Solar Thermal Energy Feasiblity in a Commercial

Home , Chiller

SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY FEASIBLITY IN A COMMERCIAL

BUILDING IN SACRAMENTO

A Thesis

Presented to the faculty of the Department of Mechanical Engineering

California State University, Sacramento

Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Mechanical Engineering

Manuel L Verduzco

SPRING 2014

Manuel L Verduzco

SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY FEASIBLITY IN A COMMERCIAL

BUILDING IN SACRAMENTO

A Thesis

Manuel L Verduzco

Approved by:

______, Committee Chair Timothy Marbach, PhD

______, Second Reader Dongmei Zhou, PhD

______Date

iii

Student: Manuel L Verduzco

I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this thesis is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the thesis.

______, Graduate Coordinator ______Akihiko Kumagai, PhD Date

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Abstract

SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY FEASIBLITY IN A COMMERICIAL

BUILDING IN SACRAMENTO

Manuel L Verduzco

In recent years, the demand for air conditioning systems due to the demand of higher comfort conditions has led to a significant increase for primary energy resources such as solar energy for cooling. Solar cooling (SC) is getting more and more readily available and cost effective. SC is environmentally friendly and decreases emissions thus reducing the greenhouse effect.

Currently, one of the most frequently used solar cooling systems is the water absorption chillers.

Most traditional air conditioning systems use compression technology for their chillers. The absorption chillers used for SC usually combine with flat plate or an evacuated tube collectors.

These types of SC are relatively young and are still being developed. In this paper, a two story building that has an area of 2796 square meters and a max cooling load of about 211 kWh (60

RTh) is analyzed. Case Study 1 uses three of these buildings, Case Study 2 uses six buildings, and Case Study 3 uses 8 buildings. Given the different case studies, different chillers were chosen and the number of evacuated tube collectors and storage tanks are either increased or decreased given the number of buildings. The building’s design and cooling loads were developed with conjunction with the ASHRAE Example Building for Chapter 30, Nonresidential Cooling and

Heating Load Calculations, of the 2005 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals [1]. For the cooling and heating load calculations the radiant time series (RTS) method was used. From the cooling

loads, the collector area and the volume of the storage tank were determined. In each of these three case studies, a cost analysis was made to compare the solar absorption system versus the tradition compression chiller. This analysis is made to see if this relatively new type of SC is even feasible in the Sacramento area.

Only in Case Study 1, the solar absorption system ($796,663) is more economical than the vapor compression system ($901,624) after 20 years. The cost of Case Study 2 is $1,703,456 for the solar absorption system and $1,681,408 for the vapor compression system after 20 years. Finally, for Case Study 3, which included 8 buildings, the solar absorption system cost is $2,240,643 and the cost for vapor compression system is $2,194,774 after 20 years.

______, Committee Chair Timothy Marbach, PhD

______Date

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my thesis advisor Dr. Timothy Marbach for his expertise in renewable energy and thermal science and for his support throughout my college years. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Dongmei Zhou, the second reader of my thesis, for her support and advice. I would like to thank Dr. Akihiko Kumagai because he has always been there for me since the first day I came to Sacramento State. I would love to thank my father, mother and brothers for their great support and motivation. Finally, I would like to thank the rest of my family and friends for always believing in me.

vii

Table of Contents

Page

Acknowledgements ...... vii

List of Tables ...... xi

List of Figures ...... xii

Chapter

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Problem Statement ...... 1

1.2 Thesis Objective ...... 1

2. REVIEW ON COOLING SYSTEMS ...... 3

2.1 Introduction ...... 3

2.2 Vapor Compression Cycle (VCC) ...... 3

2.3 Vapor Absorption Cycle (VAC) ...... 4

2.4 Similarities Vapor Compression Cycle and Vapor Absorption Cycle ...... 5

2.5 Differences ...... 5

2.5.1 Efficiency ...... 6

2.6 Chillers Used for Air Conditioning ...... 6

2.6.1 AHUs ...... 7

2.6.2 Common Types of Absorption Chillers ...... 8

2.7 Occasions when a Vapor Absorption System is Preferred ...... 8

3. REVIEW ON SOLAR ENERGY ...... 10

viii

3.1 Introduction ...... 10

3.2 Thermal Radiation ...... 10

3.3 Solar Collectors ...... 10

3.3.1 Stationary Solar Collectors ...... 12

3.4 Solar Thermal Storage ...... 14

3.4.1 Sensible Heat Storage ...... 15

3.5 Solar Absorption Cooling Systems ...... 15

3.6 Incentives ...... 16

4. NONRESIDENTIAL COOLING AND HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS ...... 18

4.1 Introduction ...... 18

4.2 Cooling Loads ...... 18

4.2.1 Internal Heat Gains ...... 18

4.3 Heat Balance Method ...... 19

4.4 Radiant Time Series Method ...... 19

4.4.1 ASHRAE Spreadsheet ...... 20

4.4.2 Cooling and Heating Load Software Packages ...... 21

5. DATA COLLECTION AND MODELING ...... 22

5.1 Introduction ...... 22

5.2 Building ...... 22

5.2.1 Internal cooling load using radiant time series...... 24

5.2.2 The wall cooling load using sol-air temperature and radiant time series...... 26 ix

5.5 Case Studies ...... 31

5.5.1 ThermoPower 30 Tube Evacuated Tube Collector v1 ...... 31

5.5.2 A.O. Smith Storage Tank ...... 33

5.6 Cost ...... 36

5.6.1 Initial Cost ...... 36

5.6.2 Operating Cost ...... 36

6. RESULTS ...... 38

6.1 Case 1 ...... 38

6.2 Case 2 ...... 40

6.3 Case 3 ...... 42

7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ...... 44

Appendix A. Collector, Storage, and Boiler Calcuations ...... 45

Appendix B. Building Load Calcuations ...... 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 62

List of Tables

Tables Page

5.2.1A Convective and Radiant Percentages of Total Sensible Heat Gain ………………….25

5.2.1B Representative Nonsolar RTS Values for Light and Heavy Construction…………....26

5.2.2 Wall Conduction Time Series…………………………………………………………30

5.6.1 Carrier Chiller Cost…………………………………………………………………....36

5.6.2A Natural Gas Prices………………………………………………………………..……37

5.6.2B Electricity Prices……………………………………………………………………...37

6.1A Case 1 Operating Cost for Vapor Compression System……………………………...38

6.1B Case 1 Operating Cost for Solar Absorption System…………………………...…….38

6.1C Case 1 Overall System Prices………………………………………………...... 39

6.2A Case 2 Operating Cost for Vapor Compression System……………………...... 40

6.2B Case 2 Operating Cost for Solar Absorption System………………………………....40

6.2C Case 2 Overall System Prices……………………………………….……...…………41

6.3A Case 3 Operating Cost for Vapor Compression System………………..…………….42

6.3B Case 3 Operating Cost for Solar Absorption System………………………...... 42

6.3C Case 3 Overall System Prices…………………………………………………………43

List of Figures

Figures Page

1.2 Solar thermal energy for HVAC…………………………………………………..…...2

2.2 Vapor Compression Cycle……………………………………………………..………4

2.3 Vapor Absorption Cycle……………………………………………..…………….…..5

2.6.1 Typical Air Handling Unit……………………………………………………………..7

2.6.2 Double Effect Absorption Chiller Cycle…………………………..…………………...8

3.3 Comparison of the efficiency of various collectors at irradiation levels…………...... 11

3.3.1.1 Schematic diagram of evacuated tube collector………………………………………14

3.5 Scheme of a Solar Powered Single Effect Absorption Cooling System……………...16

5.5 Building Loads…………………………………………………………………...…...32

5.5.1 30-Tube Evacuated Tube Collector.……………………………………………….....33

5.5.2A A.O. Smith Hot Water Storage Tank……………………………………………...... 34

5.5.2B Storage Tank Temperature change for Building……………………………………...35

6.1 Compares VCS and SAS Operating Costs for Case 1……………………………….39

6.2 Compares VCS and SAS Operating Costs for Case 2……………………………...... 41

6.3 Compares VCS and SAS Operating Costs for Case 3………………………………..43

xii

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Statement

“Approximately 80% of our energy consumption comes from fossil fuels and therefore non- renewable resources.”[2] For this reason legislatives around the world are giving initiatives to find new or modify existing forms of renewable energy.

In addition to the lowering the consumption of energy, air conditioning is becoming more in demand by both the private and public sector. India, for example, uses tremendous amount of energy to refrigeration and HVAC applications which involve cooling of air, water, and other fluids in that nature because it is located in a warm tropical area. This leads to significant increase in electric power demand, especially in the summer, which sometimes leads to blackouts.

1.2 Thesis Objective

Research efforts have been made to focus and develop environmentally friendly technologies that use solar energy and integrate it into air conditioning systems as shown in Figure 1.2. Solar energy is becoming a very attractive and elegant because of the abundance of the sun.

Solar cooling technology is looking more and more promising compared to traditional electrical driven units. The main advantages of solar cooling are the reduction of peak loads for electricity utilities, the nonexistent use of ozone depletion refrigerants, decreased of global warming impact and the decreased of primary energy consumption. [3]

A solar absorption system is compared to a traditional vapor compression system to determine if the solar absorption system can compare economically to the traditional compression system for a couple commercial buildings located in Sacramento, California.

Figure 1.1 Solar thermal energy for HVAC [2]

Chapter 2

REVIEW ON COOLING SYSTEMS

2.1 Introduction

The vapor compression, absorption, and thermoelectric are three basic refrigeration methods. The three methods have complex variations, however, only the basic compression and absorption cooling will be discussed.

2.2 Vapor Compression Cycle (VCC)

The compression cycle consists of a condenser, evaporator, throttling valve, and a compressor as shown in Figure 2.2. The cool, low pressure mixture between liquid and vapor refrigerant enters the evaporator (4). Heat is transferred to the evaporator from the heat exchanger causing the refrigerant to boil and the other side of the heat exchanger to cool. The refrigerant vapor (1) is then pumped to thru the compressor, increasing the refrigerants pressure and temperature (2). The refrigerant then passes thru the condenser, where heat is transferred to water or ambient air at a lower temperature. In the condenser, the refrigerant vapor condenses into liquid (3). High pressure, high temperature drops its high pressure refrigerant travels thru the expansion valve where the refrigerant drops its pressure to that of the evaporator. A small fraction of the refrigerant boils (or flashes) thus cooling the rest of the refrigerant to the temperature of the evaporator (4). The refrigerant goes thru the evaporator to repeat the cycle.

Figure 2.2 Vapor Compression Cycle [4]

2.3 Vapor Absorption Cycle (VAC)

Vapor absorption cycle (VAC) uses a heat source to produce the cooling effect. It seems ironic that cooling can be achieved with heat, but that is what a VAC does. VAC uses the heat source to create pressure differences to circulate the refrigerant. Thus, for that reason absorption chillers are very attractive with a given type of heat source like solar heat. The VAC is similar to the VCC in the way that it consists of expansion valve, condenser, and an evaporator; however, the compressor is replaced by the generator, absorber, and a pump as shown in Figure 2.3.

After the liquid refrigerant boils at the evaporator (1), the VAC differs from the VCC. The absorber draws the refrigerant vapor to mix with the absorbent. The pump pushes the refrigerant and absorbent mixture up to the high pressure generator side of the system. At the generator a heat source vaporizes the refrigerant (2) and the remaining absorbent drops back to the absorber

5 side of the system. The hot high pressure refrigerant vapor then goes to the condenser. The rest of the cycle is identical to the VCC.

Figure 2.3 Vapor Absorption Cycle [4]

2.4 Similarities Vapor Compression Cycle and Vapor Absorption Cycle

Both vapor compression and absorption refrigeration cycles use evaporation of a working fluid

(refrigerate) at a low pressure for the removal of heat and a condenser for the rejection of heat.

They both have an expansion valve, condenser, and an evaporator; however an absorption cycle has a generator, pump, and absorber replaces the compressor. The absorber acts like the suction side of the compressor, the pump acts like the compressor process, and the generator acts like the discharge of the compressor [4]. In addition, both cycles include a device to increase the pressure of the refrigerant and an expansion valve that keeps the pressure difference, which is vital for the overall heat transfer process.

2.5 Differences

The absorption cycle uses a pump, instead of a compressor to create the pressure rise.

Compressing a gas is harder and more expensive than pumping a liquid, thus the work input for

6 the absorption chiller is less, but does require a large heat input to the generator. The working input of the VCC is basically just replaced by the heat input of the VAC.

The VAC is better for the environment because the refrigerants used for the VAC have no associated environmental hazards, global warming potential, or ozone depletion. VCC usually use

HCFC-123, HCFC-22, and HFC-124a, which are halocarbons, as the refrigerant. VAS generally use lithium bromide which water as a refrigerant, which is more ecofriendly than the VCC refrigerants.

VAC contains few moving parts which make it less noisy and fewer vibrations compared to VCS.

In addition, VAC require less maintenance than VCC, however, VCC have a higher coefficient of performance (COP). In addition, the heat rejected from the VAC is greater than that of the VCC.

2.5.1 Efficiency

Efficiencies in air conditioning systems are described with the COP. It is defined as the cooling capacity obtained divided by the neat heat input in Btu. Cooling capacity is measured in ton of refrigeration and it is defined as the capacity to remove heat at a rate of 12,000 Btu/hr.

Single Effect Absorption Chillers (SEAC) optimum COP is from 0.6 to 0.8 depending on the temperature of the heat source. Hot water greater than 180 degrees Fahrenheit or low pressure steam is usually used to run the absorption chillers.

2.6 Chillers Used for Air Conditioning

Chillers are the most common form of central commercial air conditioning. A chiller uses the

VCC or VAC to produce chilled water. In chillers, the condenser is the cooling tower. The cooling tower condenses the refrigerant vapors by passing cool water through tubes and, thus, condenses the refrigerant. The evaporator is where the refrigerant boils from the heat of the water losing its heat to the refrigerant. The optimum temperature for the generator is 200 degrees

Fahrenheit. The air handling units (AHUs) are combined with these chillers to use the chilled water and actually cool down desired space.

2.6.1 AHUs

AHUs, shown in Figure 2.6.1, heat, cool, humidify, dehumidify, clean (filter), and distribute air to desired zones or spaces. The chilled water produced from the chiller is distributed to the AHUs cooling coils. The cooling coils cool the air passing thru the AHU and this cooled air is then distributed to the desired space. The boiler works the same way with the AHU. If warm are air is needed, the boiler sends hot water to the AHUs’ hot water coils.

Figure 2.6.1 Typical Air Handling Unit [5]

2.6.2 Common Types of Absorption Chillers

The most common types of absorption chillers are the Single Effect Absorption Chiller (SEAC) and the Double Effect Absorption Chiller (DEAC). The SEAC chiller was previously explained, the DEAC is similar to the SEAC except that the DEAC has an additional generator as shown on

Figure 2.6.2. DEAC have a higher Coefficient of Performance, however, the heat input required is a lot higher than the SEAC.

Figure 2.6.2 Double Effect Absorption Chiller Cycle [4]

The most common refrigerant used for air condition purposes are water as the refrigerant and lithium bromide (LiBr) as absorbent. Ammonia as the refrigerant and water as the absorbent is also very common.

2.7 Occasions when a Vapor Absorption System is Preferred

Absorption chillers greatest advantage is their ability to use waste heat that would otherwise be lost. Facilities that use a lot of thermal energy for their processes have a large amount of energy

9 lost to its surroundings. The waste heat, with the help of an absorption chiller, can be converted to useful air conditioning or refrigeration.

Absorption chillers are also preferred in facilities that have a high electrical supply charges.

Absorption chillers can reduce or flatten sharp peak demands in a building’s electric load profile.

It can be used as part of a peak and money saving strategy. In addition to reduce peak demand, it can also be preferred in facilities where the electrical supply is not robust, expensive, unreliable or unavailable. The previous is true because the absorption chiller use very little electricity compared to an electric motor used to drive the compression cycle chiller. The electrical power consumption for an absorption chiller is about 2-5% of comparable compression chiller [6].

Absorption chillers are traditionally combined with fuel oil/gas, thus, are preferred in occasions where the cost of electricity compared to fuel oil/gas is higher. In addition, for facilities wanting to receive Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certification (LEED), absorption chillers are the best choice. Absorption chillers do not use compounds known for causing Ozone depletion. Absorption chillers most commonly use steam water as the refrigerants which is more ecofriendly than the refrigerants used for compression chillers.

Chapter 3

REVIEW ON SOLAR ENERGY

3.1 Introduction

Heat gain or heat loss in a building is greatly affected by the solar radiation. However, there are a couple of factors that make solar radiation more influential on the building that include:

 Location of the sun in the sky

 Clearness of the atmosphere

 Nature and orientation of the building

In making energy studies and in the design of homes, buildings, and solar collectors, the total radiation striking a surface over a specified period is needed.

3.2 Thermal Radiation

Solar radiation is made up of several different classes of electromagnetic radiation that depend on their wavelength. The class we are most concern about is the thermal radiation, because it’s the one causes the heating effect.

The earth moves in an elliptical orbit about the sun, thus, the earths motion about the sun is a major factor in the effect of solar energy on the building. In addition, the earth spins about its own axis every 24 hours. To make things ever more complicated, the earth’s rotation is titled 23.5 degrees with respect to the orbital plane. That is the reason why time and solar angle are needed and used to predict the amount of thermal radiation is on a building.

3.3 Solar Collectors

The solar collector is a device which absorbs the incoming solar radiation and transfers heat acquired into a fluid (usually air, water or oil) flowing through the collector. Common types of fluids used to for solar collectors are water, oil, or air. The fluid then gets carried either directly

11 to the hot water or AHUs, or to the thermal energy storage tank from which can be drawn for use at night and/or cloudy days.

The two most common types of solar collectors are: stationary and sun-tracking. A stationary collector has the same area for intercepting and for absorbing solar radiation. A sun- tracking collector typically has concave reflecting surface to intercept and focus the sun’s beam radiation to a smaller receiving area, thus, increasing the radiation flux.

Solar energy collectors are distinguished by their motion and their operating temperature as shown in Figure 3.3. The greater the motion and operating temperature of the collector, the more expensive the collector becomes. The performance of the collectors at different irradiation levels are also shown in Figure 3.3

Figure 3.3 Comparison of the efficiency of various collectors at irradiation levels, 500 and

1000W/ [7]

Where,

FPC-Flat Plate Collector

AFP-Advanced flat-plate collector

CPC-Stationary compound parabolic collectors

ETC-Evacuated tube collectors

PTC-Parabolic Tough collector

3.3.1 Stationary Solar Collectors

The stationary solar collectors are called this way because they are permanently fixed in position. The three types of stationary collectors are the flat plate collectors (FPC), stationary compound parabolic collectors (CPC), and the evacuated tube collector (ETC).

In this study, for the convenience of assessment, only the review of evacuated tube collectors will be considered.

3.3.1.1 Evacuated tube collectors

Evacuated heat pipe solar collectors operate differently than the other collectors because they consist of a heat pipe inside a vacuum-sealed tube as shown in Figure 3.3.1.1

ETC can operate at higher temperatures than FPC because the vacuum envelope reduces convection and conduction losses. Both ETC and FPC collect direct and diffuse radiation; however, ETC efficiency is higher at low incidence angles which mean longer day performance.

The amount heat gain from the sun to the collector ( ) was calculated from the total surface irradiance (Et), the aperture collector area ( ), and the efficiency of the collectors ( ), as shown in Equation 3.3.1.1A. The aperture area is the actual area the collector receives solar energy, and not the actual area of the collector itself. The total surface irradiance calculation is show on chapter 5.

= Et Equation 3.3.1.1A

Equation 3.3.1.1B is used to find temperature change of the collector (∆ )

∆ = Equation 3.3.1.1B ̇

Where,

, , and ̇ are the specific heat, density, and volume flow rate of the collector respectively.

ETC use evaporating-condensing water-base liquid, usually methanol, to transfer heat at high efficiency. These collectors feature a heat pipe (a highly efficient thermal conductor) that is continuously bonded with an absorber plate and are placed inside a vacuum-sealed tube. Inside the heat pipe the water-base liquid undergoes an evaporating-condensing cycle, the evaporating liquid goes to the top of each tube where it transfers its heat to the heat exchanger (condenser).

The liquid then condenses and returns to the bottom of the heat pipe where it repeats its evaporating-condensing cycle.

Water, or glycol, flows through the other side of the heat exchanger and picks up the heat from the tubes. The heated liquid, if glycol, circulates through another heat exchanger, or if water, gives off its heat to process or to water stored in a storage tank.

Figure 3.3.1.1 Schematic diagram of evacuated tube collector [8]

3.4 Solar Thermal Storage

Demand charges and time-of-use rates encourage using more energy during off-peak hours and less during on-peak hours. Thermal storage reduces this mismatch between supply and demand and improves the performance and reliability of energy systems. Energy storage leads to saving of fuels and makes the system more cost effective by reducing wastage of energy and capital cost.

Thermal energy can be stored as sensible heat, latent heat, and thermochemical or a combination of these. The major characteristics of the thermal energy system are:

 The temperature range over which it operates

 Its capacity per unit volume

 The power requirements for addition and removal of heat

 The means of controlling thermal losses from the storage system

 The means of addition or removal of heat and the temperature differences associated

 Temperature stratification in the storage unit

 The containers, tanks, or other structural elements associated with the storage system

 Its cost

In this study, for the convenience of assessment, only the review of sensible heat storage will be considered.

3.4.1 Sensible Heat Storage

Sensible heat storage (SHS) is raising the temperature of a solid or liquid and storing it. The amount of heat stored depends on the specific heat of the medium, the temperature change, and the amount of storage material. Water is the best SHS liquid because it is inexpensive and has a high specific heat. The energy balance equation for a nonstratified tank is given by Equation

3.4.1.

= - ̇ - ( - ) 3.4.1

Where,

, ̇ are the rates of addition or removal of energy from the collector and to the load.

Ta is the ambient temperature

Equation 3.4.1 can be transformed by Euler’s integration to Equation 3.4.1 [9]:

= + [ ̇ - ̇ - ( - )] 3.4.2

3.5 Solar Absorption Cooling Systems

Solar cooling (SC) is solar thermal technology that produces cold by manipulating solar energy and allows to obtain significant power saving. Vapor absorption refrigeration system are usually

16 incorporated with solar collectors to create the most common solar cooling system called the solar absorption cooling systems (SACS). In fact, SACS accounts for 59% of the SC systems in

Europe. It is not only used in Europe, it is used all over the world where the solar intensity is very high. Figure 3.5 shows the general scheme of a solar powered single-effect absorption cooling system. The system consists of a solar collector, absorption chiller, a cooling tower, a heat storage water tank, and an auxiliary heater.

Figure 3.5 Scheme of a Solar Powered Single Effect Absorption Cooling System [3]

The hot water storage tank is used as a heat reservoir when there is no cooling demand. When the solar input is not able to heat the generator to its required input temperature, an external auxiliary heat source is provided to supply to the generator.

3.6 Incentives

SMUD, Sacramento Municipal Utility District, has a couple incentives that will help pay for the initial investment of the solar cooling systems. With SMUD's commercial Energy Solutions program Incentives up to $150,000 or 30% of initial cost, whichever is less. There is different

17 ways to qualify. One way to quality is if your project reduces electrical demand for at least one hour daily within the hours of 4-7 p.m., summer weekdays [10].

There are numerous incentives that help pay for the initial investment or even reduce the price per kWh or therm.

Chapter 4

NONRESIDENTIAL COOLING AND HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS

4.1 Introduction

Peak heating and cooling load calculations are one of the primary design bases for most heating and air-conditioning systems and components. These calculations affect the size of air handlers, boilers, chillers, and every other component of the systems that condition indoor environments.

The amount of heating or cooling required at any particular time varies widely, depending on external and internal factors.

4.2 Cooling Loads

Finding the cooling load for a commercial building is not an exact study. Even if the designer uses reasonable procedures, the calculation can never be more than a good estimated because there are so many variables that are changing with time. The amount of heating or cooling varies widely at any particular time depending on many factors like outside temperature, or people occupying a given space.

Cooling loads are created from different external heat transfer modes like conduction, convection, and radiation through the building envelope and from internal components. Building components that affect cooling loads are the following:

External: Walls, roofs, windows, partitions, ceilings, and floors

Internal: Lights, people, appliances, and equipment

Infiltration: Air leakage and moisture migration

System: Outside air, duct leakage, reheat, and fan and pump energy

4.2.1 Internal Heat Gains

Internal heat gains can contribute the majority of the cooling load in a building. As building envelopes have improved, internal loads have increased because of factors such as increased use

19 of computers and dense-occupancy spaces. Internal heat gain calculation techniques are identical for both heat balance (HB) and radiant time series (RTS) cooling-load calculation methods

4.3 Heat Balance Method

The heat balance (HB) method solves the problem directly instead of introducing transformation- based procedures. The main principles for the HB method are that the cooling load estimation involves calculating a surface-by-surface conductive, convective, and radiative heat balance for each room surface and a convective heat balance for the room air. The advantages are that it contains no arbitrarily set parameters, and no processes are hidden from view.

All calculation procedures involve some kind of model; all models require simplifying assumptions and, therefore, are approximate. The most fundamental assumption is that the air in the thermal zone can be modeled as well mixed, meaning its temperature is uniform throughout the zone.

The next major assumption is that the surfaces of the room (walls, windows, floor, etc.) can be treated as having

• Uniform surface temperatures

• Uniform long-wave (LW) and short-wave (SW) irradiation

• Diffuse radiating surfaces

• One-dimensional heat conduction within

The resulting formulation is called the heat balance (HB) model.

4.4 Radiant Time Series Method

The radiant time series (RTS) method is a simplified method that is derived from the heat balance

(HB) method. It effectively replaces all other simplified (non-heat-balance) methods. It is desirable for the user to be able to inspect and compare the coefficients for different construction and zone types in a form illustrating their relative effect on the result.

Design cooling loads are based on the assumption of steady periodic conditions (i.e., the design day’s weather, occupancy, and heat gain conditions are identical to those for preceding days such that the loads repeat on an identical 24 h cyclical basis). Thus, the heat gain for a particular component at a particular hour is the same as 24 h prior, which is the same as 48 h prior, etc. This assumption is the basis for the RTS derivation from the HB method [1].

Cooling load calculations must address two time-delay effects inherent in building heat transfer processes:

(1) Delay of conductive heat gain through opaque massive exterior surfaces (walls, roofs, or floors)

(2) Delay of radiative heat gain conversion to cooling loads. Exterior walls and roofs conduct heat because of temperature differences between outdoor and indoor air. In addition, solar energy on exterior surfaces is absorbed, then transferred by conduction to the building interior. Because of the mass and thermal capacity of the wall or roof construction materials, there is a substantial time delay in heat input at the exterior surface becoming heat gain at the interior surface.

Most heat sources transfer energy to a room by a combination of convection and radiation. The convective part of heat gain immediately becomes cooling load. The radiative part must first be absorbed by the finishes and mass of the interior room surfaces, and becomes cooling load only when it is later transferred by convection from those surfaces to the room air. Thus, radiant heat gains become cooling loads over a delayed period of time [1].

4.4.1 ASHRAE Spreadsheet

The ASHRAE spreadsheet was prepared in conjunction with development of the ASHRAE

Example Building for Chapter 30, Nonresidential Cooling and Heat Load Calculation, of the

2005 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals to calculated cooling loads. This spreadsheet uses the radiant times series method to find the internal and external cooling and heating loads.

4.4.2 Cooling and Heating Load Software Packages

There is software that actually calculates the cooling and heating loads, and is certified for use with the Title 24 Standards. There are software packages that calculate both Residential and

Nonresidential Buildings cooling and heating load. EnergyPro is one example of these software packages.

Chapter 5

DATA COLLECTION AND MODELING

5.1 Introduction

The city of Sacramento California was chosen because solar cooling systems are almost nonexistent in this area. This paper, thus, was written to investigate if a commercial office building with evacuated tube collectors, an absorption chiller, and a thermal water storage tank is actually economically feasible.

Three case studies were investigated to see if the larger the system the more feasible this solar cooling system really is. The system will not only cool in the summer, but heat in the winter because the collectors release heat whenever the sun is out. However, the system will have a boiler, which is the standard for mostly all space heating systems, just in case the collectors do not receive enough energy on a cloudy day.

Cooling a building in the summer is more expensive than heating up a building in the winter. The sizes of the systems are based on the peak cooling load needed to cool down the building in the summer.

In all three cases, the same building was analyzed and just the number of these building increased or decreased depending on the peak cooling load wanted. The building is a two story building and is very similar to the example used for the ASHRAE spreadsheet example [1]. The orientation, location and the infiltration rate of the building are just some of the changes made in building analyzed and the ASHRAE spreadsheet example.

5.2 Building

Location: Sacramento California, latitude (L) = 38.52, longitude (LON) = 121.5, elevation = 26 ft

(7.9 m) above sea level, 99.6% heating design dry-bulb temperature = 31.1°F (-0.5°C). For

23 cooling load calculations, the 2% dry-bulb/coincident wet-bulb monthly design day profile is used.

Inside design conditions: 72°F (22.2°C) for heating; 75°F (23.9°C) with 50% rh for cooling.

Building orientation: The buildings north is true north, no orientation.

Gross area per floor: 15,050 (1,398.4 )

Total building gross area: 30,100 (2796.4 )

Windows: Double glazed, 1/4 in. (6 mm) bronze-tinted outside pane, 1/2 in. (13 mm) air space and 1/4 in. (6 mm) clear inside pane with light-colored interior miniblinds. Window normal solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) = 0.49. Windows are nonoperable and mounted in aluminum frames with thermal breaks having overall combined U = 0.57 Btu/h·ft2·°F (3.24 W/(m2·K)).

Inside attenuation coefficient (IAC) for inside miniblinds = 0.66 (based on light venetian blinds with heat-absorbing double glazing). Each window is 6.25 ft (1.91 m) wide by 6.4 ft (1.95 m) tall for an area per window = 40 (3.72 ).

Walls: Part insulated spandrel glass and part brick-and-block clad columns. The insulation barrier in the soffit at the second floor is similar to that of the spandrel glass and is of lightweight construction; for simplicity, that surface is assumed to have similar thermal heat gain/loss to the spandrel glass.

Spandrel wall: Spandrel bronze-tinted glass, opaque, backed with air space, rigid mineral fiber insulation R = 5.0 (h·ft2·°F)/Btu (0.88 (m2·K)/W), mineral fiber batt insulation R = 5.0

(h·ft2·°F)/Btu (0.88 (m2·K)/W), and 5/8 in. (16mm) gypsum wall board. Use spandrel wall U =

0.09 Btu/h·ft2·°F (0.51 W/(m2·K)).

Brick wall: Light-brown-colored face brick 4 in. (102 mm), mineral fiber batt insulation R = 10

(h·ft2·°F)/Btu (1.76 (m2·K)/W), lightweight concrete block 6 in. (152mm) and gypsum wall board 5/8 in. (16mm). Use brick wall U = 0.08 Btu/h·ft2·°F (0.45 W/(m2·K)).

Roof: Flat metal deck topped with rigid mineral fiber insulation and perlite board R = 12.5

(h·ft2·°F)/Btu (2.2 (m2·K)/W), felt, and light-colored membrane roofing. Space above 9 ft (2.75 m) suspended acoustical tile ceiling is used as a return air plenum. Use roof U = 0.07 Btu/h·ft2·°F

(0.40 W/(m2·K).

Floor: 5 in. (127mm) lightweight concrete slab on grade for first floor and 5 in. (127mm) lightweight concrete on metal deck for second floor Total areas of building exterior skin.

Occupancy: 7 people per 1000 = 143 /person (7.54 people per 100 = 13.3 / person)

Lighting: 1.5 W/ (16.15 W/ ) Fluorescent lights, suspended, unvented

Tenant’s office equipment: 1 W/ (10.76 W/ )

Infiltration: Assume the building is maintained under positive pressure during peak cooling conditions and therefore has no infiltration. Assume that infiltration during peak heating conditions is equivalent to 0.2 air change per hour.

Inside design conditions: 72°F (22.2°C) for heating; 75°F (23.9°C) with 50% rh for cooling.

Normal use schedule is assumed at 100% from 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM and unoccupied/off during other hours

20 cfm of outside air per person for sizing the cooling coils and chiller

5.2.1 Internal cooling load using radiant time series.

To calculate the cooling load from lighting at 3:00 PM solar time for the building use equation

5.2.1A as shown below:

q15 = lighting per total building gross area * percent Equation 5.2.1A

Where the percent at the end is the time when the lights are 100% on or 0% on, i.e. at 3:00 PM solar time, the lights are 100% on.

The convective portion Equation 5.2.1B is simply the lighting heat gain for the hour being calculated times the convective fraction for unvented fluorescent lighting as shown on Figure

5.2.1A:

Qc,15 = (q15)(33%) Equation 5.2.1B

Table 5.2.1A Convective and Radiant Percentages of Total Sensible Heat Gain [1]

The radiant portion of the cooling load is calculated using lighting heat gains for the current hour and past 23 h, the radiant fraction from 67%, and radiant time series from Table 5.2.1A. The RTS for medium-weight construction, assuming 50% glass and carpeted floors is selected from Table

5.2.1B. Thus, the radiant cooling load for lighting is calculated using Equation 5.2.1C.

Qr,15 = (0.49)(0.67)q15 + (0.17)(0.67)q14 +(0.09)(0.67)q13 + r3(0.67)q12 + … + r23(0.67)q16

Equation 5.2.1C

Table 5.2.1B Representative Nonsolar RTS Values for Light and Heavy Construction [1]

Equation 5.2.1D gives total lighting cooling load at the designated hour

Qlight = Qc,15 + Qr,15 Equation 5.2.1D

The same technic is used with Occupancy and Equipment.

5.2.2 The wall cooling load using sol-air temperature and radiant time series.

The cooling load contribution from the spandrel wall section facing West at 3:00 PM solar time in

July is Determined by calculating (1) sol-air temperatures at the exterior surface, (2) heat input based on sol-air temperature, (3) delayed heat gain through the mass of the wall to the interior surface using conduction time series, and (4) delayed space cooling load from heat gain using radiant time series.

First, calculate the sol-air temperature at 3:00 PM local standard time (LST) (4:00 PM daylight saving time) on July 21 for a vertical, dark-colored wall surface, facing west. The outdoor design temperature for that month and time is 99.8°F.

The clearness number CN is assumed to be 1.0 and ground reflectivity ρg = 0.2. Sol-air temperature is calculated. For a dark colored wall, α = 0.45 ho = 3, and for vertical surfaces,

εΔR/ho = 0. The solar irradiance Et on the wall is determined

Solar Angles:

ψ = west orientation = +90°

Σ = surface tilt from horizontal (where horizontal = 0°) = 90° for vertical wall surface

3:00 PM LST = hour 15

Calculate solar altitude, solar azimuth, surface solar azimuth, and incident angle as follows:

The solar position data and constants for July 21 are

ET = –6.2 min

δ = 20.6°

A = 346.6 Btu/h·ft2 (1093 W/ )

B = 0.186

C = 0.138

Local standard meridian (LSM) for Pacific Time Zone = 120°.

To calculate the Apparent solar time AST use Equation 5.2.2A

AST = LST + ET/60 + (LSM – LON)/15 Equation 5.2.2A

The Hour angle H, degrees is calculated using Equation 5.2.2B

H = 15(AST – 12) Equation 5.2.2B

The Solar altitude β is found using Equation 5.2.2C

β = sin–1(cos L cos δ cos H + sin L sin δ) Equation 5.2.2C

The Solar azimuth φ is found using Equation 5.2.2D

φ = cos–1[ (sin β sin L – sin δ)/(cos β cos L)] Equation 5.2.2D

The Surface-solar azimuth γ, Incident angle θ, Direct normal irradiance EDN, and Surface direct irradiance ED are calculated using Equation 5.2.2E, 5.2.2F, 5.2.2G, and 5.2.2H respectively.

γ = φ – ψ Equation 5.2.2E

θ = cos–1 (cos β cos γ sin Σ + sin β cos Σ) Equation 5.2.2F

EDN = [A/exp(B/sin β)]CN Equation 5.2.2G

ED = EDN cos θ Equation 5.2.2H

Ratio Y of sky diffuse radiation on vertical surface to sky diffuse radiation on horizontal surface is found using Equation 5.2.2I

Y = 0.55 + 0.437 cos θ + 0.313 cos2θ Equation 5.2.2I

Equation 5.2.2J calculates the Diffuse irradiance Ed – Vertical surfaces

Ed = CYEDN Equation 5.2.2J

The Ground-reflected irradiance Er is calculated using Equation 5.2.2K

Er = EDN(C + sin β)ρg(l – cos Σ)/2 Equation 5.2.2K

Finally, Equation 5.2.2L is used to calculate the total surface irradiance Et

Et =ED + Ed + Er Equation 5.2.2L

Sol-air temperature Te, which is calculated using Equation 5.2.2M, is used to calculate the sol-air temperatures for each hour on each surface

Te = to + αEt /ho – εΔR/ho Equation 5.2.2M

Because of the tedious solar angle and intensity calculations, using a simple computer spreadsheet or other computer software can reduce the effort involved.

Conductive heat gain is calculated using Equations 5.2.2L and 5.2.2M. First, calculate the 24 h heat input profile using Equation 5.2.2L and the sol-air temperatures for a southwest-facing wall with dark exterior color: To find the heat input we use the formula:

qi,15 = UA(Te – inside designed room temp.) Equation 5.2.2L

Next, calculate wall heat gain using conduction time series. The preceding heat input profile is used with conduction time series to calculate the wall heat gain. From Table 5.2.2, the most similar wall construction is wall number 1 for spandrel panel walls and number 11 brick pilaster walls. Using the RTS, similar to the previous light cooling load, Equation 5.2.2C is used to find the cooling load q15 = c0qi,15 + c1qi,14 + csqi,13 + c3qi,12 + … + c23qi,16 Equation 5.2.2M

Table 5.2.2 Wall Conduction Time Series [1]

The calculations for the other walls, roof, windows, and all other items are calculated in the worksheet using the RTS to find individual cooling and heating load for each building.

5.5 Case Studies

The 2-story building will be used for each case, however, the amount of buildings increase or decrease. The Carrier Evergreen Water Cooled Vapor Compression Chiller is compared with the

Solar Cooling System composed of Carrier’s Single Effect Hot Water Absorption Chiller, A.O.

Smith Commercial Hot Water Storage Tank, and ThermoPower 30 Evacuated Tube Solar

Collectors. The VCC is assumed to have a COP of 6.3, the Absorption chiller and boiler are both assumed to have a COP of 0.8 to make calculating easier. The cooling load and heating load were increase by 10% to give account to the heating gain or losses like piping, pumps, and AHUs.

Figure 5.5 shows all the loads given from solar absorption system for one 2-story building.

5.5.1 ThermoPower 30 Tube Evacuated Tube Collector v1

The 30 tube collector has an ideal flow rate ( ̇ ) 3 L/min, a max flow rate ( ̇ ) 15 L/min. The

aperture collector area ( ): 2.83 . The idea tilt for an evacuated tube collector is facing

South as shown on Figure 5.5.1 The price for each collector is $949 each [15]. For each building,

120 solar collectors are needed. The boiler is on the same amount; however, there is no peak cooling or heating load because the collectors work with the boiler to heat up the water for the absorption chiller or for the AHUs, or for the storage tank. In this study, it is assumed that the price of installation is included when 100 or more collectors are bought.

Figure 5.5 Building Loads

Figure 5.5.1 30-Tube Evacuated Tube Collector [11]

5.5.2 A.O. Smith Storage Tank

The heavy-duty large volume storage tanks are recommended when storing water at F

( C) or higher. The HD-96-12,500 shown in Figure 5.5.2A can store up to 12,500 gallons and costs $94,250. For each building one 12,500 gallon storage tank is used. Figure 5.5.2B shows the temperature increase and decrease from the solar gain, boiler gain, cooling load, and heating load.

The temperature of the storage tank never dropped to less than Celsius because the absorption chillers lose efficiency drastically after that temperature and never reaches a temperature of greater than Celsius because water boils at Celsius. If the temperature of the storage tank

34 drops to less than Celsius than the boiler automatically turns on to make 100KW in that hour.

Figure 5.5.2A A.O. Smith Hot Water Storage Tank

Figure 5.5.2B Storage Tank Temperature change for Building

In this study, it is assumed that the cost percentage of each storage tank is decreased by the number of storage tanks needed. If three storage tanks are need, such as Case Study 1, the cost of the storage tanks are decreased by 3%. In addition, it is assumed that when three or more storage tanks are bought, the instillation charges are included with the cost of the storage tank.

5.6 Cost

The initial estimate of the cost must be computed in order to determine the economic feasibility of this or any project. The cost presented in this study consists of the capital costs and operating cost.

5.6.1 Initial Cost

The initial costs for the solar vapor absorption system include the absorption machine, storage tanks, and solar collectors. The initial cost of the vapor compression system includes the vapor compression chiller. The cost for the chillers that were compared are shown on Table 5.6.1[11]

Carrier Chillers Mark For Model Number Description Capacity (Tons) Cost 23 16LJ236111B2600 Single Effect-low Temerature Hot Water Absorption Chiller 210 $175,000.00 51 16LJ516111B2601 Single Effect-low Temerature Hot Water Absorption Chiller 420 $261,610.00 53 16LJ536111B2602 Single Effect-low Temerature Hot Water Absorption Chiller 525 $286,791.00 200Tons 19XRV1010237BHH64- Evergreen Water Cooled Chiller 200 $102,842.00 400Tons 19XRV3131354KDH64- Evergreen Water Cooled Chiller 400 $118,416.00 525Tons 19XRV4041385KGH64- Evergreen Water Cooled Chiller 525 $138,627.00

Table 5.6.1 Carrier Chiller Cost

The cooling towers needed for absorption chillers are usually bigger for the same cooling load, however, for the simplicity of this study and that the cost of the cooling towers do not vary much given the different cooling loads , the cost of the cooling towers are assumed to be the same.

5.6.2 Operating Cost

The operating cost includes the wages of employees, supplies, water, materials, gas cost, and electricity cost. For this study it is assumed that the wages of employees, supplies, water, and materials are same for both types of systems. The natural gas price for small

37 commercial customers (G-NR1) is shown on Table 5.6.2A [12]. The electric prices for large commercial applications (GS-TOU1) are given on Table 5.6.2B [13]. For HVAC application,

Secondary Rate Category is used.

Pacific Gas and Electric Company Schedule G-NR1 Gas Service to Small Commercial Customers January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2013 ($/therm)1/ Public Advice Purpose Effective Letter Customer Charge Procurement Program 2/ 2/ Date Number (per/day) Charge Transportation Charge Total Charge Surcharge

Highest Average Daily Use (therms) FirstSummer Winter FirstSummer FirstWinter 5.1 - 16.1 - 41.1 - 123.1 & 4,000 First 4,000 4,000 4,000 0 - 5.0 16.0 41.0 123.0 Up therms Excess therms Excess therms Excess therms Excess 01/01/13 3352-G 0.2705 0.5211 0.9548 1.6649 2.1494 0.4292 0.3021 0.1221 0.3732 0.1508 0.7313 0.5513 0.8024 0.5800 0.0388 02/01/13 3359-G 0.2705 0.5211 0.9548 1.6649 2.1494 0.4696 0.3261 0.1469 0.4020 0.1810 0.7957 0.6164 0.8716 0.6506 0.0388 03/01/13 3367-G 0.2705 0.5211 0.9548 1.6649 2.1494 0.4057 0.3261 0.1469 0.4020 0.1810 0.7318 0.5525 0.8077 0.5867 0.0388 04/01/13 3373-G 0.2705 0.5211 0.9548 1.6649 2.1494 0.4709 0.3163 0.1484 0.3890 0.1825 0.7872 0.6193 0.8599 0.6534 0.0388 05/01/13 3381-G 0.2705 0.5211 0.9548 1.6649 2.1494 0.5297 0.3163 0.1484 0.3890 0.1825 0.8460 0.6781 0.9187 0.7122 0.0388 06/01/13 3387-G 0.2705 0.5211 0.9548 1.6649 2.1494 0.4757 0.3163 0.1484 0.3890 0.1825 0.7920 0.6240 0.8647 0.6581 0.0388 07/01/13 3392-G 0.2705 0.5211 0.9548 1.6649 2.1494 0.4456 0.3163 0.1484 0.3890 0.1825 0.7619 0.5940 0.8346 0.6281 0.0388 08/01/13 3401-G 0.2705 0.5211 0.9548 1.6649 2.1494 0.4327 0.3163 0.1484 0.3890 0.1825 0.7490 0.5811 0.8217 0.6152 0.0388 09/01/13 3408-G 0.2705 0.5211 0.9548 1.6649 2.1494 0.4019 0.3163 0.1484 0.3890 0.1825 0.7182 0.5503 0.7909 0.5844 0.0388 10/01/13 3416-G 0.2705 0.5211 0.9548 1.6649 2.1494 0.4060 0.3163 0.1484 0.3890 0.1825 0.7223 0.5544 0.7950 0.5885 0.0388 11/01/13 3425-G 0.2705 0.5211 0.9548 1.6649 2.1494 0.5136 0.3163 0.1484 0.3890 0.1825 0.8299 0.6619 0.9026 0.6960 0.0388 12/01/13 3434-G 0.2705 0.5211 0.9548 1.6649 2.1494 $0.472633/ 0.3163 0.1484 0.3890 0.1825 0.7889 0.6210 0.8616 0.6551 0.0388 1/ Unless otherwise noted 2/ Schedule G-PPPS (Public Purpose Program Surcharge) needs to be added to the Total Charge for bill calculation. See Schedule G-PPPS for details. 3/ This procurement rate includes a credit of $0.00024 per therm to reflect account balance amortizations in accordance with Advice Letter 3157-G. Seasons: Winter = Nov-March Summer = April-Oct

Table 5.6.2A Natural Gas Prices

Smud GS-TOU1 Schedule G-NR2 Electric Service to Large Commercial Customers ($/kWh)1/ System Site Infrastrure Commerial Rate Infrastructure Electricity Charge ($/kWh) Charge Fixed Charge ($ per 12 month max kW or (per month per meter) Summer (June 1-Sept. 30) Winter (Oct. 1-May 31) contract capabity) Super- On-Peak Off_Peak On-Peak Off-Peak Peak Secondary $99.10 $3.69 $0.1541 $0.1231 $0.0985 $0.0989 $0.0784 Primary $99.10 $3.54 $0.1270 $0.1158 $0.0898 $0.0940 $0.0733 Subtransmission $262.50 $2.82 $0.1234 $0.1084 $0.0885 $0.0905 $0.0717 Seasons: Winter = Oct-May Summer = June-Sept

Table 5.6.2B Electricity Prices

Chapter 6

RESULTS

6.1 Case 1

Case 1 consists of three 2-story buildings with a max cooling load consisting of about 200 RT.

Table 6.1A consists of the operating cost for heating and cooling the vapor compression system.

Table 6.1B consists of the operating cost the solar absorption system. Figure 6.1 compares the monthly operating cost for both systems. The total overall prices of the systems were compared after 20 years as shown on Table 6.1C, which are the life spans of the systems.

Monthly Monthly Total Monthly Cost per Therms Therms per Cost per Customer Total Monthly Daily Cooling Customer Monthly Month Cooling month for per Day Month Month Charge Natural Cost for Heating Load charge for cost for Load (KW) cooling Gas electrictiy cooling 1 75 2340 $1,878 $ 51.61 $1,930 454 14070 $1,242 $99 $1,341 2 56 1572 $1,370 $ 46.62 $1,417 568 15894 $1,393 $99 $1,492 3 41 1257 $1,015 $ 29.60 $1,045 657 20367 $1,792 $99 $1,891 4 22 667 $525 $ 28.64 $554 778 23326 $2,070 $99 $2,169 5 4 125 $106 $ 8.38 $114 956 29622 $2,619 $99 $2,718 6 1 15 $12 $ 8.11 $20 1062 31857 $3,809 $99 $3,908 7 0 0 $0 $ 8.38 $8 1099 34069 $4,120 $99 $4,219 8 0 0 $0 $ 8.38 $8 1081 33519 $4,053 $99 $4,153 9 4 106 $76 $ 8.11 $84 1006 30191 $3,612 $99 $3,712 10 12 375 $298 $ 16.15 $315 866 26849 $2,374 $99 $2,473 11 44 1308 $1,181 $ 49.95 $1,231 611 18321 $1,600 $99 $1,699 12 78 2414 $2,080 $ 51.61 $2,131 440 13649 $1,205 $103 $1,308 Total 336 10180 $8,541 $8,857 $29,889 $31,082

Table 6.1A Case 1 Operating Cost for Vapor Compression System

Monthly Customer Total Therms per Therms per Cost per Month Charge Monthly Day month month Natural Cost Gas 1 41 1270 $1,019 $30 $1,048 2 31 860 $750 $27 $776 3 0 0 $0 $8 $8 4 0 0 $0 $8 $8 5 0 0 $0 $8 $8 6 0 0 $0 $8 $8 7 41 1270 $967 $30 $997 8 41 1270 $951 $30 $981 9 41 1229 $882 $29 $911 10 41 1270 $917 $30 $947 11 31 922 $832 $29 $860 12 51 1587 $1,367 $52 $1,419 Total 317 9676 $7,685 $7,972

Table 6.1B Case 1 Operating Cost for Solar Absorption System

Figure 6.1 Compares VCS and SAS Operating Costs for Case 1

Case 1 SAS VCS Machine Cost $175,000 $102,842 Capacity (Tons) 210 200 Solar Collectors Cost $341,640 $0 Hot Water Storage Cost $274,268 $0 Government Incentives 30% Adjusted Solar Collectors Cost $239,148 $0 Adjusted Hot Water Storage Cost $191,987 $0

Total Cost of gas per yr $7,972 $8,857 Total Cost of electricity per yr $1,554 $31,082 Cost of gas and electricity after 20 yrs $190,528 $798,782

Total cost after 20 yrs $981,436 $901,624 Adjusted total cost after 20 yrs $796,663 $901,624

Table 6.1C Case 1 Overall System Prices

6.2 Case 2

Case 2 consists of six 2-story buildings with a max cooling load consisting of about 400 RT.

Table 6.2A consists of the operating cost for heating and cooling the vapor compression system.

Table 6.2B consists of the operating cost the solar absorption system. Figure 6.2 compares the monthly operating cost for both systems. The total overall prices of the systems were compared after 20 years as shown on Table 6.2C, which are the life spans of the systems.

Monthly Monthly Total Monthly Cost per Therms Therms per Cost per Customer Total Monthly Daily Cooling Customer Monthly Month Cooling month for per Day Month Month Charge Natural Cost for Heating Load charge for cost for Load (KW) cooling Gas electrictiy cooling 1 151 4681 $3,604 67 $3,671 908 28139 $2,484 $99 $2,584 2 112 3145 $2,741 47 $2,788 1135 31787 $2,786 $99 $2,885 3 81 2514 $2,031 52 $2,082 1314 40734 $3,583 $99 $3,682 4 44 1334 $1,050 50 $1,100 1555 46652 $4,140 $99 $4,239 5 8 250 $212 16 $228 1911 59245 $5,237 $99 $5,336 6 1 30 $24 8 $32 2124 63715 $7,617 $99 $7,716 7 0 0 $0 8 $8 2198 68138 $8,241 $99 $8,340 8 0 0 $0 8 $8 2163 67038 $8,107 $99 $8,206 9 7 212 $152 16 $168 2013 60381 $7,225 $99 $7,324 10 24 751 $597 30 $627 1732 53698 $4,747 $99 $4,846 11 87 2616 $2,361 50 $2,411 1221 36643 $3,200 $99 $3,299 12 156 4828 $3,989 67 $4,055 881 27297 $2,410 $103 $2,513 Total 672 20360 $16,761 $17,178 $59,779 $60,971

Table 6.2A Case 2 Operating Cost for Vapor Compression System

Monthly Therms per Customer Total Monthly Month Therms per Day Cost per month month Charge Natural Cost Gas 1 82 2539 $2,037 52 $2,089 2 61 1720 $1,499 27 $1,526 3 0 0 $0 8 $8 4 0 0 $0 8 $8 5 0 0 $0 8 $8 6 0 0 $0 29 $29 7 82 2539 $1,935 52 $1,986 8 82 2539 $1,902 52 $1,954 9 82 2457 $1,765 50 $1,815 10 82 2539 $1,834 52 $1,886 11 61 1843 $1,663 50 $1,713 12 102 3174 $2,735 52 $2,786 Total 635 19352 $15,371 $15,809

Table 6.2B Case 2 Operating Cost for Solar Absorption System

Figure 6.2 Compares VCS and SAS Operating Costs for Case 2

Case 2 SAS VCS Machine Cost $261,610 $118,416 Capacity (Tons) 420 400 Solar Collectors Cost $683,280 $0 Hot Water Storage Cost $531,570 $0 Government Incentives 30% Adjusted Solar Collectors Cost $533,280 $0 Adjusted Hot Water Storage Cost $531,420 $0

Total Cost of gas per yr $15,808.74 $ 17,178 Total Cost of electricity per yr $3,048.57 $60,971.40 Cost of gas and electricity after 20 yrs $377,146 $1,562,992

Total cost after 20 yrs $1,853,606 $1,681,408 Adjusted total cost after 20 yrs $1,703,456 $1,681,408

Table 6.2C Case 2 Overall System Prices

6.3 Case 3

Case 3 consists of eight 2-story buildings with a max cooling load consisting of about 400 RT.

Table 6.2A consists of the operating cost for heating and cooling the vapor compression system.

Table 6.2B consists of the operating cost the solar absorption system. Figure 6.3 compares the monthly operating cost for both systems. The total overall prices of the systems were compared after 20 years as shown on Table 6.2C, which are the life spans of the systems.

Monthly Monthly Total Monthly Cost per Therms Therms per Cost per Customer Total Monthly Daily Cooling Customer Monthly Month Cooling month for per Day Month Month Charge Natural Cost for Heating Load charge for cost for Load (KW) cooling Gas electrictiy cooling 1 201 6241 $4,509 $67 $4,576 1210 37519 $3,313 $99 $3,412 2 150 4193 $3,612 $60 $3,672 1514 42383 $3,715 $99 $3,814 3 108 3352 $2,453 $52 $2,505 1752 54313 $4,778 $99 $4,877 4 59 1778 $1,400 $50 $1,450 2073 62203 $5,520 $99 $5,619 5 11 334 $282 $16 $298 2548 78993 $6,983 $99 $7,082 6 1 40 $32 $8 $40 2832 84953 $10,156 $99 $10,255 7 0 0 $0 $8 $8 2931 90850 $10,988 $99 $11,087 8 0 0 $0 $8 $8 2883 89384 $10,809 $99 $10,908 9 9 283 $203 $16 $219 2684 80509 $9,633 $99 $9,732 10 32 1001 $796 $30 $826 2310 71598 $6,329 $99 $6,429 11 116 3488 $3,148 $50 $3,198 1629 48857 $4,266 $99 $4,365 12 208 6437 $5,043 $67 $5,109 1174 36396 $3,214 $103 $3,317 Total 896 27147 $21,479 $21,910 $79,705 $80,898

Table 6.3A Case 3 Operating Cost for Vapor Compression System

Monthly Therms per Customer Total Monthly Month Therms per Day Cost per month month Charge Natural Cost Gas 1 109 3386 $2,717 $52 $2,768 2 82 2294 $1,999 $47 $2,046 3 0 0 $0 $8 $8 4 0 0 $0 $8 $8 5 0 0 $0 $8 $8 6 0 0 $0 $29 $29 7 109 3386 $2,580 $52 $2,631 8 109 3386 $2,536 $52 $2,588 9 109 3276 $2,353 $50 $2,403 10 109 3386 $2,445 $52 $2,497 11 82 2457 $2,218 $50 $2,268 12 137 4232 $3,598 $67 $3,665 Total 846 25802 $20,446 $20,919

Table 6.3B Case 3 Operating Cost for Solar Absorption System

Figure 6.3 Compares VCS and SAS Operating Costs for Case 3

Case 3 SAS VCS Machine Cost $286,791 $138,627 Capacity (Tons) 525 525 Solar Collectors Cost $911,040 $0 Hot Water Storage Cost $693,680 $0 Government Incentives 30% Adjusted Solar Collectors Cost $761,040 $0 Adjusted Hot Water Storage Cost $693,530 $0

Total Cost of gas per yr $20,919 $21,910 Total Cost of electricity per yr $4,045 $80,898 Cost of gas and electricity after 20 yrs $499,282 $2,056,147

Total cost after 20 yrs $2,390,793 $2,194,774 Adjusted total cost after 20 yrs $2,240,643 $2,194,774

Table 6.3C Case 3 Overall System Prices

Chapter 7

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

In all three cases, if the SMUD does not help with the initial costs of the solar collectors and hot water storage tanks, the solar absorption systems would not be able to compete with the VCS cost. As the systems increase in size, the prices for electricity and natural gas reduce per kWh and therm-hr respectively. In addition, there is less help from the SMUD incentives.

The price of the solar collectors and storage tanks are a huge factor in choosing what system will be used, however, if the number of storage tanks are so great, large volume storage tank can be made at the location, which could make the price for larger solar absorption systems more profitable in the long run.

Appendix A. Collector, Storage, and Boiler Calcuations

SOLAR INTENSITY AND POSITION DATA DIRECT BEAM SOLAR DIFFUSE SOLAR HEAT GAIN Total Local Equation A B C Apparent Direct Surface Surface Ground Sky Sub-total Surface Standard of Time, Declination (Dimensionless Solar Hour Solar Solar Normal Incident Direct Diffuse Y Diffuse Diffuse Irradiance Month Hour min. degrees W/m² Ratios) Time, hours Angle Altitude Azimuth W/m² Angle W/m² W/m² Ratio W/m² W/m² W/m² LST ET DECL A B C AST H β φ EDN θ 1 1 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 0.71 -169 -69 -150 0 165 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 1 2 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 1.71 -154 -61 -123 0 153 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 1 3 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 2.71 -139 -50 -106 0 139 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 1 4 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 3.71 -124 -39 -95 0 125 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 1 5 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 4.71 -109 -27 -85 0 111 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 1 6 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 5.71 -94 -16 -77 0 97 0 0 0.50 0 0 0.0 1 7 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 6.71 -79 -4 -68 0 83 0 0 0.61 0 0 0.0 1 8 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 7.71 -64 6 -58 317 69 112 1 0.74 30 31 143.1 1 9 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 8.71 -49 15 -48 708 56 393 4 0.89 68 72 464.8 1 10 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 9.71 -34 23 -35 841 44 603 6 1.02 81 86 689.2 1 11 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 10.71 -19 29 -21 897 34 741 7 1.12 86 93 834.1 1 12 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 11.71 -4 31 -5 917 29 803 8 1.17 88 96 898.7 1 13 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 12.71 11 31 12 911 30 786 7 1.16 88 95 881.1 1 14 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 13.71 26 27 27 878 38 691 7 1.09 84 91 781.9 1 15 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 14.71 41 20 41 798 49 522 5 0.97 77 81 603.4 1 16 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 15.71 56 12 52 597 62 282 2 0.83 57 60 342.0 1 17 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 16.71 71 2 63 11 75 3 0 0.68 1 1 3.9 1 18 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 17.71 86 -9 72 0 89 0 0 0.56 0 0 0.0 1 19 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 18.71 101 -20 80 0 103 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 1 20 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 19.71 116 -32 89 0 117 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 1 21 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 20.71 131 -44 99 0 131 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 1 22 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 21.71 146 -55 112 0 145 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 1 23 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 22.71 161 -65 133 0 158 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 1 24 -11.2 -20 1202 0.141 0.103 23.71 176 -71 167 0 168 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 2 1 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 0.67 -170 -61 -159 0 170 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 2 2 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 1.67 -155 -54 -134 0 155 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 2 3 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 2.67 -140 -45 -117 0 141 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 2 4 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 3.67 -125 -34 -104 0 126 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 2 5 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 4.67 -110 -22 -94 0 111 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 2 6 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 5.67 -95 -11 -85 0 96 0 0 0.50 0 0 0.0 2 7 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 6.67 -80 1 -75 0 82 0 0 0.62 0 0 0.1 2 8 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 7.67 -65 12 -66 601 67 230 3 0.76 58 61 290.9 2 9 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 8.67 -50 22 -54 815 53 487 5 0.92 79 84 570.8 2 10 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 9.67 -35 31 -41 900 40 691 7 1.07 87 95 786.2 2 11 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 10.67 -20 37 -25 939 28 831 9 1.18 91 100 931.2 2 12 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 11.67 -5 40 -6 954 20 897 10 1.24 93 102 998.7 2 13 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 12.67 10 40 13 951 22 883 9 1.23 92 102 984.9 2 14 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 13.67 25 35 31 929 32 792 9 1.15 90 99 890.7 2 15 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 14.67 40 28 46 879 44 629 7 1.02 85 92 721.2 2 16 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 15.67 55 19 58 766 58 405 4 0.87 74 79 483.8 2 17 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 16.67 70 8 69 448 72 136 2 0.71 44 45 181.3 2 18 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 17.67 85 -3 78 0 87 0 0 0.58 0 0 0.0 2 19 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 18.67 100 -15 88 0 101 0 0 0.48 0 0 0.0 2 20 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 19.67 115 -26 97 0 116 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 2 21 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 20.67 130 -38 108 0 131 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 2 22 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 21.67 145 -48 122 0 145 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 2 23 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 22.67 160 -57 142 0 160 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 2 24 -13.9 -10.8 1187 0.142 0.104 23.67 175 -62 170 0 175 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 3 1 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 0.78 -168 -50 -162 0 166 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 3 2 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 1.78 -153 -44 -141 0 152 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 3 3 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 2.78 -138 -36 -125 0 138 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 3 4 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 3.78 -123 -25 -112 0 123 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 3 5 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 4.78 -108 -14 -102 0 108 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 3 6 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 5.78 -93 -3 -92 0 93 0 0 0.53 0 0 0.0 3 7 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 6.78 -78 9 -83 452 79 90 2 0.65 46 48 137.8 3 8 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 7.78 -63 21 -73 761 64 337 5 0.81 77 82 419.4 3 9 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 8.78 -48 31 -61 874 49 574 7 0.97 89 96 670.3 3 10 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 9.78 -33 41 -47 927 34 765 9 1.12 94 104 869.0 3 11 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 10.78 -18 48 -28 952 20 894 11 1.24 97 108 1001.5 3 12 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 11.78 -3 51 -5 962 9 950 11 1.29 98 109 1058.9 3 13 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 12.78 12 50 18 958 14 928 11 1.27 97 109 1037.0 3 14 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 13.78 27 44 39 941 28 832 10 1.18 96 106 937.5 3 15 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 14.78 42 36 55 902 42 667 8 1.04 92 100 767.1 3 16 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 15.78 57 25 68 823 57 448 6 0.88 84 90 537.7 3 17 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 16.78 72 14 78 636 72 198 3 0.72 65 68 266.1 3 18 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 17.78 87 3 88 46 87 3 0 0.58 5 5 7.4 3 19 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 18.78 102 -9 97 0 101 0 0 0.48 0 0 0.0 3 20 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 19.78 117 -21 107 0 116 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 3 21 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 20.78 132 -31 119 0 131 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 3 22 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 21.78 147 -41 133 0 146 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 3 23 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 22.78 162 -48 152 0 160 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 3 24 -7.5 0 1164 0.149 0.109 23.78 177 -51 175 0 171 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0

Appendix A. Collector, Storage, and Boiler Calcuations cont.

Qc Qc Qcool 10% + Qheat Qheat Qboiler Qheat Chiller per per ∆Tcol Total Total Temp Total 10% - Boiler On COP 6.3 Day Month Ts Tcol,o Load Load Storage Load 80% COP KW KW °C °C W KW ∆Tstorage Ts+ W KW Therms KW KW 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 85.0 85.0 -57919 0 -1.25 83.7 -50204 69.03044 2.355988 0 1-1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.7 83.7 -59738 0 -1.30 82.5 -52023 71.53212 2.441369 0 1-2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.5 82.5 -61693 0 0.47 82.9 -53978 74.2197 2.533096 100 1-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.9 82.9 -63345 0 -1.39 81.5 -55630 76.49147 2.61063 0 1-4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.5 81.5 -64736 0 0.39 81.9 -57021 78.40456 2.675924 100 1-5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.9 81.9 -65132 0 0.38 82.3 -57417 78.94844 2.694486 100 1-6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.3 82.3 12350 13.58447 1.57 83.9 20064 0 0 100 1-7 2.2 34.0 1054.6 0.3 83.9 84.1 31452 34.5971 -0.01 83.9 39166 0 0 0 1-8 5.5 110.5 3424.9 0.9 83.9 84.7 54324 59.75607 0.92 84.8 62038 0 0 0 1-9 9.5 163.8 5078.8 1.3 84.8 86.1 69992 76.99102 1.57 86.4 77706 0 0 0 1-10 12.2 198.3 6146.6 1.6 86.4 87.9 81136 89.24934 1.98 88.3 88850 0 0 0 1-11 14.2 213.6 6622.8 1.7 88.3 90.0 89439 98.38319 2.09 90.4 97154 0 0 0 1-12 15.6 209.5 6493.2 1.7 90.4 92.1 96359 105.9952 1.87 92.3 104074 0 0 0 1-13 16.8 185.9 5762.2 1.5 92.3 93.8 101184 111.302 1.35 93.6 108898 0 0 0 1-14 17.7 143.4 4446.6 1.1 93.6 94.8 101756 111.9312 0.57 94.2 109470 0 0 0 1-15 17.8 81.3 2520.2 0.6 94.2 94.9 93943 103.3376 -0.40 93.8 101658 0 0 0 1-16 16.4 0.9 28.5 0.0 93.8 93.8 71759 78.93528 -1.41 92.4 79474 0 0 0 1-17 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 92.4 92.4 62769 69.04546 -1.25 91.2 70483 0 0 0 1-18 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.2 91.2 -21179 0 -0.34 90.8 -13465 18.51427 0.631886 0 1-19 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.8 90.8 -34751 0 -0.67 90.1 -27037 37.17558 1.268791 0 1-20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.1 90.1 -43001 0 -0.88 89.3 -35286 48.51824 1.655913 0 1-21 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.3 89.3 -48881 0 -1.03 88.2 -41166 56.60371 1.931867 0 1-22 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.2 88.2 -52931 0 -1.13 87.1 -45217 62.1731 2.121949 0 1-23 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 87.1 87.1 -55516 0 -1.19 85.9 -47802 65.7276 2.243263 0 1-24 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 85.9 85.9 -47347 0 -0.99 84.9 -39632 54.49426 1.859872 0 2-1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 84.9 84.9 -49317 0 -1.04 83.9 -41602 57.20283 1.952315 0 2-2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.9 83.9 -51685 0 -1.10 82.8 -43971 60.45983 2.063475 0 2-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.8 82.8 -53828 0 -1.15 81.7 -46113 63.40544 2.164008 0 2-4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.7 81.7 -55351 0 0.62 82.3 -47637 65.50045 2.23551 100 2-5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.3 82.3 -55837 0 0.61 82.9 -48122 66.1684 2.258307 100 2-6 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 82.9 82.9 22248 24.47298 -0.44 82.4 29963 0 0 0 2-7 3.9 69.2 1936.2 0.5 82.4 83.0 48699 53.56867 2.09 84.5 56413 0 0 100 2-8 8.5 135.7 3799.6 1.1 84.5 85.6 69597 76.55721 1.07 85.6 77312 0 0 0 2-9 12.2 186.9 5233.0 1.5 85.6 87.1 85289 93.81767 1.69 87.3 93003 0 0 0 2-10 14.9 221.4 6198.1 1.8 87.3 89.1 96814 106.4952 2.08 89.4 104528 0 0 0 2-11 16.9 237.4 6647.4 1.9 89.4 91.3 105377 115.9145 2.20 91.6 113091 0 0 0 2-12 18.4 234.1 6555.9 1.9 91.6 93.4 113271 124.598 1.98 93.6 120985 0 0 0 2-13 19.8 211.7 5928.8 1.7 93.6 95.2 119155 131.07 1.46 95.0 126869 0 0 0 2-14 20.8 171.4 4800.1 1.4 95.0 96.4 121432 133.5749 0.69 95.7 129146 0 0 0 2-15 21.2 115.0 3220.0 0.9 95.7 96.6 116422 128.0641 -0.24 95.5 124136 0 0 0 2-16 20.3 43.1 1207.0 0.3 95.5 95.8 102305 112.5354 -1.26 94.2 110020 0 0 0 2-17 17.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 94.2 94.2 83042 91.34621 -1.65 92.6 90757 0 0 0 2-18 14.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 92.6 92.6 -3804 0 0.00 92.6 3911 0 0 0 2-19 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 92.6 92.6 -19613 0 -0.30 92.3 -11898 16.36031 0.558372 0 2-20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 92.3 92.3 -29244 0 -0.54 91.7 -21529 29.60234 1.010319 0 2-21 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.7 91.7 -36213 0 -0.71 91.0 -28498 39.18533 1.337383 0 2-22 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.0 91.0 -40886 0 -0.83 90.2 -33172 45.61128 1.556699 0 2-23 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.2 90.2 -44418 0 -0.91 89.3 -36703 50.46666 1.722411 0 2-24 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.3 89.3 -37352 0 -0.74 88.5 -29637 40.75091 1.390816 0 3-1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.5 88.5 -39711 0 -0.80 87.7 -31997 43.99521 1.501543 0 3-2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 87.7 87.7 -42578 0 -0.87 86.9 -34863 47.93687 1.636071 0 3-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 86.9 86.9 -44847 0 -0.92 86.0 -37133 51.05771 1.742584 0 3-4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 86.0 86.0 -46436 0 -0.96 85.0 -38721 53.24177 1.817125 0 3-5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 85.0 85.0 -46954 0 -0.98 84.0 -39240 53.95465 1.841456 0 3-6 0.0 32.8 1015.3 0.3 84.0 84.3 41068 45.1753 -0.23 83.8 48783 0 0 0 3-7 7.2 99.7 3090.5 0.8 83.8 84.6 63636 70.00013 0.54 84.3 71351 0 0 0 3-8 11.1 159.3 4939.6 1.3 84.3 85.6 81895 90.08397 1.25 85.6 89609 0 0 0 3-9 14.3 206.6 6403.9 1.6 85.6 87.2 96305 105.935 1.82 87.4 104019 0 0 0 3-10 16.8 238.1 7380.7 1.9 87.4 89.3 107407 118.1479 2.17 89.6 115122 0 0 0 3-11 18.8 251.7 7803.1 2.0 89.6 91.6 116264 127.8904 2.24 91.8 123979 0 0 0 3-12 20.3 246.5 7642.0 2.0 91.8 93.8 124505 136.956 1.98 93.8 132220 0 0 0 3-13 21.7 222.9 6908.6 1.8 93.8 95.6 131117 144.2286 1.42 95.2 138831 0 0 0 3-14 22.9 182.4 5653.1 1.4 95.2 96.7 133721 147.093 0.64 95.9 141435 0 0 0 3-15 23.3 127.8 3962.1 1.0 95.9 96.9 130034 143.0377 -0.28 95.6 137749 0 0 0 3-16 22.7 63.2 1960.7 0.5 95.6 96.1 119591 131.5497 -1.24 94.4 127305 0 0 0 3-17 20.9 1.8 54.7 0.0 94.4 94.4 98899 108.7892 -1.94 92.4 106614 0 0 0 3-18 17.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 92.4 92.4 9843 10.82699 -0.20 92.2 17557 0 0 0 3-19 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 92.2 92.2 -6945 0 0.00 92.2 770 0 0 0 3-20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 92.2 92.2 -17586 0 -0.25 92.0 -9871 13.57257 0.463228 0 3-21 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 92.0 92.0 -25128 0 -0.43 91.5 -17413 23.94291 0.817164 0 3-22 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.5 91.5 -30284 0 -0.56 91.0 -22570 31.03324 1.059155 0 3-23 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.0 91.0 -34296 0 -0.66 90.3 -26582 36.54985 1.247435 0 3-24 0.0

Appendix A. Collector, Storage, and Boiler Calcuations cont.

5 22 3.3 20 1106 0.177 0.13 21.96 149 -25 148 0 138 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 5 23 3.3 20 1106 0.177 0.13 22.96 164 -30 163 0 148 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 5 24 3.3 20 1106 0.177 0.13 23.96 179 -31 179 0 151 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 6 1 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 0.88 -167 -27 -166 0 146 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 6 2 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 1.88 -152 -23 -152 0 138 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 6 3 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 2.88 -137 -16 -139 0 127 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 6 4 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 3.88 -122 -8 -128 0 115 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 6 5 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 4.88 -107 2 -119 10 102 0 0 0.45 1 1 1.4 6 6 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 5.88 -92 13 -110 479 88 14 2 0.56 61 64 77.8 6 7 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 6.88 -77 24 -101 696 75 185 5 0.69 89 94 278.9 6 8 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 7.88 -62 36 -93 797 61 388 8 0.84 102 110 497.5 6 9 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 8.88 -47 48 -83 850 47 578 10 0.99 109 119 696.2 6 10 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 9.88 -32 59 -70 880 34 730 12 1.13 112 124 854.4 6 11 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 10.88 -17 69 -48 896 22 831 13 1.22 115 127 958.2 6 12 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 11.88 -2 75 -7 902 15 871 13 1.26 115 129 999.2 6 13 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 12.88 13 71 40 898 20 846 13 1.24 115 128 974.3 6 14 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 13.88 28 62 66 885 31 760 12 1.16 113 125 885.4 6 15 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 14.88 43 50 80 859 44 619 10 1.03 110 120 739.6 6 16 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 15.88 58 39 91 813 57 437 8 0.88 104 112 549.3 6 17 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 16.88 73 27 99 728 71 234 6 0.72 93 99 333.1 6 18 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 17.88 88 16 108 552 85 49 3 0.59 71 74 122.2 6 19 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 18.88 103 5 116 122 98 0 0 0.49 16 16 16.0 6 20 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 19.88 118 -5 126 0 112 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 6 21 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 20.88 133 -14 136 0 124 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 6 22 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 21.88 148 -21 149 0 135 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 6 23 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 22.88 163 -26 163 0 144 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 6 24 -1.4 23.45 1092 0.185 0.137 23.88 178 -28 178 0 148 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0

Appendix A. Collector, Storage, and Boiler Calcuations cont.

0.0 0.0 0.0 89.5 89.5 10601 11.6606 -0.21 89.3 18315 0 0 0 5-22 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.3 89.3 3210 3.531529 -0.06 89.2 10925 0 0 0 5-23 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.2 89.2 -1967 0 0.00 89.2 5748 0 0 0 5-24 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.2 89.2 2554 2.809627 -0.05 89.2 10269 0 0 0 6-1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.2 89.2 -1679 0 0.00 89.2 6036 0 0 0 6-2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.2 89.2 -5355 0 0.00 89.2 2359 0 0 0 6-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.2 89.2 -8578 0 -0.02 89.1 -863 1.187086 0.040515 0 6-4 0.0 0.3 9.7 0.0 89.1 89.1 -10420 0 -0.06 89.1 -2705 3.71965 0.12695 0 6-5 0.0 18.5 554.9 0.1 89.1 89.2 1998 2.197302 0.30 89.4 9712 0 0 0 6-6 0.3 66.3 1989.0 0.5 89.4 89.9 89165 98.08148 -0.58 88.8 96880 0 0 0 6-7 15.6 118.3 3547.8 0.9 88.8 89.7 107036 117.7391 0.01 88.8 114750 0 0 0 6-8 18.7 165.5 4965.2 1.3 88.8 90.1 122250 134.4751 0.56 89.4 129965 0 0 0 6-9 21.3 203.1 6093.1 1.6 89.4 91.0 135644 149.2081 0.98 90.3 143358 0 0 0 6-10 23.7 227.8 6833.3 1.8 90.3 92.1 148037 162.8412 1.18 91.5 155752 0 0 0 6-11 25.8 237.5 7126.1 1.9 91.5 93.4 159913 175.9042 1.12 92.6 167627 0 0 0 6-12 27.9 231.6 6948.6 1.8 92.6 94.5 170975 188.0725 0.79 93.4 178690 0 0 0 6-13 29.9 210.5 6314.6 1.7 93.4 95.1 179585 197.5435 0.23 93.7 187300 0 0 0 6-14 31.4 175.8 5274.8 1.4 93.7 95.1 184819 203.3004 -0.50 93.2 192533 0 0 0 6-15 32.3 130.6 3917.4 1.0 93.2 94.2 184627 203.0894 -1.31 91.8 192341 0 0 0 6-16 32.2 79.2 2375.6 0.6 91.8 92.5 179901 197.8912 -2.15 89.7 187616 0 0 0 6-17 31.4 29.1 871.7 0.2 89.7 89.9 169865 186.8518 -2.86 86.8 177580 0 0 0 6-18 29.7 3.8 114.2 0.0 86.8 86.9 71457 78.60261 -1.35 85.5 79171 0 0 0 6-19 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 85.5 85.5 46657 51.32265 -0.93 84.6 54372 0 0 0 6-20 8.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 84.6 84.6 31783 34.96128 -0.63 83.9 39498 0 0 0 6-21 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.9 83.9 20920 23.01245 -0.42 83.5 28635 0 0 0 6-22 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.5 83.5 12899 14.18895 -0.26 83.2 20614 0 0 0 6-23 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.2 83.2 7201 7.920991 -0.14 83.1 14915 0 0 0 6-24 1.3

Appendix A. Collector, Storage, and Boiler Calcuations cont.

SOLAR INTENSITY AND POSITION DATA DIRECT BEAM SOLAR DIFFUSE SOLAR HEAT GAIN Total Local Equation A B C Apparent Direct Surface Surface Ground Sky Sub-total Surface Standard of Time, Declination (Dimensionless Solar Hour Solar Solar Normal Incident Direct Diffuse Y Diffuse Diffuse Irradiance Month Hour min. degrees W/m² Ratios) Time, hours Angle Altitude Azimuth W/m² Angle W/m² W/m² Ratio W/m² W/m² W/m² LST ET DECL A B C AST H β φ EDN θ 7 1 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 0.80 -168 -30 -167 0 149 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 7 2 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 1.80 -153 -26 -152 0 141 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 7 3 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 2.80 -138 -19 -139 0 130 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 7 4 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 3.80 -123 -10 -127 0 117 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 7 5 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 4.80 -108 0 -117 0 104 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 7 6 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 5.80 -93 10 -108 389 90 1 2 0.55 50 52 52.9 7 7 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 6.80 -78 22 -100 662 76 161 5 0.68 85 90 251.1 7 8 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 7.80 -63 33 -91 780 62 368 7 0.83 100 108 475.5 7 9 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 8.80 -48 45 -81 841 48 564 10 0.98 108 118 681.9 7 10 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 9.80 -33 56 -67 874 34 724 11 1.13 113 124 847.9 7 11 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 10.80 -18 66 -46 892 21 832 13 1.23 115 127 959.1 7 12 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 11.80 -3 72 -9 899 12 878 13 1.28 116 129 1006.5 7 13 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 12.80 12 69 33 896 17 858 13 1.26 115 128 986.4 7 14 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 13.80 27 61 60 883 29 775 12 1.17 114 126 900.4 7 15 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 14.80 42 50 76 857 42 635 10 1.05 110 121 755.2 7 16 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 15.80 57 38 87 809 56 451 8 0.89 104 112 563.1 7 17 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 16.80 72 26 96 720 70 244 6 0.73 93 98 342.5 7 18 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 17.80 87 15 105 532 84 54 3 0.60 68 71 125.2 7 19 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 18.80 102 4 113 69 98 0 0 0.50 9 9 9.1 7 20 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 19.80 117 -6 123 0 112 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 7 21 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 20.80 132 -16 134 0 125 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 7 22 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 21.80 147 -23 146 0 136 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 7 23 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 22.80 162 -29 161 0 146 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 7 24 -6.2 20.6 1093 0.186 0.138 23.80 177 -31 177 0 151 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 8 1 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 0.86 -167 -38 -164 0 156 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 8 2 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 1.86 -152 -33 -147 0 145 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 8 3 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 2.86 -137 -25 -133 0 133 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 8 4 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 3.86 -122 -16 -121 0 119 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 8 5 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 4.86 -107 -5 -110 0 105 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 8 6 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 5.86 -92 6 -101 195 90 0 1 0.55 24 25 24.9 8 7 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 6.86 -77 18 -92 608 76 150 4 0.68 76 80 229.7 8 8 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 7.86 -62 29 -82 764 61 369 6 0.83 95 102 471.3 8 9 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 8.86 -47 41 -71 838 46 577 9 1.00 105 114 691.0 8 10 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 9.86 -32 51 -56 877 32 745 11 1.15 110 120 865.6 8 11 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 10.86 -17 60 -35 897 17 856 12 1.25 112 124 980.4 8 12 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 11.86 -2 64 -5 904 4 901 12 1.30 113 125 1026.5 8 13 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 12.86 13 61 27 900 13 876 12 1.27 112 125 1000.5 8 14 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 13.86 28 54 51 884 28 783 11 1.18 110 122 904.3 8 15 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 14.86 43 44 67 851 42 629 9 1.04 106 116 745.2 8 16 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 15.86 58 33 79 790 57 430 7 0.88 99 106 536.3 8 17 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 16.86 73 21 89 665 72 210 4 0.72 83 88 297.6 8 18 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 17.86 88 9 98 357 86 24 1 0.58 45 46 69.9 8 19 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 18.86 103 -2 108 0 101 0 0 0.48 0 0 0.0 8 20 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 19.86 118 -13 118 0 115 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 8 21 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 20.86 133 -23 129 0 129 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 8 22 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 21.86 148 -31 143 0 142 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 8 23 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 22.86 163 -37 159 0 153 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 8 24 -2.4 12.3 1107 0.182 0.134 23.86 178 -39 177 0 159 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 9 1 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 1.03 -165 -49 -156 0 162 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 9 2 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 2.03 -150 -42 -137 0 149 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 9 3 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 3.03 -135 -33 -122 0 134 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 9 4 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 4.03 -120 -23 -110 0 119 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 9 5 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 5.03 -105 -11 -99 0 104 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 9 6 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 6.03 -90 0 -90 0 90 0 0 0.55 0 0 0.0 9 7 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 7.03 -75 12 -80 513 75 134 2 0.69 58 60 194.6 9 8 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 8.03 -60 23 -70 749 60 374 5 0.85 85 90 464.1 9 9 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 9.03 -45 34 -58 845 45 595 8 1.01 95 103 697.6 9 10 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 10.03 -30 43 -42 891 31 766 10 1.16 101 110 876.4 9 11 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 11.03 -15 49 -23 914 17 874 11 1.25 103 114 988.1 9 12 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 12.03 0 51 1 920 9 910 11 1.29 104 115 1024.8 9 13 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 13.03 15 49 24 913 18 870 11 1.25 103 114 984.2 9 14 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 14.03 30 42 43 890 31 759 9 1.15 100 110 869.0 9 15 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 15.03 45 33 58 841 46 585 8 1.00 95 103 687.1 9 16 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 16.03 60 23 70 741 61 362 5 0.84 84 89 451.2 9 17 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 17.03 75 11 81 493 76 123 2 0.68 56 58 180.8 9 18 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 18.03 90 0 90 0 90 0 0 0.55 0 0 0.0 9 19 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 19.03 105 -12 100 0 105 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 9 20 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 20.03 120 -23 110 0 120 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 9 21 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 21.03 135 -34 122 0 135 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 9 22 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 22.03 150 -43 138 0 149 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 9 23 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 23.03 165 -49 157 0 163 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 9 24 7.5 0 1136 0.165 0.121 24.03 180 -51 179 0 171 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0

Appendix A. Collector, Storage, and Boiler Calcuations cont.

Qc Qc Qcool 10% + Qheat Qheat Qboiler Qheat Chiller per per ∆Tcol Total Total Temp Total 10% - Boiler On COP 6.3 Day Month Ts Tcol,o Load Load Storage Load 80% COP KW KW °C °C W KW ∆Tstorage Ts+ W KW Therms KW KW 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.1 83.1 4588 5.046754 -0.09 83.0 17765 0 0 0 7-1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.0 83.0 -2 0 0.00 83.0 13176 0 0 0 7-2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.0 83.0 -4073 0 0.00 83.0 9104 0 0 0 7-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.0 83.0 -7377 0 0.00 83.0 5800 0 0 0 7-4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.0 83.0 -9573 0 0.00 83.0 3605 0 0 0 7-5 0.0 12.6 389.8 0.1 83.0 83.1 673 0.740444 0.21 83.2 13850 0 0 0 7-6 0.1 59.7 1850.3 0.5 83.2 83.7 88690 97.55916 -0.69 82.5 101867 0 0 0 7-7 15.5 113.0 3503.9 0.9 82.5 83.4 107555 118.3105 -0.10 82.4 120732 0 0 0 7-8 18.8 162.1 5024.8 1.3 82.4 83.7 123884 136.2719 2.28 84.7 137061 0 0 100 7-9 21.6 201.6 6248.4 1.6 84.7 86.3 139043 152.947 0.88 85.6 152220 0 0 0 7-10 24.3 228.0 7067.8 1.8 85.6 87.4 152845 168.1294 1.08 86.7 166022 0 0 0 7-11 26.7 239.3 7417.0 1.9 86.7 88.6 165717 182.2884 1.03 87.7 178894 0 0 0 7-12 28.9 234.5 7268.9 1.9 87.7 89.6 177337 195.071 0.71 88.4 190514 0 0 0 7-13 31.0 214.0 6635.0 1.7 88.4 90.1 186592 205.2507 0.16 88.6 199769 0 0 0 7-14 32.6 179.5 5565.3 1.4 88.6 90.0 191863 211.0493 -0.57 88.0 205040 0 0 0 7-15 33.5 133.9 4149.4 1.1 88.0 89.1 191318 210.4496 -1.39 86.6 204495 0 0 0 7-16 33.4 81.4 2524.3 0.6 86.6 87.3 185666 204.2331 -2.22 84.4 198844 0 0 0 7-17 32.4 29.8 922.5 0.2 84.4 84.6 174170 191.587 -2.93 81.5 187347 0 0 0 7-18 30.4 2.2 67.3 0.0 81.5 81.5 74192 81.61136 0.37 81.8 87369 0 0 100 7-19 13.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.8 81.8 50281 55.30863 0.81 82.7 63458 0 0 100 7-20 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.7 82.7 34941 38.43465 -0.70 82.0 48118 0 0 0 7-21 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.0 82.0 23762 26.13799 1.34 83.3 36939 0 0 100 7-22 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.3 83.3 15366 16.90265 -0.31 83.0 28543 0 0 0 7-23 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.0 83.0 9598 10.55775 -0.19 82.8 22775 0 0 0 7-24 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.8 82.8 3472 3.818922 -0.07 82.7 14356 0 0 0 8-1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.7 82.7 -679 0 0.00 82.7 10205 0 0 0 8-2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.7 82.7 -4658 0 0.00 82.7 6226 0 0 0 8-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.7 82.7 -7916 0 0.00 82.7 2968 0 0 0 8-4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.7 82.7 -10099 0 0.00 82.7 785 0 0 0 8-5 0.0 5.9 183.8 0.0 82.7 82.8 -5520 0 0.11 82.8 5365 0 0 0 8-6 0.0 54.6 1693.1 0.4 82.8 83.3 84123 92.53576 -0.69 82.2 95008 0 0 0 8-7 14.7 112.0 3473.3 0.9 82.2 83.0 104866 115.3522 1.75 83.9 115750 0 0 100 8-8 18.3 164.3 5092.5 1.3 83.9 85.2 123306 135.6364 0.52 84.4 134190 0 0 0 8-9 21.5 205.8 6379.0 1.6 84.4 86.1 139573 153.5301 0.95 85.4 150457 0 0 0 8-10 24.4 233.1 7225.0 1.8 85.4 87.2 154044 169.4484 1.15 86.5 164928 0 0 0 8-11 26.9 244.0 7564.8 1.9 86.5 88.5 167253 183.9784 1.09 87.6 178138 0 0 0 8-12 29.2 237.8 7373.0 1.9 87.6 89.5 178853 196.7379 0.74 88.4 189737 0 0 0 8-13 31.2 215.0 6663.8 1.7 88.4 90.1 187825 206.6079 0.15 88.5 198710 0 0 0 8-14 32.8 177.2 5491.8 1.4 88.5 89.9 192058 211.2636 -0.62 87.9 202942 0 0 0 8-15 33.5 127.5 3952.0 1.0 87.9 88.9 189717 208.6883 -1.47 86.4 200601 0 0 0 8-16 33.1 70.7 2193.0 0.6 86.4 87.0 181485 199.6334 -2.33 84.1 192369 0 0 0 8-17 31.7 16.6 515.0 0.1 84.1 84.2 165858 182.4436 -3.00 81.1 176742 0 0 0 8-18 29.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.1 81.1 68159 74.97456 0.45 81.5 79043 0 0 100 8-19 11.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.5 81.5 46780 51.45807 0.88 82.4 57665 0 0 100 8-20 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.4 82.4 32602 35.86196 1.16 83.6 43486 0 0 100 8-21 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.6 83.6 21864 24.05042 -0.44 83.1 32748 0 0 0 8-22 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.1 83.1 14001 15.40151 -0.28 82.9 24886 0 0 0 8-23 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.9 82.9 8374 9.210915 -0.17 82.7 19258 0 0 0 8-24 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.7 82.7 -2828 0 0.00 82.7 4887 0 0 0 9-1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.7 82.7 -6840 0 0.00 82.7 875 0 0 0 9-2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.7 82.7 -10416 0 -0.07 82.6 -2701 3.714357 0.12677 0 9-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.6 82.6 -13607 0 -0.15 82.5 -5893 8.102689 0.276542 0 9-4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.5 82.5 -15770 0 1.61 84.1 -8056 11.07645 0.378036 100 9-5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 84.1 84.1 -16155 0 -0.21 83.9 -8441 11.60594 0.396107 0 9-6 0.0 46.3 1387.8 0.4 83.9 84.2 75086 82.59458 -0.66 83.2 82801 0 0 0 9-7 13.1 110.3 3309.4 0.9 83.2 84.1 98831 108.7145 0.03 83.2 106546 0 0 0 9-8 17.3 165.8 4974.8 1.3 83.2 84.6 118976 130.8733 0.63 83.9 126690 0 0 0 9-9 20.8 208.3 6250.2 1.7 83.9 85.5 135944 149.5383 1.07 84.9 143658 0 0 0 9-10 23.7 234.9 7046.4 1.9 84.9 86.8 150283 165.3114 1.26 86.2 157998 0 0 0 9-11 26.2 243.6 7308.6 1.9 86.2 88.1 163237 179.5604 1.16 87.4 170951 0 0 0 9-12 28.5 234.0 7019.0 1.9 87.4 89.2 174766 192.2425 0.76 88.1 182480 0 0 0 9-13 30.5 206.6 6197.2 1.6 88.1 89.8 183011 201.3122 0.10 88.2 190726 0 0 0 9-14 32.0 163.3 4899.9 1.3 88.2 89.5 185778 204.3554 -0.74 87.5 193492 0 0 0 9-15 32.4 107.3 3218.0 0.9 87.5 88.3 180671 198.7376 -1.66 85.8 188385 0 0 0 9-16 31.5 43.0 1289.2 0.3 85.8 86.2 167568 184.3246 -2.56 83.3 175282 0 0 0 9-17 29.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.3 83.3 146447 161.0919 -2.92 80.3 154162 0 0 0 9-18 25.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.3 80.3 56387 62.0257 0.69 81.0 64102 0 0 100 9-19 9.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.0 81.0 37111 40.8225 1.07 82.1 44826 0 0 100 9-20 6.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.1 82.1 24221 26.64262 1.33 83.4 31935 0 0 100 9-21 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.4 83.4 14298 15.72804 -0.28 83.1 22013 0 0 0 9-22 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.1 83.1 7028 7.730721 -0.14 83.0 14742 0 0 0 9-23 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.0 83.0 1584 1.742722 -0.03 83.0 9299 0 0 0 9-24 0.3

Appendix A. Collector, Storage, and Boiler Calcuations cont.

SOLAR INTENSITY AND POSITION DATA DIRECT BEAM SOLAR DIFFUSE SOLAR HEAT GAIN Total Local Equation A B C Apparent Direct Surface Surface Ground Sky Sub-total Surface Standard of Time, Declination (Dimensionless Solar Hour Solar Solar Normal Incident Direct Diffuse Y Diffuse Diffuse Irradiance Month Hour min. degrees W/m² Ratios) Time, hours Angle Altitude Azimuth W/m² Angle W/m² W/m² Ratio W/m² W/m² W/m² LST ET DECL A B C AST H β φ EDN θ 10 1 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 1.16 -163 -58 -146 0 163 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 10 2 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 2.16 -148 -50 -125 0 148 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 10 3 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 3.16 -133 -39 -111 0 133 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 10 4 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 4.16 -118 -28 -99 0 119 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 10 5 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 5.16 -103 -16 -89 0 104 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 10 6 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 6.16 -88 -5 -80 0 89 0 0 0.56 0 0 0.0 10 7 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 7.16 -73 7 -71 314 75 83 1 0.69 33 33 116.1 10 8 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 8.16 -58 17 -60 700 60 345 4 0.84 73 76 421.8 10 9 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 9.16 -43 27 -48 833 47 573 6 1.00 86 93 666.0 10 10 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 10.16 -28 35 -34 892 33 744 8 1.13 92 101 844.9 10 11 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 11.16 -13 40 -16 919 23 847 9 1.22 95 104 951.0 10 12 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 12.16 2 41 3 925 19 873 9 1.24 96 105 978.6 10 13 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 13.16 17 38 22 913 26 823 9 1.20 95 103 926.0 10 14 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 14.16 32 32 39 878 37 698 8 1.09 91 99 796.4 10 15 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 15.16 47 24 52 803 51 507 6 0.95 83 89 596.2 10 16 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 16.16 62 14 64 625 65 265 3 0.79 65 68 332.7 10 17 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 17.16 77 3 74 73 79 14 0 0.64 8 8 21.4 10 18 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 18.16 92 -8 83 0 94 0 0 0.52 0 0 0.0 10 19 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 19.16 107 -20 92 0 108 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 10 20 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 20.16 122 -32 103 0 123 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 10 21 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 21.16 137 -43 115 0 138 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 10 22 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 22.16 152 -53 131 0 153 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 10 23 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 23.16 167 -60 155 0 167 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 10 24 15.4 -10.5 1166 0.152 0.111 24.16 182 -62 175 0 177 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 11 1 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 1.13 -163 -66 -137 0 160 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 11 2 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 2.13 -148 -57 -115 0 147 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 11 3 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 3.13 -133 -46 -101 0 133 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 11 4 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 4.13 -118 -34 -91 0 119 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 11 5 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 5.13 -103 -22 -82 0 105 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 11 6 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 6.13 -88 -11 -73 0 91 0 0 0.54 0 0 0.0 11 7 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 7.13 -73 0 -64 0 77 0 0 0.66 0 0 0.0 11 8 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 8.13 -58 10 -54 531 64 235 2 0.80 53 55 289.5 11 9 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 9.13 -43 19 -43 766 51 482 4 0.95 76 80 562.7 11 10 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 10.13 -28 26 -29 857 40 661 6 1.07 85 91 751.8 11 11 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 11.13 -13 30 -14 895 31 767 7 1.15 89 96 862.6 11 12 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 12.13 2 32 2 904 28 796 8 1.18 89 97 892.8 11 13 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 13.13 17 30 18 889 33 746 7 1.14 88 95 841.4 11 14 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 14.13 32 24 33 840 42 621 6 1.04 83 89 710.1 11 15 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 15.13 47 17 46 726 54 425 4 0.91 72 76 500.5 11 16 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 16.13 62 8 57 410 67 159 1 0.77 41 42 200.8 11 17 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 17.13 77 -3 67 0 81 0 0 0.63 0 0 0.0 11 18 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 18.13 92 -14 75 0 95 0 0 0.52 0 0 0.0 11 19 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 19.13 107 -25 84 0 109 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 11 20 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 20.13 122 -37 93 0 123 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 11 21 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 21.13 137 -48 104 0 137 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 11 22 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 22.13 152 -59 120 0 151 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 11 23 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 23.13 167 -68 145 0 163 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 11 24 13.8 -19.8 1190 0.144 0.106 24.13 182 -71 174 0 169 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 12 1 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 0.93 -166 -71 -138 0 160 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 12 2 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 1.93 -151 -61 -113 0 149 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 12 3 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 2.93 -136 -50 -99 0 135 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 12 4 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 3.93 -121 -38 -89 0 122 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 12 5 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 4.93 -106 -27 -80 0 108 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 12 6 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 5.93 -91 -15 -72 0 94 0 0 0.52 0 0 0.0 12 7 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 6.93 -76 -4 -63 0 81 0 0 0.63 0 0 0.0 12 8 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 7.93 -61 6 -54 290 68 110 1 0.76 28 29 138.7 12 9 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 8.93 -46 14 -43 685 55 390 3 0.90 66 69 459.5 12 10 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 9.93 -31 22 -31 820 44 588 5 1.03 79 84 672.4 12 11 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 10.93 -16 26 -16 875 36 711 6 1.11 84 90 801.6 12 12 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 11.93 -1 28 -1 892 32 756 7 1.15 86 93 849.0 12 13 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 12.93 14 27 14 879 35 723 7 1.12 85 91 813.7 12 14 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 13.93 29 22 29 831 43 611 5 1.04 80 85 696.5 12 15 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 14.93 44 16 41 713 54 424 4 0.92 69 72 496.4 12 16 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 15.93 59 7 52 382 66 157 1 0.78 37 38 194.5 12 17 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 16.93 74 -3 62 0 79 0 0 0.65 0 0 0.0 12 18 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 17.93 89 -14 71 0 92 0 0 0.53 0 0 0.0 12 19 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 18.93 104 -25 79 0 106 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 12 20 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 19.93 119 -36 87 0 120 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 12 21 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 20.93 134 -48 97 0 133 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 12 22 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 21.93 149 -60 111 0 147 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 12 23 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 22.93 164 -70 133 0 159 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0 12 24 1.6 -23.45 1204 0.141 0.103 23.93 179 -75 176 0 165 0 0 0.45 0 0 0.0

Appendix A. Collector, Storage, and Boiler Calcuations cont.

Qc Qc Qcool 10% + Qheat Qheat Qboiler Qheat Chiller per per ∆Tcol Total Total Temp Total 10% - Boiler On COP 6.3 Day Month Ts Tcol,o Load Load Storage Load 80% COP KW KW °C °C W KW ∆Tstorage Ts+ W KW Therms KW KW 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.0 83.0 -14451 0 -0.17 82.8 -6737 9.263089 0.316146 0 10-1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.8 82.8 -17673 0 -0.25 82.6 -9959 13.69327 0.467347 0 10-2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.6 82.6 -21051 0 -0.33 82.2 -13336 18.33704 0.625837 0 10-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.2 82.2 -24145 0 1.40 83.6 -16430 22.59117 0.77103 100 10-4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.6 83.6 -25930 0 -0.45 83.2 -18215 25.04617 0.854818 0 10-5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.2 83.2 -26240 0 -0.46 82.7 -18525 25.47226 0.869361 0 10-6 0.0 27.6 855.7 0.2 82.7 82.9 60327 66.35956 -0.70 82.0 68041 0 0 0 10-7 10.5 100.3 3108.7 0.8 82.0 82.8 86668 95.3349 1.90 83.9 94383 0 0 100 10-8 15.1 158.3 4908.0 1.3 83.9 85.2 107626 118.3883 0.72 84.6 115340 0 0 0 10-9 18.8 200.9 6226.6 1.6 84.6 86.2 124095 136.5045 1.17 85.8 131810 0 0 0 10-10 21.7 226.1 7008.4 1.8 85.8 87.6 137251 150.9764 1.36 87.2 144966 0 0 0 10-11 24.0 232.6 7211.4 1.8 87.2 89.0 149315 164.246 1.24 88.4 157029 0 0 0 10-12 26.1 220.1 6824.2 1.7 88.4 90.1 159832 175.8152 0.80 89.2 167547 0 0 0 10-13 27.9 189.3 5868.6 1.5 89.2 90.7 167020 183.7224 0.10 89.3 174735 0 0 0 10-14 29.2 141.7 4393.6 1.1 89.3 90.4 167812 184.5936 -0.78 88.5 175527 0 0 0 10-15 29.3 79.1 2451.4 0.6 88.5 89.2 159700 175.67 -1.75 86.8 167415 0 0 0 10-16 27.9 5.1 157.9 0.0 86.8 86.8 138592 152.4513 -2.67 84.1 146307 0 0 0 10-17 24.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 84.1 84.1 125757 138.3325 -2.51 81.6 133471 0 0 0 10-18 22.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.6 81.6 38280 42.10846 1.05 82.7 45995 0 0 100 10-19 6.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.7 82.7 21087 23.19619 -0.42 82.2 28802 0 0 0 10-20 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.2 82.2 9493 10.4425 1.62 83.9 17208 0 0 100 10-21 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.9 83.9 612 0.673275 -0.01 83.8 8327 0 0 0 10-22 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.8 83.8 -5736 0 0.00 83.8 1979 0 0 0 10-23 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.8 83.8 -10542 0 -0.07 83.8 -2828 3.888203 0.132703 0 10-24 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.8 83.8 -39022 0 -0.78 83.0 -31308 43.0484 1.469229 0 11-1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.0 83.0 -41666 0 -0.85 82.1 -33951 46.68262 1.593263 0 11-2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.1 82.1 -44127 0 0.90 83.0 -36412 50.06696 1.70877 100 11-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.0 83.0 -46321 0 -0.96 82.1 -38606 53.0837 1.811731 0 11-4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.1 82.1 -47876 0 0.81 82.9 -40161 55.22156 1.884695 100 11-5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.9 82.9 -48371 0 -1.01 81.9 -40656 55.90195 1.907916 0 11-6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.9 81.9 29704 32.67433 1.22 83.1 37418 0 0 100 11-7 5.2 68.8 2064.8 0.5 83.1 83.7 56817 62.49883 0.11 83.2 64532 0 0 0 11-8 9.9 133.8 4012.8 1.1 83.2 84.3 78470 86.31665 0.86 84.1 86184 0 0 0 11-9 13.7 178.7 5361.5 1.4 84.1 85.5 94021 103.4234 1.36 85.4 101736 0 0 0 11-10 16.4 205.0 6151.5 1.6 85.4 87.1 105722 116.2946 1.61 87.1 113437 0 0 0 11-11 18.5 212.2 6366.9 1.7 87.1 88.7 115484 127.0322 1.54 88.6 123198 0 0 0 11-12 20.2 200.0 6000.6 1.6 88.6 90.2 123691 136.0596 1.16 89.8 131405 0 0 0 11-13 21.6 168.8 5064.3 1.3 89.8 91.1 128941 141.8354 0.49 90.2 136656 0 0 0 11-14 22.5 119.0 3569.4 0.9 90.2 91.2 127846 140.631 -0.39 89.8 135561 0 0 0 11-15 22.3 47.7 1432.0 0.4 89.8 90.2 115384 126.9228 -1.43 88.4 123099 0 0 0 11-16 20.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.4 88.4 97269 106.9964 -1.94 86.5 104984 0 0 0 11-17 17.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 86.5 86.5 88648 97.51289 -1.77 84.7 96363 0 0 0 11-18 15.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 84.7 84.7 3908 4.298989 -0.08 84.6 11623 0 0 0 11-19 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 84.6 84.6 -10899 0 -0.08 84.6 -3184 4.378155 0.149425 0 11-20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 84.6 84.6 -20281 0 -0.31 84.2 -12566 17.27848 0.589709 0 11-21 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 84.2 84.2 -27355 0 -0.49 83.8 -19641 27.00588 0.921702 0 11-22 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.8 83.8 -32580 0 -0.62 83.1 -24866 34.19064 1.166916 0 11-23 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.1 83.1 -36070 0 -0.71 82.4 -28355 38.98879 1.330675 0 11-24 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.4 82.4 -59361 0 0.53 83.0 -51647 71.01441 2.4237 100 12-1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.0 83.0 -61204 0 -1.33 81.6 -53489 73.54803 2.510172 0 12-2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.6 81.6 -63500 0 0.42 82.0 -55785 76.7048 2.617911 100 12-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.0 82.0 -65199 0 0.38 82.4 -57484 79.04077 2.697637 100 12-4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.4 82.4 -66614 0 0.34 82.8 -58899 80.98669 2.764051 100 12-5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.8 82.8 -67021 0 -1.48 81.3 -59306 81.54578 2.783132 0 12-6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.3 81.3 10787 11.86548 1.60 82.9 18501 0 0 100 12-7 1.9 33.0 1022.2 0.3 82.9 83.1 29518 32.46932 0.01 82.9 37232 0 0 0 12-8 5.2 109.2 3386.0 0.9 82.9 83.8 52740 58.01394 0.93 83.8 60455 0 0 0 12-9 9.2 159.8 4955.3 1.3 83.8 85.1 68448 75.29249 1.53 85.4 76162 0 0 0 12-10 12.0 190.6 5907.5 1.5 85.4 86.9 79707 87.67823 1.86 87.2 87422 0 0 0 12-11 13.9 201.8 6256.3 1.6 87.2 88.8 88259 97.08504 1.90 89.1 95974 0 0 0 12-12 15.4 193.4 5996.6 1.5 89.1 90.6 95449 104.9935 1.60 90.7 103163 0 0 0 12-13 16.7 165.6 5132.6 1.3 90.7 92.0 99878 109.8662 1.01 91.7 107593 0 0 0 12-14 17.4 118.0 3658.0 0.9 91.7 92.7 98698 108.5678 0.17 91.9 106413 0 0 0 12-15 17.2 46.2 1433.6 0.4 91.9 92.3 86285 94.91316 -0.88 91.0 93999 0 0 0 12-16 15.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.0 91.0 69246 76.17005 -1.38 89.6 76960 0 0 0 12-17 12.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.6 89.6 61518 67.66988 -1.23 88.4 69233 0 0 0 12-18 10.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.4 88.4 -22039 0 -0.36 88.1 -14324 19.69574 0.672209 0 12-19 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.1 88.1 -35641 0 -0.70 87.4 -27926 38.39867 1.310535 0 12-20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 87.4 87.4 -44126 0 -0.91 86.4 -36411 50.06551 1.708721 0 12-21 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 86.4 86.4 -50009 0 -1.05 85.4 -42294 58.15464 1.9848 0 12-22 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 85.4 85.4 -54009 0 -1.15 84.2 -46294 63.65487 2.172521 0 12-23 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 84.2 84.2 -56916 0 -1.23 83.0 -49202 67.6524 2.308956 0 12-24 0.0

Appendix B. Building Load Calcuations

RTS COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS - INPUT AND RESULTS (SI UNITS) rev 2005.07.02 24-Apr-14 CSU Sacramento Manuel Verduzco 1 Thesis Sacramento, CA ROOM NO./NAME: Building Building Block Load - no Overhang - no lights or roof to RA Length: 49.591 m Infiltration L/s Width: 56.388 m Area 2796 m² Cooling: Heating: Ceiling Height: 2.7432 m Volume 7671 m³ 0 426.1618057 INTERNAL LOADS: W/person: Lighting, Equipment, Inside Design Conditions: # People: Sensible: W: W: Cooling: DB, °C 23.9 Over-ride Room Input: 0 73.275 0 0 RH 50% Default: 210 Latent: 45161 30089 Heating: DB, °C 22.2 Use: 210 58.62 45161 30089 Outside Cooling Weather: EXPOSURES: North South East West USA - CA - SACRAMENTO - 2% Nominal Azimuth: -180 0 -90 90 Heating 99.6%, °C: -0.5 Actual Azimuth: -180 0 -90 90 Supply Cooling, °C 13.9 Tilt: 90 90 90 90 Air: Heating, °C 37.8 Type 1 Wall Area, m²: 111 111 65 65 Brick pilasters Type 2 Wall Area, m²: 162 158 84 84 Spandrel panels No. Type 1 Windows: 29 29 18 18 Dbl glazed, low-E, bronze Roof Area, m²: 1398 0% = Roof % to RA 0% = Lighting % to RA

ROOM LOADS: Peak Rm.Sens. Occurs: Room Ret. Air Room Room Month: 8 Per Unit Sensible Sensible Latent Sensible Hour: 15 Cooling Cooling: Cooling: Cooling Heating: INTERNAL LOADS: No. People: W/pers W W W W People: 210 68 14,203 12,310 W: W/m² room Lighting: 45,161 15.0 41,832 Lighting % to RA: 0% 0.0 Equipment: 30,089 10.4 29,096 ENVELOPE LOADS: Roof Area, m² W/m² roof ROOF: 0.4 U factor 1,398 10.4 14,490 12,695 Roof % to RA: 0% WALLS: Wall Area, m²: W/m² wall Wall Type 1: Brick pilasters 0.45 U factor North 110.55 2.9 316 1,129 South 110.55 5.7 626 1,129 East 65.03 5.9 387 664 West 65.03 3.4 222 664 Wall Type 2 Spandrel panels 0.51 U factor North 161.65 8.8 1,415 1,871 South 157.93 17.8 2,817 1,828 East 83.61 6.8 572 968 West 83.61 17.1 1,428 968 WINDOWS: Window Area, m²: W/m² win Window Type 1: Dbl glazed, low-E, bronze 3.7245 m²/window North 108.0105 69.0 7,453 7,944 49% SHGF(0) South 108.0105 122.3 13,213 7,944 3.24 U factor East 67.041 77.3 5,182 4,931 66% IAC West 67.041 206.2 13,825 4,931

INFILTRATION LOADS: L/s W/(L/s) Cooling, Sensible: 0 0.0 - Cooling, Latent: 0 0.0 - Heating: 426.161806 27.9 11,898 ======ROOM LOAD TOTALS = 147,077 12,310 59,566 COOLING L/s = 11,957 HEATING L/s = 3,104 (L/s)/m² = 4.3 BLOCK LOADS: TOTAL ROOM SENS+RA+LATENT = 159,387 ROOM HTG: 59,566 Peak Block Load Occurs: OUTSIDE AIR: OA Sensible: 32,670 OA Heating: 55,345 Month: 8 OA L/s = 1982.19 OA Latent: - ===== Hour: 15 FAN HEAT: 14.914 kW to S. Air: 14,914 TOT HEATING, W = 114,911 PUMP HEAT: 3.733 kW to CHW: 3,733 Heating W/m² = 41.1 ===== kW m²/kW therm TOTAL BLOCK COOLING LOAD, W - 210,705 210.7 13 3.921860584

Appendix B. Building Load Calculations cont.

Lighting Roof to To Room Room North North South South East East West West TOTAL People 45161 1398 Type 1 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2 ROOM Sensible 100% Equip 100% Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Sensible 210 45161 30089 1398 111 162 111 158 65 84 65 84 W Month Hour people W W m² m² m² m² m² m² m² m² m² -22079 1 1 1293 3631 1083 -9226 -560 -1112 -385 -936 -308 -574 -283 -552 -22923 1 2 1293 3631 1083 -9437 -586 -1144 -439 -968 -326 -591 -308 -569 -24146 1 3 1185 3328 993 -9630 -611 -1174 -486 -996 -344 -606 -330 -584 -25310 1 4 1077 3026 903 -9794 -634 -1198 -526 -1021 -361 -619 -348 -597 -26458 1 5 969 2723 812 -9930 -656 -1217 -563 -1045 -376 -629 -365 -607 -27341 1 6 862 2421 722 -10035 -675 -1228 -594 -1068 -388 -637 -377 -612 37098 1 7 10648 31847 26117 -10078 -692 -1227 -622 -1084 -399 -638 -389 -612 54494 1 8 12372 36689 27561 -9952 -705 -1202 -646 -987 -408 -604 -399 -599 74928 1 9 13233 39109 28283 -9143 -712 -1110 -656 -438 -406 -468 -406 -552 87914 1 10 13664 40320 28644 -7352 -709 -958 -625 505 -376 -310 -408 -475 95888 1 11 13880 40925 28825 -5268 -694 -801 -533 1374 -320 -238 -400 -400 101022 1 12 13987 41227 28915 -3341 -666 -657 -395 2036 -258 -244 -384 -330 105748 1 13 14095 41530 29005 -1873 -628 -535 -232 2460 -212 -287 -363 -220 109110 1 14 14095 41530 29005 -1089 -584 -453 -67 2631 -188 -310 -333 40 109194 1 15 14203 41832 29096 -1096 -539 -418 80 2528 -180 -312 -289 376 101869 1 16 14311 42135 29186 -1930 -497 -436 192 2120 -179 -316 -227 623 81148 1 17 14418 42438 29276 -3514 -464 -521 253 1315 -181 -335 -158 541 74108 1 18 14526 42740 29366 -5316 -443 -655 244 271 -188 -368 -111 52 4908 1 19 4739 13313 3972 -6421 -438 -752 167 -261 -200 -401 -104 -216 -6226 1 20 3016 8472 2527 -7170 -444 -832 60 -517 -215 -435 -125 -343 -12524 1 21 2154 6052 1805 -7755 -459 -905 -51 -662 -233 -470 -157 -411 -16454 1 22 1723 4841 1444 -8234 -480 -969 -153 -762 -253 -501 -191 -461 -19042 1 23 1508 4236 1264 -8647 -505 -1028 -243 -840 -272 -531 -224 -500 -20652 1 24 1400 3934 1173 -8978 -532 -1076 -321 -897 -291 -555 -256 -531 -16627 2 1 1293 3631 1083 -7694 -406 -910 -225 -739 -212 -469 -164 -436 -17621 2 2 1293 3631 1083 -7964 -440 -951 -289 -780 -235 -490 -199 -458 -19015 2 3 1185 3328 993 -8190 -472 -985 -344 -813 -258 -508 -230 -476 -20426 2 4 1077 3026 903 -8396 -501 -1015 -392 -845 -279 -524 -256 -492 -21706 2 5 969 2723 812 -8584 -528 -1041 -434 -876 -298 -539 -278 -505 -22679 2 6 862 2421 722 -8726 -553 -1056 -471 -902 -314 -548 -296 -513 41877 2 7 10648 31847 26117 -8787 -574 -1054 -503 -917 -328 -549 -311 -512 66377 2 8 12372 36689 27561 -8456 -590 -1009 -531 -755 -339 -484 -323 -489 84106 2 9 13233 39109 28283 -6925 -599 -866 -537 -60 -331 -267 -332 -415 96384 2 10 13664 40320 28644 -4631 -593 -690 -497 781 -282 -112 -333 -327 104008 2 11 13880 40925 28825 -2203 -572 -515 -402 1546 -207 -55 -324 -242 108914 2 12 13987 41227 28915 -17 -537 -352 -265 2153 -135 -72 -305 -164 113883 2 13 14095 41530 29005 1656 -492 -213 -107 2563 -84 -120 -279 -46 118060 2 14 14095 41530 29005 2620 -439 -112 54 2746 -60 -145 -245 231 119605 2 15 14203 41832 29096 2744 -385 -61 201 2681 -53 -146 -194 611 115327 2 16 14311 42135 29186 1987 -334 -67 315 2356 -53 -147 -124 943 102673 2 17 14418 42438 29276 365 -292 -137 384 1758 -56 -165 -42 1056 86092 2 18 14526 42740 29366 -1801 -264 -271 397 934 -63 -199 31 755 14482 2 19 4739 13313 3972 -3678 -253 -426 347 198 -76 -246 67 200 1842 2 20 3016 8472 2527 -4880 -259 -545 253 -182 -93 -292 55 -89 -5350 2 21 2154 6052 1805 -5738 -277 -644 143 -387 -116 -337 16 -228 -9882 2 22 1723 4841 1444 -6392 -304 -727 34 -517 -141 -377 -32 -306 -12848 2 23 1508 4236 1264 -6932 -337 -801 -65 -614 -166 -414 -80 -362 -14917 2 24 1400 3934 1173 -7357 -371 -861 -151 -685 -190 -444 -125 -404 -11752 3 1 1293 3631 1083 -6251 -272 -721 -125 -580 -128 -371 -68 -330 -12892 3 2 1293 3631 1083 -6552 -311 -766 -188 -625 -156 -394 -109 -356 -14540 3 3 1185 3328 993 -6817 -347 -806 -244 -664 -182 -415 -145 -377 -16078 3 4 1077 3026 903 -7072 -381 -843 -292 -702 -206 -435 -176 -396 -17423 3 5 969 2723 812 -7297 -412 -871 -335 -736 -227 -452 -202 -411 -18429 3 6 862 2421 722 -7469 -440 -888 -374 -763 -246 -463 -224 -420 56065 3 7 10648 31847 26117 -7371 -464 -868 -407 -725 -262 -419 -241 -410 76195 3 8 12372 36689 27561 -6319 -482 -762 -430 -438 -262 -230 -254 -357 91040 3 9 13233 39109 28283 -4177 -487 -602 -428 140 -222 -39 -262 -274 101549 3 10 13664 40320 28644 -1590 -478 -424 -386 822 -149 64 -261 -184 108263 3 11 13880 40925 28825 979 -452 -245 -299 1473 -67 87 -251 -97 112975 3 12 13987 41227 28915 3241 -413 -74 -177 2010 1 55 -230 -15 118047 3 13 14095 41530 29005 4954 -363 74 -34 2377 43 2 -201 116 122464 3 14 14095 41530 29005 5934 -305 182 112 2535 59 -16 -163 427 124336 3 15 14203 41832 29096 6073 -245 242 245 2465 60 -10 -107 835 121381 3 16 14311 42135 29186 5302 -189 241 350 2162 56 -8 -30 1196 112888 3 17 14418 42438 29276 3649 -142 176 414 1649 50 -25 61 1385 94879 3 18 14526 42740 29366 1266 -110 41 428 981 42 -62 147 1176 21546 3 19 4739 13313 3972 -1246 -96 -150 390 344 28 -116 197 509 8171 3 20 3016 8472 2527 -2858 -102 -298 311 -9 8 -169 190 115 456 3 21 2154 6052 1805 -3934 -123 -415 215 -209 -18 -220 147 -75 -4404 3 22 1723 4841 1444 -4730 -155 -512 118 -342 -46 -266 91 -175 -7610 3 23 1508 4236 1264 -5365 -192 -596 28 -444 -74 -308 34 -243 -9915 3 24 1400 3934 1173 -5860 -232 -665 -54 -521 -101 -342 -20 -292

Appendix B. Building Load Calculations cont.

North South East West TOTAL ROOM OUTSIDE OUTSIDE Type 1 Type 1 Type 1 Type 1 Infiltration ROOM People Infiltration TOTAL TOTAL AIR AIR TOTAL Window Window Window Window Sensible Sensible Latent Latent COOLING w RA + Sensible Latent Heating 29 29 18 18 0 W 210 0ROOM+OA Latent 1982 1982 ROOM+OA window window window window L/s W/person L/s W Month Hour L/s L/s W -4827 -3693 -2809 -2820 0 -22079 0 0 -57919 1 1 -22079 -35840 0 -50204 -4955 -3820 -2888 -2899 0 -22923 0 0 -59738 1 2 -22923 -36815 0 -52023 -5057 -3922 -2951 -2962 0 -24146 0 0 -61693 1 3 -24146 -37547 0 -53978 -5136 -4033 -3038 -3012 0 -25310 0 0 -63345 1 4 -25310 -38034 0 -55630 -5195 -4190 -3143 -3048 0 -26458 0 0 -64736 1 5 -26458 -38278 0 -57021 -5183 -4317 -3189 -3041 0 -27341 0 0 -65132 1 6 -27341 -37790 0 -57417 -5138 -4437 -3186 -3013 0 37098 12310 0 12350 1 7 49409 -37059 0 20064 -4568 -598 1201 -2660 0 54494 12310 0 31452 1 8 66804 -35352 0 39166 -3518 7932 5795 -2017 0 74928 12310 0 54324 1 9 87238 -32914 0 62038 -2648 14513 5645 -1515 0 87914 12310 0 69992 1 10 100224 -30232 0 77706 -1887 19317 3215 -1106 0 95888 12310 0 81136 1 11 108199 -27063 0 88850 -1278 22267 852 -710 0 101022 12310 0 89439 1 12 113333 -23893 0 97154 -924 23179 282 469 0 105748 12310 0 96359 1 13 118058 -21699 0 104074 -829 21948 12 3703 0 109110 12310 0 101184 1 14 121420 -20236 0 108898 -1037 18345 -272 6876 0 109194 12310 0 101756 1 15 121504 -19749 0 109470 -1615 11890 -730 7340 0 101869 12310 0 93943 1 16 114179 -20236 0 101658 -2731 1967 -1480 323 0 81148 12310 0 71759 1 17 93458 -21699 0 79474 -3127 -239 -1751 -894 0 74108 12310 0 62769 1 18 86418 -23650 0 70483 -3488 -1478 -1977 -1549 0 4908 0 0 -21179 1 19 4908 -26088 0 -13465 -3820 -2256 -2184 -1961 0 -6226 0 0 -34751 1 20 -6226 -28526 0 -27037 -4091 -2758 -2352 -2233 0 -12524 0 0 -43001 1 21 -12524 -30476 0 -35286 -4349 -3140 -2512 -2458 0 -16454 0 0 -48881 1 22 -16454 -32427 0 -41166 -4554 -3418 -2639 -2649 0 -19042 0 0 -52931 1 23 -19042 -33890 0 -45217 -4696 -3561 -2727 -2739 0 -20652 0 0 -55516 1 24 -20652 -34865 0 -47802 -4001 -2934 -2228 -2215 0 -16627 0 0 -47347 2 1 -16627 -30720 0 -39632 -4138 -3070 -2312 -2300 0 -17621 0 0 -49317 2 2 -17621 -31695 0 -41602 -4268 -3201 -2393 -2381 0 -19015 0 0 -51685 2 3 -19015 -32670 0 -43971 -4383 -3356 -2540 -2452 0 -20426 0 0 -53828 2 4 -20426 -33402 0 -46113 -4453 -3513 -2667 -2496 0 -21706 0 0 -55351 2 5 -21706 -33646 0 -47637 -4449 -3633 -2728 -2493 0 -22679 0 0 -55837 2 6 -22679 -33158 0 -48122 -4364 -3695 -2700 -2440 0 41877 12310 0 22248 2 7 54187 -31939 0 29963 -3263 1673 6081 -1758 0 66377 12310 0 48699 2 8 78687 -29989 0 56413 -2202 8156 8967 -1109 0 84106 12310 0 69597 2 9 96416 -26819 0 77312 -1264 14175 8095 -568 0 96384 12310 0 85289 2 10 108694 -23406 0 93003 -417 18724 5162 -115 0 104008 12310 0 96814 2 11 116319 -19505 0 104528 261 21662 2255 300 0 108914 12310 0 105377 2 12 121224 -15848 0 113091 708 22646 1526 1493 0 113883 12310 0 113271 2 13 126193 -12922 0 120985 864 21561 1231 5123 0 118060 12310 0 119155 2 14 130370 -11215 0 126869 723 18362 928 9064 0 119605 12310 0 121432 2 15 131915 -10484 0 129146 217 13118 492 10994 0 115327 12310 0 116422 2 16 127637 -11215 0 124136 -705 6295 -147 8226 0 102673 12310 0 102305 2 17 114983 -12678 0 110020 -1756 1342 -830 1184 0 86092 12310 0 83042 2 18 98402 -15360 0 90757 -2248 -167 -1139 -120 0 14482 0 0 -3804 2 19 14482 -18286 0 3911 -2700 -1134 -1420 -889 0 1842 0 0 -19613 2 20 1842 -21455 0 -11898 -3053 -1750 -1639 -1351 0 -5350 0 0 -29244 2 21 -5350 -23893 0 -21529 -3382 -2217 -1843 -1687 0 -9882 0 0 -36213 2 22 -9882 -26331 0 -28498 -3628 -2536 -1996 -1925 0 -12848 0 0 -40886 2 23 -12848 -28038 0 -33172 -3834 -2766 -2124 -2112 0 -14917 0 0 -44418 2 24 -14917 -29501 0 -36703 -3200 -2411 -1644 -1657 0 -11752 0 0 -37352 3 1 -11752 -25600 0 -29637 -3363 -2575 -1746 -1758 0 -12892 0 0 -39711 3 2 -12892 -26819 0 -31997 -3530 -2745 -1913 -1861 0 -14540 0 0 -42578 3 3 -14540 -28038 0 -34863 -3655 -2899 -2087 -1939 0 -16078 0 0 -44847 3 4 -16078 -28770 0 -37133 -3733 -3038 -2225 -1987 0 -17423 0 0 -46436 3 5 -17423 -29013 0 -38721 -3735 -3134 -2289 -1989 0 -18429 0 0 -46954 3 6 -18429 -28526 0 -39240 -2927 -1998 5062 -1518 0 56065 12310 0 41068 3 7 68375 -27307 0 48783 -1893 1582 10269 -851 0 76195 12310 0 63636 3 8 88505 -24869 0 71351 -880 6550 11328 -233 0 91040 12310 0 81895 3 9 103350 -21455 0 89609 68 11605 9522 310 0 101549 12310 0 96305 3 10 113859 -17554 0 104019 940 15730 6065 772 0 108263 12310 0 107407 3 11 120573 -13166 0 115122 1652 18400 3180 1215 0 112975 12310 0 116264 3 12 125285 -9021 0 123979 2118 19115 2504 2712 0 118047 12310 0 124505 3 13 130357 -5851 0 132220 2317 17820 2220 6711 0 122464 12310 0 131117 3 14 134774 -3657 0 138831 2186 14658 1915 10889 0 124336 12310 0 133721 3 15 136647 -2926 0 141435 1708 10199 1498 13264 0 121381 12310 0 130034 3 16 133691 -3657 0 137749 893 5267 904 12475 0 112888 12310 0 119591 3 17 125198 -5608 0 127305 -534 1582 5 3284 0 94879 12310 0 98899 3 18 107189 -8290 0 106614 -1190 258 -399 991 0 21546 0 0 9843 3 19 21546 -11703 0 17557 -1706 -596 -718 -12 0 8171 0 0 -6945 3 20 8171 -15116 0 770 -2130 -1195 -981 -618 0 456 0 0 -17586 3 21 456 -18042 0 -9871 -2501 -1656 -1211 -1028 0 -4404 0 0 -25128 3 22 -4404 -20724 0 -17413 -2784 -1982 -1386 -1306 0 -7610 0 0 -30284 3 23 -7610 -22674 0 -22570 -3024 -2236 -1535 -1541 0 -9915 0 0 -34296 3 24 -9915 -24381 0 -26582

Appendix B. Building Load Calculations cont.

Lighting Roof to To Room Room North North South South East East West West TOTAL People 45161 1398 Type 1 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2 ROOM Sensible 100% Equip 100% Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Sensible 210 45161 30089 1398 111 162 111 158 65 84 65 84 W Month Hour people W W m² m² m² m² m² m² m² m² m² -5369 4 1 1293 3631 1083 -4347 -75 -459 7 -374 -15 -239 68 -186 -6904 4 2 1293 3631 1083 -4735 -124 -517 -55 -430 -48 -268 16 -222 -8782 4 3 1185 3328 993 -5084 -170 -570 -110 -481 -79 -296 -28 -250 -10522 4 4 1077 3026 903 -5400 -212 -615 -160 -525 -108 -321 -67 -273 -11963 4 5 969 2723 812 -5683 -251 -650 -206 -562 -133 -341 -99 -291 -7200 4 6 862 2421 722 -5800 -286 -633 -246 -577 -156 -328 -126 -296 68036 4 7 10648 31847 26117 -5226 -313 -502 -281 -521 -168 -201 -148 -264 84501 4 8 12372 36689 27561 -3419 -326 -382 -305 -321 -148 3 -162 -191 96731 4 9 13233 39109 28283 -929 -326 -243 -307 120 -90 147 -169 -103 105738 4 10 13664 40320 28644 1794 -312 -78 -275 689 -10 217 -166 -8 111675 4 11 13880 40925 28825 4429 -283 108 -205 1260 69 230 -154 86 116590 4 12 13987 41227 28915 6742 -240 296 -100 1746 130 202 -131 179 122100 4 13 14095 41530 29005 8511 -183 464 26 2082 165 164 -98 330 126786 4 14 14095 41530 29005 9536 -118 589 160 2224 177 167 -54 672 129106 4 15 14203 41832 29096 9703 -49 659 283 2153 178 184 11 1082 127546 4 16 14311 42135 29186 8969 16 668 382 1875 178 192 95 1439 122455 4 17 14418 42438 29276 7350 71 614 443 1419 176 177 191 1642 111193 4 18 14526 42740 29366 4975 111 519 459 901 172 139 283 1559 32230 4 19 4739 13313 3972 2218 133 384 433 503 161 77 347 1071 17337 4 20 3016 8472 2527 6 134 125 377 217 141 8 360 475 8658 4 21 2154 6052 1805 -1448 112 -62 305 28 114 -56 323 167 3172 4 22 1723 4841 1444 -2465 74 -197 226 -109 84 -112 260 14 -581 4 23 1508 4236 1264 -3254 27 -304 149 -220 52 -162 192 -76 -3157 4 24 1400 3934 1173 -3878 -24 -392 75 -308 19 -205 127 -141 3288 5 1 1293 3631 1083 -1906 186 -102 213 -70 128 -62 217 -6 1449 5 2 1293 3631 1083 -2371 125 -173 149 -136 90 -97 159 -48 -672 5 3 1185 3328 993 -2789 69 -238 91 -195 54 -129 109 -81 -2540 5 4 1077 3026 903 -3162 17 -292 37 -245 22 -158 65 -108 -4129 5 5 969 2723 812 -3483 -30 -332 -12 -285 -8 -181 28 -129 6679 5 6 862 2421 722 -3493 -72 -258 -56 -290 -34 -149 -2 -129 79596 5 7 10648 31847 26117 -2406 -101 74 -93 -199 -43 30 -27 -79 94230 5 8 12372 36689 27561 -352 -104 231 -116 -40 -13 208 -43 -1 104572 5 9 13233 39109 28283 2213 -92 258 -120 229 52 327 -49 90 112137 5 10 13664 40320 28644 4959 -73 371 -99 689 130 388 -45 190 117915 5 11 13880 40925 28825 7626 -44 541 -44 1201 204 406 -31 293 123125 5 12 13987 41227 28915 10018 -1 739 44 1661 260 395 -6 399 128910 5 13 14095 41530 29005 11879 58 924 158 1990 295 375 31 561 133923 5 14 14095 41530 29005 13012 128 1064 282 2140 309 393 81 905 137398 5 15 14203 41832 29096 13298 203 1149 401 2090 316 421 150 1304 137508 5 16 14311 42135 29186 12689 275 1178 499 1848 321 435 238 1651 134809 5 17 14418 42438 29276 11180 338 1177 562 1483 325 422 337 1856 127493 5 18 14526 42740 29366 8909 388 1232 588 1162 326 383 432 1835 44985 5 19 4739 13313 3972 6077 426 1120 581 867 319 315 503 1445 28742 5 20 3016 8472 2527 3374 440 697 546 588 301 232 525 771 19137 5 21 2154 6052 1805 1584 420 410 491 386 274 156 492 408 13039 5 22 1723 4841 1444 348 374 225 425 234 241 89 427 227 8818 5 23 1508 4236 1264 -591 316 90 353 111 206 30 354 123 5835 5 24 1400 3934 1173 -1335 251 -18 282 9 167 -21 282 48 7674 6 1 1293 3631 1083 -714 325 78 323 84 200 25 297 85 5636 6 2 1293 3631 1083 -1215 256 0 257 14 160 -12 234 40 3422 6 3 1185 3328 993 -1668 193 -71 196 -51 121 -47 180 2 1418 6 4 1077 3026 903 -2065 135 -130 139 -104 86 -78 133 -26 64 6 5 969 2723 812 -2414 82 -172 88 -147 55 -102 93 -49 11750 6 6 862 2421 722 -2406 36 -73 41 -150 27 -68 60 -49 84413 6 7 10648 31847 26117 -1239 6 326 2 -52 17 110 33 4 98626 6 8 12372 36689 27561 839 5 528 -22 101 46 282 16 84 108477 6 9 13233 39109 28283 3408 23 551 -27 326 108 401 10 178 115775 6 10 13664 40320 28644 6181 47 615 -10 708 185 469 14 283 121343 6 11 13880 40925 28825 8895 78 768 39 1184 258 498 29 393 126635 6 12 13987 41227 28915 11352 121 961 119 1636 316 498 55 504 132577 6 13 14095 41530 29005 13331 180 1154 227 1977 354 489 94 668 138018 6 14 14095 41530 29005 14597 252 1309 348 2149 373 512 145 995 142032 6 15 14203 41832 29096 15010 331 1408 467 2126 384 544 216 1382 143059 6 16 14311 42135 29186 14518 407 1447 568 1916 394 560 305 1723 141260 6 17 14418 42438 29276 13114 474 1475 637 1604 401 547 404 1936 135612 6 18 14526 42740 29366 10919 530 1576 670 1346 405 506 499 1947 54878 6 19 4739 13313 3972 8121 575 1510 672 1085 399 437 573 1638 35442 6 20 3016 8472 2527 5239 597 1099 648 808 383 349 603 1022 24956 6 21 2154 6052 1805 3189 583 706 600 585 356 264 579 582 18239 6 22 1723 4841 1444 1791 536 462 537 417 322 191 517 356 13630 6 23 1508 4236 1264 736 472 296 467 281 284 125 442 229 10370 6 24 1400 3934 1173 -87 399 172 394 170 242 69 367 145

Appendix B. Building Load Calculations cont.

North South East West TOTAL ROOM OUTSIDE OUTSIDE Type 1 Type 1 Type 1 Type 1 Infiltration ROOM People Infiltration TOTAL TOTAL AIR AIR TOTAL Window Window Window Window Sensible Sensible Latent Latent COOLING w RA + Sensible Latent Heating 29 29 18 18 0 W 210 0ROOM+OA Latent 1982 1982 ROOM+OA window window window window L/s W/person L/s W Month Hour L/s L/s W -2137 -1729 -946 -944 0 -5369 0 0 -24387 4 1 -5369 -19017 0 -16672 -2367 -1955 -1122 -1084 0 -6904 0 0 -27627 4 2 -6904 -20724 0 -19913 -2553 -2140 -1328 -1198 0 -8782 0 0 -30724 4 3 -8782 -21943 0 -23010 -2714 -2310 -1525 -1298 0 -10522 0 0 -33440 4 4 -10522 -22918 0 -25725 -2804 -2430 -1666 -1353 0 -11963 0 0 -35125 4 5 -11963 -23162 0 -27411 -1955 -2069 2375 -1108 0 -7200 0 0 -29630 4 6 -7200 -22430 0 -21916 -1116 -956 9574 -456 0 68036 12310 0 59379 4 7 80346 -20968 0 67093 -189 886 12260 173 0 84501 12310 0 78769 4 8 96811 -18042 0 86484 739 4224 12243 798 0 96731 12310 0 95144 4 9 109042 -13897 0 102859 1727 8187 9971 1374 0 105738 12310 0 109027 4 10 118048 -9021 0 116742 2662 11499 6463 1880 0 111675 12310 0 120328 4 11 123985 -3657 0 128043 3458 13640 4133 2405 0 116590 12310 0 130364 4 12 128901 1463 0 138078 3990 14110 3633 4276 0 122100 12310 0 139774 4 13 134411 5364 0 147489 4213 12905 3391 8291 0 126786 12310 0 146898 4 14 139096 7802 0 154612 4121 10210 3132 12307 0 129106 12310 0 150193 4 15 141416 8777 0 157907 3728 6965 2732 14676 0 127546 12310 0 147658 4 16 139856 7802 0 155373 3014 4435 2174 14615 0 122455 12310 0 140373 4 17 134765 5608 0 148087 2075 2530 1349 9488 0 111193 12310 0 125454 4 18 123503 1950 0 133168 448 1035 604 2790 0 32230 0 0 30036 4 19 32230 -2194 0 37750 -257 234 194 1305 0 17337 0 0 10998 4 20 17337 -6339 0 18712 -796 -358 -127 445 0 8658 0 0 -1094 4 21 8658 -9752 0 6620 -1255 -843 -405 -110 0 3172 0 0 -9750 4 22 3172 -12922 0 -2035 -1634 -1230 -638 -490 0 -581 0 0 -16185 4 23 -581 -15604 0 -8471 -1897 -1493 -800 -747 0 -3157 0 0 -20467 4 24 -3157 -17310 0 -12753 -678 -527 -55 -57 0 3288 0 0 -6465 5 1 3288 -9752 0 1250 -960 -792 -282 -221 0 1449 0 0 -10254 5 2 1449 -11703 0 -2540 -1187 -1013 -511 -358 0 -672 0 0 -13838 5 3 -672 -13166 0 -6124 -1360 -1186 -711 -464 0 -2540 0 0 -16681 5 4 -2540 -14141 0 -8966 -1481 -1317 -865 -539 0 -4129 0 0 -18757 5 5 -4129 -14629 0 -11043 1226 -491 6433 -10 0 6679 0 0 -7218 5 6 6679 -13897 0 496 1436 545 11247 599 0 79596 12310 0 79960 5 7 91907 -11947 0 87674 1833 1673 13106 1224 0 94230 12310 0 98006 5 8 106540 -8533 0 105721 2714 3688 12763 1873 0 104572 12310 0 113225 5 9 116882 -3657 0 120939 3612 6465 10440 2483 0 112137 12310 0 126398 5 10 124447 1950 0 134113 4621 9220 7232 3062 0 117915 12310 0 138759 5 11 130225 8533 0 146473 5487 11073 5269 3656 0 123125 12310 0 149820 5 12 135435 14385 0 157534 6084 11523 4859 5544 0 128910 12310 0 160238 5 13 141221 19017 0 167952 6361 10602 4688 9328 0 133923 12310 0 168176 5 14 146233 21943 0 175891 6420 8852 4481 13181 0 137398 12310 0 172870 5 15 149708 23162 0 180585 6075 7051 4103 15513 0 137508 12310 0 171761 5 16 149818 21943 0 179476 5832 5796 3572 15797 0 134809 12310 0 166624 5 17 147120 19505 0 174339 5834 4287 2797 12687 0 127493 12310 0 154919 5 18 139803 15116 0 162634 2667 2569 1799 4272 0 44985 0 0 55225 5 19 44985 10240 0 62940 1687 1717 1308 2541 0 28742 0 0 34106 5 20 28742 5364 0 41821 976 1059 919 1549 0 19137 0 0 20356 5 21 19137 1219 0 28070 410 521 594 916 0 13039 0 0 10601 5 22 13039 -2438 0 18315 -52 76 319 479 0 8818 0 0 3210 5 23 8818 -5608 0 10925 -385 -251 117 183 0 5835 0 0 -1967 5 24 5835 -7802 0 5748 75 111 379 400 0 7674 0 0 2554 6 1 7674 -5120 0 10269 -254 -183 132 201 0 5636 0 0 -1679 6 2 5636 -7314 0 6036 -493 -410 -97 61 0 3422 0 0 -5355 6 3 3422 -8777 0 2359 -694 -609 -312 -62 0 1418 0 0 -8578 6 4 1418 -9996 0 -863 -704 -724 -316 -130 0 64 0 0 -10420 6 5 64 -10484 0 -2705 2779 176 6934 438 0 11750 0 0 1998 6 6 11750 -9752 0 9712 2957 1193 11393 1049 0 84413 12310 0 89165 6 7 96723 -7558 0 96880 2894 2316 13231 1684 0 98626 12310 0 107036 6 8 110936 -3901 0 114750 3685 3816 13010 2362 0 108477 12310 0 122250 6 9 120787 1463 0 129965 4619 6121 10904 3010 0 115775 12310 0 135644 6 10 128086 7558 0 143358 5568 8509 7880 3616 0 121343 12310 0 148037 6 11 133653 14385 0 155752 6502 10277 5902 4261 0 126635 12310 0 159913 6 12 138945 20968 0 167627 7157 10896 5501 5919 0 132577 12310 0 170975 6 13 144887 26088 0 178690 7539 10349 5360 9459 0 138018 12310 0 179585 6 14 150328 29257 0 187300 7604 9053 5171 13205 0 142032 12310 0 184819 6 15 154342 30476 0 192533 7302 7823 4812 15653 0 143059 12310 0 184627 6 16 155370 29257 0 192341 7381 6715 4276 16164 0 141260 12310 0 179901 6 17 153570 26331 0 187616 7782 5351 3539 13910 0 135612 12310 0 169865 6 18 147922 21943 0 177580 5021 3634 2520 6667 0 54878 0 0 71457 6 19 54878 16579 0 79171 2865 2556 1877 3379 0 35442 0 0 46657 6 20 35442 11215 0 54372 1985 1847 1451 2218 0 24956 0 0 31783 6 21 24956 6827 0 39498 1295 1246 1083 1477 0 18239 0 0 20920 6 22 18239 2682 0 28635 766 760 782 982 0 13630 0 0 12899 6 23 13630 -731 0 20614 385 398 558 651 0 10370 0 0 7201 6 24 10370 -3170 0 14915

Appendix B. Building Load Calculations cont.

Lighting Roof to To Room Room North North South South East East West West TOTAL People 45161 1398 Type 1 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2 ROOM Sensible 100% Equip 100% Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Sensible 210 45161 30089 1398 111 162 111 158 65 84 65 84 W Month Hour people W W m² m² m² m² m² m² m² m² m² 8337 7 1 1293 3631 1083 -539 345 98 367 121 220 40 311 98 6185 7 2 1293 3631 1083 -1073 275 16 295 45 177 0 248 50 3820 7 3 1185 3328 993 -1562 211 -60 229 -25 137 -38 193 10 1736 7 4 1077 3026 903 -1993 151 -123 168 -84 100 -71 144 -22 28 7 5 969 2723 812 -2359 96 -171 112 -131 66 -98 103 -46 9298 7 6 862 2421 722 -2435 47 -108 62 -141 36 -75 68 -50 82811 7 7 10648 31847 26117 -1513 13 215 20 -56 22 84 39 -3 97774 7 8 12372 36689 27561 467 4 412 -8 99 44 268 21 77 108495 7 9 13233 39109 28283 3051 15 456 -16 347 102 403 13 176 116828 7 10 13664 40320 28644 5907 35 575 1 796 179 485 17 287 123316 7 11 13880 40925 28825 8763 67 764 54 1326 256 527 32 406 129117 7 12 13987 41227 28915 11372 114 988 143 1820 319 536 60 526 135374 7 13 14095 41530 29005 13495 180 1203 262 2195 363 534 101 693 140971 7 14 14095 41530 29005 14886 260 1372 395 2394 388 558 156 1015 145023 7 15 14203 41832 29096 15412 347 1480 526 2392 403 592 229 1409 145697 7 16 14311 42135 29186 14982 431 1521 639 2186 416 610 321 1761 143215 7 17 14418 42438 29276 13596 504 1520 717 1839 427 597 423 1982 136595 7 18 14526 42740 29366 11365 563 1557 755 1504 432 553 521 1991 54779 7 19 4739 13313 3972 8486 607 1461 757 1192 428 478 597 1654 36475 7 20 3016 8472 2527 5549 624 1053 727 887 412 384 626 1001 26011 7 21 2154 6052 1805 3504 606 710 672 653 384 295 599 584 19221 7 22 1723 4841 1444 2071 557 484 602 475 347 216 535 369 14482 7 23 1508 4236 1264 974 492 321 524 329 308 146 459 244 11152 7 24 1400 3934 1173 112 419 194 444 211 264 87 382 159 8104 8 1 1293 3631 1083 -691 309 75 386 143 210 37 290 88 6147 8 2 1293 3631 1083 -1200 246 -1 311 69 169 -2 230 43 3875 8 3 1185 3328 993 -1655 187 -70 243 3 130 -38 179 7 1836 8 4 1077 3026 903 -2063 133 -129 181 -55 94 -70 133 -24 141 8 5 969 2723 812 -2416 82 -175 124 -102 62 -96 95 -47 3745 8 6 862 2421 722 -2599 37 -170 73 -125 33 -91 62 -56 79127 8 7 10648 31847 26117 -2094 0 -44 30 -73 14 19 35 -26 95969 8 8 12372 36689 27561 -310 -21 108 -1 129 25 224 16 52 108801 8 9 13233 39109 28283 2251 -25 265 -9 556 76 383 7 153 118729 8 10 13664 40320 28644 5135 -11 460 20 1133 153 477 10 266 125886 8 11 13880 40925 28825 7999 22 685 90 1731 233 518 25 383 132025 8 12 13987 41227 28915 10618 74 923 199 2261 300 523 53 502 138504 8 13 14095 41530 29005 12727 144 1143 336 2651 345 516 94 675 144064 8 14 14095 41530 29005 14061 228 1312 484 2843 371 539 148 1018 147077 8 15 14203 41832 29096 14490 316 1415 626 2817 387 572 222 1428 145955 8 16 14311 42135 29186 13939 401 1442 744 2573 400 588 316 1782 140893 8 17 14418 42438 29276 12411 475 1391 825 2139 410 574 420 1980 129898 8 18 14526 42740 29366 10029 529 1283 858 1625 415 528 517 1900 50117 8 19 4739 13313 3972 7173 560 1124 844 1212 410 454 586 1431 34346 8 20 3016 8472 2527 4718 565 824 795 890 393 366 602 826 24800 8 21 2154 6052 1805 3005 542 595 723 663 365 282 565 501 18451 8 22 1723 4841 1444 1746 497 422 640 489 330 207 500 330 14001 8 23 1508 4236 1264 733 439 281 553 346 292 139 427 223 10812 8 24 1400 3934 1173 -71 375 165 467 231 252 82 356 145 4974 9 1 1293 3631 1083 -1706 206 -57 340 63 150 -28 205 10 3156 9 2 1293 3631 1083 -2171 149 -127 262 -6 112 -64 155 -28 1043 9 3 1185 3328 993 -2596 96 -191 192 -69 76 -98 110 -61 -929 9 4 1077 3026 903 -2966 46 -245 128 -124 43 -127 71 -89 -2604 9 5 969 2723 812 -3293 0 -288 71 -173 14 -152 38 -111 -3721 9 6 862 2421 722 -3534 -42 -314 20 -209 -13 -167 9 -124 73016 9 7 10648 31847 26117 -3363 -78 -287 -25 -147 -36 -115 -15 -111 93104 9 8 12372 36689 27561 -1970 -104 -147 -56 225 -39 96 -34 -40 108128 9 9 13233 39109 28283 406 -113 44 -53 850 0 281 -44 59 119001 9 10 13664 40320 28644 3186 -103 261 -4 1555 73 386 -42 168 126514 9 11 13880 40925 28825 5964 -71 490 93 2222 153 424 -28 280 132885 9 12 13987 41227 28915 8463 -20 719 227 2775 221 421 1 395 139538 9 13 14095 41530 29005 10417 48 927 385 3155 266 408 40 578 144613 9 14 14095 41530 29005 11579 129 1084 548 3314 291 435 93 957 146161 9 15 14203 41832 29096 11815 213 1176 699 3234 306 468 168 1378 142273 9 16 14311 42135 29186 11061 294 1190 819 2914 320 483 263 1709 132096 9 17 14418 42438 29276 9330 362 1117 895 2374 331 468 366 1812 115364 9 18 14526 42740 29366 6885 411 957 917 1707 335 421 456 1500 42734 9 19 4739 13313 3972 4487 435 742 885 1132 331 351 501 858 28822 9 20 3016 8472 2527 2811 433 561 811 792 314 277 490 508 20320 9 21 2154 6052 1805 1523 409 399 717 567 288 201 444 325 14542 9 22 1723 4841 1444 479 370 258 617 398 257 132 384 213 10441 9 23 1508 4236 1264 -410 319 132 519 259 223 68 321 127 7436 9 24 1400 3934 1173 -1134 264 27 426 148 187 15 261 61

Appendix B. Building Load Calculations cont.

North South East West TOTAL ROOM OUTSIDE OUTSIDE Type 1 Type 1 Type 1 Type 1 Infiltration ROOM People Infiltration TOTAL TOTAL AIR AIR TOTAL Window Window Window Window Sensible Sensible Latent Latent COOLING w RA + Sensible Latent Heating 29 29 18 18 0 W 210 0ROOM+OA Latent 1982 1982 ROOM+OA window window window window L/s W/person L/s W Month Hour L/s L/s W 133 258 436 441 0 8337 0 0 4588 7 1 8337 -4632 884 17765 -210 -63 184 233 0 6185 0 0 -2 7 2 6185 -7070 884 13176 -475 -318 -62 74 0 3820 0 0 -4073 7 3 3820 -8777 884 9104 -681 -524 -281 -52 0 1736 0 0 -7377 7 4 1736 -9996 884 5800 -812 -662 -442 -133 0 28 0 0 -9573 7 5 28 -10484 884 3605 1828 63 5667 330 0 9298 0 0 673 7 6 9298 -9509 884 13850 2333 1135 10938 972 0 82811 12310 0 88690 7 7 95121 -7314 884 101867 2602 2315 13211 1641 0 97774 12310 0 107555 7 8 110085 -3413 884 120732 3550 4141 13279 2352 0 108495 12310 0 123884 7 9 120806 2194 884 137061 4562 6892 11402 3061 0 116828 12310 0 139043 7 10 129138 9021 884 152220 5677 9712 8388 3716 0 123316 12310 0 152845 7 11 135626 16335 884 166022 6701 11820 6193 4395 0 129117 12310 0 165717 7 12 141427 23406 884 178894 7422 12578 5779 5937 0 135374 12310 0 177337 7 13 147684 28770 884 190514 7817 11972 5620 9507 0 140971 12310 0 186592 7 14 153281 32427 884 199769 7919 10398 5426 13359 0 145023 12310 0 191863 7 15 157334 33646 884 205040 7612 8623 5062 15902 0 145697 12310 0 191318 7 16 158007 32427 884 204495 7233 7303 4502 16440 0 143215 12310 0 185666 7 17 155526 29257 884 198844 7250 5766 3715 13989 0 136595 12310 0 174170 7 18 148905 24381 884 187347 4487 3912 2634 6062 0 54779 0 0 74192 7 19 54779 18530 884 87369 2912 2861 2020 3403 0 36475 0 0 50281 7 20 36475 12922 884 63458 2063 2095 1565 2269 0 26011 0 0 34941 7 21 26011 8046 884 48118 1382 1458 1178 1537 0 19221 0 0 23762 7 22 19221 3657 884 36939 840 940 859 1037 0 14482 0 0 15366 7 23 14482 0 884 28543 462 571 631 708 0 11152 0 0 9598 7 24 11152 -2438 884 22775 46 423 389 392 0 8104 0 0 3472 8 1 8104 -4632 0 14356 -250 132 180 212 0 6147 0 0 -679 8 2 6147 -6827 0 10205 -500 -118 -58 57 0 3875 0 0 -4658 8 3 3875 -8533 0 6226 -701 -326 -277 -67 0 1836 0 0 -7916 8 4 1836 -9752 0 2968 -828 -479 -438 -146 0 141 0 0 -10099 8 5 141 -10240 0 785 -55 -166 2728 70 0 3745 0 0 -5520 8 6 3745 -9265 0 5365 918 1017 9954 766 0 79127 12310 0 84123 8 7 91438 -7314 0 95008 1949 2778 12931 1468 0 95969 12310 0 104866 8 8 108279 -3413 0 115750 3028 6029 13261 2198 0 108801 12310 0 123306 8 9 121112 2194 0 134190 4189 10031 11351 2888 0 118729 12310 0 139573 8 10 131039 8533 0 150457 5353 13486 8192 3540 0 125886 12310 0 154044 8 11 138196 15848 0 164928 6389 15868 5964 4220 0 132025 12310 0 167253 8 12 144335 22918 0 178138 7100 16600 5545 5997 0 138504 12310 0 178853 8 13 150815 28038 0 189737 7472 15682 5396 9879 0 144064 12310 0 187825 8 14 156374 31451 0 198710 7453 13213 5182 13825 0 147077 12310 0 192058 8 15 159387 32670 0 202942 7077 10141 4788 16132 0 145955 12310 0 189717 8 16 158265 31451 0 200601 6289 7626 4181 16040 0 140893 12310 0 181485 8 17 153203 28282 0 192369 5270 5653 3299 11361 0 129898 12310 0 165858 8 18 142208 23650 0 176742 3400 3942 2414 4542 0 50117 0 0 68159 8 19 50117 18042 0 79043 2515 2968 1893 2975 0 34346 0 0 46780 8 20 34346 12434 0 57665 1818 2222 1475 2033 0 24800 0 0 32602 8 21 24800 7802 0 43486 1205 1585 1101 1390 0 18451 0 0 21864 8 22 18451 3413 0 32748 719 1092 803 947 0 14001 0 0 14001 8 23 14001 0 0 24886 358 731 580 634 0 10812 0 0 8374 8 24 10812 -2438 0 19258 -495 262 8 10 0 4974 0 0 -2828 9 1 4974 -7802 0 4887 -778 -21 -168 -166 0 3156 0 0 -6840 9 2 3156 -9996 0 875 -997 -248 -375 -302 0 1043 0 0 -10416 9 3 1043 -11459 0 -2701 -1190 -476 -586 -422 0 -929 0 0 -13607 9 4 -929 -12678 0 -5893 -1311 -664 -743 -497 0 -2604 0 0 -15770 9 5 -2604 -13166 0 -8056 -1308 -757 -793 -494 0 -3721 0 0 -16155 9 6 -3721 -12434 0 -8441 -210 1065 7568 159 0 73016 12310 0 75086 9 7 85326 -10240 0 82801 916 5119 11636 880 0 93104 12310 0 98831 9 8 105414 -6583 0 106546 2084 10198 12203 1587 0 108128 12310 0 118976 9 9 120439 -1463 0 126690 3242 15189 10208 2253 0 119001 12310 0 135944 9 10 131312 4632 0 143658 4356 19205 6933 2863 0 126514 12310 0 150283 9 11 138824 11459 0 157998 5321 21683 5035 3513 0 132885 12310 0 163237 9 12 145195 18042 0 170951 5978 22144 4724 5838 0 139538 12310 0 174766 9 13 151848 22918 0 182480 6289 20614 4578 10073 0 144613 12310 0 183011 9 14 156923 26088 0 190726 6208 17246 4343 13775 0 146161 12310 0 185778 9 15 158471 27307 0 193492 5665 12676 3904 15342 0 142273 12310 0 180671 9 16 154583 26088 0 188385 4677 8067 3209 12954 0 132096 12310 0 167568 9 17 144406 23162 0 175282 3209 5029 2304 4600 0 115364 12310 0 146447 9 18 127674 18773 0 154162 2443 3728 1829 2988 0 42734 0 0 56387 9 19 42734 13653 0 64102 1719 2730 1381 1978 0 28822 0 0 37111 9 20 28822 8290 0 44826 1117 1987 1008 1322 0 20320 0 0 24221 9 21 20320 3901 0 31935 567 1364 666 829 0 14542 0 0 14298 9 22 14542 -244 0 22013 127 890 393 464 0 10441 0 0 7028 9 23 10441 -3413 0 14742 -221 536 178 180 0 7436 0 0 1584 9 24 7436 -5851 0 9299

Appendix B. Building Load Calculations cont.

Lighting Roof to To Room Room North North South South East East West West TOTAL People 45161 1398 Type 1 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2 ROOM Sensible 100% Equip 100% Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Wall Sensible 210 45161 30089 1398 111 162 111 158 65 84 65 84 W Month Hour people W W m² m² m² m² m² m² m² m² m² -798 10 1 1293 3631 1083 -3393 37 -283 195 -133 47 -145 83 -115 -2313 10 2 1293 3631 1083 -3793 -11 -343 121 -192 14 -176 42 -147 -4228 10 3 1185 3328 993 -4149 -57 -397 55 -245 -17 -204 5 -175 -6103 10 4 1077 3026 903 -4476 -100 -445 -3 -296 -45 -230 -26 -200 -7644 10 5 969 2723 812 -4768 -140 -485 -56 -343 -71 -252 -55 -220 -8686 10 6 862 2421 722 -4966 -177 -506 -104 -378 -94 -265 -78 -231 63864 10 7 10648 31847 26117 -4922 -208 -491 -146 -322 -114 -234 -99 -223 87036 10 8 12372 36689 27561 -4098 -232 -397 -174 75 -121 -86 -116 -175 103361 10 9 13233 39109 28283 -2087 -242 -223 -168 853 -95 105 -126 -86 114467 10 10 13664 40320 28644 454 -234 -19 -108 1675 -35 220 -125 16 121772 10 11 13880 40925 28825 3014 -206 192 5 2396 38 259 -110 118 127983 10 12 13987 41227 28915 5275 -161 396 156 2955 102 250 -85 229 134356 10 13 14095 41530 29005 6991 -100 579 325 3313 145 237 -49 430 138619 10 14 14095 41530 29005 7917 -29 713 495 3431 168 260 1 805 138435 10 15 14203 41832 29096 7948 45 787 646 3291 182 289 73 1198 131298 10 16 14311 42135 29186 7020 115 785 761 2877 194 300 163 1458 112629 10 17 14418 42438 29276 5200 174 695 826 2164 204 282 256 1357 103694 10 18 14526 42740 29366 3017 215 532 827 1299 207 238 321 808 33160 10 19 4739 13313 3972 1482 233 383 768 792 201 183 337 440 20600 10 20 3016 8472 2527 314 230 245 675 505 187 121 314 248 12907 10 21 2154 6052 1805 -679 210 112 570 312 165 56 272 134 7683 10 22 1723 4841 1444 -1538 177 -10 466 162 138 -5 224 49 4017 10 23 1508 4236 1264 -2290 134 -119 367 38 109 -61 175 -20 1404 10 24 1400 3934 1173 -2903 87 -210 276 -59 78 -107 127 -75 -12935 11 1 1293 3631 1083 -6745 -301 -752 -138 -586 -158 -388 -133 -365 -14115 11 2 1293 3631 1083 -7038 -337 -796 -199 -629 -181 -411 -163 -388 -15601 11 3 1185 3328 993 -7311 -371 -838 -253 -670 -205 -432 -189 -409 -17064 11 4 1077 3026 903 -7541 -402 -872 -301 -705 -226 -450 -212 -427 -18375 11 5 969 2723 812 -7737 -432 -899 -344 -739 -245 -466 -233 -441 -19357 11 6 862 2421 722 -7879 -459 -914 -382 -768 -262 -475 -250 -449 45188 11 7 10648 31847 26117 -7934 -482 -913 -416 -786 -276 -476 -265 -449 69863 11 8 12372 36689 27561 -7637 -500 -870 -445 -592 -288 -420 -278 -426 88102 11 9 13233 39109 28283 -6284 -509 -731 -450 232 -283 -235 -287 -356 99753 11 10 13664 40320 28644 -4204 -504 -555 -398 1187 -243 -98 -287 -268 107065 11 11 13880 40925 28825 -2006 -483 -378 -286 1994 -182 -48 -276 -182 112682 11 12 13987 41227 28915 -65 -447 -212 -132 2583 -122 -60 -256 -92 117963 11 13 14095 41530 29005 1343 -400 -72 40 2934 -81 -86 -228 75 121020 11 14 14095 41530 29005 2012 -345 24 208 3024 -59 -79 -188 405 119193 11 15 14203 41832 29096 1868 -288 70 354 2832 -47 -62 -129 741 107463 11 16 14311 42135 29186 860 -236 48 460 2301 -39 -58 -55 901 91298 11 17 14418 42438 29276 -787 -193 -46 507 1421 -34 -77 17 689 85359 11 18 14526 42740 29366 -2285 -166 -169 486 569 -34 -111 60 246 16342 11 19 4739 13313 3972 -3287 -155 -271 407 136 -41 -150 63 11 4949 11 20 3016 8472 2527 -4086 -159 -369 305 -96 -53 -195 41 -110 -1751 11 21 2154 6052 1805 -4788 -174 -465 200 -248 -70 -242 8 -187 -6144 11 22 1723 4841 1444 -5394 -199 -551 100 -364 -91 -285 -28 -246 -9175 11 23 1508 4236 1264 -5937 -230 -631 10 -458 -113 -326 -65 -296 -11201 11 24 1400 3934 1173 -6393 -265 -699 -70 -532 -136 -361 -100 -336 -22790 12 1 1293 3631 1083 -9413 -566 -1134 -402 -961 -316 -586 -294 -566 -23657 12 2 1293 3631 1083 -9637 -594 -1167 -455 -994 -334 -603 -318 -583 -24978 12 3 1185 3328 993 -9841 -620 -1198 -501 -1024 -352 -619 -340 -599 -26189 12 4 1077 3026 903 -10028 -644 -1227 -542 -1053 -369 -634 -358 -614 -27361 12 5 969 2723 812 -10176 -667 -1247 -579 -1078 -384 -645 -374 -625 -28255 12 6 862 2421 722 -10286 -688 -1260 -611 -1103 -398 -653 -387 -631 36267 12 7 10648 31847 26117 -10322 -706 -1258 -640 -1119 -409 -653 -399 -630 53291 12 8 12372 36689 27561 -10185 -720 -1230 -665 -1018 -418 -621 -410 -616 73832 12 9 13233 39109 28283 -9414 -728 -1140 -675 -450 -417 -497 -418 -570 86614 12 10 13664 40320 28644 -7696 -725 -987 -640 537 -391 -349 -418 -493 94460 12 11 13880 40925 28825 -5705 -709 -829 -545 1426 -339 -281 -410 -417 99842 12 12 13987 41227 28915 -3890 -680 -683 -401 2080 -283 -286 -394 -345 104594 12 13 14095 41530 29005 -2555 -641 -564 -234 2475 -242 -323 -372 -224 107317 12 14 14095 41530 29005 -1897 -597 -482 -67 2599 -220 -329 -341 63 105649 12 15 14203 41832 29096 -2016 -550 -448 78 2429 -210 -321 -293 377 93723 12 16 14311 42135 29186 -2954 -508 -474 185 1895 -205 -322 -230 532 78147 12 17 14418 42438 29276 -4470 -474 -563 232 978 -204 -340 -167 339 72614 12 18 14526 42740 29366 -5797 -453 -671 207 104 -207 -368 -130 -53 4049 12 19 4739 13313 3972 -6663 -446 -757 126 -330 -215 -401 -128 -259 -6871 12 20 3016 8472 2527 -7329 -450 -837 22 -550 -227 -437 -148 -362 -13162 12 21 2154 6052 1805 -7902 -463 -914 -83 -687 -242 -474 -176 -426 -17095 12 22 1723 4841 1444 -8392 -484 -983 -180 -786 -261 -509 -208 -474 -19632 12 23 1508 4236 1264 -8809 -510 -1044 -266 -863 -280 -539 -238 -513 -21320 12 24 1400 3934 1173 -9143 -538 -1093 -340 -919 -298 -565 -268 -544

Appendix B. Building Load Calculations cont.

North South East West TOTAL ROOM OUTSIDE OUTSIDE Type 1 Type 1 Type 1 Type 1 Infiltration ROOM People Infiltration TOTAL TOTAL AIR AIR TOTAL Window Window Window Window Sensible Sensible Latent Latent COOLING w RA + Sensible Latent Heating 29 29 18 18 0 W 210 0ROOM+OA Latent 1982 1982 ROOM+OA window window window window L/s W/person L/s W Month Hour L/s L/s W -1428 -403 -628 -639 0 -798 0 0 -14451 10 1 -798 -13653 0 -6737 -1655 -630 -769 -780 0 -2313 0 0 -17673 10 2 -2313 -15360 0 -9959 -1858 -849 -937 -906 0 -4228 0 0 -21051 10 3 -4228 -16823 0 -13336 -2042 -1093 -1132 -1020 0 -6103 0 0 -24145 10 4 -6103 -18042 0 -16430 -2133 -1285 -1263 -1077 0 -7644 0 0 -25930 10 5 -7644 -18286 0 -18215 -2119 -1404 -1301 -1068 0 -8686 0 0 -26240 10 6 -8686 -17554 0 -18525 -1541 675 3587 -710 0 63864 12310 0 60327 10 7 76174 -15848 0 68041 -371 6842 9253 14 0 87036 12310 0 86668 10 8 99346 -12678 0 94383 754 13132 10228 690 0 103361 12310 0 107626 10 9 115671 -8046 0 115340 1828 18592 8273 1300 0 114467 12310 0 124095 10 10 126777 -2682 0 131810 2822 22571 5206 1838 0 121772 12310 0 137251 10 11 134082 3170 0 144966 3678 24839 3732 2486 0 127983 12310 0 149315 10 12 140294 9021 0 157029 4219 25052 3457 5127 0 134356 12310 0 159832 10 13 146666 13166 0 167547 4452 23242 3331 9204 0 138619 12310 0 167020 10 14 150929 16091 0 174735 4285 19135 3069 12359 0 138435 12310 0 167812 10 15 150746 17067 0 175527 3656 13251 2589 12497 0 131298 12310 0 159700 10 16 143609 16091 0 167415 2386 6255 1754 4941 0 112629 12310 0 138592 10 17 124939 13653 0 146307 1701 4050 1315 2532 0 103694 12310 0 125757 10 18 116004 9752 0 133471 1081 2764 929 1543 0 33160 0 0 38280 10 19 33160 5120 0 45995 484 1827 559 876 0 20600 0 0 21087 10 20 20600 488 0 28802 -32 1134 238 403 0 12907 0 0 9493 10 21 12907 -3413 0 17208 -510 564 -59 17 0 7683 0 0 612 10 22 7683 -7070 0 8327 -885 143 -291 -292 0 4017 0 0 -5736 10 23 4017 -9752 0 1979 -1187 -163 -479 -490 0 1404 0 0 -10542 10 24 1404 -11947 0 -2828 -3351 -2229 -1900 -1895 0 -12935 0 0 -39022 11 1 -12935 -26088 0 -31308 -3537 -2415 -2016 -2010 0 -14115 0 0 -41666 11 2 -14115 -27550 0 -33951 -3676 -2554 -2102 -2097 0 -15601 0 0 -44127 11 3 -15601 -28526 0 -36412 -3794 -2734 -2234 -2170 0 -17064 0 0 -46321 11 4 -17064 -29257 0 -38606 -3866 -2920 -2344 -2214 0 -18375 0 0 -47876 11 5 -18375 -29501 0 -40161 -3862 -3066 -2383 -2212 0 -19357 0 0 -48371 11 6 -19357 -29013 0 -40656 -3777 -3149 -2343 -2159 0 45188 12310 0 29704 11 7 57498 -27794 0 37418 -2755 4351 4628 -1526 0 69863 12310 0 56817 11 8 82173 -25356 0 64532 -1706 12030 6950 -895 0 88102 12310 0 78470 11 9 100413 -21943 0 86184 -773 17982 5652 -365 0 99753 12310 0 94021 11 10 112063 -18042 0 101736 61 22115 3021 85 0 107065 12310 0 105722 11 11 119376 -13653 0 113437 724 24371 1649 611 0 112682 12310 0 115484 11 12 124992 -9509 0 123198 1104 24519 1339 2844 0 117963 12310 0 123691 11 13 130273 -6583 0 131405 1219 22540 1203 6425 0 121020 12310 0 128941 11 14 133330 -4389 0 136656 967 17995 916 8845 0 119193 12310 0 127846 11 15 131503 -3657 0 135561 220 10117 373 6940 0 107463 12310 0 115384 11 16 119773 -4389 0 123099 -658 3230 -215 1311 0 91298 12310 0 97269 11 17 103608 -6339 0 104984 -1083 1425 -492 281 0 85359 12310 0 88648 11 18 97669 -9021 0 96363 -1531 279 -771 -372 0 16342 0 0 3908 11 19 16342 -12434 0 11623 -1967 -512 -1042 -825 0 4949 0 0 -10899 11 20 4949 -15848 0 -3184 -2328 -1058 -1265 -1145 0 -1751 0 0 -20281 11 21 -1751 -18530 0 -12566 -2675 -1510 -1481 -1428 0 -6144 0 0 -27355 11 22 -6144 -21211 0 -19641 -2969 -1847 -1663 -1658 0 -9175 0 0 -32580 11 23 -9175 -23406 0 -24866 -3179 -2057 -1793 -1788 0 -11201 0 0 -36070 11 24 -11201 -24869 0 -28355 -4932 -3815 -2906 -2905 0 -22790 0 0 -59361 12 1 -22790 -36571 0 -51647 -5062 -3944 -2987 -2986 0 -23657 0 0 -61204 12 2 -23657 -37547 0 -53489 -5188 -4071 -3065 -3064 0 -24978 0 0 -63500 12 3 -24978 -38522 0 -55785 -5272 -4189 -3149 -3116 0 -26189 0 0 -65199 12 4 -26189 -39009 0 -57484 -5332 -4355 -3247 -3154 0 -27361 0 0 -66614 12 5 -27361 -39253 0 -58899 -5321 -4490 -3285 -3147 0 -28255 0 0 -67021 12 6 -28255 -38766 0 -59306 -5253 -4592 -3259 -3105 0 36267 12310 0 10787 12 7 48577 -37790 0 18501 -4719 -500 546 -2774 0 53291 12310 0 29518 12 8 65601 -36084 0 37232 -3670 8573 4746 -2136 0 73832 12310 0 52740 12 9 86142 -33402 0 60455 -2801 15232 4355 -1638 0 86614 12310 0 68448 12 10 98924 -30476 0 76162 -2045 19887 2025 -1228 0 94460 12310 0 79707 12 11 106770 -27063 0 87422 -1464 22556 308 -804 0 99842 12310 0 88259 12 12 112152 -23893 0 95974 -1124 23056 -57 767 0 104594 12310 0 95449 12 13 116904 -21455 0 103163 -1046 21284 -235 3953 0 107317 12310 0 99878 12 14 119627 -19749 0 107593 -1310 16876 -515 6420 0 105649 12310 0 98698 12 15 117959 -19261 0 106413 -2025 8575 -1038 4660 0 93723 12310 0 86285 12 16 106033 -19749 0 93999 -2794 1286 -1561 -248 0 78147 12310 0 69246 12 17 90457 -21211 0 76960 -3156 -554 -1803 -1138 0 72614 12310 0 61518 12 18 84924 -23406 0 69233 -3520 -1663 -2030 -1690 0 4049 0 0 -22039 12 19 4049 -26088 0 -14324 -3869 -2392 -2246 -2062 0 -6871 0 0 -35641 12 20 -6871 -28770 0 -27926 -4164 -2886 -2429 -2327 0 -13162 0 0 -44126 12 21 -13162 -30964 0 -36411 -4425 -3260 -2592 -2549 0 -17095 0 0 -50009 12 22 -17095 -32914 0 -42294 -4630 -3512 -2718 -2717 0 -19632 0 0 -54009 12 23 -19632 -34377 0 -46294 -4797 -3679 -2822 -2821 0 -21320 0 0 -56916 12 24 -21320 -35596 0 -49202

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