District Cooling Concepts Applied in China.”
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Consider Installing a Condensing Economizer, Energy Tips
ADVANCED MANUFACTURING OFFICE Energy Tips: STEAM Steam Tip Sheet #26A Consider Installing a Condensing Economizer Suggested Actions The key to a successful waste heat recovery project is optimizing the use of the recovered energy. By installing a condensing economizer, companies can im- ■■ Determine your boiler capacity, prove overall heat recovery and steam system efficiency by up to 10%. Many average steam production, boiler applications can benefit from this additional heat recovery, such as district combustion efficiency, stack gas heating systems, wallboard production facilities, greenhouses, food processing temperature, annual hours of plants, pulp and paper mills, textile plants, and hospitals. Condensing economiz- operation, and annual fuel ers require site-specific engineering and design, and a thorough understanding of consumption. the effect they will have on the existing steam system and water chemistry. ■■ Identify in-plant uses for heated Use this tip sheet and its companion, Considerations When Selecting a water, such as boiler makeup Condensing Economizer, to learn about these efficiency improvements. water heating, preheating, or A conventional feedwater economizer reduces steam boiler fuel requirements domestic hot water or process by transferring heat from the flue gas to the boiler feedwater. For natural gas-fired water heating requirements. boilers, the lowest temperature to which flue gas can be cooled is about 250°F ■■ Determine the thermal to prevent condensation and possible stack or stack liner corrosion. requirements that can be met The condensing economizer improves waste heat recovery by cooling the flue through installation of a gas below its dew point, which is about 135°F for products of combustion of condensing economizer. -
Overview of Chiller Compressors
Overview of Chiller Compressors Course No: M04-027 Credit: 4 PDH A. Bhatia Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 22 Stonewall Court Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677 P: (877) 322-5800 [email protected] OVERVIEW OF CHILLER COMPRESSORS Overview In HVAC industry, the refrigeration machine that produces chilled water is referred to as a “Chiller”. A chiller package operates either on the principles of vapor compression or vapor absorption. The vapor compression system uses mechanical energy in the form of electric motor to drive the cooling cycle whereas absorption chillers use heat to drive the process. The vapor compression chiller system, which is far more prominent in commercial buildings, consists of four major components: the compressor, evaporator, condenser and expansion device all packaged as a single unit. The classification of vapor compression chiller packages is generally by the type of compressor: centrifugal, reciprocating, and screw being the major ones. Chillers are the largest consumer of energy in a commercial building and it is therefore important to understand the relative benefits and limitations of various types in order to make the right economic decisions in chiller installation and operation. This course will talk about the type of compressor used in the water cooled chiller. The course is divided into 3 parts: Part - I: Types of Chiller Compressors Part – II: Comparison of Chiller Compressors Part –III: Economic Evaluation of Chiller Systems PART I - TYPES OF CHILLER COMPRESSORS Most cooling systems, from residential air conditioners to large commercial and industrial chillers, employ the refrigeration process known as the vapor compression cycle. At the heart of the vapor compression cycle is the mechanical compressor. -
District Heating System, Which Is More Efficient Than
Supported by ECOHEATCOOL Work package 3 Guidelines for assessing the efficiency of district heating and district cooling systems This report is published by Euroheat & Power whose aim is to inform about district heating and cooling as efficient and environmentally benign energy solutions that make use of resources that otherwise would be wasted, delivering reliable and comfortable heating and cooling in return. The present guidelines have been developed with a view to benchmarking individual systems and enabling comparison with alternative heating/cooling options. This report is the report of Ecoheatcool Work Package 3 The project is co-financed by EU Intelligent Energy Europe Programme. The project time schedule is January 2005-December 2006. The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Up-to-date information about Euroheat & Power can be found on the internet at www.euroheat.org More information on Ecoheatcool project is available at www.ecoheatcool.org © Ecoheatcool and Euroheat & Power 2005-2006 Euroheat & Power Avenue de Tervuren 300, 1150 Brussels Belgium Tel. +32 (0)2 740 21 10 Fax. +32 (0)2 740 21 19 Produced in the European Union ECOHEATCOOL The ECOHEATCOOL project structure Target area of EU28 + EFTA3 for heating and cooling Information resources: Output: IEA EB & ES Database Heating and cooling Housing statistics -
Technical Challenges and Innovative Solutions for Integrating Solar Thermal Into District Heating
Solar Energy Systems GmbH Technical challenges and innovative solutions for integrating solar thermal into district heating P. Reiter SOLID Solar Energy Systems GmbH 06.12.2019 Solar Energy Systems GmbH Solar Heat and DH Solar Cooling Solare Process Heat 26 YEARS EXPERIENCE IN LARGE-SCALE SOLAR THERMAL 300 SYSTEMS BUILT IN MORE THAN 20 COUNTRIES OFFICES IN THE USA, SINGAPORE, GERMANY Energy used by sector: heat - mobility - electricity Solar Energy Systems GmbH Renewable Energy in Total Final Energy Consumption, by Sector, 2016; Source: REN21 Global Status Report 2019 Current supply of DH worldwide Solar Energy Systems GmbH Werner (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.045 Energy mix of the future Solar Energy Systems GmbH Limited renewable electricity More wind needed to cover Seasonal current electricity demand mismatch Limited availability Recycling reduces energy from waste Industry tries Operation based on to reduce Limited electricity needs => waste heat availability does not match heat profile Differences between basic SDH and BigSolar Solar Energy Systems GmbH Basic solar district heating (SDH) for covering DHW demand Current SDH systems for covering summer DHW demand Solar Energy Systems GmbH AEVG/Fernheizwerk, Graz, AT Collector field test under real conditions! 10 collector types from 7different manufacturers: • HT-flat plate collectors (foil/double glass) Commiss Collector Nominal Solar CO2- ioning surface power yield savings • Vacuum-tube collectors area Heat • Concentrating collector 2007 8,215 m² 5.7 MW ca. 3,000 1,400 t / 2014-18 MWh/a year Differences between basic SDH and BigSolar Solar Energy Systems GmbH Solar district heating including seasonal storage (BigSolar) Scenario 2 The BigSolar concept Solar Energy Systems GmbH CITYCITY Boiler Boiler Potentials with high solar coverage ratios Solar Energy Systems GmbH SDH for DHW in summer BigSolar (incl. -
4. Hvac and Refrigeration System
4. HVAC AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEM Syllabus HVAC and Refrigeration System: Vapor compression refrigeration cycle, Refrigerants, Coefficient of performance, Capacity, Factors affecting Refrigeration and Air conditioning system performance and savings opportunities. Vapor absorption refrigeration system: Working principle, Types and comparison with vapor compression system, Saving potential 4.1 Introduction The Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) and refrigeration system transfers the heat energy from or to the products, or building environment. Energy in form of electricity or heat is used to power mechanical equipment designed to transfer heat from a colder, low-ener- gy level to a warmer, high-energy level. Refrigeration deals with the transfer of heat from a low temperature level at the heat source to a high temperature level at the heat sink by using a low boiling refrigerant. There are several heat transfer loops in refrigeration system as described below: Figure 4.1 Heat Transfer Loops In Refrigeration System In the Figure 4.1, thermal energy moves from left to right as it is extracted from the space and expelled into the outdoors through five loops of heat transfer: – Indoor air loop. In the leftmost loop, indoor air is driven by the supply air fan through a cool- ing coil, where it transfers its heat to chilled water. The cool air then cools the building space. – Chilled water loop. Driven by the chilled water pump, water returns from the cooling coil to the chiller’s evaporator to be re-cooled. – Refrigerant loop. Using a phase-change refrigerant, the chiller’s compressor pumps heat from the chilled water to the condenser water. -
Submission to the DCCAE's Consultation “Ireland's Draft
Submission to the DCCAE’s Consultation “Ireland’s Draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030” Submission prepared by the Irish District Energy Association February 2019 www.districtenergy.ie [email protected] Submission to ‘Draft NECP’ Consultation from DCCAE: February 2019 Contents Contents ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 3 2 IrDEA welcomes the support for District Heating in the responses to the Initial NECP Consultation .. 3 3 The Potential for District Heating is much higher than proposed in the NECP .................................... 4 4 District Heating is a key enabler of Renewable Heat ............................................................................ 5 4.1 Excess Heat Should be Considered along with Renewable Heat as it also offsets carbon emitting fuels such as oil and gas ............................................................................................................................ 8 5 The Flexibility of District Heating Should be valued under Energy Security ......................................... 9 6 Increasing Renewable Heat will require stronger signals and/or support ......................................... 12 7 Bioenergy should be prioritised where it adds most value ............................................................... -
How Does a Recirculating Chiller Do Heating?
How does a Recirculating Chiller do Heating? Mitchell Howard, Technical Manager March 2019 © Applied Thermal Control 2019 What is this guide for? To explain how ATC’s chillers can heat as well as cool. • Heat of compression adds energy to refrigerant • Act of compression itself causes temperature to rise. • Electrical energy input to compressor enters refrigerant through conduction as refrigerant circulates. • Hot Gas Bypass (HGB) capacity control • Instead of allowing hot gaseous refrigerant to pass into the condenser to do conventional refrigeration, it is redirected into the evaporator via a discharge bypass valve (DBV or HGBV). 2 © Applied Thermal Control 2019 Reverse-Carnot Cycle Thermodynamic model used when chiller cools. 6 5 4 7 1. Compressor suction port draws refrigerant in. 2. Compression increases pressure and heat. 3. Sensible cooling begins at the condenser. 4. Sensible cooling completed; state change starts. 3 5. State change in condenser –constant temp and pressure 6. Latent cooling completed; further sensible cooling to point 7 ensures liquid supply. This is subcooling. 7. Expansion process begins at the inlet to TEV. 8 2 8. Expansion is achieved by reducing pressure through a Pressure tiny orifice. Low pressure and temperature seen at outlet. 9. Inlet to evaporator provided with refrigerant already going 9 1 through state change. 10. Boiling (evaporation) process continues in the evaporator. 11. Liquid cannot be compressed; additional sensible heating 10 11 applied before gaseous refrigerant can enter compressor. This is known as superheat. Heat Content (Enthalpy) (Energy per unit Mass) 3 © Applied Thermal Control 2019 Why does a compressor heat? Due to isentropic compression and electric motor inefficiency. -
A Little About Limits…
FOREST-Handbook, chapter 03-00 1 District heating – Introduction 03-00: Introduction to small-scale district heating… As a “small” district heating network, one would consider anything with a peak thermal power less than about 5-10 MW, but there is no strict limit. The fundamental idea with district heating is simple enough, as shown by the schematic below: Thus, the system consists basically of three serial circuits, a boiler circuit, a distribution circuit and a customer circuit. In practice, there will be two customer circuits – one for the tap water and one for the comfort heating system water. These will be manifest as two separate coils in the customer heat exchanger but for simplicity only one is included in the schematic. The main components and their roles The boiler-end heat exchanger Looking at the schematic above it is obvious that the district heating system contains two heat exchangers – one at the boiler end and one with the customer. From a purely theoretical point of view, it might seem wise to exclude the boiler-end heat exchanger and to use the boiler circuit water also for the distribution, but this is not recommended for two reasons: 1) The part in the system most exposed to and most vulnerable to leakages is the distribution network, which may well extent for several kilometres across the township. In case of a major leakage – and if the boiler water is also the circulating water – the boiler will be dry and may suffer severe damage. Hence, the heat exchanger protects the boiler. 2) For maximum efficiency in the system as a whole it is important that the return water in the distribution system is as cold as possible – preferably below 50 oC. -
AAON Chiller Controls
www.AAON.com CHILLER CONTROLS The AAON Chiller Controllers are designed to maximize the capabilities of the AAON LF, LN, and LZ Series premium performance chiller products. These chiller controls are designed, engineered, and supported by AAON. Benefits • Sequences Fully Tested to Ensure High Performance Operation • Part of the Orion Controls System, compatible with AAON VCCX2 Rooftop Unit Controller • Prism 2 Software Interface for setup and configuration • LCD Displays on the Main Chiller Controller and Associated Modules for Status and Diagnostics • Factory Installed Touch Screen PC Interface is Available for Large Chiller Systems • BTL Certified BACnet MS/TP Interface AAON DESIGNED, ENGINEERED AND SUPPORTED CHILLER CONTROLS CHILLER CONTROLLER FEATURES The AAON Controllers can control chillers and outdoor mechanical rooms with pumping packages, waterside economizers, boilers, and vestibule conditioning. Each Chiller Main Controller and associated Modules have an LCD display for Status and Diagnostics, works with Prism 2 Software for full setpoint and configuration, and is BTL BACnet MS/TP certified. INCLUDED ON AAON EQUIPMENT LF SERIES CHILLER º LF Chiller Controls used with On/Off and Variable Capacity Scroll Compressor Systems LF CHILLER CONTROLLER º DX Barrel Chiller Controls used with VFD Controlled Compressor Systems LF CHILLER CONTROLLER LN SERIES CHILLER º DX Barrel Chiller Controls used with STANDARD FEATURES VFD Controlled Compressor Systems º Controls 1 or 2 Circuit DX Chillers LZ SERIES CHILLER - Single or Tandem Compressors -
District Energy Enters the 21St Century
TECHNICAL FEATURE This article was published in ASHRAE Journal, July 2015. Copyright 2015 ASHRAE. Posted at www.www.burnsmcd.com .org. This article may not be copied and/or distributed electronically or in paper form without permission of ASHRAE. For more information about ASHRAE Journal, visit www.ashrae.org. District Energy Enters The 21st Century BY STEVE TREDINNICK, P.E., MEMBER ASHRAE; DAVID WADE, P.E., LIFE MEMBER ASHRAE; GARY PHETTEPLACE, PH.D., P.E., MEMBER ASHRAE The concept of district energy is undergoing a resurgence in some parts of the United States and the world. Its roots in the U.S. date back to the 19th century and through the years many technological advancements and synergies have developed that help district energy efficiency. This article explores district energy and how ASHRAE has supported the industry over the years. District Energy’s Roots along with systems serving groups of institutional build- District energy systems supply heating and cooling ings, were initiated and prospered in the early decades to groups of buildings in the form of steam, hot water of the 1900s and by 1949 there were over 300 commercial or chilled water using a network of piping from one or systems in operation throughout the United States. Of more central energy plants. The concept has been used course, systems in the major cities of Europe also gained in the United States for more than 140 years with the favor in Paris, Copenhagen and Brussels. In many cases first recognized commercial district energy operation district steam systems were designed to accept waste originating in Lockport, N.Y. -
Integration of Micro-Cogeneration Units and Electric Storages Into a Micro-Scale Residential Solar District Heating System Operating with a Seasonal Thermal Storage
energies Article Integration of Micro-Cogeneration Units and Electric Storages into a Micro-Scale Residential Solar District Heating System Operating with a Seasonal Thermal Storage Antonio Rosato * , Antonio Ciervo, Giovanni Ciampi , Michelangelo Scorpio and Sergio Sibilio Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81031 Aversa, Italy; [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (S.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-081-501-0845 Received: 31 July 2020; Accepted: 9 October 2020; Published: 19 October 2020 Abstract: A micro-scale district heating network based on the operation of solar thermal collectors coupled to a long-term borehole thermal storage is modeled, simulated and investigated over a period of five years. The plant is devoted to covering the domestic hot water and space heating demands of a district composed of six typical residential buildings located in Naples (southern Italy). Three alternative natural gas-fueled back-up auxiliary systems (condensing boiler and two different technologies of micro-cogeneration) aiming at balancing the solar energy intermittency are investigated. The utilization of electric storages in combination with the cogeneration systems is also considered with the aim of improving the self-consumption of cogenerated electric energy; heat recovery from the distribution circuit is also evaluated to pre-heat the mains water for domestic hot water production. The performances of the proposed plant schemes are contrasted with those of a typical Italian decentralized heating plant (based on the utilization of natural gas-fueled non-condensing boilers). -
Danish Emission Inventory for Particulate Matter (PM)
National Environmental Research Institute Ministry of the Environment ■ Denmark Danish emission inventory for particulate matter (PM) ResearchNotes from NERI No. 189 [Blank page] National Environmental Research Institute Ministry of the Environment ■ Denmark Danish emission inventory for particulate matter (PM) Research Notes from NERI No. 189 2003 Malene Nielsen Morten Winther Jytte Boll Illerup Mette Hjort Mikkelsen Data sheet Title: Danish emission inventory for particulate matter (PM) Authors: Malene Nielsen, Morten Winther, Jytte Boll Illerup og Mette Hjort Mikkelsen. Department: Department of Policy Analysis Serial title and no.: Research Notes from NERI No. 189 Publisher: National Environmental Research Institute © Ministry of the Environment URL: http://www.dmu.dk Date of publication: November 2003 Referee: Hanne Bach; Christian Lange Fogh. Financial support: Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Please cite as: Nielsen, M., Winther, M., Illerup, J.B. & Mikkelsen, M.H. 2003: Danish emission in ventory for particulate matter (PM). National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark. 126 p. - Research Notes from NERI No. 189. http://research-notes.dmu.dk Reproduction is permitted, provided the source is explicitly acknowledged. Abstract: The first Danish emission inventory that was reported in 2002 was a provisional estimate based on data presently available. This report documents methodology, emission factors and references used for an improved Danish emission inventory for particulate matter. Further results of the improved emission inventory for the year 2000 are shown. The particulate matter emission inventory includes TSP, PM10 and PM25. The report covers emission inventories for transport and stationary combus tion. An appendix covering emissions from agriculture is also included. For the transport sector, both exhaust and non-exhaust emission such as tyre and break wear and road abrasion are included.