Dymphna Cusack (1902-1981): a Feminist Analysis

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Dymphna Cusack (1902-1981): a Feminist Analysis Dymphna Cusack (1902-1981): A Feminist Analysis of Gender in her Romantic Realistic Texts. Dissertation von Tania Peitzker eingereicht 2 000 an der Philosophischen Fakultät I der Universität Potsdam INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Zusammenfassung. .................................iv Einleitung....................................iv Theoretischer Ansatz...................vi Ergebnisse....................................x Table of Contents……..............................1 Dissertation………………...……………3 Veröffentlichung………………………222 DOROTHY PARKER A CERTAIN LADY Oh, I can smile for you, and tilt my head, And drink your rushing words with eager lips, And paint my mouth for you a fragrant red, And trace your brows with tutored finger-tips. When you rehearse your list of loves to me, Oh, I can laugh and marvel, rapturous-eyed. And you laugh back, nor can you ever see The thousand little deaths my heart has died. And you believe, so well I know my part, That I am gay as morning, light as snow, And all the straining things within my heart You’ll never know. Oh, I can laugh and listen, when we meet, And you bring tales of fresh adventurings- Of ladies delicately indiscreet, Of lingering hands, and gently whispered things. And you are pleased with me, and strive anew To sing me sagas of your late delights. Thus do you want me – marveling, gay, and true- Nor do you see my staring eyes of nights. And when, in search of novelty, you stray, Oh, I can kiss you blithely as you go… And what goes on, my love, while you’re away, You’ll never know. (1937) Zusammenfassung Dymphna Cusack (1902-1981): eine feministische Analyse von Geschlecht/Gender in ihren romantischen realistischen Texten. Einleitung Das Dissertationsprojekt befaßt sich mit der australischen Autorin Dymphna Cusack, deren Popularität in Ost und West zwischen 1955 und 1975 ihren Höhepunkt erreichte. In diesem Zeitraum wurde sie nicht nur in den westlichen Industriestaaten, in Australien, England, Frankreich und Nord Amerika viel gelesen, sondern auch in China, Rußland, der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik und in vielen Sowjetrepubliken. Im Verlauf ihres Schaffens wurde ihr große Anerkennung für ihren Beitrag zur australischen Literatur zuteil; sie erhielt die „Commonwealth Literary Pension“, die „Queen’s Silver Jubilee Medal“ und 1981 den „Award of her Majesty“. Trotz dieser Unterstützung durch den Staat in Australien und England äußerte Cusack immer wieder feministische, humanistisch-pazifistische, und anti- faschistisch bzw. pro-sowjetische Sozialkritik. Sie war auch für ihren starken Nationalismus bekannt, plädierte dafür, eine „einheimische“ Literatur und Kultur zu pflegen. Besonders das australische Bildungssystem war das Ziel ihrer Kritik, basierend auf ihren Erfahrungen als Lehrerin in städtischen und ländlichen Schulen, die sie ihrer Autobiographie beschrieb.1 Weder ihr Intellekt, noch ihre Seele oder ihre Körper wurden gefördert, um ganze Männer oder ganze Frauen aus ihnen zu machen. Besonders letztere wurden vernachlässigt. Mädchen wurden ermutigt, ihren Platz dort zu sehen, wo deutsche Mädchen ihn einst zu sehen hatten: bei Kindern, Küche, Kirche.2 Cusack engagierte sich stark für Bildungsreformen, die das Versagen australischer Schulen, das erwünschte liberal-humanistische Subjekt zu herauszubilden, beheben sollten. Der liberale Humanismus der Nachkriegszeit schuf ein populäres Bedürfnis nach romantischem Realismus, den man in Cusacks Texten finden kann. Um verstehen zu können, wie Frauen sich zwischen „Realismus und Romanze“ verfingen, biete ich eine Dekonstruktion von Geschlecht innerhalb dieses „hybriden“ Genres an. Mittels feministischer Methodik können Einblicke in die konfliktvolle Subjektivität beider Geschlechter in verschiedenen historischen Perioden gewonnen werden: die Zeit zwischen den Kriegen, während des Pazifischen Krieges und den Weltkriegen, während des Kalten Krieges, zur Zeit der Aborigine-Bewegung, des Vietnamkrieges, sowie zu Beginn der zweiten feministischen Bewegung in den siebziger Jahren. Eine Rezeptionsanalyse des romantischen Realismus und der Diskurse, die diesen prägen, sind in Kapitel zwei und drei untersucht. Die Dekonstruktion von Weiblichkeit und eines weiblichen Subjekts ist in Kapitel vier unternommen, innerhalb einer Diskussion der Art und Weise, wie Cusacks romantischer Erzählstil mit dem sozialen Realismus interagiert. Nach der Forschung von Janice Radway, werden Cusacks Erzählungen in zwei Tabellen unterteilt: die Liebesgeschichte versagt, ist erfolgreich, eine Parodie oder Idealisierung (s. „Ideal and Failed Romances“; „Primary Love Story Succeeds or Fails“). Unter Einbeziehung von Judith Butlers philosophischem Ansatz in die Literaturkritik wird deutlich, daß diese Hybridisierung der Gattungen das fiktionale Subjekt davon abhält, ihr/sein Geschlecht „sinnvoll“ zu inszenieren. Wie das „reale Subjekt“, der Frau in 1 Dymphna Cusack war Gymnasiallehrerin für Englisch bis 1944, als einer schwere Krankheit sie zur Invaliden machte und sie ihre Manuskripte bis an ihr Lebensende diktieren mußte. der Gesellschaft, agiert die fiktionale Protagonistin in einer nicht intelligiblen Art und Weise aufgrund der multiplen Anforderungen an und den Einschränkungen für ihr Geschlecht. Demnach produziert die geschlechtliche Benennung des Subjektes eine Vielfalt von Geschlechtern: Cusacks Frauen und Männer sind geprägt von den unterschiedlichen und konfliktvollen Ansprüchen der dichotom gegenübergestellten Genres. Geschlecht, als biologisches und soziales Gebilde, wird danach undefinierbar durch seine komplexen und inkonsistenten Ausdrucksformen in einem romantisch- realistischen Text. Anders gesagt führt die populäre Kombination von Liebesroman und Realismus zu einer Überschreitung der Geschlechtsbinarität, die in beiden Genres vorausgesetzt wird. Weiterführend dient eine Betrachtung von Sexualität und Ethnie in Kapitel fünf einer differenzierteren Analyse humanistischer Repräsentationen von Geschlecht in der Nachkriegsliteratur. Die Notwendigkeit, diese Repräsentationen in der Populär- und in der Literatur des Kanons zu dekonstruieren, ist im letzten Kapitel dieser Dissertation weiter erläutert. Theoretischer Ansatz Der theoretische Ansatz dieser Dissertation postuliert die Hybridisierung der „sozial- realistischen Erzählung“, charakterisiert durch deren polemische Reportage und dokumentarische Erzählweise mit dem Liebesroman, definiert durch ihre sentimentale Liebesgeschichte und den melodramatischen Aufbau. Diese Genres weisen wichtige Verbindungen mit den Ausdrucksformen von Weiblichkeit im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert auf: die populäre Romanze vergrößert angeblich weibliche Phantasien und idealisiert etablierte Gechlechterrollen, während der Realismus die „Wahrheit“ 2 Dymphna Cusack, A Window in the Dark, Hrg. Debra Adelaide (Canberra: National Library of der Geschlechter darstellt, oder, besser gesagt, das „wahre“ Begehren von Individuen, deren soziales Geschlecht sich als natürliche Konsequenz aus ihrem Biologischen entwickelt. In der literarischen Geschichte ist das Genre somit selbst geschlechtlich markiert, da populäre Liebesgeschichten weibliche Phantasie und weibliche Realitätsflucht repräsentieren, während der soziale Realismus maskuline Wahrheiten fortschreibt, die die Literatur seit jeher bestimmen. Diane Elam hat auf eine Maskulinisierung der Gattung hingewiesen, darauf, daß das Genre des klassischen Realismus und sein Maskulinismus noch immer nicht offen für Schriftstellerinnen sei, die auf „historische Romanzen“ beschränkt werden, auch wenn es ihnen gelingt, realistische Erzählungen zu schreiben.3 Trotzdem warnt Yvonne Tasker vor den theoretischen Fallgruben, die bei einer Feminisierung populärer Romanzen entstehen, da sie i.d.R. ausschließlich mit weiblicher Leserschaft in Verbindung gebracht werden.4 In jeder Rezeptionsanalyse sollte also die Literaturkritik auch die vorgegebenen Erwartungen der Gattungen in Betrachtung nehmen, da das Geschlecht der Autorin, der Leserschaft sogar das Geschlecht des Erzählstils einer Rezension beinflussen kann. Mit dieser Argumentation beziehe ich mich auf die Arbeiten von Judith Butler, die das feministisches Gedankengut von Simone de Beauvoir und Monique Wittig weiterentwickelte, in dem der Grundsatz gilt, daß eine Frau zu „sein“ auch immer bedeutet eine Frau „zu werden“. Butler fügt hinzu: Da aber dieser Prozeß in keiner Hinsicht starr ist, kann man auch ein Wesen werden, das weder Mann noch Frau wahrhaft beschreiben. Es geht hier weder um die Figur des androgynen, noch um eine mutmaßliche dritte Geschlechtsidentität, noch um die Transzendierung der Binarität. Statt dessen handelt es sich um eine interne Subversion, die die Binarität sowohl voraussetzt als auch bis zu dem Punkt vervielfältigt, daß sie letztlich sinnlos wird.5 Australia, 1991) 104. 3 Diane Elam, Romancing the Postmodern (London: Routledge, 1994) 2-4. 4 Yvonne Tasker, „Having it all: Feminism and the Pleasures of the Popular,“ Off-Centre: Feminism and Cultural Studies, Hrg. Sarah Franklin, Celia Lury und Jackie Stacey (London: Harper Collins, 1991) 85-96. 90. 5 Judith Butler, Das Unbehagen der Geschlechter (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1991) 188. Die fiktionalen Charaktere in Cusacks romantisch-realistischen Texten bewegen sich zwischen den dichotomen, doch gleichzeitig auch konstitutiven Anforderungen der konventionellen Liebesgeschichten und des sozialen Realismus. In Kapitel vier werde ich darstellen, daß es den ProtagonistInnen bisweilen nicht gelingt, „vollständig“ Mann oder Frau zu „werden“ (s. Cusacks Aussage über „ganze“ Männer und Frauen in
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