A LEPKESZET TORTENETE MAGYARORSZAGON Melyet Ut61)B, Pariz-Papai Szotara Szerint, «Selyemszar6 Fereg»

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A LEPKESZET TORTENETE MAGYARORSZAGON Melyet Ut61)B, Pariz-Papai Szotara Szerint, «Selyemszar6 Fereg» r * R .C.P. EDINBURGH LIBRARY R27821 Y0236 ABAFT AIGNER LAJOS. BUDAPEST. KIADJA A KIR. MAGYAR TERMKSZETTUDOMANYI TARSULAT 189S. f Az I S'.)5-ik tivi iiovemher :20-aii tartott valasztmanyi iile- sen Abafi Aigner Lajos tagtaisiink «A lepkeszet tortenete Magyarorszagon I) czimii dolgozatat felajaiilotta Tarsiilatuiik- nak kiadiiM vegett. A valasztinaiiy dr. Entz Geza es dr. Horvath (teza valasztmanyi tag urakat kerte fdl velemenyes jelentes ttdelere. A hirald maknak kedvezo jelentese alapjau a valasztmaiiy iSdd oktoher 21-iki iilesen a raiinkat kiadasra elfogadta, b a titkarsagot a dolgozatnak sajto ala rendezeBevel megbi'zta. E rnmika, kiadaBanak koltsegeit az orszagos segelybdl fedeztiik. JlndapeBt, iSdcS iiiajus 23-ikan. huzlavszky Jozsef a Kir. Magyar Termeszettudomauyi Tarsulat e. titkara. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/b21926256 ELOSZO. Aimi mondas, bogy «a tdrtenelem a tel tudasi), iiemcsak az egesz emberiseg vagy egyes nemzetek tdrtenelmere, baneina tudomanyok vagy azok barmel}'' aganak tdrtenetere vonatkozd- lag is ervenyes. A szakferbbra eji oly fontos, mint erdekes, liogy megtiidja, bogy a tudomanynak az az aga, melynek mii- kddeset szentelte, mikeiit fejlodott ; bogy azoii fertiak, kikiiek nevet az allatcsaladok, nemek s eg^^es fajok melle jegyezve latja, mennyil)en es mivel jarultak e tudoinanyag fejlesztesebez. Ennelfogva, midon a magyar lepkeszet tdrteneteiiek meg- irasara vallalkoztam, elsd sorban tiszta kepet kellett adnom annak, bogy a lepidopterologia altalaban mind fejlddesi sta- dinmokon ment keresztiil. Ez azonban nebez feladatiiak bizo- nyiilt, mive] a kiilfdldi irodalmak egyikeben sem talaljnk meg a lepidopterologia tdrtenetet. Az entomologia egesz kdrere nezve - egy ])ar regihh es csekelyebb erteku adatot bgyelmen kiviil bagyva egyediil Eiselt Np:p. Janos «Gescbicbte, Syste- matik und Literatiir der Insectenkunde« (Leipzig, 18H()) czimii rniive nynjtott nemi litmntatast, de az is a bibliograbara belyezi a fdsiilyt, mig a torteneti reszt, a jelesebb lepidoptero- logiisok miikodeset, s a rendszer fejlddeset igen rdviden tar- gyalja; Spin JanosiuiIv cGescbicbte und Beurtbeibmg aller Systeme in der Zoologie» czimii, Nurnl)ergl)en IS I l-ben meg- jelent miive pedig, melyben az allattani rendszereket ismerteti, teljesen elavult, ugy, bogy kivalt az lijabb korra nezve egyediil Cakus J. V. kitiind allattantdrtenetet (<'Gescbicbte der Zoolo- gie». ^luncben, I S7:2) basznalbattam, a mely azonlian sokkal altalanosabl) jellemii, sembogy a lepido])terologia fejlddeset reszletesebben targyalbatna. A legiijabb :25 evre nezve i)edig YI semminemii kalaiiz sem kinalkozott. Igyekeztem az idevago ada- tokat osszeszedve cso])ortositani s a fobb rendszerek felsorola- ,saval azoknak napjainkig valo fejlodeset feltiintetni. A magyar lepkeszet tortenetere nezve meg ennyi forms sem kinalkozott. Itt kizarolagosan Hanak JlNosnak «Az allat- tan tortenete es irodalma Magyarorszagban »> czimu, Pesteii 1849-ben megjelent nuivere tamaszkodhattam, a mely azonban altalanos termeszetenel fogva csupan a fobb iranyokra nezve szolgalliatott vezetoiil. A lepidoj)terologiai szempontbol nala felmeriilo liianyokat es liezagokat potoltam, s lepkeszetiink fej- Iddeset feltiintettem egeszen napjainkig, az egyes lepkeszeknel kimiitatvan, ki mivel jarult a magyar lepkefanna boviteseliez s ismertetesehez ; azokat pedig, kik Magyarorszag teriileten lepkeket gyujtottek es gyujtenek, lehetoleg mind megemli- tettem. A konnyebb attekintlietdseg kedveert az idezett muvek czimet a szovegtdl kiilon valasztottam es fiiggelekkent adorn mind a kiilfoldi lepidopterologiai muveknek lehetoleg roviditett czimet, mind pedig a magyarorszagiak jegyzeket. Hianyokert s egyeb fogyatkozasokert mentsegemiil szol- galjon, hogy muvem e teren az elso kiserlet. A szerzd. A lepkeszet altalaiios torteiietenek attekintese. A termeszet vizsgalasa az osemberrel vette kezdetet. A let fentartasa kenyszeritette annak megfigyelesere, bogy rea nezve mi a liasznos es mi az artalmas. Hogy ez az ismeret az oskori nepeknel mennyire terjedt, nem tudni. Annyi azonban bizonyos, bogy az emberbez leg- kozelebb alio, ot tebat leginkabb erdeklo allatok koziil nemcsak a nagyobb es feltiinobb alakokat ismertek, banem bogy tigyel- mok kiterjedt az aprobb jelensegekre, nevezetesen a rovarokra is, mindig a basznossag szempontjabol. Igy mar a legregibb bindn bagyomanyok megemlekeznek a gummilakkot eloidezo Coccus laccdrol, a kbinaiak pedig mar ^2700 evvel Kr. e. tenyesztettek a Boynhyx mori selyemszbvot. A rovarok isme- rete azonban altalaban s a lepkeke kiilonosen igen lassan fej- lodbtt. A le])keszet, vagyis a lepkek ismerete, akkor vette kezdetet, a mikor fajok szerint kezdtek dket megkiilbnl)oztetni. A gbrbgok, kik a lepket a lelek szimbolnmanak tekintettek, mar megtigyeltek, bogy a lepke feregbdl vagy bernyobdl babba, s el)bdl lepkeve valik ; 6k a lepkeket a kovetkezo ot csoportra osztottak: Papilio, Bombyx, Taenia, Geomelra es Tinea. Ez ismeretoket azonl)an sem a romaiak, sem a kozepkor nepei nem fejlesztettek, es babar az lijkor kezdeten tobben fogialkoztak is a rovarokkal, csak a XYII. szazad elejen (1G0:2) jelent meg az elso entomologiai mil, melynek szerzqje, Aldrovandi bolog- nai tanar, a lepkeket s bernyokat kiilon targyalja es meg al)ban a biszemben van, bogy a bernyo az illeto novenybol fejlik ki. De mar Mouffet londoni orvos, megallapitja (1G34), bogy a Abafl-Aigner A lepkeszet t6rt6nete MaCTarorsz&gon. 1 : 2 BEVEZET^lS. lepkek tojiiak es pet61)61 szarmaziiak es Goedart, nemetalfoldi festo (I a lepke egyes fejlodesenek fazisait a petetol kezdve, szoros egymasiitanban targyalja is s kimutatja egyiive tarto- zosagukat. Egy lepessel toval)b megy Lister londoiii orvos, iniddn ( 1 (>85) szaniyuk tartasa szerint osztalyozza a lepkeket, melyeknek Sperling wittenbergi taiiar szerint (1 (UiJ ), mar szaz- mil tbbb fajat ismertek. Meg fontosabbak voltak Swamjierdam leydeni orvos vizsgabidasai, a ki (HWib) legeloszbr targyalta a fej’lotles kiilbiibozdseget, a mennyiben megallapitotta, bogy a teljes atalakidiis a csnpan csak vedles utjan valo eg^'szeru fej- Iddestdl lenyegesen kiilbnbozik. Ezzel a rovarok rendszeres osztalyozasanak utjat egyengette. A XYIIL szazad elejen tobben fejlesztettek tovabl) a lepi- dopterologiat, nevezetesen Merian rezmetszd leanya, ki Giiinea- i)an es Amerikaban iitazvan, az ott gyujtott lepkeknek annak idejen feltiinest kelto szep abrait kbzblte (J()7b 1717), szint- ugy Albin (173b) az angol lepkeket es bernybket Blancaard ; amsterdarai orvos (1088) a lepkek atalaknlasat ismertette, melyet L’Admiral nemetalfoldi festo (171'0 1744) :25 tablan rajzban is bemiitatott. Nagyobb jelentosegu volt Beautsitr fran- — czia tndds idevago mtikodese, a ki (1704 1 742) a liernybkat labnk szama s elbelyezese szerint irta le, a lepkeket pedig nap- paliakra s ejjeliekre osztotta, tekintetbe veve csapjaikat es szipokajukat, valamint szarnynk alakjat es tartasat, a T'uiedk'Ai azonban egeszen elkiilbnitve targyalta, Ezt a felosztast nagyjaban elfogadta Linne is, a ki mind a nbvenytant, mind az allattant es vele a rovartant is bevezette a tudomanyok soraba, es mindenkorra biztos alapra belyezte. A lej)keket eleinte (1735) ket csoportba foglalta bssze, li. m. a nappaliak (Papilio) es ejjcUek (Phalaena) csoportjaba. Utbbl) azonban ( 1 740) e kettd koze meg a szilrkuletl zngo piUe- ket (Sphinges) alb'totta, s egyiittal a nemeket alnemekre tagolta. Osszesen 273 nap])a,li, 47 sziirkiileti es 300 ejjeli, mindossze 780 le[)kefa,jt irt le."^ * Reiulszere a kovetkezd (a magyar eluevezeseket Foldi szevint adorn) J. A iiappali lepkrk (Papiliones, pillangok) liat csapatja (rhalan- ; A LEPKESZET ALTALANOS TORTENETENEK ATTEKINTESE. 3 A LiNNE-fele rendszer tekintcdye sokaig teljes erven}d)en allott fenn, s az osszes lepidopterologiisok majdnem a szazad vegeig Linne iiyomaban jartak es nagyjal)an az 6 beosztasat kbvettek, baiiia egynemelyikok a reszletekre nezve attol el is tert. Igy De Geer sved barb, a ki (1752— 78) egyes csoportok mas ellielyezeseben ter el IjINNE rendszeretol, ligysziiiten Brun- NiCH norveg banyaka])itany (1 704), a ki lij megkiilonbozteto- jeleket alkalmazott, toval)ba Pallas petervari muzemni igaz- gat(), a ki leirasaiban (1700 -07) az egyes fajok alakjat vette alapnl, es eloszor tigyelmeztetett a PsychiddknAl eldfordulb partlienogenezisre, sziizen nemzesre. Schaffer ev. lelkesz a szarnyakra s a labfej izeiiiek sza- mara alapitja a lepkek szerinte Hymeiio-Lepidoptera — rendszeret, LiNNEtbl egyebirant keveset ter el, ep ligy Schlega becsi orvos, a ki a lepket Farinosa neveii iievezi vala- (1707) ; mint Gmelin tiibingai tanar, a ki 1788-ban Linne fdmuvet lijra kiadvan, a fajok szamat tetemesen bovitette. Geoffroy is lenye- gileg LiNNE-re tamaszkodik az osztalyozasban, de a csoportok ges) : 1. EqiiitvK (nemesek), melyekuel a felso szarny, also szegletetol a hegyeig liosszal)b mint a tovGg ; ezek koziil a) Troes (trojaiak), piros pettyes melluek l>) Achivi (gorogok), pettyek nelkiiliok, a mai ; Papiliok. 2. Ilclicoui (helikoniak), epszelii keskeny szaruyakkal, melyek alsoja roviclel)b a felsonel, most Heliconiak es Neotropidak. 3. I’artiassi (parnasszusiak), szarnynk epszelii, a felso kerek. 4. Ikiiuti (danansok, parej pillangok), epszelii kerek szarnyakkal, meg pedig a) Candidi (feherek), feher szarnyakkal, a mai Pieridak, es h) Festivi (pompasak), czifra szarnyakkal, most Danaidak. 5. Nijniplialrs (nimfak), csipkes szarnyuak, ii. m. a) Gemmati (gyongyosok), szemes szarnyuak, most h) Plialerati Satyridak ; (szonyegesek), szemfoltok nelkiil, most Nym-
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