomi- Primary immunodeﬁciencies reveal nantly opportunistic fungal pathogen, leading to disease manifestations such as conserved IL-17 stimulating/signaling disseminated candidiasis and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). The pathways involved in mucocutaneous differing host susceptibilities for the sites of C. albicans infection have revealed defense against C. albicans. tissue compartmentalization with tailoring of immune responses based on the Mouse models have demonstrated site of infection. Furthermore, extensive studies of host genetics in rare cases of both innate and adaptive sources of IL-17 in response to C. albicans. CMC have identiﬁed conserved genetic pathways involved in immune recogni- tion and the response to the extracellular pathogen. We focus here on human Immunity against C. albicans is com- and mouse skin as a site of C. albicans infection, and we review established and partmentalized towards sites of infection. newly discovered insights into the cellular pathways that promote cutaneous antifungal immunity. Non-hematopoietic cells provide anti- fungal immunity in the skin. Compartmentalization of Immunity Against C. albicans Skin Infection C. albicans is the most common and well-studied of the disease-causing Candida spp., and naturally colonizes the skin, genital, and/or intestinal mucosa in up to 70% of healthy individuals [1]. Under normal circumstances, the fungus does not cause disease but the absence of appropriate immune recognition and response mechanisms can lead to the inability to control C.
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Yeast Infection Division of Disease Control What Do I Need to Know?
Division of Disease Control What Do I Need To Know? Yeast Infection (Thrush, Diaper Rash, Vaginitis) What is a yeast infection? Yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida albicans. These infections can present in a variety of forms. Yeast infections in women can infect the vagina, called vaginitis. Thrush causes mouth infections in young infants and can also be a presenting sign of HIV infection in adults. Candida also may be the cause of many types of diaper rash in young children. Who is at risk for a yeast infection? Anyone can get a yeast infection. What are the symptoms of a yeast infection? Candidia diaper rash: The diaper area is red. The redness is worse in the creases. Redness is often bordered by red pimples. Rash may have a shiny appearance. Sores or cracking or oozing is present in severe cases. Thrush White patches appear on the inside of cheeks and gums and tongue. Thrush usually causes no other signs or symptoms. Vaginitis Vaginal irritation, intense itchiness and vaginal discharge. How soon do symptoms appear? Incubation period is unknown. How is a yeast infection spread? The fungus is present in the intestinal tract and mucous membranes of healthy people. A warm environment allows for growth and spread. Page 1 of 2 Last Updated: 01/2016 Person-to-person transmission may occur from a woman to her infant when the mother has a yeast infection in her vagina and in breastfeeding mothers whose babies with thrush infect the mothers’ nipples. When and for how long is a person able to spread the disease? A person can spread disease as long as the infection is present.
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Yeast Infection (Candidiasis)
PROVIDER YEAST INFECTION (CANDIDIASIS) Candida can normally be found on the skin and in the mouth, throat, intestinal tract, and vagina of healthy people. In children, yeast infections are commonly found in the mouth or throat (thrush) or the diaper area. CAUSE Candida albicans, a fungus. SYMPTOMS Thrush - White, slightly raised patches on the tongue or inside the cheek. Diaper Rash - Smooth, shiny "fire engine" red rash with a raised border. Children who suck their thumbs or fingers may occasionally develop Candida infections around their fingernails. Under certain conditions, such as during antibiotic use or when skin is damaged and exposed to excessive moisture, the balance of the normal, healthy skin germs is upset. Therefore, yeast that normally live on the skin can overgrow and cause yeast infections. Most of the time these infections heal quickly, but sometimes illness can occur in infants, persons with weakened immune systems, or those taking certain antibiotics. SPREAD Rarely, by contact with skin lesions and mouth secretions of infected persons or asymptomatic carriers. Most infants who have Candida got it from their mother during childbirth. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, outbreaks of thrush in childcare settings may be the result of increased use of antibiotics rather than newly acquired Candida infections. INCUBATION Variable. For thrush in infants, it usually takes 2 to 5 days. For others, yeast infections may occur while taking antibiotics or shortly after stopping the antibiotics. CONTAGIOUS Contagious while lesions are present. Most infections occur from yeast in the PERIOD person’s own body. DIAGNOSIS Recommend parents/guardians call their healthcare provider to identify the fungus.
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Candida Auris: a Drug-Resistant Germ That Spreads in Healthcare Facilities
Candida auris: A drug-resistant germ that spreads in healthcare facilities Candida auris (also called C. auris) is a fungus that causes serious infections. Patients with C. auris infection, their family members and other close contacts, public health officials, laboratory staff, and healthcare workers can all help stop it from spreading. Why is Candida auris a problem? It causes serious infections. C. auris can cause bloodstream infections and even death, particularly in hospital and nursing home patients with serious medical problems. More than 1 in 3 patients with invasive C. auris infection (for example, an infection that affects the blood, heart, or brain) die. It’s often resistant to medicines. Antifungal medicines commonly used to treat Candida infections often don’t work for Candida auris. Some C. auris infections have been resistant to all three types of antifungal medicines. It’s becoming more common. Although C. auris was just discovered in 2009, it has spread quickly and caused infections in more than a dozen countries. It’s difficult to identify. C. auris can be misidentified as other types of fungi unless specialized laboratory technology is used. This misidentification might lead to a patient getting the wrong treatment. It can spread in hospitals and nursing homes. C. auris has caused outbreaks in healthcare facilities and can spread through contact with affected patients and contaminated surfaces or equipment. Good hand hygiene and cleaning in healthcare facilities is important because C. auris can live on surfaces for several weeks. How do I know if I have a Candida Most people who get auris infection? serious Candida infections C.
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Candida and Candidiasis—Opportunism Versus Pathogenicity: a Review of the Virulence Traits
microorganisms Review Candida and Candidiasis—Opportunism Versus Pathogenicity: A Review of the Virulence Traits Cristina Nicoleta Ciurea 1,2,* , Irina-Bianca Kosovski 2,3, Anca Delia Mare 1, Felicia Toma 1, Ionela Anca Pintea-Simon 1,2 and Adrian Man 1 1 Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mures, , 540139 Târgu Mures, , Romania; [email protected] (A.D.M.); [email protected] (F.T.); [email protected] (I.A.P.-S.); [email protected] (A.M.) 2 Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mures, , 540139 Târgu Mures, , Romania; [email protected] 3 Department of Physiopathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mures, , 540139 Târgu Mures, , Romania * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 May 2020; Accepted: 4 June 2020; Published: 6 June 2020 Abstract: One of the most important questions in microbiology nowadays, is how apparently harmless, commensal yeasts like Candida spp. can cause a rising number of infections. The occurrence of the disease requires firstly the attachment to the host cells, followed by the invasion of the tissue. The adaptability translates into a rapid ability to respond to stress factors, to take up nutrients or to multiply under different conditions. By forming complex intracellular networks such as biofilms, Candida spp. become not only more refractive to antifungal therapies but also more prone to cause disease. The inter-microbial interactions can enhance the virulence of a strain. In vivo, the fungal cells face a multitude of challenges and, as a result, they develop complex strategies serving one ultimate goal: survival.
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