An Overview of the Current State of Genocide Studies
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Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: from Impunity to Retributive Justice*
The Historical and Legal Interconnections Between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: From Impunity to Retributive Justice* Vahakn N. Dadrian I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 504 II. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND AFTERMATH OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ............... 507 A. Outlines of the Problem .......................................................................... 507 B. Conflict in the U.S. Government Regarding the Lausanne Treaty ........................ 511 M. COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF THE TwO CASES ........................................................... 517 A. The Historical Vulnerability of the Jews and Armenians to Victimization ............... 517 B. The Factorsof Power and Opportunity........................................................ 519 C. Strategiesfor Taking Advantage of the Opportunity Structure ............................ 521 1. The Use of Wartime Emergency Powers by the Executive ......................... 521 2. The Role of PoliticalParties ........................................................... 524 3. Trial Balloons ............................................................................. 529 IV. THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE AS A PRECEDENT AND A PRECURSOR OF THE HOLOCAUST ........... 531 A. Nazi Germany's Knowledge of the Fate of the Armenians ................................. 532 B. Hitler'sAppreciation of the Armenian Genocide............................................. 537 C. The Legacy of Genghis Kum as a Functional -
Author Biographies
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 1 Issue 1 Article 12 July 2006 Author Biographies Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation (2006) "Author Biographies," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 1: Iss. 1: Article 12. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol1/iss1/12 This Front Matter is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Contributors Kelly Dawn Askin currently serves as Senior Legal Officer, International Justice, with the Open Society Justice Initiative. She has also served as an expert consultant, legal advisor, and international law trainer to prosecutors, judges, and registry at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Serious Crimes Unit in East Timor, and the International Criminal Court. Among her publications are War Crimes against Women: Prosecution in International War Crimes Tribunals (Transnational Publishers, 1997) and the three-volume treatise Women and International Human Rights Law (Transnational Publishers, 1999, 2001, 2002), of which she is co-editor. Askin be reached at [email protected]. Major Brent Beardsley has served for twenty-six years as an Infantry Officer in the Royal Canadian Regiment. In 1993–1994, he served as General Rome´o Dallaire’s personal staff officer in UNAMIR, before and during the genocide in Rwanda; he is the co-author of General Dallaire’s memoir Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (Random House Canada, 2004). -
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title "Sabiha Gök̨cen's 80-year-old secret" : Kemalist nation formation and the Ottoman Armenians Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2mh3z3k6 Author Ulgen, Fatma Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO ―Sabiha Gökçen‘s 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation Formation and the Ottoman Armenians A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Fatma Ulgen Committee in charge: Professor Robert Horwitz, Chair Professor Ivan Evans Professor Gary Fields Professor Daniel Hallin Professor Hasan Kayalı Copyright Fatma Ulgen, 2010 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Fatma Ulgen is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION For my mother and father, without whom there would be no life, no love, no light, and for Hrant Dink (15 September 1954 - 19 January 2007 iv EPIGRAPH ―In -
The Armenian Genocide Written by Levon Chorbajian
Review Feature - The Armenian Genocide Written by Levon Chorbajian This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. Review Feature - The Armenian Genocide https://www.e-ir.info/2016/07/11/review-feature-the-armenian-genocide/ LEVON CHORBAJIAN, JUL 11 2016 Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks, and a Century of Genocide By Vicken Cheterian London: Hurst Publishers, 2015 Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler By Stefan Ihrig Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016 The legacy of major historical events is memory. How should an event be remembered? What is its meaning in a contemporary world? What are the new avenues to be explored, and the new interpretations to be considered? These very issues were examined recently in an interpretative essay on one hundred books dealing with the memory of the Vietnam War. Some of these were written by professional historians but many by anti-war veterans, American POWs, their spouses, and the Vietnamese themselves, all of them offering new understandings and meanings. The Armenian Genocide was launched by the Ottoman Turkish state in April of 1915 under the cover of World War I. A million to a million and half Armenians perished. The exact numbers can never be known. Some victims were brutally murdered, especially young and middle aged men. Most however, women, children, and older men, perished in forced marches into what are now the deserts of northern Syria. -
Israeli, I Am Personally Strongly Aware of the Need of a Victim People to Mourn and Protest the Tragedy One S Own People Has Suffered
1 SEVENTH BIENNIAL MEETING THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GENOCIDE SCHOLARS Hosted by the Institute for the Research of Crimes Against Humanity And International Law of the University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GENOCIDE SCHOLARS (IAGS) Dear Colleagues Joining in the IAGS Biennial International Conference in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, July 2007: I am happy to extend to each and every one of you from the far corners of our planet a warm welcome to this very promising IAGS International Conference! Our conference is dedicated to the memory of the late Professor Eric Markusen whom we mourn. Like Eric, we commit ourselves to the study of how genocide has been perpetrated by many peoples, including some peoples who were previously or later victims. Genocide is a constant threat to the unity of the human race. We must learn to overcome it. Like Eric, we commit ourselves not only to study genocide, but to prevent it. We are especially moved by our opportunity to join the Bosnian people in their memorial and pain at the genocide that they so recently suffered, even as we join deeply with all peoples around the world who have suffered genocides. A sizable group of us come to this conference following an intensive seminar at Auschwitz-Birkenau where we met with planners of a new international center for genocide prevention. As a Jew and Israeli, I am personally strongly aware of the need of a victim people to mourn and protest the tragedy one s own people has suffered. One also must always beware of the accompanying tendency to become insensitive to the similar suffering of others. -
2006 CHGS Annualrep
2005-2006 Strassler Family Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies The people, programs, and events advancing scholarship in the field of Holocaust and genocide studies YEAR END ACTIVITIES AND 2005 GIFT REPORT June 2005 through May 2006 Whoever fails to increase knowledge, decreases knowledge —The Ethics of the Fathers “Gratitude is born in hearts that take time to count up past mercies.” It is my privilege to be grateful to a near-by and far-flung community that has grown—and continues to build—the Strassler Family Center. Each person brings gifts, skills, and strengths to shape our endeavor. Thanks to administrative assistant Margaret Hillard for her attentive supervision of infra- structure systems through the Center’s exponential expansion and for the superior standard of efficiency she has set; to program manager Dr. Tatyana Macaulay for her commitment and passion which produce bold, exciting, and perfectly organized events as well as fruitful collaborations with other educational organizations; and to bookkeeper Ghi Vaughn who has wrapped her arms around a complex financial system and keeps us in the clear. A special welcome to Dr. Mary Jane Rein, who has joined the Center as executive director, and brings new energy and ideas to this engaged and active community. I thank, too, my colleagues in other departments who generously mentor our doctoral stu- dents. This past year, Clark professors Eric Gordy, Beverly Grier, Walter Schatzberg, and Jaan Valsiner served as key advisors to Center graduate students. They were joined by colleagues at other universities: Evan Bukey; Barbara Harff; Cynthia Hooper; Sam Kassow; Ellen Kellman; Eric Markusen; Robert Melson; Milton Shain; Robert Jan van Pelt; Eric Weitz; and Piotr Wrobel. -
Genocide in Darfur: Investigating Atrocities in the Sudan
Journal of African Conflicts and eaceP Studies Volume 1 Issue 2 Genocide: Critical Issues Article 8 September 2009 Genocide in Darfur: Investigating Atrocities in the Sudan. Edited by Samuel Totten and Eric Markusen. New York, NY: Routledge, 2006. Rafiki Ubaldo [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jacaps Recommended Citation Ubaldo, Rafiki (2009) "Genocide in Darfur: Investigating Atrocities in the Sudan. Edited by Samuel Totten and Eric Markusen. New York, NY: Routledge, 2006.," Journal of African Conflicts and eaceP Studies: Vol. 1: Iss. 2, 97-103. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jacaps/vol1/iss2/8 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of African Conflicts and eaceP Studies by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ubaldo: Genocide in Darfur: Investigating Atrocities in the Sudan. Edited Journal ofAfrican Conflicts and Peace Studies GENOCIDE IN DARFUR: INVESTIGATING ATROCITIES IN THE SUDAN, EDITED BY SAMUEL TOTTEN AND ERIC MARKUSEN, NEW YORK, ROUTLEDGE, 2006. 284PP. PAPERBACK Reviewed by Rafiki UBALDO Genocide in Darfur provides a detailed discussion of the creation, purpose, methodology and findings of the Atrocities Documentation Team (ADT), a group of experts formed by the Coalition of Internationa l Justice (under the auspices of the US State Department) to conduct an investigation into the 2003-2004 crisis in Darfur for the express pu rpose of attempting to ascertain whether or not genocide had taken place there . -
Mike Kenstowicz June 6, 2011 Human Rights III: Contemporary Issues In
Mike Kenstowicz June 6, 2011 Human Rights III: Contemporary Issues in Human Rights Final Paper Establishing Expectations for the Genocide Convention’s Use: Politics as Usual? Suffering from lingering “Brickeritis,” the United States has persistently delayed or refused to ratify many treaties of the legalist paradigm despite frequent claims of global moral leadership.1 The United States Senate waited 35 years to ratify the Genocide Convention after it entered into force and 25 years to ratify the Racial Discrimination Convention after it became international law. Additionally, the United States remains one of only two countries that has not ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child and one of seven nations that has not ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.2 This narrow engagement of international law reflects the broad influence of American Exceptionalism in shaping an American political consensus generally skeptical and dismissive of human rights treaties.3 Bush administration Ambassador to the United Nations, John Bolton, expresses the principal complaint of American Exceptionalists about the legalist paradigm: “For virtually 1William Korey, “Human Rights Treaties: Why is the U.S. Stalling?,” Foreign Affairs 45 (1967): 418, 424. Korey notes that the Soviet Union frequently mocked American human rights assertions because of the United States’ refusal to ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The United States Senate later ratified the Torture Convention in 1986 and the Racial Discrimination Convention in 1994. In 1952, Republican Senator John Bricker proposed a series of constitutional amendments that would have severely limited the president’s power to make treaties and would have the effect of making the ratification of human rights treaties more procedurally and politically difficult. -
By Any Other Name: How, When, and Why the US Government Has Made
By Any Other Name How, When, and Why the US Government Has Made Genocide Determinations By Todd F. Buchwald Adam Keith CONTENTS List of Acronyms ................................................................................. ix Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 Section 1 - Overview of US Practice and Process in Determining Whether Genocide Has Occurred ....................................................... 3 When Have Such Decisions Been Made? .................................. 3 The Nature of the Process ........................................................... 3 Cold War and Historical Cases .................................................... 5 Bosnia, Rwanda, and the 1990s ................................................... 7 Darfur and Thereafter .................................................................... 8 Section 2 - What Does the Word “Genocide” Actually Mean? ....... 10 Public Perceptions of the Word “Genocide” ........................... 10 A Legal Definition of the Word “Genocide” ............................. 10 Complications Presented by the Definition ...............................11 How Clear Must the Evidence Be in Order to Conclude that Genocide has Occurred? ................................................... 14 Section 3 - The Power and Importance of the Word “Genocide” .. 15 Genocide’s Unique Status .......................................................... 15 A Different Perspective .............................................................. -
Samuel Totten and Eric Markusen, Eds., Genocide in Darfur: Investigating the Atrocities in the Sudan
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 4 Issue 3 Article 8 December 2009 Book Review: Samuel Totten and Eric Markusen, eds., Genocide in Darfur: Investigating the Atrocities in the Sudan Justyna Klaczany Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Klaczany, Justyna (2009) "Book Review: Samuel Totten and Eric Markusen, eds., Genocide in Darfur: Investigating the Atrocities in the Sudan," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 4: Iss. 3: Article 8. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol4/iss3/8 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Book Review Samuel Totten and Eric Markusen, eds., Genocide in Darfur: Investigating the Atrocities in the Sudan. New York: Routledge, 2006. Pp. 334, paper. $37.95 US. Reviewed by Justyna Klaczany, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; Silesian University, Katowice, Poland Edited by the two prominent genocide scholars Samuel Totten and Eric Markusen, Genocide in Darfur: Investigating the Atrocities in the Sudan is an outstanding collec- tion of essays that describes in great detail the genesis, design, implementation, re- sults, and ramifications of the Darfur Atrocities Documentation Project (ADP). What makes this work significant is the fact that the essays are written not only by many noted scholars, US government and non-governmental organization officials, but also by the ADP designers and investigators. -
A Danish Diplomat in Constantinople During the Armenian Genocide
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 1 Issue 2 Article 8 September 2006 “When the Cannons Talk, the Diplomats Must Be Silent”: A Danish Diplomat in Constantinople during the Armenian Genocide Matthias Bjørnlund Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Bjørnlund, Matthias (2006) "“When the Cannons Talk, the Diplomats Must Be Silent”: A Danish Diplomat in Constantinople during the Armenian Genocide," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 1: Iss. 2: Article 8. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol1/iss2/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ‘‘When the Cannons Talk, the Diplomats Must Be Silent’’: A Danish Diplomat in Constantinople during the Armenian Genocide Matthias Bjørnlund Copenhagen, Denmark The envoy Carl Ellis Wandel was the sole Danish diplomatic representative in Constantinople before, during, and after World War I, and between 1914 and 1925 he wrote hundreds of detailed reports on the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians, as well as on related subjects. This article analyzes and contextualizes some of his most important reports, showing how these hitherto unknown sources contribute to the understanding of vital aspects of the Armenian Genocide, not least concerning the ongoing scholarly debate between ‘‘intentionalist’’ and ‘‘structuralist’’ interpretations of the event and concerning the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians as a particularly radical part of a Young Turk project of Turkification. -
Turkish-Armenian Relations and the Issue of the Recognition of the Claims of the Armenian Genocide
Turkish-Armenian Relations and the Issue of the Recognition of the claims of the Armenian genocide Alica Vidlickova* Abstract: This article examines the Turkish-Armenian relations, its development throughout the history and the situation between those two countries since Recep Tayyip Erdogan became the prime minister of Turkey in 2003 resulting in the change of the Turkish foreign policy. The main focus is on the problems between Turkey and Armenia stemming out from the different view on the happenings in 1915 and the recognition of the so called Armenian genocide. The article analyzes the decision-making of the individuals, the international organizations and the states when it comes to the question of the so called Armenian genocide and the reasons of the decisions made by individuals and states. These decisions are subjected to criticism on the basis of the reality image theory by Ibrahim Canbolat (1993) and the Thomas theorem (1928) as well as other criteria. States are the most important actors in the article because they form the foreign policy and the influence of this particular problem of the decisions of states influences the relations between Turkey and the EU as well as other world powers. Turkey's importance and image are still worsened due to these reasons and unfortunately, it seems that states have no interest in finding the truth. Keywords: Turkey, Armenia, genocide, decision-making, foreign policy *PhD candidate at University Siegen, Department of Political Science ALTERNATIVES TURKISH JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS www.alternetivesjournal.net Alica Vidlickova Introduction Turkey and Armenia are two neighboring countries which are distinguished by their size, strategic and regional importance, religion and culture.