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District Heating System, Which Is More Efficient Than Supported by ECOHEATCOOL Work package 3 Guidelines for assessing the efficiency of district heating and district cooling systems This report is published by Euroheat & Power whose aim is to inform about district heating and cooling as efficient and environmentally benign energy solutions that make use of resources that otherwise would be wasted, delivering reliable and comfortable heating and cooling in return. The present guidelines have been developed with a view to benchmarking individual systems and enabling comparison with alternative heating/cooling options. This report is the report of Ecoheatcool Work Package 3 The project is co-financed by EU Intelligent Energy Europe Programme. The project time schedule is January 2005-December 2006. The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Up-to-date information about Euroheat & Power can be found on the internet at www.euroheat.org More information on Ecoheatcool project is available at www.ecoheatcool.org © Ecoheatcool and Euroheat & Power 2005-2006 Euroheat & Power Avenue de Tervuren 300, 1150 Brussels Belgium Tel. +32 (0)2 740 21 10 Fax. +32 (0)2 740 21 19 Produced in the European Union ECOHEATCOOL The ECOHEATCOOL project structure Target area of EU28 + EFTA3 for heating and cooling Information resources: Output: IEA EB & ES Database Heating and cooling Housing statistics The European heating demands in various Urban & rural population and cooling market countries and sectors Temperature frequencies Market information for (Work package 1 & 2) heating and cooling District heating efficiency (Work package 3) Supply resources: Output: CHP Possibilities for District Possible supply to Industrial waste heat Heating and Cooling in district heating and Waste incineration Europe cooling systems from Geothermal heat (Work package 4 & 5) CHP, RES and waste Biomass heat resources for Free cooling various countries Strategy recommendations (Work package 6) Dissemination of results (Work package 7 and 8) Project co-ordinator: Norela Constantinescu, Euroheat & Power, [email protected] This report was elaborated by Euroheat & Power’s Task Force on eco-labelling. Alexander Wallisch (Fernwärme Wien), Carla Van Stralen (Nuon), Carl Hellmers (Fredericia Fjernvarme), Eloi Piel (Euroheat&Power secretariat), Helmut Ernst (AGFW), Lorenzo Spadoni, Maria Blechingberg (Göteborg Energi/Chairman), Niko Wirgentius (Helsinki Energy) participated to the work. ECOHEATCOOL Work package 3 2 Table of Contents 1. Executive summary..........................................................................................................................................................................5 2. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................6 2.1. District heating...................................................................................................................................................6 2.2. District cooling.....................................................................................................................................................8 2.3. Objectives of the guidelines............................................................................................................................9 2.4. Strategic use of guidelines...........................................................................................................................10 2.4.1. Policy-making 10 2.4.2. European legislation 10 3. Information sources......................................................................................................................................................................11 4. References........................................................................................................................................................................................11 5. System boundaries .......................................................................................................................................................................12 6. Energy Efficiency............................................................................................................................................................................12 6.1. Primary energy and primary resource factor (PRF)...............................................................................12 6.2. Determination of the different PRF for different fuels.........................................................................13 6.2.1. Value for electricity...............................................................................................................13 6.2.2. Value for fossil fuels..............................................................................................................14 6.2.3. Excess heat from industrial processes...........................................................................14 6.2.4. Values for renewables .........................................................................................................14 6.2.5. Values for Waste as fuels and landfill gases.................................................................14 6.2.6. Value for free cooling ..........................................................................................................14 6.3. District Heating .................................................................................................................................................15 6.3.1. Calculations Methods.........................................................................................................15 6.3.2. External deliveries................................................................................................................16 6.4. District cooling..................................................................................................................................................16 7. Auxiliary Energy Consumption.................................................................................................................................................17 8. Recoverable Heat Losses.............................................................................................................................................................17 9. Calculation Period.........................................................................................................................................................................17 10. Environmental efficiency assessment..................................................................................................................................18 10.1. Use and savings of non-renewable energy sources...........................................................................17 10.1.1. District heating.................................................................................................................18 10.1.2 District cooling ..................................................................................................................18 10.2. CO2 emissions and CO2 savings.................................................................................................................18 10.2.1. DISTRICT HEATING ..........................................................................................................19 10.2.2. District cooling .................................................................................................................20 10.3. Air pollutants...................................................................................................................................................20 11. Conclusions...................................................................................................................................................................................21 APPENDIX 1: CALCULATIONS OF PRIMARY RESOURCE FACTORS.....................................................................................22 1. Helsinki’s district-heating system...................................................................................................................22 2. Göteborg’s district-heating system (figures for 2003 and 2004).........................................................23 3. Vienna’s district-heating system (2003).......................................................................................................24 APPENDIX 2: PRF values for different district-heating networks .......................................................................................25 APPENDIX 3: PRF values for different district-heating networks (YEAR 2003) ..............................................................26 1. ITALY 26 2. SWEDEN 27 ECOHEATCOOL Work package 3 4 1 Executive summary Great losses characterise the European energy supply: more than half of total primary energy supply is wasted in heat losses – as shown in ecoheatcool work package 1. The logical conclusion is that a policy aiming at developing efficiency and reducing emissions shall use instruments to identify and measure these losses and turn them into useful energy. The point of district heating and cooling is precisely to use heat sources that otherwise –without the
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