SUSTAINABLE CITIES MOBILITY INDEX 2017 BOLD MOVES CONTENTS 1.0 Foreword 2.0 Executive Summary 3.0 Sustainable Cities Mobility Index 3.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY 3.2 OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS 3.3 OVERALL INDEX RANKINGS 3.4 PEOPLE SUB-INDEX 3.5 PLANET SUB-INDEX 3.6 PROFIT SUB-INDEX 4.0 Creating the Future of Sustainable Mobility 5.0 Cities in Transit - a snapshot of mobility around the world 6.0 Appendices 6.1 METHODOLOGY AND INDICATORS 7.0 Further Reading • European cities also dominate the profit sub-index; seven of the 1.0 FOREWORD 2.0 EXECUTIVE top ten cities in this category are European. Many such cities have invested generously in transport As rapid urbanization, aging infrastructure, population growth SUMMARY infrastructure and have widely and climate change continue to challenge our world’s cities, utilized public transport systems those that choose to make bold moves in advancing and Mobility systems are key to the everyday functioning of a city. helping to cut commuting times. diversifying their urban transport systems will gain a Arcadis’ 2017 Sustainable Cities Mobility Index, compiled in • On the People sub-index, Asian cities are out in front – competitive edge - we see that investing in improved and partnership with research firm, Cebr, tracks the overall sustainable mobility will give cities enhanced productivity, of the top ten, half are within performance of the mobility systems in 100 cities around the Asia. Investment in modern attractiveness and overall quality of life. Indeed, now is the world. The Index is built from 23 individual indicators, each metro systems and transport time for cities to invest in their future. Budget is but one of the reflecting a component of urban mobility, from infrastructure technology has helped cities critical success factors. Boldness, audacity and vision likewise spending commitment to affordability of public transport. such as Tokyo, Seoul and Beijing score well in this sub-index. are important qualities for urban decision makers to improve These indicators are grouped into three sub-indices: People, quality of life in their cities. A standstill is not a viable option. • The data highlights that the Planet and Profit. Combining these individual metrics and wealth, size or age of a city sub-indices into an overall Index score gives an indicative picture does not necessarily equal of the current state of a city’s urban mobility environment. sustainable urban mobility. This Cities are in part defined by their learn from each other and evaluate is clearly demonstrated as we distinct urban transport systems; through the same criteria as a compare wealthy cities like Hong installed to traverse their unique starting point. The main findings of the Index are: Kong (1st) with Los Angeles topographies and urban realities We have designed the Sustainable (72nd); massive urban centers including density, demographics • Hong Kong takes the top spot in • North American cities are spread Cities Mobility Index as a framework like London (7th) with Jakarta and design. Whether it’s London’s the overall Index. The Asian city throughout the Index. The lowest to evaluate the social and human (89th); and some of the earliest Tube, the Los Angeles freeways, also tops the People sub-index, ranked North American city, implications of urban transport, as developed cities like Paris (3rd) Hong Kong’s MTR System, Sydney’s boosted by its innovative and Indianapolis, is weighed down by well as the environmental impacts with Cairo (94th). ferries or Amsterdam’s bicycles, well-connected metro network a high share of journeys made by and aims of a city’s mobility system. • Mobility favors the bold. Those the prevailing urban transport and a high share of trips taken private car, a common practice Since mobility enables access to cities that have pursued bold system of a city is a distinguishing by public transport. It takes sixth in many American cities. The workplaces and resources, we also moves of innovation and feature that enables the mobility place in the Profit sub-index. highest ranked, New York City, is of residents, travelers, goods and assess the efficiency and reliability planned for future growth • By region, European cities most placed 23rd overall and second services. The three top things I hear of a city’s urban transport system see the greatest sustainability consistently rank the highest, in the People sub-index with residents reference about their city to facilitate growth and support and quality of life benefits. occupying seven of the top an expansive and heavily used regarding mobility are the cost and commerce. Through a selection of Sustainable systems depend on ten spots. Zurich, Paris and metro system operating around time (including dependability) of twenty-three evaluation criteria, the decisions of city leaders and Prague are the highest placed the clock. their commute and air quality. 100 cities are ranked as a means disruptive technologies mean to identify which ones are most European cities, ranking second, • Australian cities are mixed there are more opportunities In this latest installment of progressed in achieving sustainable third and fourth respectively, throughout the Index, with some than ever to create cities that are our Sustainable Cities Index, mobility as the city stands today. benefitting from strong scores cities’ scores weighed down by built to move us into the future. we focus on urban mobility - Building from the rankings, the in the Planet and Profit sub- a low uptake of public transport With all the challenges that recognizing that transportation intent of this report is to showcase indices due to established and lack of a metro network. come from rapid urbanization, is a crucial part of our daily ways in which cities have and infrastructure, efficient metro Encouragingly, Sydney and policymakers must take note lives and an area undergoing can advance sustainable urban systems and commitment to Melbourne are both currently and become well informed of significant transformation mobility solutions. And in the green technology. Zurich takes building underground metros. their options in order to be able globally. Take for example the words of famed anthropologist and first place in the Profit sub-index. • German cities take the top three to offer residents real social and future of automotive transport philosopher Herbert Spencer, best With a highly affordable system, spots on the Planet sub-index, economic benefits. and the fast-moving trends in known for the expression “survival the Swiss city boasts one of the with Frankfurt taking first place connectedness, electrification, of the fittest”, I challenge cities to highest public transport journeys thanks to the city’s many green sharing and autonomous driving ”be bold, be bold, and everywhere per capita of any city in the Index. spaces, low air pollution levels, leading to the eventual realization be bold.” • Other Asian cities also rank and encouraging lower emissions of the Hyperloop, autonomous highly, taking three of the vehicles to reduce greenhouse vehicles and more. Additionally, an top ten spots. Modern metro gas emissions. John J. Batten imperative for sustainable urban systems, large airports and low • All cities in the Planet sub- living is to design and retrofit our Global Cities Director usage of private vehicles help index’s top ten are European. cities to move residents from the boost the rankings of developed Developed European cities, automobile to diversifying across Asian cities such as Seoul and with the privilege of having mass transit, cycling and walking Singapore. Other Asian cities industrialized early, have helped based lifestyles. Not all cities are would score higher were it not progress the low-emissions in the same place in their mobility for damaging levels of urban agenda with excellent bicycle journey, as some have complex pollution and emissions. infrastructure, commitment to and aging systems while others are green technology and electric building new networks, but all can vehicle uptake. 3.0 SUSTAINABLE CITIES MOBILITY INDEX

3.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY Figure 1. The three pillars of sustainable mobility 3.2 OUR Efficient urban mobility allows people to flow through a city; it RESEARCH connects workers, industries and ideas, and provides a foundation for economic growth. For visitors and locals alike, the transport and FINDINGS mobile infrastructure form fundamental parts of any city. Increasingly, The research indicates cities face enormous pressures as they seek to meet today’s mobility two overarching areas of challenges. The modern city must be proactive around rapid correlation: urbanization, climate change, pollution and asset performance while • Cities benefiting from ‘money, attracting commercial business and financing, and competing with mass or maturity’, namely other cities for investment. Today’s policymakers must meet those high wealth, significant global immediate needs, without compromising the needs of tomorrow – cities, do not necessarily lead their actions will be critical for shaping our urban future. the ranking in sustainable Although every city has its own distinct mobility system built to deal People Planet Profit urban mobility. Although with its unique environment, certain key metrics can be used to compare these factors can help, we systems around the world. The Sustainable Cities Mobility Index seeks to do see wealthy, large and/or do this through an indication of sustainable urban mobility that includes Measures Captures Assesses older cities not automatically measures of the social, environmental and economic health of a city’s social and human environmental impacts; the e
ciency and punching their ticket to mobility, as shown in Figure 1. These are the three ‘P’s, the three key implications “green” factors like reliability of a sustainable urban mobility. pillars to sustainable urban mobility: People, Planet and Profit. of mobility systems energy, pollution and mobility system to This is clearly demonstrated including quality emissions facilitate economic as we compare wealthy cities of life growth Arcadis commissioned the Centre for Economic and Business Research like Hong Kong (1st) with Los (Cebr) to explore how cities are performing across these three areas. Angeles (72nd); massive urban Cebr assessed the quality and sustainability of mobility systems in 100 The People sub-index The Planet sub-index The Profit sub-index centers like London (7th) with cities around the world using 23 indicators. A city receives a score on rates safety (traffic ranks cities on examines commuting Jakarta (89th); and some of the each of the pillars of sustainability and a city’s overall score is equal to fatalities), access to greenhouse gas travel time in a earliest developed cities like the average of their score in the three sub-indices. A full list of these transport services, emissions, congestion city, transport Paris (3rd) with Cairo (94th). indicators can be found in Table 1 in the Appendix to this report. share of trips taken by and delays, efforts revenues as a share • Mobility favors the bold. An effective transport system is one which can simultaneously address public transport, rider to lower transport of expenses, public Those cities that have pursued and improve its functioning for all stakeholders, while facilitating connectivity, digitization emissions, bicycle finance commitment, bold moves of innovation economic opportunity without compromising environmental concerns. of the transport system, infrastructure, air affordability of public and planned for future Therefore, for a city to achieve a high score, each of these pillars must upkeep of the transport pollution, provision of transport, system growth see the greatest be strong. system, uptake of active green space and electric utilization and efficiency sustainability and quality of life commuting, airport vehicle incentives. of road networks. An overall score of 100 percent would mean a city has achieved top benefits. Sustainable systems passengers, hours of These indicators can be These indicators can scores in each of the separate sub-indices and is among the top cities depend on the decisions of metro accessibility broadly thought of as broadly be thought of in each indicator. Scores are comparative and calculated relative to city leaders and disruptive and wheelchair access. “green factors”. as capturing “economic other cities in the Index, thus higher scores reflect a stronger overall technologies mean there are These indicators can health”. performance. more opportunities than ever broadly be thought of to create cities that are built as capturing “quality to move us into the future. of life” for a city’s With all the challenges that commuters and visitors. come from rapid urbanization, policymakers must take note and become well informed of While geographical factors such as location, climate and access to resources can their options in order to be able make like-for-like comparisons problematic, the report gives cities the opportunity to offer residents real social to measure their overarching performance across these three areas, each vital for and economic benefits. sustainable mobility, to benchmark and learn from higher-placed cities and take action to sustain future performance. Hong Kong 1 Zurich 2 Paris 3 Seoul 4 3.3 Prague 5 OVERALL INDEX RANKINGS Vienna 6 London 7 The overall Index rankings reveal some key trends. Firstly, Europe Singapore 8 dominates the top of the Index. Of the top ten places, seven are Stockholm 9 Frankfurt 10 taken by European cities. Many of these European cities benefit Amsterdam 11 Copenhagen 12 from established and well-used metro networks such as London’s Tokyo 13 Underground, strong bicycle infrastructure in cities like Amsterdam Munich 14 Lyon 15 and Copenhagen, and high shares of commuters using public rather Beijing 16 than private transport. European cities are also environmentally Overall Edinburgh 17 Milan 18 conscious, with incentives to lower emissions reflected in cleaner air Shenzhen 19 Hamburg 20 and greener mobility systems. Cities such as Zurich, Paris and 18 other Barcelona 21 European cities reflect these characteristics and sit in the top quartile Berlin 22 New York 23 of the Planet sub-index. Figure 2: Madrid 24 Rotterdam 25 Yet, the top spot in the Sustainable Cities Mobility Index is occupied by Overall Index Rankings: San Francisco 26 Shanghai 27 Hong Kong. The Asian city’s mobility system, underpinned by a well- Hong Kong tops the Vancouver 28 organized, modern and efficiently funded metro system, manages Warsaw 29 Sustainable Cities Mobility Taipei 30 to achieve many of the aims of an effective urban transport system Geneva 31 Index (Source Cebr) Lisbon 32 – enabling comprehensive mobility around a city, creating economic Guangzhou 33 opportunity and enriching the lives of citizens, business and tourists alike. Chennai 34 Manchester 35 Two other Asian cities are in the top ten of the overall Index: Seoul and Montreal 36 Singapore rank fourth and eighth, respectively. Brussels 37 Birmingham 38 Macau 39 North American cities are spread throughout the overall Index, ranging Rome 40 from New York in 23rd place to Indianapolis in 88th. While citizens of Athens 41 Washington DC 42 some American cities enjoy well-funded and comprehensive transport Bristol 43 systems, many cities in the U.S. and Canada are undermined by a reliance Dublin 44 Antwerp 45 on private vehicles and underdeveloped public transport options. Boston 46 São Paulo 47 Most Australian cities sit in around the middle of the overall Index. A Brisbane 48 Chicago 49 lack of comprehensive underground metro systems and dependence on Chengdu 50 private vehicles deters mobility in Australian cities, and all have less travel Sydney 51 Miami 52 made by foot, bike and public transport than their peer cities. Greater Canberra 53 Toronto 54 utilization of urban public transport would improve mobility in cities like Melbourne 55 Perth and Canberra. Promisingly, underground train networks are being Bengaluru 56 Philadelphia 57 expanded in Sydney and Melbourne, and under consideration in Brisbane. Moscow 58 Leeds 59 South American and African cities sit lower in the overall Index. Cities like New Delhi 60 Baltimore 61 Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires and Santiago are hampered by congested Manila 62 roads and relatively low commitment to infrastructure spending. Cities Rio de Janeiro 63 Santiago 64 such as Cairo still has some way to go in providing infrastructure for a San Diego 65 popular and well-used mobility system. Cape Town 66 Mexico City 67 Wuhan 68 The research examines further the three sub-indices to see in which Undisclosed 69 dimensions of sustainability cities are performing well in mobility and in Tianjin 70 Istanbul 71 which areas they have opportunities to boost investment and improve Los Angeles 72 New Orleans 73 quality of life. Seattle 74 Mumbai 75 Buenos Aires 76 Pittsburgh 77 Atlanta 78 Dallas 79 Denver 80 Detroit 81 Kolkata 82 People Undisclosed 83 Johannesburg 84 Tampa 85 Houston 86 Perth 87 Planet Indianapolis 88 Jakarta 89 Lima 90 Undisclosed 91 Bangkok 92 Profit Undisclosed 93 Cairo 94 Kuala Lumpur 95 Hanoi 96 Undisclosed 97 Undisclosed 98 Undisclosed 99 Undisclosed 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Hong Kong 1 New York 2 Tokyo 3 Seoul 4 3.4 Beijing 5 PEOPLE SUB-INDEX Barcelona 6 Madrid 7 The social and human implications of mobility systems Paris 8 Singapore 9 London 10 The People sub-index is made up of a range of metrics that reflect Stockholm 11 San Francisco 12 the implications of a mobility system for those using it. The sub-index Prague 13 combines key statistics including transport coverage, reliability, hours Rotterdam 14 Frankfurt 15 of operation and, ultimately, the popularity of the system. Shanghai 16 People Edinburgh 17 For a city’s transport network to be effective and functional for all Rio de Janeiro 18 Taipei 19 residents, comprehensive coverage is required. Patchy transport systems Chicago 20 mean that many residents will opt to use private transport instead. Thus, Istanbul 21 Vienna 22 density of bus and metro stops is a key indicator in the People sub-index. Copenhagen 23 San Francisco scores well in this metric, with a dense public transport Figure 3: Mexico City 24 Amsterdam 25 network across the city, the highest of any American city in the sub-index People sub-index: Santiago 26 São Paulo 27 at 12th place. Strong Asian showing Milan 28 (Source Cebr) Undisclosed 29 A key concern for urban dwellers is the modernity and operating hours Manchester 30 of their city’s metro network. A newly renovated or expanded network, Moscow 31 Munich 32 which customers can rely upon day and night, allows people to travel Manila 33 Berlin 34 freely at their own convenience. Cities are also rewarded for the digital Dublin 35 capabilities of their metro and bus networks in the People sub-index, Hamburg 36 Lima 37 assessing whether or not customers can access internet on trains and Shenzhen 38 buses, use smart cards and payment systems for easier city travel, and Macau 39 Lyon 40 plan trips on smart phone applications. Hong Kong’s modern metro Guangzhou 41 system, which allows riders to use 3G internet in all tunnels and stations, Mumbai 42 Bangkok 43 helps the city top this sub-index. New Delhi 44 Zurich 45 Another key output of the People sub-index is modal split – the share of Warsaw 46 Brussels 47 trips in a city taken by public transport. Cities with comprehensive public Sydney 48 transport coverage tend to get citizens out of private vehicles, which can Melbourne 49 Washington DC 50 be costly both in terms of pollution and congestion. Many Asian cities Boston 51 Montreal 52 score well in terms of modal split. More than half of total trips taken are Rome 53 made by public transport in Tokyo and Seoul, and both cities are in the Lisbon 54 Chennai 55 top five in the sub-Index, as shown in Figure 3. UK cities also score high on Vancouver 56 modal split, with, for example, 43 percent of journeys in London made by Athens 57 Birmingham 58 public transport. Bengaluru 59 Los Angeles 60 Cities around North America are weighed down by modal split. In Jakarta 61 Buenos Aires 62 Houston, Indianapolis, Dallas and Atlanta, an especially low share of Bristol 63 journeys are made by public transport. In contrast, where American cities Geneva 64 Toronto 65 have advantage is in wheelchair access on their transport networks, with Tianjin 66 cities including Pittsburgh, San Diego, New York and New Orleans all Philadelphia 67 Brisbane 68 topping in this indicator. Kolkata 69 Chengdu 70 Mobility extends far beyond a city’s own geographical boundaries. Seattle 71 Atlanta 72 Connectivity in a modern city also depends on links to other cities Perth 73 and countries. Therefore, a metric for the access to other destinations Miami 74 Antwerp 75 is included, looking at the traffic through the city’s main airport. Key Cape Town 76 international hubs such as Tokyo score well in this indicator. Wuhan 77 Canberra 78 Undisclosed 79 Many South American cities’ transport systems’ commitment to people- Cairo 80 centric policies is reflected in this sub-index. Both Rio de Janeiro and Leeds 81 Kuala Lumpur 82 Santiago display this, placing 18th and 26th respectively. Rio de Janeiro San Diego 83 boasts a dense public transport system with a solid use of modern Baltimore 84 Pittsburgh 85 technology. Sao Paulo, 27th in the sub-index, also scores well for Dallas 86 Undisclosed 87 integration of digital technology in its transport network and has New Orleans 88 become a leader in popular transport movements such as car-free days. Johannesburg 89 Denver 90 Tampa 91 Hanoi 92 Detroit 93 Houston 94 Indianapolis 95 Undisclosed 96 Undisclosed 97 Undisclosed 98 Undisclosed 99 Undisclosed 100

0 20 40 60 80 100 Frankfurt 1 Munich 2 Berlin 3 Stockholm 4 Amsterdam 5 3.5 PLANET SUB-INDEX Vienna 6 Zurich 7 Environmental impacts and aims of the city’s London 8 Copenhagen 9 mobility system Antwerp 10 Seoul 11 Hamburg 12 The Planet sub-index assesses cities in terms of a variety of Madrid 13 Milan 14 environmental measures, including current levels of greenhouse Singapore 15 gas emissions and air pollution, efforts to lower transport emissions Rome 16 Planet Lisbon 17 including incentives for low-emissions vehicles, bicycle infrastructure Paris 18 Tokyo 19 and electric vehicle incentives as well as efforts to lower levels of road Lyon 20 congestion and increase green space covering the city. Bristol 21 Edinburgh 22 The German cities of Frankfurt, Munich and Berlin take the top three Prague 23 Figure 4: São Paulo 24 spots in the Planet sub-index. Frankfurt’s ranking is a result of several Baltimore 25 Planet sub-index: Rotterdam 26 environmentally friendly attributes, including the city’s cycle readiness, Geneva 27 numerous green spaces and low levels of pollution and emissions. Europe takes top 10 Shenzhen 28 (Source Cebr) Brussels 29 All top ten spots in the Planet sub-index are taken by European cities, Montreal 30 Leeds 31 many of which benefit from their status as service-driven, developed Toronto 32 San Diego 33 cities. Yet, many of the bolder moves taken in these cities – from fostering New Orleans 34 cycling cultures through sharing schemes to incentivizing greener Dublin 35 New York 36 vehicles – could be replicated in other cities around the world. Birmingham 37 Washington DC 38 The placing of U.S. cities is hindered by high greenhouse gas emissions. Barcelona 39 Heavy emitters Houston, Chicago and Atlanta all place lowest in the Philadelphia 40 Vancouver 41 world on this indicator. These cities also have relatively high congestion Taipei 42 Boston 43 and delays. This underlines the chief factor holding back American cities Miami 44 from moving towards sustainable mobility – an overreliance on private Guangzhou 45 Manchester 46 cars. In addition, the commitment to the low emissions agenda Indianapolis 47 in America lags behind other developed nations. Brisbane 48 Macau 49 Seattle 50 Many Asian cities are also emitting high levels of pollution, hampering Denver 51 their scores in the sub-index. Large amounts of harmful pollutants in the Rio de Janeiro 52 Hong Kong 53 Indian cities of Mumbai and New Delhi heavily impacted their ranking. Dallas 54 This was also the case in many Chinese cities such as Wuhan, Tianjin and Canberra 55 Chennai 56 Beijing. Furthermore, few Asian cities have instilled low emissions zones Tampa 57 with the notable exception of Tokyo, which introduced the world’s first San Francisco 58 Detroit 59 low emissions zone. Shanghai 60 Sydney 61 Some cities in the Index with major ports also placed lower in the Planet Chengdu 62 Beijing 63 sub-index. Cities such as Shanghai and Rotterdam, both established Pittsburgh 64 international hubs for maritime trade, are good examples. Hong Kong, Houston 65 Cape Town 66 which ranks first in the overall Index, posted its lowest ranking in Los Angeles 67 the Planet sub-index, at 53rd. This is due mainly to the high levels of Chicago 68 Wuhan 69 pollution caused by busy ports as key industrial harbors have high levels Bengaluru 70 Warsaw 71 of container traffic every day. However, ports also bring key economic Johannesburg 72 opportunities to cities, as vital components of international supply Athens 73 Melbourne 74 chains. The challenge for port cities will be to reconcile economic gains New Delhi 75 with the environmental costs of shipping and trade. Strategies such Moscow 76 Atlanta 77 as Rotterdam’s deployment of drone ‘waste sharks’ to clean up the Buenos Aires 78 city’s waterways are a step in the right direction. However, limiting the Tianjin 79 Santiago 80 pollutants in the water and air from incoming vessels is still a challenge Mexico City 81 for most port cities and negatively contributes to their greenhouse Perth 82 Undisclosed 83 gas emissions. Mumbai 84 Kolkata 85 Istanbul 86 Bangkok 87 Hanoi 88 Undisclosed 89 Undisclosed 90 Manila 91 Kuala Lumpur 92 Jakarta 93 Lima 94 Undisclosed 95 Undisclosed 96 Cairo 97 Undisclosed 98 Undisclosed 99 Undisclosed 100

0 20 40 60 80 100 Zurich 1 Prague 2 Warsaw 3 Undisclosed 4 Paris 5 Hong Kong 6 Athens 7 Vancouver 8 3.6 PROFIT SUB-INDEX Vienna 9 Lyon 10 Chennai 11 The efficiency and reliability of a mobility system to facilitate Doha 12 Singapore 13 growth and support business Shenzhen 14 Beijing 15 The Profit sub-index assesses the economic aspects of a city’s mobility Geneva 16 London 17 system. This includes some key metrics for those living and working Seoul 18 in a city, such as average commuting time – time spent commuting is Shanghai 19 Profit Amsterdam 20 (usually) lost economic productivity. Copenhagen 21 San Francisco 22 This sub-index also looks at a city’s financial commitment to transport Chengdu 23 Canberra 24 infrastructure and the financial wellbeing of the system. The sub-index Birmingham 25 assesses the utilization of the mobility network, rewarding cities with Guangzhou 26 Figure 5: Profit sub-index: Stockholm 27 well-used public transport. Edinburgh 28 Europe takes seven of Undisclosed 29 Zurich takes first place in the Profit sub-index. This global financial top ten Milan 30 center has a highly affordable and efficient transport system, which is Miami 31 (Source Cebr) Montreal 32 subsequently one of the most popular networks of any city in the overall Hamburg 33 Index with a highly utilized system. Brisbane 34 Tokyo 35 Undisclosed 36 Cities such as Paris, Prague and Stockholm are popular too, in terms of Rotterdam 37 annual ridership on public transport. Due to well-run public transport Manila 38 Manchester 39 systems and investment in alternative commuting methods, many Munich 40 European cities benefit from high scores in the average commuting time Taipei 41 Lisbon 42 indicator. The average commute in Amsterdam, for example, takes under Undisclosed 43 half an hour each way – in part thanks to the city’s cycle-friendly roads Barcelona 44 Wuhan 45 relieving pressure from the trams and trains. Undisclosed 46 Bristol 47 Affordability of public transport is a strong suit of many Asian cities. Cape Town 48 In Taipei and Wuhan, a monthly travel ticket costs just 1.5 percent and Washington DC 49 Boston 50 1.4 percent of typical monthly earnings. This helps popularize public Brussels 51 transport, which has a number of positive follow-on effects such as Antwerp 52 Bengaluru 53 increasing the proportion of journeys made on public transport. By Pittsburgh 54 Tianjin 55 contrast, Londoners need to spend an average of 5.9 percent of monthly Melbourne 56 earnings to purchase a monthly pass. Leeds 57 Undisclosed 58 Many North American cities are middle of the road in the Profit sub- Cairo 59 Sydney 60 index. A key reason for this is relatively low utilization of the urban public Johannesburg 61 transport systems, with many residents still preferring to use private cars. Detroit 62 Frankfurt 63 Some American cities also lack financial commitment to improving city Atlanta 64 transport. However, Vancouver outranks any other city in North America, New Orleans 65 Baltimore 66 placing eighth overall, due to a relatively well-used public transport Kolkata 67 system and forward-facing commitment to improving infrastructure. Berlin 68 Houston 69 Denver 70 Rome 71 Dublin 72 Madrid 73 San Diego 74 Jakarta 75 Philadelphia 76 New York 77 New Delhi 78 Hanoi 79 Mumbai 80 Perth 81 Moscow 82 Chicago 83 Tampa 84 Istanbul 85 Toronto 86 Buenos Aires 87 Dallas 88 Kuala Lumpur 89 Indianapolis 90 Seattle 91 Santiago 92 Mexico City 93 Los Angeles 94 Lima 95 São Paulo 96 Bangkok 97 Rio de Janeiro 98 Undisclosed 99 Undisclosed 100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 The number of electric vehicles general populous, market demand 4.1 THE FUTURE OF (EVs) on the roads is set to surpass will only increase. even the most optimistic forecasts Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are the AUTOMOTIVE of ten years ago, with 40 percent natural next-step after connected of new car sales predicted to be 4.0 CREATING cars. Already in test mode in several EVs by 2040. Advancing battery Continue the conversation... cities and car manufacturers, their technologies, greater consumer Paul Fielden mainstream acceptance seems acceptance, industry emissions THE FUTURE Mobility Expert - Automotive inevitable. The potential benefits regulations, inner-city toll of AVs are well documented: fewer E [email protected] reductions and future city bans on accidents, increased road utilization diesel vehicles will all contribute (as AVs can travel closer together OF SUSTAINABLE to this growth. Zero-emission at faster speeds), greater mobility vehicles will considerably reduce Fraser Davidson for the aged and disabled and urban pollution. But that’s not Mobility Expert - Highways more efficient use of travel time, as MOBILITY all. EVs also have a major role to and Intelligent Transport drivers become passengers and can play in providing power storage Systems do other tasks during their journeys. for households and communities, E [email protected] Of course, AVs will not only be as part of new ways to deliver There is no one-size-fits-all strategy for sustainable mobility in cities. limited to passenger cars: we electrical energy to the cities of As the Index demonstrates, mobility challenges differ from city to city already have people mover pods, the future. and vary according to geographical, ecological, economic and political Annual global car sales are such as those at London Heathrow factors. In this section, we outline some of the top trends in urban forecasted to reach 125 million Political regulation of zero Terminal 5, and cities need to think mobility as well as looking to the future to provide food for thought by 2025. City dwellers will buy emissions is the key driver for about how such modes of transport for those responsible for their city’s mobility. half of those vehicles. The global change and implementation might be accommodated into their vehicle fleet is set to rise from 1.2 of electric vehicles. In recent masterplans. The Index clearly shows that many of the world’s developed and billion today to 2 billion by 2030. months, we have seen numerous emerging cities still have important steps to take to become sustainable However, the introduction Clearly, human dependency on governments, notably in France and and to cope with their mobility challenges. Many cities do not have the of AV technology will not be the car is set to remain. However, the UK, announcing bold, specific policies and practices in place that allow them to efficiently manage straightforward: the challenge of it is the changing nature of this timeframes for eliminating the sale their mobility systems. Even higher-ranked cities are not ready for the providing a robust and reliable data dependency that is interesting, of new gas- and diesel-powered challenges brought by climate change, rapid urbanization and aging communications network with very especially when considering vehicles. Government action, infrastructure. low latency times is just one of the the challenges of sustainable along with the automotive sector’s many infrastructural issues that The task of improving a city’s mobility can easily become weighed down urban mobility. When we think implementation of complete EV AVs pose for city planners. Other by concerns over cost and can get lost in the bureaucratic processes of of vehicles in cities, we have fleets, will only accelerate this factors that city planners and urban city and federal government. However, there are many things that can a picture of congested roads, agenda, making EVs the market policy makers need to consider be done. By looking at some strategies and best practices for future city routes blocked by parked delivery norm, rather than the exception. with regard to AVs are discussed development, we can make our urban world a better and safer place to vans and pollution from traffic. Ride and vehicle sharing is also on in the recently published Arcadis visit, live and conduct business. Cities have a great opportunity to improve How does this picture fit into a the rise. Possible factors fueling report, Driverless Future. With the their citizens’ quality of life and visitors’ experiences. With boldness of sustainable future? this upsurge include the desire to arrival of AVs, associated changes in vision – the willingness to make brave decisions, financial investment and Examining four key technology reduce congestion, concerns over urban planning, sustainability and focus on relevant priorities – cities can create a better future. trends shaping the automotive the cost of owning a car and the network resilience will subsequently industry – connectedness, reduced social status associated redefine asset costs. This, in turn, electrification, sharing and with being a car owner (although will create the opportunity to autonomous driving – can help us this is not yet seen in emerging reallocate funding to other city answer this question. markets or the U.S.). While this critical areas such as healthcare, Connected vehicles, as part of might mean fewer vehicle sales for education, housing, and community a wider Internet of Things (IoT) car makers, they have redressed benefits. The AV agenda has ecosystem, offer many real-time their revenue balance by creating the potential to improve quality driver services that are not only new business models or by buying of life in our cities; however, convenient, but also improve safety companies offering ride and manufacturing capacity and market and ease congestion. By connecting vehicle-sharing services. Evidence acceptance may lag behind digital to other vehicles (V2V), surrounding suggests that car and ride sharing developments. is having an impact on the usage infrastructure (V2I) and even The dawn of AV suggests that rates of passenger cars, typically pedestrians or cyclists, dynamic future mobility solutions need five percent over a year, as well as route planning will become to include the personal car, reducing the number of cars on the possible. This will allow drivers in whatever form it may take. road. However, increased uptake to avoid congested areas, bad Advances in technology in the of car and ride sharing also poses a weather or adverse road conditions, automotive industry are key to real threat to public transport and evade potential collisions and pre- enabling an integrated urban the revenues cities collect from allocate parking spaces. Greater transport solution. The aim must be fares, as people seek flexible, on- connectivity will help us create to create a cohesive and sustainable demand travel solutions. Personal proactive, flexible and non-intrusive ecosystem that embraces private lifestyle choice, social and political road networks, transforming urban and public transport, cycling and acceptance and digitalization are travel. Multi-modal transit and walking, to deliver mobility for all. Mobility as a Service will become a key to this transformation, and with reality, not just a futuristic vision. growing awareness among the consumption of resources, have or stigma, in London, Paris, New 4.2 eroded aviation’s reputation. 4.3 York and Hong Kong, is critical THE FUTURE OF THE FUTURE OF to increasing usage and lowering With the increase in short-haul AVIATION URBAN PLANNING: emissions. To achieve this goal, flights, owing to increasingly the look and branding of transport available point-to-point MOBILITY AND SOCIAL systems is critical; for example, Continue the conversation... connections, smaller airports INFRASTRUCTURE introducing sleeker, futuristic- Shakir Khaja are becoming more prevalent. looking electric transit vehicles and Airports that adapt to the needs Mobility Expert - Aviation Continue the conversation naming new systems to highlight of airlines spanning a range of E [email protected] their efficiency and modernity business models, from low-cost Diane Legge (e.g. The Dallas Area Rapid Transit carriers to executive travel, will Mobility Expert - (DART) = fast, or TransMilenio = enjoy a competitive advantage Urban Planning moving the people of today). in attracting airlines’ business. E [email protected] Airports that can combine this Big data will also be adaptability with strong surface transformative. By 2020, when we transport links, will be best placed leave the house for the day, we for future growth. will be given choices of transport in terms of time savings, true cost, Growth alone will not, however, calories expended, carbon footprint guarantee an airport’s success. The aviation industry, at just over and other information tailored Regulations, environmental 100 years old, is the youngest to our individual mobility needs. considerations and the funding form of mass transportation; yet Learning from the correlations of of airport development will also it has seen the most change of all. Mobility supports our societies. big data and mobility – how and be important factors for ensuring In the past century, we have seen It’s essential for successful when people move around a city – that airports are sustainable. the introduction of jet engines, economies, strong governance, will help startups to choose where This, together with operational the emergence of low-cost a healthy environment, vibrant to locate, industries to access efficiency, measured in terms of carriers, the creation of super-hub cultures and our individual and retain talent, and students to both profitability and passenger airports in the Middle East and prosperity. Mobility means access move to the best locations for time, will determine an airport’s East Asia, and significant changes to jobs, resources and ideas. their education. to how we buy and organize our viability. Mobility matters to cities and travel as well as how we spend our As vehicle and rail travel evolve their people, and is especially time and money at the airport. to become faster, more efficient important to lower income residents. Many of these changes have and have reduced noise and been largely predictable. Others emission footprints, the aviation From North America to Southeast have emerged suddenly. Lower- industry will have to compensate Asia, climatic elements make cost air travel, improved fuel by improving pre- and post-flight driving an attractive option for efficiency of engines, larger experiences. The days when those who can both afford a car payloads that aircraft can carry passengers accepted crowded and the time spent in congestion. (providing economies of scale terminal buildings and long waits Yet traffic jams are responsible for the operator), could all be are numbered. More and more for billions of dollars in lost predicted according to the natural cities are served by multiple productivity around the world, progression of aviation technology. airports. With flying becoming a with the greatest impact seen in In contrast, the emergence of commodity, passengers base their emerging cities. wearable technology, the use of choice of flights on convenience and comfort. So, what needs to be done? blockchain, government policy and Equal access to affordable public international agreements, have Looking forward, but maybe not transport is key to achieving been harder to anticipate. that far into the future, self- effective, sustainable mobility in Despite all these changes, greater flying pods or cars could disrupt cities of all sizes. More choices for access to cheaper aviation has traditional commercial aviation, short and long-distance travel created problems for travelers: particularly short haul travel. Uber will help – with innovative transit airports are often located at a recently announced a partnership hub development – to reduce the considerable distance from city with Dallas to demonstrate a challenges of navigating the urban centers and the public transport network of flying cars by 2020. And sprawl. links to airports are often at the most recent Geneva Motor Show, Airbus announced, from An imperative for urban design undesirable options. Inefficient is to make walking, cycling and airport procedures frequently its office of Urban Air Mobility, plans to prototype a multi modal taking a bus or riding rail transit waste valuable time between more attractive than sitting in leaving home and boarding the passenger pod. Developments such as these, alongside the traffic. This needs to be done while plane, or leaving the plane and also getting people to where they arriving at the destination. These proliferation of drones, will not only complicate urban air space but need to go and improving the issues, added to the problems perception of ‘transit-dependent’ of air and noise pollution, will become another dimension for mobility planners to consider. riders. Convincing upper-income security concerns and the high citizens to use public transport, as they do without a second thought, world’s largest urban infrastructure However, ensuring the availability 4.4 THE FUTURE OF projects. CrossRail2, also in 4.5 A BOLD VISION: of a variety of housing options London, is aiming for significant at different price points close INVESTMENT private investment by showing THE 30-MINUTE CITY to employment hubs, including the positive social and economic affordable housing options for Continue the conversation... opportunities brought by the Continue the conversation... essential workers, is also key. rail line into the surrounding Another area of focus could be Rob Mooren neighborhoods. Stephen Taylor the better regulation of rented Director - Global Solutions Sydney City Executive accommodation, since those who In Hong Kong, the corporatized E [email protected] E [email protected] rent are more mobile and therefore public company MTR uses more likely to move nearer to the profits from real estate work. Providing better internet development to pay for the services and improved tax breaks extension of the mass transit rail for telecommuters could also network. It’s a model now being have a positive effect. Creating exported to mainland China. In employment clusters, or “centers New York and San Francisco, tax of excellence”, would beneficially increases, grants and loans will locate similar types of companies help cover the costs of extending and jobs within the same areas the subway to Manhattan’s Hudson of a city. For urban mobility to evolve Yards project and the Transbay The “30-minute city” is an actively clearly requires ongoing Center. São Paulo is using the debated concept, especially in Then there are the amenities that investment. Yet funding is not income of auctioned real estate Australian cities. Its goal is to simply make life more enjoyable always available – the global development rights to fund new engineer cities so that home, work and rewarding. Access to these is infrastructure investment gap is public transport. and play are all accessible within part of the reason why people will estimated at €750 – 900 billion 30 minutes. But is the “30-minute endure longer commutes. They Strategy and policy makers need to per year up to 2030. Public-private city” merely a catchy slogan, a also foster a sense of community decide not just how, but where to partnerships (PPPs) account “thought bubble”, or a viable and pride of place. While good invest. On the one hand, a growing for an estimated 12 percent of concept? Most cities are currently schools and health services are urban population will require infrastructure investment in a long way from this ideal. Let’s essential, leisure opportunities are structured public initiatives. At the some advanced economies, but examine the issues associated also important. These could cover a same time, disruptive technologies the global average is just three with making this bold idea a wide range of benefits, from access and new businesses radically percent. The World Economic reality. to open green space, festivals, Forum has said that another change how a city functions. It Congestion is widely considered sporting events or places to eat al means of bridging that gap lies in is important to think about the to be a major barrier to achieving fresco while children play nearby. the “underexploited opportunity creation of a new metro line, this goal. Getting people from to upgrade the existing asset rapid bus corridor or a network of Even taken together the “A-to-B” quicker, would take cities base”, by optimizing operations bicycle lanes. But, in addition, a considerations above are probably closer to the 30-minute target. Yet and improving the maintenance strategy is needed for dealing with only the tip of the iceberg. And while congestion is an important of infrastructure assets. ride-sharing traffic flows around since no city is ever going to do all stations or the airport, car-sharing area to focus on, it’s only part of these things at once, or equally Around the world there have locations in city neighborhoods the picture. successfully, the best bet may be been some innovative investment or even perhaps, how it might be Realizing the aim of the “30-minute to narrow the focus. That means schemes to overcome the funding possible to free up a physical and city” requires a closer look at why prioritizing the most achievable gap. In Rotterdam, the public legal path for a Hyperloop to the so many people “choose” to travel initiatives for a given city, accepting transport company has taken the next city. Metropolitan authorities, long distances from home to work. that no city is likely to achieve the decision to make itself independent working in tandem with the private The economic stratification of 30-minute goal across all possible of public funding by optimizing its sector, will need to come up with nearly every large urban center dimensions. But one thing does business model. A reward for their bold, flexible, integrated and means that most people get jobs seem certain: the concept of the success will be eliminating the versatile strategies to fund such where they can, but live where 30-minute city will be central time-consuming bidding process projects. they can afford. In addition, many in shaping tomorrow’s urban for new work. modern households rely on experience. For capital projects, PPP-style multiple wage earners who may initiatives are being used to secure work in different parts of a city. greater investments: London’s As these factors demonstrate, Docklands Light Rail being a there are several barriers to successful example of this strategy. achieving the “30-minute city”. Purely private initiatives are also The development of better being encouraged as a means public transport systems along of funding the development of the right corridors coupled with infrastructure for EVs or AVs. This higher density housing, improved enables medium-sized enterprises integration across public transport to provide their services and to modes and parking provision at contribute to the next generation public transport hubs will all help. of mobility. Private investment is also helping to fund some of the vehicle replace the traditional car, an open platform connecting all It is important to recognize that 4.6 MORE ON but fewer traditional vehicles will modes of transport – enabling the 4.7 THE FUTURE OF system capacity is only a half of have to be produced, as the growth planning of journeys, reservations a city’s mobility story. Transit- TECHNOLOGY of ride- and car-sharing schemes using shared vehicles and a TRANSIT HUBS hubs are no longer simply a continues. payment in a single system. To be place where the traveler arrives able to truly optimize the use of all or departs. The facilities in and Continue the conversation... However, the future of sustainable Continue the conversation... methods and modes of transport, around the hub make the area a mobility and sustainable cities is Bas Bollinger Patrick van Hoof the hypothesis is that we need a destination itself, and can provide not solely dependent on these Mobility Expert - Urban Digital & Innovation Expert seamless customer experience a ripple effect that encourages developments, but also on the Transport and Mobility E [email protected] through all modes. As people investment in the area, generate commercialization of ventures by Oriented Development start making different choices new revenue streams and boost other stakeholders. The Hyperloop for their mobility enabled by this E [email protected] wider prosperity. It’s clear that is an example of a promising new flexible solution, we will likely nowadays, new transit-hubs intercity mode of transportation. see a decrease on the pressure cannot be developed in isolation The brainchild of Elon Musk, of the crowded road network in from their surroundings and must the Hyperloop should travel the Amsterdam’s business district. be adapted to benefit the area distance between San Francisco they serve. and Los Angeles in about half an However, optimizing the logistics hour. Two companies, Tesla and is not enough to create a future- Developing a transit model SpaceX, are working towards proof mobility system, since this demands planning for the future, Transport of people and goods making the Hyperloop a reality. only accounts for the rational but also efforts to realize the must become more efficient and Aerospace companies, such as aspects of travel. Another crucial untapped economic, social and the Internet or Things (IoT) and Airbus, have an even bolder vision element often overlooked environmental potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) will of the future, where self-piloting in the discussion about the existing transport developments. also play a big role in making drones take to the sky. optimal customer experience is Leading practices and missed this possible. In the Smart City of personalization. Personalization opportunities in transit-hub Individual innovations can be tomorrow, self-guided transport has been a major recent trend in development around the world created on a standalone basis, from will be essential. the auto industry, particularly since has provided insights into optimal the bottom up. But something BMW MINI introduced the endless approaches. Using an integrated Alongside urbanization, there as big and interconnected as customization options on the approach, Arcadis has conceived are several other major trends mobility requires systemic change. MINI in 2001. It has been a hugely a new approach to transit-related dictating the needs and desires of Given the substantial fixed costs successful and profitable design developments called Mobility cities’ inhabitants. With expanding of railroads, for example, it is strategy and business model Oriented Development. Through elderly populations, there has been unlikely that governments will ever since, seen equally in €12,000 this benchmarking approach, a renewed focus on the issue of stop running trains between cities. Peugeots and €12 million Rolls- we focus on the key elements wellness in the urban environment. More importantly, it is not just the Royces. that bring value to transit-hubs: While the demands for comfort associated costs that will keep connectivity, urban environment, and a clean-living environment are people from using electric cars for Today, we don’t envisage a future social place-making and economic hardly new, the ways to design for everything, but also the efficiency in which people are moved around development. these needs are changing quickly. of train travel. In many cases in generic autonomous pods. Large technology companies such trains will be the fastest option Based on years of human-centric This benchmarking approach as Tesla, Google and Apple and to travel from A-to-B. So rather design experience, we believe that spotlights opportunities for new companies including Lucid and than one mode replacing another, people value their individuality. cities to transform their hubs BYD all understand that mobility it becomes increasingly critical to This is more true now than ever. into healthy and vibrant areas. will be key to fulfilling the needs connect the different modes by With the dawn of data science It is an experiential approach to of modern urban residents. In optimizing traffic flows between and AI, online lives have already infrastructure planning. It takes response, all of them have turned them. been fully tailored to preferences infrastructure as the foundation their attention to two key areas: the and behaviors, and the physical and builds upon it to create a To begin exploring this future- electrification of vehicles and self- world will soon follow. Maximizing space that will drive community proof, integrated approach to driving technology. The progress personalized experience ought engagement. To read more about sustainable mobility, Arcadis and they have made is already forcing to be the premise of a long-term this benchmarking approach and the city of Amsterdam are running existing car companies to make sustainable solution for both how to create destination hubs, an experiment to test the feasibility drastic changes to their investment business and the environment in please see Our Mobile Future. and desirability of Mobility as a and production strategies. Not the next five years.* only will the electric, self-driven Service (MaaS). The idea is to create

* This section also has contributions from Niels van Roij - London-based independent automotive designer 5.0 CONCLUSION - BOLD MOVES TOWARD FUTURE SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY

Moving people, goods and ideas in, out and within a city creates a living machine: everything is dependent on mobility. Yet this machine can be broken as mobility is often one of the largest burdens on a city’s residents, either through long commute times, inefficient or expensive transport and/or adverse health effects from transport pollution. If cities aren’t mobile, commerce and productivity are disrupted, city competitiveness is reduced, and on a human level, urban existence becomes stressful and overwhelming. City leaders must focus on opportunities to create an efficient, safe, connected and adaptable mobility system, which will allow their city to thrive and remain competitive over the coming decades.

No two cities are the same, but We live in the most advanced every city in this Index and outside technological and savvy generation of it, can learn from policies and yet – the speed of change is strategies of the others. And while exponential. What was once every city faces its own unique considered “science fiction” (the social, economic and geographical speed of bullet trains, autonomous challenges, each must also address vehicles, flying pods, and so on) the common goal of adapting its is a reality as these solutions can mobility system as the population now be implemented to meet and economy evolve. Now more urban mobility challenges. With than ever in the history of the world every city having its own unique there are more citizens, visitors and vision for achieving sustainable jobs in urban centers. That means mobility, each will need a distinct more people and goods have road map to reach its destination. to be moved and if cities do not But starting the journey begins sustainably adapt to their mobility with a clear assessment of where needs, it will impede their success. the city’s mobility is today, and the outputs (positive and negative) that The good news is that we live arise from the interplay between in a time of Bold Moves – where its physical, social and economic innovation, digital transformation, systems. Arcadis is committed technology and ideas are providing to improving the quality of life in provocative and timely answers to the urban environment – focusing the mobility challenges confronting on the values of resilience, our cities. We don’t just see the regeneration and mobility as the Sustainable Cities Mobility Index key means of gaining a competitive as a ranking of how cities are doing advantage for cities. City leaders, in responding to their mobility urban planners and developers challenges; we see it as a showcase alike need experts, advisors and for the ways in which cities can designers to be bold in co-creating advance mobility, become even a successful mobility vision. more powerful economic drivers, Ultimately, smart and sustainable attract greater investment and mobility optimization ensures continue improving the quality of economic vitality and lives around life of its residents. the world. 6.0 CITIES IN TRANSIT - A SNAPSHOT

OF MOBILITY ASIA AROUND THE WORLD

HONG KONG Hong Kong, first in the Index and the People sub-index, has long been famous for its world-class infrastructure. But as one of the Overall planet’s most densely populated cities, it faces unique challenges in providing an efficient transportation system to meet the needs of

1st its 7.3 million people. Challenges include limited space, a growing and aging population, rapidly increasing cross-boundary traffic with China and environmental concerns. Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) is one of the world’s best and busiest, with 70.5 million passengers in 2016. HKIA is operating People at 99 percent capacity, with a third runway currently undergoing construction and due to open in 2024. The expansion of the airport is

1st intended to aid Hong Kong’s role in connecting mainland China with the rest of the world, a key part of the Belt and Road Initiative, Beijing’s global trade development strategy. The controversial Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge is scheduled to open at the end of 2017. The bridge, beset by delays and environmental Planet concerns, is meant to bring closer economic integration between Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta. There is no rail on the bridge, leading 53rd to concerns among some politicians and civil society groups that the number of vehicles coming from China will compromise Hong Kong’s drive for better air quality. Hong Kong’s public transportation system oversees approximately 12.6 million passenger journeys every day and the Mass Transit Railway Profit recognized as one of the most efficient in the world. Public transport is relatively cheap compared to other world cities. Less than one fifth 6th of people in Hong Kong own a car, but pedestrianized areas are few in number. Compared to European cities, commuting by bicycle is rare. This is partly due to Hong Kong’s climate and topography, but the city has done little to encourage the uptake of cycling. SHANGHAI Shanghai’s population has nearly doubled since 2000 to 24 million. As this rapid urbanization is showing no signs of slowing, the Overall government is focused on a model of sustainability that accounts for the problems of limited land and public resources. Shanghai Urban

27th Master Plan (2016-2040) takes these limitations into consideration while planning for the transformation of Shanghai into a global city. Urban regeneration and innovation hubs will be crucial elements in transforming Shanghai from a manufacturing center into one of the most sustainable cities in China. Urban mobility will be key to People this transformation, and Shanghai will be looking to further improve its transportation system. Fourteen of the city’s 25 metro lines are

16th operational, making it one of the most comprehensive in the world. New lines are being built, although they must be dug as deep as a 15-story building to squeeze under the dense maze of existing tunnels. While the metro seems in good health, the city’s bus system remains ripe for regeneration. Planet Plans for a new major railway station are underway near Pudong International Airport. Shanghai East Railway Station is set to be the 60th city’s fourth major railway station hub and will provide a direct link to the new Disneyland Resort, drawing additional tourism and traffic to the area. Construction is scheduled for late 2017 and is expected to be completed by 2022. The city has a staggering 450,000 shared bicycles that are unlocked Profit using GPS-enabled mobile apps. The bikes can be picked up and left SINGAPORE anywhere, making them very convenient for users; although illegal Singapore continues to be a top ranked sustainable city in Asia, 19th parking is fast becoming a major issue for the authorities. The region but the city-state is not resting on its laurels. With a population continues to evolve its transportation connectivity to the greater Overall predicted to grow to more than six million people by 2030, the Yangtze River Delta, with new high-speed rail and urban highway government has committed significant investment over the next

connections underway. 8th decade to improve mobility and connectivity: two new underground lines, extensions to four MRT (metro) lines, a new terminal and runway at Changi Airport, a high-speed rail link between Singapore and Kuala Lumpur, a cross-border MRT system which will connect Singapore and Johor Baru in Malaysia and the relocation of the container port. People 66 percent of journeys in Singapore are via public transport, but the

9th government wants to increase this to 75 percent during peak hours by 2030, and it is investing in developing a more efficient and integrated bus system. The city is well-balanced across all three sub-indices; however, a number of other initiatives are underway which will help Singapore Planet to evolve and remain competitive. These include the government’s intention for Singapore to go ‘car-lite’, with a SIN$1.5 billion 15-year 15th plan which aims to reduce the country’s reliance on petrol-fuelled cars. The government is also generally supportive of ride-sharing car and bicycle platforms though ‘bike dumping’ is an increasing problem. The small city-state is also the perfect testing ground for driverless vehicles and the government has signed deals with two self-driving technology Profit companies to develop autonomous truck fleets for use on public roads. Singapore is also ahead of the game in using big data to study 13th commuter flows and improve planning, which will help guide future investment. Overall People Planet Profit 92nd 82nd 89th 95th international supply chains with global hubs. hubs. global with supply chains international into it and national city’, a‘cargo turning link will which Airport, International at Kuala Lumpur the made being is also Investment 2026. in completion targeting minutes, to cities 90 two the between to travel cut time is expected which Rail link, Speed High Singapore Lumpur- the Kuala include projects infrastructure significant Other agenda. sustainability promote the to helping facilities leisure cultural and hotel, with spaces, retail and feature residential also will TRX the and environmentally-friendly are development undergoing buildings Many new of the District”. Business and Financial a for “defined need to city’s the fulfil help will covering over (TRX) land, acres 70 of Exchange, flagship The Tun Razak problem. congestion considerable city’s the easing offroad, the cars day, 160,000 1every around Line use will taking people that 400,000 to two follow. predicts another government The with nowopen, is Buloh-Kajang) line (Sungai first The lines. monorail (metro), KTM existing the Rail Transit Light connect will track, and rail Transit, Valley Rapid 141 Mass Klang than coveringThe more of km mobility. greater creating sustainable completed, be should elevated walkways and ofkm covered, accessible, pedestrian 2020, By initiatives. these to over complement 40 network pedestrian creation of a the for preparing been have also authorities The coming years. over the ranking improve city’s will the projects infrastructure large of number and a system transport public efficient an environment, creation of apedestrian-friendly The mobility. forsustainable need the city, recognizes Kuala Lumpur emerging of an challenges the all With by 2020. metropolis aworld-class into Lumpur Kuala to transform agoal set has government the and Asia Southeast in growing fastest ofthe one is Lumpur,region Kuala the greater in living 7.25With people million KUALA LUMPUR

AUSTRALIA Overall People Planet Profit 34th 48th 68th 48th

and the knowledge economy. development city in to region the lead is poised Brisbane investments, smart and key other with sustainable sync in infrastructure transport public major Train its delivering Control By Cross System River Rail. and Metro, European the Brisbane the including projects infrastructure major with plan, along-term has Brisbane issues, Aware mobility of its sustainable. and affordable are developments transport public new and existing any ensure also must it transport, wayspublic better fund to to find need Brisbane only that, show not does sub-indices mobility The stage. mobility global on the suffer counterparts, it’s southern city, alongside the seen has transport public in underinvestment chronic mobile: and livable, attractive, to remain and infrastructure its todo strengthen to work has still Brisbane However, top Australia, in ranking despite coast. of Australia’s eastern beauty natural the of amidst life quality exceptional an enjoy visitors and residents Its economies. world’s the for knowledge creativepull and is ahuge and industry tourism and education gateway to Queensland’s as the position its from profits also Brisbane industries, expanding and ports on sea aviation, based industry trade diverse a from Benefitting sustainable. and creative subtropical, is which lifestyle urban laid-back a offers River, city the Brisbane the within aport as Established Australia. in city rate capital ofany growth population rapid most the has and city third-largest Australia’s is Brisbane ofQueensland, capital the As Index. the in cities Australian the ofall out highest ranks Brisbane BRISBANE MELBOURNE SYDNEY Australia’s second largest city and the capital of the State of Victoria, While Sydney is well on its way to global city status, its middle-of- Melbourne has a reputation as a thriving city with strong business, the-road ranking in this Index reflects historic under-investment in Overall cultural and sporting sectors. Melbourne has become known as the Overall mass transit, compounded by increasingly rapid population growth world’s most livable city, yet it ranks 55th in the Index. – the city’s population topped five million for the first time in early 2017. 55th One of the largest factors affecting Melbourne’s mobility is its rapid 51st recent growth. It is projected that Melbourne’s population will double Some of Sydney’s lackluster performance can be attributed to the to around eight million in the next generation, overtaking Sydney as high concentration of professionals traveling into the Central Business Australia’s largest city. Expanding fast and with high house prices in the District, which is on the city’s eastern coastal edge and a significant city center – Melbourne has the fifth least affordable housing market distance from Sydney’s geographical center. While initiatives from the People in the world – the city is increasingly reliant on long-range transport People Greater Sydney Commission and State Department of Infrastructure options. are driving the development of multiple business hubs, it will be some 49th 48th time before the benefits of these schemes are realized. Melbourne boasts the world’s largest tram and light rail network and has recently begun the development of a cross-city Metro. This will Further impacting Sydney’s mobility performance are a cultural help to free up the train network and enable more commuters to use preference for single-family dwellings and a legacy of urban sprawl, public transport. Melbourne performed relatively well in the People coupled with Sydney’s ranking as the second least affordable city for sub-indicator compared with Australian cities (second to Sydney). This housing globally. These factors result in a high proportion of residents Planet is despite the fact that the city does not yet have a functioning Metro Planet undertaking long daily commutes, thereby putting further pressure on network; a situation that will improve upon its completion. Melbourne congested suburban road and rail networks.

74th already has a digital ticketing system and public transport mobile 61st Notwithstanding these challenges, the New South Wales State applications. Further digitization will ensure continued improvements Government is a strong believer in mobility as a driver of global to the mobility of the city. competitiveness. Recently Sydney has made a major investment in Despite not ranking highly in several indicators, Melbourne is mass transit networks, with an aggressive asset recycling strategy embracing the challenge of balancing city growth with an ability to ensure funding. The Sydney Metro project, currently the largest Profit to respond to shocks and stresses. Key to Melbourne rising to its Profit infrastructure project in the country, expansion of the light rail challenges is the Resilient Melbourne Strategy which sets out a clear, and regular train network upgrades, all demonstrate the city’s 56th collaborative agenda to ensure Melbourne is in a strong position to 60th commitment to increasing the sustainability and resilience of its public deal with the problems of city growth. Combining this with the State transit network. Government’s Plan Melbourne refresh, the city has a strong strategy in It is with this shift that Sydney performs well in the People sub- place to address its mobility and sustainability issues. indicator compared to its Australian counterparts. And it’s through this commitment – along with better integrated land and transport planning and the smart data solutions that will ensure better intermodal connectivity – that Sydney is making steady progress towards more sustainable mobility. EUROPE Overall People Planet Profit 20th 25th 11th 5th

advice for best travel and ridesharing options. options. ridesharing travel and best for advice data, traffic real-time with aService as Mobility parking, smart cycling, smart as initiatives such lie plan the Within plan. action mobility aSmart drafted has Amsterdam approach, City Smart of the apart As employees. their for aService as to Mobility develop together working are and cabs, to to commit electric by agreeing mobility improving in engaged are district this in located companies major The station. train of the capacity the to increase space and public expand improve and initiatives to tunneling including reconstruction, major undergoing are stations train the highways away and The minutes six by train. is just which Airport, to convenient Schiphol by proximity its helped growing, is also of Amsterdam, district business the district, Zuidas The Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam and Almere. between to connections improve underway improvements mobility major are there more, What’s bikes. ofunused free city the to keep created, being is parking bike enforced and Additional locations. parking to underground access better and center city the in cyclists and to pedestrians priority gives plan The 2030. until extends that plan amobility created has To city the resolve these, challenges. mobility creating is growth additional city. the This in to work want people more and increasing is tourism rising: is popularity day. every Amsterdam’s destinations to their cycle residents ofAmsterdam’s 58 percent people, than bicycles more with A city AMSTERDAM Overall People Planet Profit 22nd 68th 34th 3rd

extensions of bicycle paths. paths. of bicycle extensions and improvements and tracks rail new vehicles, autonomous for tracks test cars, electric for infrastructure charging includes investment improve, Berlin’s strategic measures To mobility these ensure city. the of in life quality improving climate and the impacting positively know-how, technical and by jobs creating economy its to strengthen (e-mobility), electromobility in development and research supporting impacts; environmental adverse reduce and traffic (e.g.economy’ car, of levels scooter, the to bike decrease sharing) and ‘sharing the with line in concepts of mobility new use the stimulating transport; commercial and of individual distances to the reduce policy transport sustainable and intelligent an by strengthening distances shortening include: elements main The mobility. smart emphasizes of technology. strategy this Akey and of innovation part importance the highlights and challenges to these solutions to find aims 2030 the within strategy, submitted Strategy Berlin, City Smart The development. sustainable long-term for aframework provides 2030,which Strategy Berlin the follow will government local Berlin’s To challenges, mobility. these with deal city’s the impact all improvements infrastructural and space commercial more housing, ofadditional requirement the challenges: presents also this but average, national rate the above growth economic to an have contributed Berlin in increases Population BERLIN FRANKFURT Thanks to its position at the crossroads of several European trade routes, Frankfurt is an international financial and trade center and Overall is home to several major European institutions. Consequently, the number of commuters is considerable: roughly 360,000 people

10th come to Frankfurt for work, raising the city’s population to almost one million. The metropolitan region Frankfurt/Rhein-Main includes 5.5 million inhabitants, who use the transportation network to commute. With one of the largest airports in Europe, a busy interchange and the biggest passenger station in Germany (350,000 people per day), the main metropolis is a large traffic hub. People The Gesamtverkehrsplan Frankfurt am Main sets the framework for

15th the city’s mobility and traffic development. Its principal focuses are on sustainability, demographics and urban compatibility. The proportion of motorized private transport currently stands at 80 percent, which the city aims to reduce drastically. A closer network with higher frequency is being developed for public Planet transportation, with expansion to existing train lines and the creation of new lines being planned. Circular railways and tangential lines will 1st be created in the hope of decentralizing traffic, and stations will be enlarged to open them up to regular city-trains and long-distance traffic. The city also aims to reduce road traffic by limiting the number of new parking spaces created in the city center and implementing a PARIS parking system favoring tenants over commuters. Paris, third in the Index, has a strong transportation network and Profit The city is also following an e-mobility strategy which not only commitment to sustainability. This score comes from a balanced performance on the three dimensions of People, Profit and Planet, supports electric vehicles, but also encourages the use of their bicycle Overall 63rd placing it in the top 20 of all three pillars. This is the outcome of equivalents; more charging stations are being built for both. To deal with increased bicycle traffic, the city has devised the “Bike + Ride” 3rd a longstanding policy promoting public transportation, together concept, similar to the well-known park and ride concept for cars. To with recent measures designed to aggressively develop cycling meet the expected population growth, Frankfurt is well on the way to infrastructure and make the city more pedestrian-friendly. Paris was its 2030 goal of creating a more integrated and mobile city. one of the first cities in the world to have a bike-sharing program and to convert a highway to a place for walking and exercise. People Paris intends to continue with its commitments to mobility. At the heart of this commitment is the major investment in the Grand Paris

8th Express rapid metro, a system of four new state-of-the-art lines that will extend the dense and highly-interconnected network in the urban region. When completed, it is expected to carry two million people a day and will transform the lives of many Parisians. Although currently 56th in the Index for commuting time, it is expected that projects such Planet as the Grand Paris Express will be instrumental in reducing the time Parisians spend getting to and from work every day.

18th Other major projects include the extension of the tram line that surrounds Paris and new rapid bus services in dedicated lanes. The city is also undertaking measures to resolve the persistent problem of air quality in the city center and to limit surface parking. Taken together, these developments suggest a mobility model in Paris that is Profit increasingly diverse, accessible and inclusive, economically durable and environmentally sustainable. 5th ZURICH Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland, providing a home to 415,000 people, significantly more than the official capital Bern. The number Overall of residents is exceeded by the number of people working in Zurich (450,000) and by the population of the metropolitan region Zurich

2nd (over one million). One in eleven jobs is located in the Helvetian city, which presents challenges to the city’s transportation network as ROTTERDAM people need to get to work from within and outside the city borders. Rotterdam, just like any other city in the Netherlands, is a perfect To meet these challenges, in 2012 Zurich’s local government devised place to bike. The city offers excellent and safe facilities for cyclists. the Strategien Zurich 2025, which provides a framework for long- Within the last decade the number of cyclists has increased by 10 Overall People term sustainable development, including an overarching mobility percent, while the number of cars in the city center has declined plan. Although Zurich is well-connected through widely branched 25th since 2010. Rotterdam is home to Europe’s largest sea port, due in 45th and modern public transportation, the use of private cars creates part to its outstanding accessibility and intermodal connections, as significant traffic stress. well as its 175,000 area workers. The city’s mobility strategy centers on the expansion of the public From north to south, daily traffic jams are common in Rotterdam. transportation network and improving its upkeep and access. While However, relief is on the way, with newly constructed tunnels and trams, buses, city trains, and even ships and cableways already form future plans for improvement. Public transport in the city has been People Planet a tight and efficient public transportation network, there is still room significantly upgraded, with a remodeling of Rotterdam Central for further development. More tram and train lines are planned, and 14th Station, the provision of extra park and ride facilities at metro stations 7th the entire network of the Züricher Verkehrsbetriebe will be expanded and metro expansions beyond the city, including the link to Schiphol with the construction of additional lines. Other measures designed Airport. to improve the environmental sustainability of the system include Besides these efforts to improve accessibility, Rotterdam also replacing diesel buses with trolleybuses and supporting car-less prioritizes the environmental aspects of their transport systems. households. Planet The Dutch taxation and subsidy program encourages electric vehicle Profit In this light, developing the cycle network is an essential task. More usage and drives investments in charging facilities. Rotterdam is also a cycle parking areas are being created, complemented by new guidance 26th member of 100 Resilient Cities, which incentivizes initiatives to improve 1st systems and efforts to reduce traffic dangers to cyclists. air quality in the city, for example, by the creation of low emissions zones in major parts of the city. A visionary part of the mobility strategy is the project Cargo sous terrain. A subterranean logistics network will transport goods between Swiss economic centers via a network of tunnels. Reloading hubs in the Profit cities will ensure distribution of the goods by autonomous vehicles. 37th LATIN AMERICA Overall People Planet Profit 96th 24th 27th 47th

to making São Paulo a more sustainable city. sustainable amore Paulo São to making is the key transportation Public is offered. option transportation public abetter if to leave willing –are garage the in it people –2.3 million car Survey, 83 of own citizens percent a who Mobility Paulo São In arecent city. pedestrian-friendly amore creating and lanes cycling by use improving car discouraging downtown areas, outside corridors transportation public strategic in development social and urban that include strategies with polycentric scheme, Paulo’s São With a 11+ consider should city the residents, million to Guarulhos Airport. connectivity provide will extension metropolitan The lines. metro new and bike reliability), lanes system the (increasing of exclusive lanes bus implementation the by in in investing transportation, public prioritized Since delays. and 2013,has tocongestion traffic city the leading motorcycle, or of by daily car travel is Paulo made São in majority The day. every distances to travel long people forcing downtown, concentrated are jobs and commerce while suburbs, to the population the among poorest the push costs living high planning: without grown has that ofacity typical are faces Paulo São that challenges the importance, economic its Despite world. the in GDP largest tenth the has and center financial Brazilian main the is Paulo São SÃO PAULO NORTH AMERICA Overall People Planet Profit 68th 20th 49th 83rd

of its residents. residents. of its of life quality the improving and connectivity enhancing years, coming over the network toward mobility improved an makewill great strides Chicago boom, private investment and support federal recent the With amenity. this to provide city American North largest the Chicago making tunnels, and subway stations 22-mile underground its throughout services wireless 4G installed and systems security upgraded displays, digital implemented Transit has Chicago Authority traveler experience. and to improve to efficiency technology is looking Chicago Like cities, many States. United the in busiest third the Airport, International forO’Hare year this funded were also improvements construction runway and necessary addition, In spaces. andretail hotel office,residential, including station’s the for surroundings, plans master also are There volumes. passenger to to accommodate higher and renovations improve safety key Station, is undergoing Union hub, Another commuters. for experience to revitalize Uptown improve transferring the and designed program of the part is also project Station Reconstruction Wilson The work-week. the during riders 240,000 than more that services elevated (“L”) busiest to city’s the improvements on focused line rail initiative an of Mayor program, RPM Emanuel’s Ahead Red is part years and reduce overcrowding. five past over the demand in increase percent 40 the accommodate to transport quicker enable will CTA’s modernization the and history in program improvement capital largest the is corridor. This transit old a100-year a$1.1 to modernize received grant federal billion rail (RPM) commuter for Program Modernization Purple and Red (CTA) Authority’s Chicago of Transit phase first The infrastructure. Chicago’s for milestone 2017 asignificant January marked CHICAGO Overall People Planet Profit 72nd 94th 67th 60th commitment to sustainability. to sustainability. commitment city’s the demonstrating force fleet, police EV nation’sthe largest creating and residents, low-income for program share car EV first nation’s the designing stations, charging 1,300 providing include initiatives Its vehicles. of electric use the in is apioneer Los Angeles gases. greenhouse and of emissions impact environmental the lessening and risks safety minimizing while faster, shipments to container process terminals into their technology automation have incorporated Los Angeles and Beach of Long Ports The ridership. transit encouraging and experience trip streamlining city, of the aim the with throughout implemented being also are alerts, wayfinding and signage bus as such E-signs, smartphones. through funds reload easily can commuters so development, TAP, system, payment fare of its a revamping app to include Metro recentlyannounced opportunities; offers technology Digital roadways. alternative an that provides to congested network rail high-speed mile anine- Extension, Line Purple the key as well downtown, stations as two between alignment Connector, a with Regional 1.9-mile efforts transit passageway. its bicycle Metro is continuing and safe pedestrian into area a rail 10.6 to underutilized of transform aims an miles which Transit Corridor, (Metro) Authority’s Rail-to-River Transportation Active Metropolitan like Los Angeles the projects includes funding Such improvements. infrastructure needed much fund will that ballot tax sales county-wide LA an M, Measure approved voters when milestone, acritical 2016, reached In city highways. the and to roads stress adding decades, two next over the residents 500,000 additional an add to forecast is year. each city The traffic in stuck 104 hours spending person average the with residents, Angeles’s Los for challenges day-to-day biggest the one of is Trafficcongestion LOS ANGELES Overall People Planet Profit 77th 36th 23rd 2nd

infrastructure projects are postponed. are projects infrastructure major alot planned with to its if lose acity is also it But Index. the in New York America reliability. and North safety leads enhancing while costs, lower for operational data tracking to optimize asset program management (MTA) asset enterprise Authority an is implementing Transportation Metropolitan the For instance, future. the for vital all are and technology private finance design-build, on focus continued A levels. necessary the reaches infrastructure to its ensure challenges New York major with Even improvements, faced is still these with city. the from commute to and residents New Jersey which through Station, Penn New York, and corridor New Jersey akey economic Newark, between capacity station and bridge tunnel, track, increase Gateway to the as Program, such programs, additional is planning this year.launched Newfuture, In the service York ferry affordable An strategy. infrastructure of aten-year part as improvements, terminal forbus year of the at beginning the plan a$32.2 approved capital also billion Authority The volumes. passenger record-breaking to meet greater provide capacity and facilities update insufficient will which program, terminals unified billion $4 a underway, including also are Airport to LaGuardia Improvements to passengers. accommodate more modernization interior and park acar bridges, new that include will of Terminal aproject A, $2.4 the renovation on broke ground billion Airport International Liberty Newark 2017,eventful projects. airport major two undertaking an had far so of New York has New Jersey Authority and Port The imperative. an two the between efficiency transit making to work, daily Manhattan into commute residents 400,000 to Jersey, which New from connection York ofNew its is lifeblood the economy. Key to preserving booming a and infrastructure aging space, limited population, expanding an from strain under increasingly are they and U.S. the in networks transportation intricate most ofthe some YorkNew has City NEW YORK

UNITED KINGDOM Overall People Planet Profit 25th 37th 58th 38th

station into Birmingham’s state-of-the-art high speed rail hub. hub. rail speed high into state-of-the-art Birmingham’s station Mayor is involved Street Curzon old of conversion Midlands the the in West newly the appointed example, is akey an As priority. mobility in investing at and stake issues the understand leaders city That said, travel time. and to congestion reduce Strategy, to done be Industrial needs more much new government’s of the at heart the region’s the position Given be. lower should it than remains West the in Midlands Productivity achallenge. be can area region West Midlands wider the around travel times and London of outside busiest is the New Street The station congestion. road of overcrowding particular, in problem the and, highlights time peak is always there Traveling is growth risk. there at Where city across the of life. quality of abetter pursuit in Birmingham, to relocating are workers highly skilled and scale alarge on into city the operations now moving are businesses Global success. economic its core of to the driver be need again once will network transport city’s the Birmingham, in better forthe Yet, now changing much so with England’s second city. of identity the shaped long has transport Airport, International canals, the world-famous Spaghetti Junction and Birmingham railway, city’s to the London-to-Birmingham From original the BIRMINGHAM EDINBURGH The Scottish capital is the United Kingdom’s fastest growing city and the largest British financial center after London. Close alignment Overall with the London financial markets means that the success of these two cities often goes hand-in-hand and rail and air links between the

17th cities are vital to Edinburgh and the wider Scottish economy. Edinburgh attracts thousands of tourists from around the world and the quality of life, together with its attractive aesthetic and prestigious educational establishments has fueled popularity with inward investors and have made the city a leading hub for digital entrepreneurs. People Edinburgh’s universities draw students and staff from around the world and good air links to international hub airports are vital to support the

17th ongoing growth of these major institutions. As with many European cities in recent years, Edinburgh’s growing population has placed increasing pressure on its transport network and Edinburgh was recently named amongst the most congested cities in the United Kingdom. Recognizing this, a plan has been formulated to Planet build a truly world class and integrated transport system, by updating aging infrastructure and extending the recently completed tram line. 22nd The roads connecting to the city will be improved with the opening of the Queensferry Crossing, along with recent improvements to the M8 to Glasgow and planned reconstruction of the A9 to improve journeys north to the Highlands. To improve quality of life in the city center, active travel must be Profit encouraged and the city’s stretched transport infrastructure upgraded to better connect people to jobs and opportunities. The planned tram 28th extension will improve links to the east of the city and seek to work in harmony with the growing cycling community.

LONDON London is a city of transportation firsts: the world’s first underground railway network; the world’s first under-river tunnel; Overall the world’s first international airport and the world’s first fully orbital ring road. London can be proud of its tradition of pioneering

7th transportation and mobility infrastructure. Yet if the city is to be as transformed by the digital revolution in the 21st century as it was by the industrial revolution in the 19th, it must invest, adapt and, above all, innovate. To have an edge on the competition, London must enable millions People of people to travel daily in, out and around the city. It must create a high capacity, reliable, low cost and integrated transport network, all

10th without disrupting day-to-day travel. The network must be conducive to growth and receptive to rapidly emergent technology and it must support the increasingly polycentric nature of the city. Many of the developments necessary to achieve these goals are underway: HS2 with stations in Euston and Old Oak Planet Common will increase capacity, drive regeneration and create new quarters in the city; Thames river crossings will increase connectivity 8th and enable freer traffic flow; Crossrail will connect new areas of the city currently blighted by their isolation; and increased capacity at all five of London’s airports will maintain the city’s status as a global hub. The question is, will London be reactive or boldly proactive? The long-awaited London plan must set a clear, far-sighted and integrated Profit strategy. It needs to underwrite a vision for the future with a clear approach to mobility that catapults London into the 21st century and 17th ensures economic productivity and sustainability. 6.0 APPENDICES MANCHESTER Manchester sits within the Northern Economic Region of the UK, an area of 16 million people, generating almost 20 percent of the UK’s METHODOLOGY: economic output. It is a major strategic location for transport and Overall The Mobility Index is constructed with a three-stage averaging process distribution, with seven international airports and 12 major ports. 35th to create a composite score and corresponding ranking for each of the With regional devolution and the newly appointed Metro Mayor, a 100 cities. great deal is expected of the region, with Manchester at its heart. As The overall Index score for each city is based on the city’s performance things stand, the area still lags behind the UK economy in terms of in 23 individual indicators listed in Appendix II. For each indicator, the productivity, and transport links into and around the city are a source same set of steps is followed which allows us to assign a value between of much frustration for those living and working locally. 0 percent and 100 percent to each city: People It is for precisely these reasons that Manchester, along with the wider • Firstly, in each indicator, raw scores are found for each city. For example, Northern Powerhouse, have set in motion plans to invest significantly 30th in the modal split indicator, the percentage of all trips taken by public in transport which it is hoped will contribute to a 30 percent increase in transport is given for each of the 100 cities on the Index. economic growth by 2050. • All raw scores are compared and the standard deviation for the statistical A key part of this strategy is the formation of the very first sub-national dataset is computed. To account for outliers, each data point is checked to transport body, Transport for the North (TfN) in Manchester. TfN will determine if it falls outside of 2 standard deviations (s.d.) from the mean. If have the power to make the strategic transport investment across Planet a data point for a specific city does fall outside the mean +/- 2 s.d., the city the region and ensure the North realizes its considerable potential. is assigned a value equal to either the mean +2 s.d. or the mean – 2 s.d. 46th Enhancing transit capacity, joining up the various networks across the metro area, upgrading main lines and introducing state-of- • To calculate an Index score for each city, a minimum-maximum approach the-art smart travel programs for more efficient travel, are all key is used to assign a city a score between 0 percent and 100 percent. The considerations. lowest scoring city (after accounting for outliers) is assigned a score of 0 percent and the highest scoring city is assigned a score of 100 percent. Investing in smart ticketing and integrated travel across major road All city scores in between the minimum and the maximum are assigned a Profit networks, rail links, ports and airports will also see passengers able to proportional score specifically using the formula (data point – series min) / cross from one mode to another very swiftly. Equally, demonstrating (series max – series min). 39th the strength of opportunity for potential investors should increase the funds available to ensure that these plans are realized. A clear plan to • Given that a higher overall Index score indicates a better performance, align these priorities across multiple transport agencies will make sure for indicators where a lower figure is deemed positive (such as traffic the money is spent in the right areas and on the right initiatives in order fatalities), the inverse of the data point or its negative equivalent to make the greatest possible difference to Manchester. were used. • In the rare case that a data point for a particular city was not available, the average score of the indicator was used in its place. Once scores between 0 percent and 100 percent were assigned to each city in each indicator, the individual indicators are then grouped into one of three broader sub-indices – People, Planet and Profit. Of the 23 individual indicators, 10 sit within the People sub-index, seven within Planet, and six within Profit. The People sub-index measures the social and human impacts of the city’s mobility system, such as coverage of the transport network and wheelchair accessibility, efficiency and upkeep of a metro system, and digital capabilities on the city’s trains and buses. The Profit sub-index assesses the economic aspects of a city’s mobility system. This encompasses key metrics for commuters, such as time taken to get to work and affordability of the public transport network, as well as the city’s financial commitment to their transport infrastructure. The Planet sub-index measures the environmental implications of the city’s mobility system, including metrics such as air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, electric vehicle incentives, and green space. A weighting system is applied to the calculation of sub-index scores. To determine the weightings, the individual indicators are ranked from most important to least important in terms of how appropriate and reflective the indicator is as a metric for urban mobility. The most important metric is then assigned the highest weighting while the least important receives the lowest. The weights for the variables in between are spread evenly. To see the highest to lowest rankings for each indicator, please see Table 2. After sub-index scores were calculated for each of the 100 cities, a simple average is taken of all three to create the final Index scores and rankings. INDICATORS

Table 1 - List of indicators used in the Sustainable Cities Mobility Index

INDICATOR UNIT SOURCE DATA LEVEL FURTHER EXPLANATION Fatalities Traffic fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants National Safety Council, Eurostat, Mostly city level (exceptions Traffic safety is of utmost importance and fatalities can be indicative of an under-served or under- WHO, various include China and Australia) maintained system. Access to Bus and metro stops per km2 European Metropolitan Transport City Accessibility of transport services heavily impacts how utilized they are by the residents of a city. Transport Authorities (EMTA), EPOMM, various People Services Modal Split of Share of total trips taken by public transport European Metropolitan Transport City A higher number of trips taken by public transport recognizes utilization. The higher the Trips Taken Authorities (EMTA), various utilization, the better. Rider Wi-Fi in metro tunnels, stations and on buses, Various including local transport provider City Wi-Fi and 2/3/4g service within the transport system makes travel easier as well as more Connectivity 2g/3g/4g in metro stations and tunnels websites and news publications enjoyable and productive by allowing residents to use devices seamlessly during their journey. Upkeep of the Year of last major improvement; defined by Various including local transport provider City Track and station additions assist in making use of the metro system easier for residents. Metro System track expansion or station additions websites and news publications Wheelchair Share of buses and metro stations that are Various including local transport provider City Transport accessible to all boosts quality of life for residents. Access wheelchair accessible websites and news publications Uptake of Active Share of commuters cycling or walking EMTA, EPOMM, Various City The ability to cycle or walk to work is reflected in the number that choose to do so each day. Commuting to work Active commuting has many benefits to residents. Transport Availability of transport system on Google Various including the Observatory of City Incorporation of digital capabilities into a transport system makes using public transport easier Applications Maps, an app created by the transportation Automated Metros in cities. and Digital authority, and existence of digital ticketing Capabilities Airport Annual passenger traffic ACI Airport Statistics City Airport traffic reflects the ability to get in and out of a city via plane. Passengers Hours of Metro How many days a week the metro operates Various including information pages of City 24-hour accessibility in metro systems allows for greater use and flexibility for people. Cities Accessibility 24 hours local transport providers without a metro system are penalized here, as metro systems are quick, easy and efficient. Often, the most sustainable form of public transport currently available to cities. Transport Metric tons of CO2 per capita multiplied by CDP Cities City (Metric tons of CO2 per This includes city data on all sources of emissions adjusted with national data on share of Greenhouse Gas CO2 from Transport capita) x National (CO2 from emissions resulting from transport. Emissions transport) Provision of Green space as share of city area Siemens Green City Index, World Cities City Greater use of public transit relieves the need for roads and parking, which can subsequently be Green Space Culture Forum, European Environment turned into green space. Green space also helps counter the emissions from transport. Planet Agency Congestion and Increase in overall travel time TomTom, Numbeo City This measures the average increase in travel time from a free-flow situation to peak hours. Delays Greater congestion leads to greater emissions and pollution. Bicycle Bicycles per capita and bicycle sharing MetroBike City (sharing schemes) Bicycle sharing schemes and ownership help alleviate road traffic and congestion. Infrastructure schemes National (bike ownership) Air Pollution PM10 levels (ug/m3) / PM2.5 levels – simple WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution City This includes all sources of pollution. Transport does account for a critical share of pollution. average Database Efforts to Lower Existence of LEZs and their prevalence (Cebr Various including European Commission’s City Low emission zones impact pollution as do high emission standards. This is a critical part of city Transport score) and vehicle emission standards Urban Access Regulations website and national policy to ensure environmental sustainability. Emissions Electric Vehicle Provision of incentives to produce/ Various including government transport City Encouraging residents to switch to Electric Vehicles is an essential step in ensuring a lower Incentives purchase EVs department websites emissions future. Commuting Average commuting time Numbeo Traffic Index City Additional time spent commuting is less time to contribute to economic activity. Travel Time Economic Transport system revenues as a share Various including annual reports of City A city's ability to fund transport system needs through revenue is critical to its sustainability. Opportunity of expenses transport providers Profit Public Finance Share of city budget spent on transport Eurostat, city budgets City Many transit system upgrades are financed through multiple sources of funding, private, federal, state and city budgets. City budgets should still contribute to infrastructure needs and is indicative of its commitment to sustainable mobility. Efficient of Road Max city speed limit AA, Auto Europe City The more efficient the road network, the higher the speed limit can be set. There was no Networks correlation between this indicator and the fatalities indicator in the People pillar. Affordability of Transport spending as a percentage of income Numbeo, Expatistan City Refers to price of regular monthly pass for public transport as a proportion of average monthly Public Transport net earnings in city. Affordability is a key factor in resident’s usage. Utilization of Average number of public transport journeys Land Transport Authority Singapore, City A higher number of trips taken by transport recognizes utilization per capita. Higher usage also the Transport per capita American Public Transport Association, allows greater revenue capture from fares for a city. System various WEIGHTINGS AND RATIONALE DISCLAIMER

Table 2 While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the material in this document, neither the Centre PEOPLE RATIONALE PLANET RATIONALE PROFIT RATIONALE for Economics and Business Research Ltd nor Arcadis will be liable for any loss or damages incurred through the INDICATOR INDICATOR INDICATOR use of this report. AND AND AND WEIGHTING WEIGHTING WEIGHTING HIGHEST Modal split of We want to Greenhouse gas A key Utilization of the Very important AUTHORSHIP AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS WEIGHTING trips taken – 16% encourage emissions – 17% environmental transport system – that the public transport measure and 30% system is This report was commissioned by Arcadis and informed by research produced by Cebr, an independent use and this is now overlaid commonly economics and business research consultancy established in 1992. The expert commentary was compiled by the most direct with share used so top a cross section of Arcadis’ city, mobility and sustainability experts. The views expressed herein are those of the measure of that. of emissions indicator. authors only and are based upon independent research by them. based on transport. Fatalities – 15% Safety is a key Efforts to lower Cities that Public finance – 25% Measure ABOUT ARCADIS feature of a transport are the most city's financial good transport emissions – 16% proactive commitment Arcadis is the leading global Design & Consultancy firm for natural and built assets. Applying our deep market system. should be which is critical sector insights and collective design, consultancy, engineering, project and management services we work in rewarded. even when partnership with our clients to deliver exceptional and sustainable outcomes throughout the lifecycle of their considering natural and built assets. We are 27,000 people, active in over 70 countries that generate €3.3 billion in revenues. alternative funding We support UN-Habitat with knowledge and expertise to improve quality of life in rapidly growing cities around schemes. the world. Access to Very important Congestion and Key Affordability of Greatly www.arcadis.com transport services as better access delays – 15% contributor of public transport – impacts – 13% makes it much pollution. 19% daily life and more likely utilization and that people will popularity of be using the the system. system. Uptake of active Has positive Bicycle Important for Commuting travel Greatly commuting – 12% implications for infrastructure – some cities, time – 14% impacts daily the environment 14% but not a life in the city. 7.0 FURTHER READING and personal priority for health. others. Transport Important, Electric vehicle Forward- Economic Indicative applications and but it is still incentives – 13% thinking opportunity - 9% of financial digital capabilities possible to run metric, sustainability – 11% a decent system which could of the system. without having have major many digital implications. capabilities. SUSTAINABLE CITIES INDEX 2016 Rider connectivity Makes traveling Provision of green Important in Efficiency of road Only measures Putting people at the heart of city sustainability – 9% more pleasant space – 13% counteracting networks – 3% speed limits, and efficient, negative which are less but not a 'must- impacts important

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T H A K A O U C M S W O transport system metro; ongoing measure, M - 8% major updates. but not as transport- SUSTAINABLE CITIES OUR MOBILE FUTURE SUSTAINABLE CITIES DRIVERLESS FUTURE specific. INDEX 2016 WATER INDEX Airport Doesn't passengers – 7% necessarily impact daily life. Wheelchair access Important, – 5% but doesn't impact entire population. Hours of Metro Most cities have Accessibility – 4% all day coverage and some night time coverage 24/7 service is practical and LOWEST nice to have, but WEIGHTING not essential. CONTACT US

John Batten Global Cities Director E [email protected]

@jbattenbuc

@ArcadisGlobal

Arcadis

@ArcadisGlobal

MobilityIndex.arcadis.com

Arcadis. Improving quality of life.