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Small-Scale Solar Heating and Cooling Systems

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Small-Scale Solar Heating and Cooling Systems Contact Austria: AEE INTEC (www.aee-intec.at) France: Tecsol (www.tecsol.fr) Germany: Fraunhofer ISE (www.ise.fraunhofer.de) Greece: CRES (www.cres.gr) Italy: Small-Scale Solar Heating and EURAC (www.eurac.edu) University of Bergamo Cooling Systems (www.unibg.it) Spain: Package Systems for Combined Air Conditioning, Ikerlan (www.ikerlan.es) Domestic Hot Water Preparation and Space Heating Industry partners: Standardized System Solutions CLIMATEWELL (www.climatewell.com) Fagor (www.fagor.com) Package Solutions on the Market SK Sonnenklima (www.sonnenklima.de) SOLution (www.sol-ution.com) SorTech (www.sortech.de) Solar thermal domestic hot water heating (DHW) DHW Further information: EURAC research – project coordinator & space heating Solar Combi Viale Druso/Drususallee 1 & space cooling Solar Combi+ I-39100 Bolzano/Bozen Tel. +39 0471 055610 Fax +39 0471 055699 February 2010 [email protected] http://www.solarcombiplus.eu Page 20 of 20 Table of Contents What is a Solar Combi Plus System? ....................................3 Most Promising Climatic Regions..........................................4 Suitable Collector Technology .............................................6 Standard System Configurations .........................................9 Recommendations on System Design................................. 11 Package System - Climatewell........................................... 14 Package System - SOLution .............................................. 16 Package System - SorTech ............................................... 18 Contact .......................................................................... 20 & cooling Example: Green Lighthouse Copenhagen First CO 2-neutral building in Denmark Heat resource: 30 m² flat plate collector Heat rejection: Drycooler with spraying (RCS 08) Cooling: Fancoils, AHU Engineering and Realization: COWI / Solar A/S / SorTech AG http://www.solarcombiplus.eu http://www.solarcombiplus.eu Page 2 of 20 Page 19 of 20 What is a Solar Combi Plus System? Package System - SorTech Solar combi plus systems use heat from solar thermal Cooling and Heating collectors to provide heating in winter, cooling in summer and domestic hot water (DHW) all year round. The figure below Adsorption Chillers with 8 or 15 kW cooling capacity sketches the main components, which make up a typical SorTech AG develops, manufactures and distributes adsorption system: (i) the solar thermal collector to provide the heat chillers in the small scale performance range. The chillers are usually backed up by an auxiliary heat source, (ii) a storage compact, highly efficient and noiseless. The electricity tank can either be installed on the hot side, as shown in the consumption of an ACS 08 is only 7 W – this is unmatched figure, on the cold side or on both, (iii) a domestic hot water worldwide. Driving temperature as low as 55°C is sufficient to preparation unit, (iv) the sorption chiller is fed with hot water drive the chillers. That’s why SorTech chillers are a perfect (70-100°C), (v) heat rejection at intermediate temperature match for solar-driven cooling. Furthermore, the machines can (30-40°C) to a cooling tower (dry or wet) or another heat sink also be used for heating assistance with the integrated heat (e.g. a swimming pool), (vi) the cold distribution system (e.g. pump mode. a chilled ceiling, fan-coils or air handling units) and (vii) the As a contribution to the SolarCombi+ project efforts SorTech heat distribution (preferably a low temperature system). now offers auxiliary equipment to simplify planning and to facilitate installation and operation. Hence, SorTech not only delivers adsorption chillers but also heat rejection systems, which are optimized for operation with the chillers and pump stations in different variations. Those pump stations include all necessary infrastructure for M M connecting the buffer store, heat rejection and cold distribution M M system to the chiller. Additionally, SorTech assists you in M E-2 E-4 M planning and design. SorTech chillers have been installed in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, France and Greece. The systems consist of different components in the heat rejection and cold distribution system. The chillers work reliably especially at varying temperatures. Figure 1 - Typical setup of a solar combi plus system http://www.solarcombiplus.eu http://www.solarcombiplus.eu Page 18 of 20 Page 3 of 20 System Schematics Most Promising Climatic Regions Solar combi plus systems are most suitable for buildings with both heating and cooling demand. This depends first of all on the climatic conditions. Figure 2 shows a map of the distribution of heating degree days in Europe. Heating degree days (HDD) are defined as the sum of the differences between the daily average indoor and outdoor temperature. An indoor temperature of 21°C was assumed. The map is divided into five different regions: The two regions with HDD above 5000 Kd are not considered suitable for solar combi plus systems because there is not enough need for cooling. On the other hand in the region below 3000 Kd, there are some areas with extremely little heating demand which can also be excluded. Come and visit us! Take a look at SOL ution Solartechnik GmbH www.sol-ution.com Gewerbestr.15 and you will find more A-4642 Sattledt information about the company and the solar Austria – Europe thermal systems SOLution can provide to you. SOL ution can also provide the following services to you: Technical support Engineering of projects Figure 2 - Heating degree days in Europe Mounting of systems While the winter parameter (HDD) is a good figure for the Start up of systems heating needs of the building, the summer factor (CDD) can only be used for a first approximation because it does not take into account humidity (latent heat) and solar and internal http://www.solarcombiplus.eu http://www.solarcombiplus.eu Page 4 of 20 Page 17 of 20 gains, which in some cases contribute to a great extent to the Package System - SOLution cooling demand of a building. CDD are defined similarly to the SOLution offers absorption solar heating and HDD but with a reference indoor temperature of 26°C. cooling sets with a nominal chiller power of 15kW, 30 kW and 54kW (systems up to 200 kW upon request). Liquid sorbent: Lithium Bromide Refrigerant: Water Example Chilled water Cooling capacity 15 kW In 17°C Out 11°C Flow rate 1.9 m³/h Figure 3 - Cooling degree days in Europe The map in Figure 3 shows again different zones across Europe. In the blue zones, there is not much cooling demand Hot water Thermal power 21 kW and for residential buildings this cooling demand can be In 90°C satisfied using passive cooling technologies rather than active Out 80.5°C systems. However, also in these Central European locations Flow rate 2 m³/h solar combi plus systems may be suitable for buildings with high internal gains (e.g. office buildings) or existing buildings with high solar gains where passive measures are not feasible. As can be expected, Southern European countries are better Cooling water Thermal power 35 kW suited for solar cooling systems than Central European climates In 30°C because of higher cooling demand and more available solar Out 36°C radiation. However, only locations that have also significant Flow rate 5 m³/h heating demand are ideally suited for solar combi plus systems because the solar thermal collectors can be used year around for both heating and cooling. Thermal COP of the chiller 0.71 Electricity consumption 0.3 kW http://www.solarcombiplus.eu http://www.solarcombiplus.eu Page 16 of 20 Page 5 of 20 Suitable Collector Technology Residential Schematics There are several different collector technologies available on the market. Which technology is best suited for a particular application depends on the needed operation temperature. For solar combi plus systems, there are 4 relevant temperature levels: • 40°C for a low temperature space heating system • 60°C for domestic hot water preparation • 70°C typical driving temperature for adsorption chillers • 90°C typical driving temperature for absorption chillers The efficiency curves of different collector models should now be compared at the highest necessary temperature level. Figure 4 shows efficiency curves for three collector technologies. Multi-unit Schematics 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% Low temp.Low Spaceheating 30% FPC - high quality Collector efficiency, % efficiency, Collector FPC - modest quality 20% DGC 10% ETC - qood quality Driving temp. Driving ETC - poor quality Driving temp. Adsortpionchiller Absortpion Absortpion chiller 0% DHW preparation 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Operating temperature of collector, °C Please visit the ClimateWell website at www.ClimateWell.com Figure 4 - Typical collector efficiency curves based on aperture area of different collector types (FPC – Flat plate collector, DGC – Double glazed collector, ETC – for more information about our systems or contact us at Evacuated tube collector). Assumptions: 800 W/m² global radiation at normal [email protected] . incidence and an ambient temperature of 20°C. http://www.solarcombiplus.eu http://www.solarcombiplus.eu Page 6 of 20 Page 15 of 20 The first thing to notice is that there are very different qualities Package System - Climatewell on the market. The red and orange curves show a typical good ClimateWell’s Solar Cooling product combines the best features quality flat plate collector and a modest quality one of absorption and adsorption with its patented triple state respectively. For
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