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Solar Thermal Energy Feasiblity in a Commercial SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY FEASIBLITY IN A COMMERCIAL BUILDING IN SACRAMENTO A Thesis Presented to the faculty of the Department of Mechanical Engineering California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Mechanical Engineering by Manuel L Verduzco SPRING 2014 © 2014 Manuel L Verduzco ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY FEASIBLITY IN A COMMERCIAL BUILDING IN SACRAMENTO A Thesis by Manuel L Verduzco Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Timothy Marbach, PhD __________________________________, Second Reader Dongmei Zhou, PhD ____________________________ Date iii Student: Manuel L Verduzco I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this thesis is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the thesis. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Akihiko Kumagai, PhD Date Department of Mechanical Engineering iv Abstract of SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY FEASIBLITY IN A COMMERICIAL BUILDING IN SACRAMENTO By Manuel L Verduzco In recent years, the demand for air conditioning systems due to the demand of higher comfort conditions has led to a significant increase for primary energy resources such as solar energy for cooling. Solar cooling (SC) is getting more and more readily available and cost effective. SC is environmentally friendly and decreases emissions thus reducing the greenhouse effect. Currently, one of the most frequently used solar cooling systems is the water absorption chillers. Most traditional air conditioning systems use compression technology for their chillers. The absorption chillers used for SC usually combine with flat plate or an evacuated tube collectors. These types of SC are relatively young and are still being developed. In this paper, a two story building that has an area of 2796 square meters and a max cooling load of about 211 kWh (60 RTh) is analyzed. Case Study 1 uses three of these buildings, Case Study 2 uses six buildings, and Case Study 3 uses 8 buildings. Given the different case studies, different chillers were chosen and the number of evacuated tube collectors and storage tanks are either increased or decreased given the number of buildings. The building’s design and cooling loads were developed with conjunction with the ASHRAE Example Building for Chapter 30, Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations, of the 2005 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals [1]. For the cooling and heating load calculations the radiant time series (RTS) method was used. From the cooling v loads, the collector area and the volume of the storage tank were determined. In each of these three case studies, a cost analysis was made to compare the solar absorption system versus the tradition compression chiller. This analysis is made to see if this relatively new type of SC is even feasible in the Sacramento area. Only in Case Study 1, the solar absorption system ($796,663) is more economical than the vapor compression system ($901,624) after 20 years. The cost of Case Study 2 is $1,703,456 for the solar absorption system and $1,681,408 for the vapor compression system after 20 years. Finally, for Case Study 3, which included 8 buildings, the solar absorption system cost is $2,240,643 and the cost for vapor compression system is $2,194,774 after 20 years. _______________________, Committee Chair Timothy Marbach, PhD _______________________ Date vi Acknowledgements I would like to thank my thesis advisor Dr. Timothy Marbach for his expertise in renewable energy and thermal science and for his support throughout my college years. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Dongmei Zhou, the second reader of my thesis, for her support and advice. I would like to thank Dr. Akihiko Kumagai because he has always been there for me since the first day I came to Sacramento State. I would love to thank my father, mother and brothers for their great support and motivation. Finally, I would like to thank the rest of my family and friends for always believing in me. vii Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ vii List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ xii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Thesis Objective .................................................................................................................... 1 2. REVIEW ON COOLING SYSTEMS ......................................................................................... 3 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Vapor Compression Cycle (VCC) ......................................................................................... 3 2.3 Vapor Absorption Cycle (VAC) ............................................................................................ 4 2.4 Similarities Vapor Compression Cycle and Vapor Absorption Cycle .................................. 5 2.5 Differences ............................................................................................................................ 5 2.5.1 Efficiency ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.6 Chillers Used for Air Conditioning ....................................................................................... 6 2.6.1 AHUs .............................................................................................................................. 7 2.6.2 Common Types of Absorption Chillers ......................................................................... 8 2.7 Occasions when a Vapor Absorption System is Preferred .................................................... 8 3. REVIEW ON SOLAR ENERGY .............................................................................................. 10 viii 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 10 3.2 Thermal Radiation ............................................................................................................... 10 3.3 Solar Collectors ................................................................................................................... 10 3.3.1 Stationary Solar Collectors ........................................................................................... 12 3.4 Solar Thermal Storage ......................................................................................................... 14 3.4.1 Sensible Heat Storage ................................................................................................... 15 3.5 Solar Absorption Cooling Systems ...................................................................................... 15 3.6 Incentives ............................................................................................................................. 16 4. NONRESIDENTIAL COOLING AND HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS ...................... 18 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 18 4.2 Cooling Loads ..................................................................................................................... 18 4.2.1 Internal Heat Gains ....................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Heat Balance Method .......................................................................................................... 19 4.4 Radiant Time Series Method ............................................................................................... 19 4.4.1 ASHRAE Spreadsheet .................................................................................................. 20 4.4.2 Cooling and Heating Load Software Packages ............................................................ 21 5. DATA COLLECTION AND MODELING .............................................................................. 22 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 22 5.2 Building ............................................................................................................................... 22 5.2.1 Internal cooling load using radiant time series. ............................................................ 24 5.2.2 The wall cooling load using sol-air temperature and radiant time series. .................... 26 ix 5.5 Case Studies ......................................................................................................................... 31 5.5.1 ThermoPower 30 Tube Evacuated Tube Collector v1 ................................................. 31 5.5.2 A.O. Smith Storage Tank ............................................................................................
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