Point wise replies for the clarifications raised by the EAC in the 169th meeting held on 6-7 April (Agenda No. 3.8)

1) Approval of fresh concurrence from Odisha CZMA in the name of TATA Steel Special Economic Zone Ltd for 15 MLD desalination .

Ans. The Odisha Coastal Zone Management Authority (OCZMA) has recommended the marine facilities for the sea water intake and outfall of 15 MLD Desalination plant by M/s Tata Steel Special Economic Zone Limited to MoEF&CC for grant of CRZ clearance under CRZ notification 2011 in its 29th meeting on 29.07.2017. The recommendation letter from OCZMA vide Letter No. 71/OCZMA dtd. 31.08.2017 is attached as Annexure – I.

2) Advised to get one season rapid survey for biodiversity including its conservation plan from recognized institute of repute.

Ans. The rapid biodiversity study for the multi-product SEZ/Industrial Park area by M/s Tata Steel Special Economic Zone Limited at Gopalpur in Ganjam district of Odisha has been carried out by Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), a Centre of Excellence under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Govt. of . The detailed report is attached as Annexure II.

Rapid Biodiversity study for the Proposed Industrial Park of M/s Tata Steel Special Economic Zone Limited at Gopalpur, Ganjam, Odisha

Final Report Submitted to M/s Tata Steel Special Economic Zone Limited, Gopalpur, Odisha

Project Investigators: Dr. Arun, P. R., Dr. Riddhika Kalle & Dr. Karunakaran, P.V.

Project Staff: Mr. Prakash, L & Mr. Dibyendu Biswas

Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore - 641108 August 2017

CONTENTS

CONTENTS ...... II LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES ...... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... VI 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 7 1.1 Present study ...... 8 1.2 Study area ...... 8 1.3 The Grasslands ...... 10 1.4 Legislative framework ...... 10 2 METHODS ...... 11 2.1 Vegetation sampling ...... 11 2.2 Faunal sampling ...... 14 3 RESULTS ...... 16 3.1 Floristic composition ...... 16 3.2 Economically important ...... 19 3.3 Fruit yielding plants ...... 20 3.4 Ornamental plants ...... 20 3.5 Medicinal Plants ...... 20 3.6 Phytosociology ...... 21 3.6.1 Tree community structure ...... 21 3.6.2 Shrub community structure ...... 22 3.6.3 Herbaceous plant community structure ...... 24 3.7 Invasive plants ...... 29 3.8 Plants for Green belt ...... 30 3.9 Fauna ...... 31 3.9.1 Avifauna ...... 31 3.9.2 and Dragonflies ...... 34 3.9.3 Other fauna ...... 36 3.9.4 Fauna of Conservation importance ...... 37 4 DISCUSSION ...... 37 4.1 Management options ...... 38 5 CONCLUSION ...... 39 6 REFERENCES ...... 41 PLATES ...... 46 APPENDICES ...... 62

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LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES

TABLES

Table 1 Details of vegetation analysis conducted ...... 13 Table 2 Sampling methodology for different taxa ...... 14 Table 3 Community structure of woodland vegetation (tree species) ...... 21 Table 4 Community structure of shrub layer in the study area ...... 23 Table 5 Herbaceous community structure in the study area ...... 24 Table 6 Details of invasive species found in the study area ...... 29 Table 7 Plant species suggested for Green belts ...... 30 Table 8 Butterflies recorded from the proposed project site ...... 35 Table 9 Dragonflies recorded from the proposed project site ...... 36

FIGURES

Figure 1 Study area map ...... 9 Figure 2 Sampling grids and vegetation sampling points within the study area ...... 12 Figure 3 Overlaid grids and the point counts locations (A1-A72) ...... 15 Figure 4 Habit-wise composition of flowering plants ...... 17 Figure 5 Ten most dominant families of flowering plants of the study area ...... 18 Figure 6 Dominant genus of the study area ...... 18 Figure 7 Abundance of birds recorded during point count surveys ...... 32 Figure 8 Species richness of birds recorded during point count surveys ...... 33 Figure 9. Proportion of bird species recorded from various families ...... 34

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Checklist of the plant species recorded in the study area ...... 62 Appendix 2 Geographic locations of Faunal Sampling points ...... 82 Appendix 3 Checklist of birds recorded from the study area ...... 83 Appendix 4 Checklist of other faunal species recorded from the study area ...... 87

PLATES

PLATE 1 Some common tree species in the study area ...... 46 PLATE 2 Some common fruit yielding species in the study area ...... 47 PLATE 3 Some common climbers in the study area ...... 48 PLATE 4 Some common herbs in the study area ...... 49 PLATE 5 Some common hydrophytes in the study area ...... 50 PLATE 6 Some dominant grass species in the study area ...... 51 PLATE 7 Some common bird species in the study area ...... 52 PLATE 8 Some commonbird species in the study area ...... 53 PLATE 9 Some common bird species in the study area ...... 54 PLATE 10 Some common bird species in the study area ...... 55 PLATE 11 Some common wetland birds in the study area ...... 56 PLATE 12 Herpetofaunal records from the study area ...... 57 PLATE 13 Some common butterflies recorded from the study area ...... 58 PLATE 14 Some of the Mammal species recorded from the study area ...... 59 PLATE 15 Landscape and project activities ...... 60

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The present study was undertaken on request from the M/s Tata Steel Special Economic Zone Limited (TSSEZL). We sincerely thank the TSSEZL management and officials for their full cooperation throughout the study. Mr Ashok Kumar Mishra of TSSEZL was especially keen and supportive during our field visits and for helping us in arranging for all the local hospitality. We are thankful to Dr Swetapadma Dash and her team at Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) Estuarine Biology Regional Centre at Gopalpur-on-Sea for the fruitful discussions and warm hospitality extended during our visit the ZSI regional centre during our field survey. Dr. Rajah Jayapal, Dr. S. Babu and Mr. Jins, V. J. of SACON are acknowledged for their generous help in species identifications and disambiguation. We thank Mr. Muhammed Ibrahim of SACON ENVIS team for his kind help in preparing the GIS maps and quantification of landscape features.

[v]

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The rapid biodiversity study for the Proposed Multi-product Industrial Park area of M/s Tata Steel Special Economic Zone Limited (TSSEZL) at Gopalpur in Ganjam district of Odisha involved systematic field surveys for plants and major faunal groups such as mammals, birds, and butterflies. The proposed Industrial Park area is owned by M/s Tata Steel Special Economic Zone Ltd which is clearly demarcated and protected by concrete boundary walls. The field survey was conducted during July 2017. The study recorded over 500 species of flora and fauna from the area. This included 376 species of plants, five species of mammals, 74 species of birds, eight species of herpetofauna, seven species of fishes, 33 species of butterflies and six species of dragonflies. There are also a few Protected (under Wildlife protection act 1972) and Conservation priority (under IUCN red list) species such as Pale capped pigeon, Common monitor lizard, Indian cobra and Palm civet that were recorded during the study. Careful planning in consultation with an expert institution in the field of ecology and wildlife during the conversion of this landscape into the proposed Multi-product SEZ/Industrial Park area is suggested for minimizing the negative impact of the proposed development on the local biodiversity. Certain specific recommendations for the conservation and sustainable management of the biodiversity of this industrial park area are also suggested. Measures such as green belt development should also involve leaving adequate green patches with native plant species along the site boundaries and around the natural waterbodies and creek within the study area for effective conservation of biodiversity.

[vi]

1 INTRODUCTION

M/s Tata Steel Special Economic Zone Ltd. (TSSEZL) has proposed for an establishment of Industrial Park at Gopalpur in the district of Ganjam of Odisha. The project proponent has requested Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), a Centre of Excellence under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Govt. of India, to conduct a rapid study of ecological and biodiversity aspects of the proposed project area in Gopalpur as an additional component for the EIA report as suggested by the 169th meeting of Expert Appraisal Committee held on 6-7 April, 2017 for projects related to Industrial Estate/Area, SEZ and Highways at Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, New Delhi.

Physiography of Odisha is divided mainly into four regions namely, Northern Plateau, Eastern Ghats, Central Tableland and Coastal Plains (IBCN, 2004). The vegetation is categorized broadly into Tropical Semi-Evergreen, Tropical Moist Deciduous, Tropical Dry Deciduous and Littoral-Swamp Forests. One of the most interesting facts is that the Eastern Ghats was once linked to the Himalayas and therefore, some of the birds in the Eastern Ghats are found which are only otherwise found in Eastern Himalayas, e.g. Pale capped pigeon, Abbots babbler, and Little spider hunter. A high diversity of mammals and nineteen species of amphibians, 110 species of reptiles have been reported in the state of Odisha (IBCN, 2004). On the other hand 210 species of migratory and resident birds have been recorded only from the Chilika lake region (IBCN, 2004). According to “State of Environment Report” (MoEFCC, 2007), the protected forest area of Odisha constitutes 10.37% of the total recorded forest land in Odisha. Therefore, apparently a huge portion of the flora and fauna remains unprotected and face higher challenges from future development activities.

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1.1 Present study

For the present rapid study, the field surveys were conducted during June 2017 in order to assess the biodiversity of the proposed industrial park in Gopalpur. The avifauna along with other taxa such as, butterflies, dragonflies herpetofauna and mammals were recorded. Since the study was conducted in June, any possible occurrence of winter migratory avifauna could not be studied. Various industrial and associated infrastructure facilities including roads will be setup in the proposed industrial park. Consequently, the continuous patches of grasslands will be fragmented. This fragmentation can have major effects on the surrounding habitat (Fahrig, 2003). Splitting of the habitat into smaller fragments can lead to species isolation within the habitats (Morris and Emberton, 2001; Fahrig, 2003). The present biodiversity study documented the area’s flora and fauna through systematic rapid field surveys and has made some management recommendations for the conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity of this industrial park area.

1.2 Study area

Gopalpur is a Notified Area Council (NAC) in the district of Ganjam in Odisha. It is situated on the coast of the Bay of Bengal and the nearest city is Berhampur which is 16 km away. The proposed project site is located two kilometers from the sea and encompasses an area of around 10 km2 (2493 acres). The site is at low elevation and certain areas of the project site are at near sea-level. By and large, the proposed Industrial Park project area is covered by grasslands with several small water-bodies and few patches of woody vegetation (Figure 1 & Error! Reference source not found.). The waterbodies are mostly artificial, with only 6 natural bodies covering a total area of around 6 hectares. Apart from these stagnant water-bodies, a creek crosses the land in north-south direction near the the Eastern boundary of the area. Most sections of the land are browsed by domestic livestock that include cattle, sheep and goats. Page 8 of 87 Rapid Biodiversity study - Multi-product SEZ /Industrial Park Gopalpur Rapid Biodiversity

Figure 1 Study area map

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1.3 The Grasslands

The Grasslands and associated bird populations have been declining at an alarming rate in India during the last few decades (Bassi et al., 2014). Many birds are disappearing due to the lack of specialised habitat types that species need for survival (Rawat and Adhikari, 2015; Robin et al., 2014). Apart from this, habitat fragmentation, and contamination or disappearance of wetlands have adverse effects on birds as around 20% of India’s bird species depend on wetlands (Fahrig, 2003; Watson, 2005; Sen, 2011). Therefore, the population status of birds is needed to be investigated and consequent measures should be taken for avian conservation. Grassland birds of India are facing serious threat from habitat loss (Rawat and Adhikari, 2015). Due to the destruction some of the grassland species are already on the verge of extinction in India, e.g., the Great Indian bustard (Rawat and Adhikari, 2015). It is felt that India should frame better policies regarding the conservation of grasslands since these unique habitats support many important bird species.

1.4 Legislative framework

According to the Standard Terms of Reference [TOR] for EIA/ EMP Report for projects/ activities requiring Environmental Clearance under EIA Notification, 2006 this project comes under Schedule 7(c) of Category A and the stated TOR suggests that the data on bio-diversity should be recorded for the proposed project site. On the other hand The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 categorizes , birds and plants of Indian Territory in various schedules in order to provide their level of protection. Schedule I and Part II of Schedule II gives the species complete protection and the subsequent schedules reduces the protection or the penalties for violations. Therefore, it is mandatory to investigate whether any protected species is likely to be affected by habitat change due to developmental projects. In connection with the protection of the animals the IUCN Red List has also been considered in order to assess the threat to the species, globally.

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2 METHODS

Standard field methodology was used for the present study to sample the flora and fauna. The entire study area was divided into 157 grids of 250m x 250m grids (Figure 2) and stratified random sampling was undertaken using these grids as the base units. The detailed methodology adopted for different components is described below.

2.1 Vegetation sampling

Floristic inventory is a prerequisite for fundamental research in community ecology, such as species diversity and understanding its distribution. Quantitative floristic studies have been used to characterize forest vegetation throughout the tropics (Johnston & Gillman, 1995; Condit, 1996; Pascal & Pelissier, 1996; Ayyappan & Parthasarathy, 1999; Parthasarathy, 1999, 2001; Phillips et al., 2003). The present study area represents seasonal water inundated grasslands with scattered patches of natural forests and planted woodlands. In order to assess the floristic diversity, systematic random sampling was carried out in 43 randomly selected grids (Figure 2).

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Figure 2 Sampling grids and vegetation sampling points within the study area Floral inventory was carried out by perambulating the entire study area. Specimens of plant species were collected and identified with the help of available literatures (Hooker (1872-97), Gamble (1915-1935), Matthew (1983), Pullaiah and Rao (2001), Pullaiah and Ramamurthy (2002); Pullaiah et al., (2007) and Pullaiah et al., (2010)). The online resources such as E-floras (http://www.efloras.org), International Plant Names Index (http://ipni.org), The Annual Checklist of Worlds Plants (http://.sp2000.org) and (www.theplantlist.org) were also examined extensively for background information, authentication and rechecking. The vegetation is one of the best indicators of ecological health of any given area. Hence, careful analysis of vegetation is very important to know the plant distribution and types of floral components in a given stand. The structure and composition of

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the vegetation was studied with the help of circular plots. The plots were laid in randomly selected grids. Around 30% of the grids were covered during the sampling. The survey was conducted within the boundary of TATA SSEZ campus including different habitats such as grasslands, water bodies, and woodland patches. In each selected grid, a circular plots of of 10 m radius (314.28 m2 area) were laid to collect data on trees, 3 m radius (28.28 m2 area) subplots in the center for shrub layer and 1 m radius subplots (3.14 m2 area) nested in the center for the herbaceous layer. On trees (any individual with girth >10 cm) data such as species and girth at breast height (GBH) were collected. The data on shrub includes species and number of individuals in each species and on herbaceous layer the number of individuals (for dicots) and number of clumps (tussocks) for monocots (sedges and grasses). The data on vegetation structure and composition was analyzed using Microsoft Excel (ver. 2010). For understanding the characteristics of vegetation, the species richness, diversity, frequency, density, abundance, relative frequency, relative density, relative abundance, and IVI (Table 1) were calculated following Curtis and McIntosh (1950), Philips (1959), Ludwig and Reynolds (1988) and Lande (1996). Other parameters of vegetation such as Shannon diversity (H’) (Shannon & Weaver, 1963), species richness (D) (Margalef, 1958), and concentration of dominance (Cd) (Simpson, 1949), were calculated for each habits. H’= -Σpi ln pi, where, pi = ni/N, ni = individuals of species ‘i’, and D = S/√ N, where, S = total number of species, N = number of individuals of all species. Species heterogeneity is defined as the reciprocal of Simpson’s Index or under root of Concentration of Dominance (Cd) (Cd = Σ pi²).

Table 1 Details of vegetation analysis conducted Parameters Formula used Frequency (%) (Number of quadrates in which a species occurred / Total number of quadrates studied) x 100 Abundance Total number of individuals of a species in the quadrates /Total number of quadrates in which the species occurred Density Total number of individuals of a species/ Total number quadrates examined Basal area (GBH)2 / 4π Dominance Basal area of a species / Total area sampled

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Relative density (Density of a species/ Total density of all species) x 100 Relative abundance (Abundance of a species / Total abundance of all species) x 100 Relative Frequency (Frequency of a species/ Total frequency of all species) x 100 Relative dominance (Basal area of a species /Total Basal area of all species ) x 100 IVI Relative density + Relative dominance + Relative frequency

2.2 Faunal sampling

During the study, the baseline data on the biodiversity of the area was collected following various standard methodologies as given in the table (Table 2)

Table 2 Sampling methodology for different taxa Taxa Sampling methods Birds Point count, Random walks, Opportunistic observations Random walk, Opportunistic observations Dragonfly Random walk, Opportunistic observations Mammals Signs (tracks, scats etc.), Opportunistic observations Reptiles Random walk, Opportunistic observations Amphibians Random walk, Opportunistic observations Fishes Interviews & Secondary information For the identification of birds Ali and Ripley (1987) and Grimmet et al. (2013) were referred. For the identification of butterflies Kunte, et al. (2000), Kehimkar (2008) and P. Roy (eds.) (2017) and for mammals Menon (2014) were referred. For the point count survey we overlaid 250 m x 250 m grids over the study area. These grids were created using open source GIS software (QGIS version 2.18.10 with GRASS 7.2.1) (Figure 3). Reconnaissance surveys were conducted to record various habitat features of the park. Point counts were employed following stratified sampling method so that we covered representative sample sites from all habitat types such as grassland, water bodies and woodland patches. Points were laid in a manner such that each grid did not have more than one point count, thereby we sampled 70% of the study region/area by conducting avifaunal surveys in 72 point counts spatially spread over the study area. In each point, survey was conducted for birds, butterflies and dragonflies in the early morning and late afternoon. Surveys were conducted from morning 8:00 to 10:00 am and afternoon 4:00 to 6:00 pm. During data collection the species of birds and their number sighted within the 50 m radius from each point was recorded. At every point the data was collected for 5

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minutes. The latitude and longitude of each point was recorded using GPS device (GARMIN e-Trex 20).

Figure 3 Overlaid grids and the point counts locations (A1-A72) To quantify the data on bird species recorded, the species richness was considered. The number of species present in an area is the species richness of the area. The population of each species with respect to others or the equitable distribution of the species is called evenness (Smith and Smith, 2012). The cumulative representation of species richness and evenness is called species diversity. There are various indices to calculate the diversity and among them the Shannon diversity index was used in order to calculate the species diversity of the birds, using the following formula:

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Where, pi = n/S, n = number of individual of species i encountered from the point counts, S = total number of all individuals of all species encountered from the point counts, ln = natural logarithm, Σ = summation If randomly any two species are drawn from the sample the probability of them being the same species is called the dominance. The dominance index has also been derived in this study using the Simpson diversity index. Following is the formula to derive Simpson diversity index:

The reciprocal of Simpson diversity index was used as the Dominance index, 1/D. Species encountered during opportunistic observations were not considered.

3 RESULTS

3.1 Floristic composition

The inventory of different micro habitats in the Industrial Park area indicated that the area is rich in plant species diversity. The present inventory recorded a total of 376 species of flowering plants (including wild, ornamental and avenue plants) under 263 genera belonging to 89 families (Plates 1-6 & Appendix 1). Majority of the species were recorded from the grasslands and associated microhabitats such as wetlands, ponds, etc. The habit wise distribution of species indicated that among the 376 plant species recorded, 157 (41.76%) were herbaceous, 73 (19.41%) were trees, 51 (13.56%) were shrubs, 45(11.97%) were grasses, 38 (10.11%) were climbers and stragglers and 12 (3.19%) were sedges (Figure 4).

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Grasses 11.97 Sedges 3.19

Climber/ Straggler Herbs 10.11 41.76

Trees 19.41

Shrubs 13.56

Figure 4 Habit-wise composition of flowering plants Out of the 376 species recorded, 76 are listed in IUCN Redlist (Category ver 2017.1.). Of this 2 species are categorized as data deficient, 72 as least concern and 2 as lower risk (Appendix 1). Among the 89 families reported in the study area, the family Poaceae is the dominant one with 45 species, followed by Euphorbiaceae (21 species) and (20 species). Acathaceae, and are represented by 14 species each. (Figure 5). The other plant families recorded with significant number of species are Cyperaceae, , Mimosaceae (13 species each), Asteraceae (12 species) and (11 species). Out of the 89 families, 37 were monotypic families.

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Number of species

Poaceae 45 Euphorbiaceae 21 Fabaceae 20 Verbenaceae 14 Rubiaceae 14 14 Mimosaceae

Plant familiesPlant 13 Malvaceae 13 Cyperaceae 13 Asteraceae 12

0 10 20 30 40 50

Figure 5 Ten most dominant families of flowering plants of the study area Of the 263 genera recorded during the present study, the genus Cyperus and Phyllanthus were the two dominant genera represented with 7 species each. It is followed by Euphorbia (6 species), Acacia, Ficus, Fimbristylis, Ipomea and Justicia (5 species each), and Alysicarpus, Eragrostis, Heliotropium and Spermococce with 4 species each (Figure ). Two hundred genera were monospecific (Appendix 1).

8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3

Numberof species 2 1 0

Plant Genera

Figure 6 Dominant genus of the study area

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The woodland patches in the study area were not very dense and represented by small girth size of trees scattered here and there. In the south east corner of the study area, two small mounts were occupied by scrub forests. Around the water logged areas present in the Industrial Park, large number of trees were found. The common species found were Acacia nilotica sub sp. indica, Acacia leucophloea, Alangium salvifolium, Pandanus odoratissimus and Azadirachta indica. There were numerous artificial and a few natural wetlands present in the study area including a creek. The artificial ponds were created while soil was excavated from those sites in the past for constructing the road. After the rains these small ponds fill with water, and attract lots of bird species and aquatic plants. The species collected from the aquatic habitat include Nymphaea nouchali, Nymphaea pubescens, Ipomoea carnea sub sp. fistulosa, Nymphoides hydrophylla, Utricularia stellaris, Typha angustifolia and Nymphoides indicum. The species recorded from the area are Prosopis juliflora, Hygrophila balsamica, Ipomoea pes-caprae, corchorifolia, Persicaria barbata, Persicaria glabrum and Saccharum spontaneum. Grassland was the dominant vegetation occupying about 80-90% of the study area. The only canopy species present in the grassland was Phoenix sylvestris. Based on the dominance of graminaceous species in the grasslands it can be classified as Vetiveria-Dicanthium type, Perotis-Cenchrus type, Heteropogon-Bothriochloa type and Saccharum-Aristida type. Vetiveria-Dicanthium type occur in the edges of forests and plantations, Perotis-Cenchrus type occurred in the water logged areas, Heteropogon-Bothriochloa type occurred in drylands and Saccharum-Aristida type occurred around the creeks.

3.2 Economically important plants

Plants recorded from the study area included some economically useful species for their fruits, fibre, fodder, aesthetic value and/or medicinal properties.

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3.3 Fruit yielding plants

The common fruit yielding plant species recorded from the study area include Alangium salvifolium, Anacardium occidentale, Annona squamosa, Azadirachta indica, Canthium coromandelicum, Carica papaya, Carissa spinarum, Cayratia trifolia, Cipadessa baccifera, Coccinia grandis, Ficus amplissima, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus hispida, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus religiosa, Lantana camara var. aculeate, Mangifera indica, Muntingia calabura, Murraya koenigii, Passiflora foetida, Phoenix sylvestris, Phyllanthus emblica, Psidium guajava, Scutia myrtina, Syzygium cumini, Ziziphus mauritiana and Ziziphus oenoplia.

3.4 Ornamental plants

The common ornamental plants documented during the present study were Alstonia scholaris, Antigonon leptopus, Bougainvillea glabra, Callistemon citrinus, Calophyllum inophyllum, Canna indica, Cassia fistula, Casuarina equisetifolia, Clerodendrum inerme, Delonix regia, Duranta erecta, Ficus microcarpa, Gliricidia sepium, Haldina cordifolia, Lagerstroemia reginae, Lawsonia inermis, Leucaena leucocephala, Melia azedarach, Murraya paniculata, Nerium oleander, Plumeria rubra, Polyalthia longifolia, Quisqualis indica, Sansevieria trifasciata, Tabernaemontana divaricata, Terminalia catappa, Thevetia peruviana, Vitex negundo and Wedelia chinensis. Some of these species were planted as ornamental trees by M/s Tata Steel Special Economic Zone Ltd.

3.5 Medicinal Plants

The present study area has rich assemblage of medicinal plant. Some important medicinal plants recorded during the present study were Abutilon indicum, Acalypha indica, Achyranthes aspera, , Amaranthus viridis, Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica, Bacopa monnieri, Boerhavia diffusa, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Centella asiatica, Cissus quadrangularis, Croton bonplandianum, Cynodon dactylon, Eclipta prostrata, Euphorbia hirta, Hemidesmus indicus,

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Hybanthus enneaspermus, Mimosa pudica, Mukia maderaspatana, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Phyllanthus amarus, Pseudarthria viscida, Solanum virginianum, Tribulus lanuginosis, and Vetiveria zizanioides (Appendix 1). Nevertheless no collection of medicinal plants for livelihood is being carried out by local people from this area.

3.6 Phytosociology

3.6.1 Tree community structure

In order to understand the plant community structure, data collections were carried out as explained earlier. The woodland (forested) areas were less in extent (<10%) in the study area. A total of 248 individuals of trees, belonging to 22 species, under 20 genera were recorded from 43 plots. The community structure of woodland vegetation is presented in Table 3. Among the 22 species, Phoenix sylvestris and Morinda citrifolia were represented by maximum number of individuals (n=34) followed by Gliricidia sepium (n=33), Azadiracta indica (n=30) and Pandanus odoratissimus (n=28). Highest density was recorded for Phoenix sylvestris and Morinda citrifolia (0.79/ ha) followed by Gliricidia sepium (0.77/ ha) and Azadiracta indica (0.70/ ha). The highest Important Value Index (IVI) was recorded for Phoenix sylvestris (89.72) followed by Pandanus odoratissimus (43.95) and Morinda citrifolia (30.34). The Shannon-Wiener diversity (H’) for tree community was 2.57. The species richness (D) for the tree community was 3.81. The concentration of dominance (Cd) was 0.096. The elements of woodland vegetation indicated that the structure of the natural vegetation is modified severely by plantation of some species including exotics.

Table 3 Community structure of woodland vegetation (tree species) No Tree Species Name Frequency Abundance Density Rel. Freq. Rel. Rel. IVI (%) (%) Density Dominance 1 Acacia farnesiana 2.33 12 0.28 1.12 4.84 0.200 6.16 2 Acacia leucophloea 4.65 1 0.05 2.25 0.81 0.015 3.07

3 Acacia nilotica 4.65 1 0.05 2.25 0.81 0.021 3.08 subsp. indica

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No Tree Species Name Frequency Abundance Density Rel. Freq. Rel. Rel. IVI (%) (%) Density Dominance 4 Ailanthus excelsa 2.33 2 0.05 1.12 0.81 0.147 2.08

5 Alangium 9.30 2.75 0.26 4.49 4.44 0.314 9.24 salvifolium 6 Azadirachta indica 30.23 2.31 0.70 14.61 12.10 3.424 30.13 7 Cordia dichotoma 2.33 2 0.05 1.12 0.81 0.026 1.96 8 Ficus hispida 9.30 3.25 0.30 4.49 5.24 3.868 13.61 9 Flacourtia indica 4.65 1 0.05 2.25 0.81 0.006 3.06 10 Gliricidia sepium 4.65 16.5 0.77 2.25 13.31 5.839 21.39 11 Gmelina arborea 2.33 3 0.07 1.12 1.21 0.005 2.34

12 Lannea 9.30 1.75 0.16 4.49 2.82 0.571 7.89 coromandelica 13 Leucaena 11.63 3.2 0.37 5.62 6.45 0.386 12.46 leucocephala 14 Morinda citrifolia 27.91 2.83 0.79 13.48 13.71 3.148 30.34 15 Muntingia calabura 4.65 2.5 0.12 2.25 2.02 0.110 4.37

16 Pandanus 9.30 7 0.65 4.49 11.29 28.164 43.95 odoratissimus 17 Phoenix sylvestris 46.51 1.7 0.79 22.47 13.71 53.543 89.73

18 Pithecellobium 2.33 1 0.02 1.12 0.40 0.001 1.53 dulce 19 Prosopis juliflora 2.33 3 0.07 1.12 1.21 0.182 2.52 20 Streblus asper 11.63 1.2 0.14 5.62 2.42 0.025 8.06

21 Strychnos nux- 2.33 1 0.02 1.12 0.40 0.001 1.53 vomica 22 Syzygium cumini 2.33 1 0.02 1.12 0.40 0.005 1.53

3.6.2 Shrub community structure

A total of 431 individuals of 27 species (both shrubs and tree saplings), belonging to 21 families under 26 genera were recorded from 43 plots (3 m radius). The community structure of the shrubs is presented in the Table 4. Among the 27 species, Chromolaena odorata was the dominant one represented by maximum number of individuals (n=234) followed by Lantana camara var. aculeate (n=33). The maximum density of shrub species was recorded for Chromolaena odorata (5.44/ha) followed by Lantana camara var. aculeate (0.77/ha), Leucaena leucocephala (0.60/ha) and

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Jatropha gossypifolia (0.51/ha). The most abundant shrub species in the study area was Chromolaena odorata (8.36) followed by Lantana camara var. aculeate (6.6), Leucaena leucocephala (6.5) and Commiphora caudata (6). The highest important value index (IVI) was recorded for Chromolaena odorata (95.52) followed by Lantana camara var. aculeate (21.41), Leucaena leucocephala (18.56) and Jatropha gossypifolia (16.28). The Shannon-Weiner index of diversity for shrub community in the study area was 1.96. The species richness index (D) for the shrub community was 1.96. The concentration of dominance (dominance index-Cd) of the shrub community was 0.31. The preponderance of species such as Chromolaena odorata and Lantana camara var. aculeate indicated that the habitat was severely degraded and secondary in nature.

Table 4 Community structure of shrub layer in the study area No Species Name Freq (%) Abundance Density Rel. Freq Rel. Rel. (%) Abundance Density 1 Abutilon indicum 2.33 1 0.02 1.10 1.25 0.23 2 Acacia farnesiana 2.33 4 0.09 1.10 5.00 0.93 3 Alangium salvifolium 4.65 4.5 0.21 2.20 5.63 2.09 4 Alstonia scholaris 2.33 1 0.02 1.10 1.25 0.23 5 Azadirachta indica 16.28 2.57 0.42 7.69 3.22 4.18 6 2.33 2 0.05 1.10 2.50 0.46 7 Canthium 11.63 2 0.23 5.49 2.50 2.32 coromandelicum 8 Capparis brevispina 4.65 2.5 0.12 2.20 3.13 1.16 9 Capparis sepiaria 2.33 1 0.02 1.10 1.25 0.23 10 Carissa spinarum 9.30 1.75 0.16 4.40 2.19 1.62 11 Chromolaena odorata 65.12 8.36 5.44 30.77 10.45 54.29 12 Cipadessa baccifera 2.33 2 0.05 1.10 2.50 0.46 13 Commiphora caudata 2.33 6 0.14 1.10 7.51 1.39 14 Flacourtia indica 6.98 2.67 0.19 3.30 3.34 1.86 15 Gliricidia sepium 4.65 3 0.14 2.20 3.75 1.39 16 Hyptis suaveolens 2.33 2 0.05 1.10 2.50 0.46 17 Ipomoea carnea sub sp. 2.33 2 0.05 1.10 2.50 0.46 fistulosa 18 Jatropha gossypifolia 13.95 3.67 0.51 6.59 4.59 5.10 19 Lantana camara var. 11.63 6.6 0.77 5.49 8.26 7.66 aculeata 20 Leucaena leucocephala 9.30 6.5 0.60 4.40 8.13 6.03 21 Morinda citrifolia 6.98 4.33 0.30 3.30 5.42 3.02

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22 Pandanus odoratissimus 2.33 2 0.05 1.10 2.50 0.46 23 Phoenix sylvestris 9.30 1.5 0.14 4.40 1.88 1.39 24 Streblus asper 4.65 2 0.09 2.20 2.50 0.93 25 Tarenna asiatica 2.33 2 0.05 1.10 2.50 0.46 26 Tectona grandis 2.33 1 0.02 1.10 1.25 0.23 27 Ziziphus mauritiana 4.65 2 0.09 2.20 2.50 0.93

3.6.3 Herbaceous plant community structure

A total of 2,272 individuals of 121 species of herbaceous species, belonging to 38 families and 99 genera were recorded from 43 plots (1 m radius) laid in the study area. The herbaceous plant community structure is presented in Table 5. Among the 121 species, Dicanthium annulatum was represented by maximum number of individuals (n=223) followed by Vetiveria zizanioides (n=214), Heteropogon contortus (n=174) and Sida acuta (n=110). The maximum density was recorded for Dicanthium annulatum (5.19/ha) followed by Vetiveria zizanioides (4.98/ha), Heteropogon contortus (4.05/ha) and Sida acuta (2.56/ha). The most abundant species recorded was Perotis indica (33.33) followed by Cynodon dactylon (15.14), Dicanthium annulatum (13.12) and Vetiveria zizanioides (11.26). The highest Important Value Index (IVI) was recorded for Dicanthium annulatum (16.68) followed by Vetiveria zizanioides (16.26), Heteropogon contortus (14.20) and Perotis indica (13.18).The Shannon-weiner index of diversity for herbaceous layer in the study area was 3.712. The species richness (D) for the tree community was 15.53. The concentration of dominance (Cd) of the tree community was 0.42. The composition and structure of the herbaceous layer in the Industrial Park area indicated that unpalatable grass species dominate the grassland community with dicotyledonous species. The abundance of secondary species in the herbaceous layer is an indication of recurrent disturbance such as grazing pressure in the area.

Table 5 Herbaceous community structure in the study area Fre Abu Den Rel. Fre Rel. Abu R. Den No Species (%) (%) 1 Abutilon indicum 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04

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Fre Abu Den Rel. Fre Rel. Abu R. Den No Species (%) (%) 2 Acalypha indica 4.65 1.5 0.07 0.43 0.37 0.13 3 Achyranthes aspera 18.60 1.63 0.30 1.72 0.40 0.57 4 Aerva lanata 2.33 2 0.05 0.22 0.49 0.09 5 Aerva sanguinolenta 2.33 2 0.05 0.22 0.49 0.09 6 Alangium salvifolium 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 7 Alloteropsis cimicina 11.63 3.6 0.42 1.08 0.88 0.79 8 Alternanthera sessilis 6.98 1 0.07 0.65 0.24 0.13 9 Alternanthera tenella 4.65 2 0.09 0.43 0.49 0.18 10 Alysicarpus bupleurifolius 11.63 2.4 0.28 1.08 0.59 0.53 11 Alysicarpus ovalifolius 13.95 1.5 0.21 1.29 0.37 0.40 12 Alysicarpus vaginalis 11.63 3.2 0.37 1.08 0.78 0.70 13 Antigonon leptopus 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 14 Apluda mutica 13.95 4.5 0.63 1.29 1.10 1.19 15 Aristida adscensionis 18.60 5.5 1.02 1.72 1.34 1.94 16 Azadirachta indica 2.33 2 0.05 0.22 0.49 0.09 17 Boerhavia diffusa 6.98 1.33 0.09 0.65 0.33 0.18 18 Borassus flabellifer 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 19 Bothriochloa pertusa 16.28 5.71 0.93 1.51 1.39 1.76 20 Brachiaria distachya 23.26 8.1 1.88 2.16 1.98 3.56 21 Cajanus scarabaeoides 20.93 1.44 0.30 1.94 0.35 0.57 22 Canavalia cathartica 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 23 Canthium coromandelicum 6.98 1 0.07 0.65 0.24 0.13 24 Capparis brevispina 4.65 2.5 0.12 0.43 0.61 0.22 25 Carissa spinarum 6.98 1.67 0.12 0.65 0.41 0.22 26 Cayratia trifolia 4.65 1 0.05 0.43 0.24 0.09 27 Centella asiatica 2.33 10 0.23 0.22 2.44 0.44 28 Chamaecrista absus 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 29 Chloris barbata 4.65 10 0.47 0.43 2.44 0.88 30 Chromolaena odorata 16.28 4.57 0.74 1.51 1.11 1.41 31 Cipadessa baccifera 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04

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Fre Abu Den Rel. Fre Rel. Abu R. Den No Species (%) (%) 32 Cissus quadrangularis 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 33 Cleome viscosa 2.33 2 0.05 0.22 0.49 0.09 34 Clitoria ternatea 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 35 Commelina clavata 6.98 1 0.07 0.65 0.24 0.13 36 Corchorus aestuans 11.63 1.4 0.16 1.08 0.34 0.31 37 Croton bonplandianum 6.98 1.67 0.12 0.65 0.41 0.22 38 Curculigo orchioides 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 39 Cyanotis axillaris 4.65 2 0.09 0.43 0.49 0.18 40 Cyanotis tuberosa 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 41 Cynodon dactylon 16.28 15.14 2.47 1.51 3.69 4.67 42 Cyperus exaltatus 2.33 9 0.21 0.22 2.20 0.40 43 Cyperus iria 6.98 5.67 0.40 0.65 1.38 0.75 44 Cyperus rotundus 4.65 1.5 0.07 0.43 0.37 0.13 45 Cyperus stoloniferus 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 46 Cyrtococcum trigonum 25.58 9.82 2.51 2.37 2.39 4.75 47 Dactyloctenium aegyptium 4.65 2.5 0.12 0.43 0.61 0.22 48 Desmodium triflorum 27.91 7.5 2.09 2.59 1.83 3.96 49 Dicanthium annulatum 39.53 13.12 5.19 3.66 3.20 9.81 50 Digitaria bicornis 2.33 5 0.12 0.22 1.22 0.22 51 Dipteracanthus patulus 4.65 2.5 0.12 0.43 0.61 0.22 52 Eclipta prostrata 6.98 1.67 0.12 0.65 0.41 0.22 53 Eragrostis cilianensis 13.95 7.17 1.00 1.29 1.75 1.89 54 Eragrostis ciliaris 11.63 4.2 0.49 1.08 1.02 0.92 55 Eragrostis pilosa 2.33 2 0.05 0.22 0.49 0.09 56 Eragrostis uniloides 6.98 10.33 0.72 0.65 2.52 1.36 57 Erigeron multiradiatus 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 58 Eriochloa procera 2.33 2 0.05 0.22 0.49 0.09 59 Euphorbia hirta 4.65 2.5 0.12 0.43 0.61 0.22 60 Euphorbia indica 2.33 3 0.07 0.22 0.73 0.13 61 Evolvulus alsinoides 4.65 2 0.09 0.43 0.49 0.18

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Fre Abu Den Rel. Fre Rel. Abu R. Den No Species (%) (%) 62 Evolvulus nummularius 4.65 4.5 0.21 0.43 1.10 0.40 63 Fimbristylis argentea 2.33 3 0.07 0.22 0.73 0.13 64 Fimbristylis bisumbellata 6.98 4.67 0.33 0.65 1.14 0.62 65 Fimbristylis ovata 20.93 5.56 1.16 1.94 1.36 2.20 66 Flacourtia indica 4.65 3 0.14 0.43 0.73 0.26 67 Gliricidia sepium 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 68 Gomphrena serrata 9.30 2 0.19 0.86 0.49 0.35 69 Heliotropium indicum 2.33 4 0.09 0.22 0.98 0.18 70 Heliotropium supinum 6.98 2.33 0.16 0.65 0.57 0.31 71 Hemidesmus indicus 13.95 1.17 0.16 1.29 0.28 0.31 72 Heteropogon contortus 48.837 8.29 4.05 4.53 2.02 7.66 73 Hyptis suaveolens 9.30 2.5 0.23 0.86 0.61 0.44 74 Indigofera colutea 18.60 2.125 0.40 1.72 0.52 0.75 75 Ipomoea marginata 30.23 1.08 0.33 2.80 0.26 0.62 76 Jasminum arborescens 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 77 Jatropha gossypifolia 9.30 1 0.09 0.86 0.24 0.18 78 Justicia simplex 4.65 6.5 0.30 0.43 1.59 0.57 79 Kyllingia malanosperma 32.56 5.43 1.77 3.02 1.32 3.34 80 Lannea coromandelica 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 81 Lantana trifolia 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 82 Leucaena leucocephala 2.33 2 0.05 0.22 0.49 0.09 83 Lindernia procumbens 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 84 2.33 3 0.07 0.22 0.73 0.13 85 Melochia pyramidata 4.65 3 0.14 0.43 0.73 0.26 86 Merremia emarginata 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 87 Mimosa pudica 55.81 3.54 1.98 5.17 0.86 3.74 88 Morinda citrifolia 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 89 Neptunia prostrata 4.65 1.5 0.07 0.43 0.37 0.13 90 Ocimum americanum 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 91 Panicum miliaceum 6.98 3 0.21 0.65 0.73 0.40

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Fre Abu Den Rel. Fre Rel. Abu R. Den No Species (%) (%) 92 Paspalidium flavidum 18.60 5 0.93 1.72 1.22 1.76 93 Paspalidium geminatum 11.63 5.8 0.67 1.08 1.41 1.28 94 Paspalum scrobiculatum 4.65 4 0.19 0.43 0.98 0.35 95 Passiflora foetida 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 96 Pavonia odorata 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 97 Perotis indica 6.98 33.33 2.33 0.65 8.13 4.40 98 Phoenix sylvestris 4.65 1 0.05 0.43 0.24 0.09 99 9.30 3 0.28 0.86 0.73 0.53 100 Phyllanthus amarus 6.98 2 0.14 0.65 0.49 0.26 101 Phyllanthus maderaspatensis 4.65 1.5 0.07 0.43 0.37 0.13 102 Phyllanthus urinaria 4.65 2.5 0.12 0.43 0.61 0.22 103 Phyllanthus virgatus 23.26 1.4 0.33 2.16 0.34 0.62 104 Polygala arvensis 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 105 Prosopis juliflora 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 106 tuberosa 6.98 1.67 0.12 0.65 0.41 0.22 107 Saccharum spontaneum 4.65 3 0.14 0.43 0.73 0.26 108 Scoparia dulcis 4.65 1.5 0.07 0.43 0.37 0.13 109 Senna occidentalis 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 110 Setaria pumila 6.98 3.67 0.26 0.65 0.89 0.48 111 Sida acuta 25.58 10 2.56 2.37 2.44 4.84 112 Sida cordifolia 16.28 1.86 0.30 1.51 0.45 0.57 113 Spermacoce hispida 9.30 3.5 0.33 0.86 0.85 0.62 114 Sporobolus wallichii 4.65 10 0.47 0.43 2.44 0.88 115 Streblus asper 4.65 1 0.05 0.43 0.24 0.09 116 Tribulus lanuginosis 2.33 2 0.05 0.22 0.49 0.09 117 Triumfetta rhomboidea 13.95 2.5 0.35 1.29 0.61 0.66 118 Tylophora indica 2.33 1 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.04 119 subsp. sinuata 9.30 1 0.09 0.86 0.24 0.18 120 Vernonia cinerea 4.65 2.5 0.12 0.43 0.61 0.22 121 Vetiveria zizanioides 44.19 11.26 4.98 4.09 2.75 9.42

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3.7 Invasive plants

The flora of the area consisted of significant number of invasive species. About 7.71% (29 species) of the total species recorded were invasive in nature (Reddy et al., 2008). They belong to 20 families and 29 genera. These exotic plants have origins from Tropical America (19 species; 65.52%), South America (4 species; 13.79%) and Mexico (5 species; 6.90%). Among the invasive tree species, Leucaena leucocephala showed the highest density in all growth stages such as mature trees (0.37/ha), saplings (0.60/ha) and seedlings (0.05/ha) (Table 6). Among invasive shrub species Chromolaena odorata (5.44/ha) was the dominant one while Sida acuta (2.56/ha) dominated in herbaceous layer followed by Mimosa pudica (1.98/ ha).

Table 6 Details of invasive species found in the study area No Species name Density per ha. Tree Saplings/Shrubs Seedlings/Herbs/ Grasses 1. Acacia farnesiana 0.28 0.09 2. Antigonon leptopus 0.02 3. Borassus flabellifer 0.02 4. Chromolaena odorata 5.44 0.74 5. Cleome viscosa 0.05 6. Corchorus aestuans 0.16 7. Croton bonplandianum 0.12 8. Cyperus iria 0.40 9. Eclipta prostrata 0.12 10. Euphorbia hirta 0.12 11. Evolvulus nummularius 0.21 12. Hyptis suaveolens 0.05 0.23 13. Ipomoea carnea sub sp. fistulosa 0.05 14. Lantana camara var. aculeata 0.07 15. Leucaena leucocephala 0.37 0.60 0.05 16. Melochia corchorifolia 0.07 17. Mimosa pudica 1.98 18. Ocimum americanum 0.02 19. Passiflora foetida 0.02 20. Prosopis juliflora 0.07 0.07 0.02 21. 0.12 22. Saccharum spontaneum 0.14

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No Species name Density per ha. Tree Saplings/Shrubs Seedlings/Herbs/ Grasses 23. Scoparia dulcis 0.07 24. Senna occidentalis 0.02 25. Sida acuta 2.56 26. Spermacoce hispida 0.33 27. Tribulus lanuginosis 0.05 28. Triumfetta rhomboidea 0.35 29. Urena lobata 0.09

3.8 Plants for Green belt

The native tree species adapted to the local conditions are suggested for the greenbelt development. The selection of plant species for the green belt development depends on various factors such as climate, elevation, soil and local biodiversity. The species suggested for green belt are selected keeping the following desirable characters.

• Fast growing and proving shade • Evergreen with minimum litter fall • Locally available and indigenous • Ability to withstand conditions like drought and saline • Attractive with showy flowers and edible fruit. • Bird and attracting species

Some of the species that can be considered for planting are given in the Table 7. The seedling and saplings of the species can be easily obtained from local nurseries.

Table 7 Plant species suggested for Green belts No. Plant species Name Habit 1 Alangium salvifolium Tree 2 Albizia saman Tree 3 Alstonia scholaris Tree 4 Azadirachta indica Tree 5 Bauhinia racemosa Tree 6 Cassia fistula Tree 7 Cassia roxburghii Tree 8 Casuarina equisetifolia Tree 9 Ficus benghalensis Tree

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10 Ficus racemosa Tree 11 Ficus religiosa Tree 12 Ixora finlaysoniana Shrub 13 Jacaranda mimosifolia Tree 14 Lagerstroemia reginae Tree 15 Millingtonia hortensis Tree 16 Muntingia calabura Tree 17 Murraya paniculata Shrub 18 Pongamia pinnata Tree 19 Spathodea campanulata Tree 20 Syzygium cumini Tree 21 Tabebuia rosea Tree 22 Tecoma stans Tree 23 Terminalia bellirica Tree 24 Ziziphus mauritiana Tree

3.9 Fauna

Faunal species of various major taxa were recorded from random grids using standard methodology.

3.9.1 Avifauna

Within the proposed project area 74 species of birds were recorded. Among those species most common were the Pipits (Anthus rufulus) (n = 169), Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) (n = 128), Little egret (Egretta garzetta) (n = 62), Red wattled lapwing (Vanellus indicus) (n = 59) and these were followed by House crow (Corvus splendens) (n = 46) and Spotted dove (Stigmatopelia chinensis) (n = 43). Commo myna (Acridotheres tristis) (n = 1), Little cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger) (n = 1), Shikra (Accipiter badius) (n = 1), Indian grey hornbill (Ocyceros birostris) (n = 2) etc. were among the most uncommon species found in the area. In terms of abundance, the different parts of the study area show different abundance in the bird species (Figure 7). The highest bird abundance spots as shown in the figure Figure 7 are result of presence of egrets associated with herds of cattle in those areas. The area is is being extensively grazed by cattle and birds associated with these herds such as cattle egrets and little egrets are abundant. The point counts that recoded bird abundance of above 20, were all located near the water

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bodies; indicating a significant proportion of the bird community of the area is dependent on the these water bodies inside the project site.

Figure 7 Abundance of birds recorded during point count surveys Again if the species richness is considered for the birds, it has been found that the higher species richness is shown by the areas near to the water bodies (Figure 3). Near the water bodies both of water birds and other terrestrial birds are found and generally the species richness becomes high. Apart from the water bodies, throughout the grassland a moderate distribution of the abundance as well as richness was found (Figure 7 & Figure 8 ).

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Figure 8 Species richness of birds recorded during point count surveys

On the other hand, if the families of the bird species are considered, most of the species belong to the Ardeidae, Accipitridae and Passeridae with 9 (12% of total number of species), 8 (11% of total number of species) and 6 (8% of total number of species) species respectively (Figure 9). The Paddyfield pipit was distributed throughout the grasslands as they are granivorous and feed on the seeds of grass species and other fallen grains. Most of the land was grazed by herds of cattle that attracted many associated species such as Cattle egrets and Little egrets. Though, the Little egrets were also found beside water-bodies and wetlands. The dense areas of grass are the habitats for the barred button-quail. The Red-wattled lapwings are also found near the water-bodies and make their nest on the ground near the water-bodies. The white-breasted kingfishers were also found to have their nest beside the water-bodies. The natural water-bodies and surrounding matrix support a good assemblage of water birds such as, Asian Page 33 of 87 Rapid Biodiversity study - Multi-product SEZ /Industrial Park Gopalpur

open-bill stork, Great egret, Intermediate egret, Purple moorhen, White-breasted water hen, Spot-billed duck, Lesser whistling ducks, Cotton pygmy goose, Grey heron, Cinnamon bittern, and Black-crowned night heron. The Shannon diversity index (H’) for the birds was = 3.05, which indicates a high level of avian diversity. The Dominance index (1/D) was found to be low = 0.08.

Strigidae Sylviidae Threskiornithidae Turnicidae 1% 3% Sturnidae 1% 1% Pycnonotidae 3% Alaudidae 3% Rallidae 4% Alcedinidae Psittacidae 4% Accipitridae 1% 3% 9% Podicipedidae 1% Anatidae 4% Ploceidae Apodidae 1% 1% Phasianidae 1% Ardeidae 12% Phalacrocoracidae Passeridae 3% 8%

Bucerotidae Nectariniidae 1% 1% Cerylidae Burhinidae Muscicapidae 1% 1% 4% Meropidae Charadriidae jacanidae 3% Cisticolidae 3% 1% Glareolidae Cuculidae Corvidae CoraciidaeColumbidae 1% Ciconiidae 1% 4% 4% 1%4% 1%

Figure 9. Proportion of bird species recorded from various families

3.9.2 Butterflies and Dragonflies

Opportunistic observations were largely used to record the species of butterflies and dragonflies available in the area. In total 33 species of butterflies and 6 species of dragonflies were recorded during the study period. Though the time of the survey was around the beginning of the monsoon, the species such as Mottled emigrant, Common rose, Common mormon, Common jezebel, Plain tiger, Stripped tiger, Common castor and Gram blue were commonly

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found, mostly on the flowers of the coat-button () plants. The dragonflies were mostly found near the water-bodies. Among all species of dragonflies, the Common picturewing was most abundant along with Pied paddy skimmer and Scarlet skimmer.

Table 8 Butterflies recorded from the proposed project site No Common name Scientific name Family 1. Common Emigrant Catopsilia pomona Fabricius Pieridae 2. Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe Moore Pieridae 3. Common Gull* Cepora nerissa Fabricius Pieridae 4. Common Jezebel Delias eucharis Drury Pieridae 5. Common Wanderer Pareronia valeria Fabricius Pieridae 6. Mottled Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus Pieridae 7. Pioneer Anaphaeis aurota Fabricius Pieridae 8. Psyche Leptosia nina Fabricius Pieridae 9. Small Salmon Arab Colotis amata Fabricius Pieridae 10. Common Mormon Papilio polytes Linnaeus Papilionidae 11. Common Rose Atrophaneura aristolochiae Fabricius Papilionidae 12. Crimson Rose* Pachliopta hector Linnaeus Papilionidae 13. Angled Castor Ariadne ariadne Fruhstorfer 14. Blue Pansy orithya (Linnaeus) Nymphalidae 15. Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace Butler Nymphalidae 16. Chocolate Pansy (Cramer) Nymphalidae 17. Common Crow Euploea core Cramer Nymphalidae 18. Common Evening Brown Melanitis leda Cramer Nymphalidae 19. Common Sailer Neptis hylas Moore Nymphalidae 20. Lemon Pansy Linnaeus Nymphalidae 21. Peacock Pansy Junonia almana (Linnaeus) Nymphalidae 22. Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus Nymphalidae 23. Striped Tiger Danaus genutia Cramer Nymphalidae 24. Tawny Coster Acraea violae Horsfield Nymphalidae 25. Common Cerulean Jamides celeno Cramer Lycaenidae 26. Common Pierrot* Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) Lycaenidae 27. Common Silverline Spindasis vulcans Moore Lycaenidae 28. Gram Blue* Euchrysops cnejus Fabricius Lycaenidae 29. Lesser Grass Blue Zizina otis Fabricius Lycaenidae 30. Plains Cupid Chilades pandava Horsfield Lycaenidae 31. Zebra Blue Leptotes plinius (Fabricius) Lycaenidae 32. Bright Babul blue Azanus ubaldus (Stoll) Lycaenidae 33. Indian galba Fabricius Hesperiidae * WLPA Scheduled species

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The Butterfly list included four species protected under the Indian Wildlife protection act 1972. Crimson rose and Common pierrot are listed under Schedule I (Part IV) and Gram blue and Common gull are under Schedule II (Part II). However these species are commonly found species widely distributed in India.

Table 9 Dragonflies recorded from the proposed project site No. Common name Scientific name Family 1 Common picturewing Rhyothemis variegata Libellulidae 2 Blue ground skimmer Diplacodes trivialis Libellulidae 3 Pied paddy skimmer Neurothemis tullia Libellulidae 4 Ditch jewel Brachythemis contaminata Libellulidae 5 Scarlet skimmer Crocothemis servilia Libellulidae 6 Long-legged marsh glider Trithemis pallidinervis Libellulidae

3.9.3 Other fauna

Among other fauna mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fishes were recorded. Indian jackal was common in the area as evidenced from the four direct sightings during the field survey and indirect evidences such as tracks and scats. The common langurs were generally sighted on Singapore Cherry Plants (Muntingia calabura) due to the abundance of the ripe fruits. Asian palm civet was identified from the tracks found in the area (Error! Reference source not found.). A group of wild pigs (2 adults and 4 piglets) were also sighted in the project area. Three species of snakes were encountered during opportunistic observation including Cobra, Bronze back tree snake and Buff striped keelback snake. In one of the natural water-bodies, two individuals of flap-shell turtle were recorded (Error! Reference source not found.). Apart from these, bull frog and skittering frogs were commonly found in the natural and artificial water-bodies and water logged areas. Seven species of fishes were recorded from the creek that passes through the Industrial park area. Apart from wild animals, there were a huge number of domestic cattle and goats found grazing inside the industrial area. At least 250 domestic cattle, and not less

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than 100 goats grazed inside the proposed project area regularly and these belonged to the adjacent villagers.

3.9.4 Fauna of Conservation importance

The recorded species were checked with the India Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 schedule list as well as IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in order to assess the status of those species. As far as IWPA schedule is concerned most of the avian species are under the category of Schedule IV & V. Black kite (Milvus migrans), black shouldered kite (Elanus axillaris) and shikra (Accipiter badius) are under Schedule I (Part III) of the Woldlife Protection act. According to the IUCN Red List the pale-capped pigeon (Columba punicea) is in the threatened species list under vulnerable category. The Alexandrine Parakeet (Psittacula eupatria), and black headed ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus) are the two near threatened species found in the area. Among the animals found, the common Indian monitor lizard (Varanus bengalensis ), Flap shell turle (Lissemys punctata) come under Schedule I of WPA,1972 list and the Indian cobra comes under Schedule II (Part II).

4 DISCUSSION

The vegetation of the M/s Tata Steel Special Economic Zone Ltd Industrial Park area is dominated by both wet and dry grasslands (about 90% of the area). The grasslands are dominated by tall unpalatable species both in the wet and dry areas. The woodland area both natural and man-made are very less in extent (6 ha in total) and in the man-made areas most of the species were exotic. The wetlands dispersed in the area are significant with aquatic plants especially species of Nymphaea, Nymphoides, and Utricularia. The grasslands and associated habitats are rich in species although no endemic or critical conservation status species (IUCN) were recorded. The flowering plants that listed in the IUCN RED Lists are in the less important category as far as the conservation status is considered. The

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preponderance of herbaceous vegetation with secondary species and lack of endemic species indicated that the habitat is highly modified by human and livestock interventions. The faunal richness of different taxa described in the other chapters of this report illustrates the importance of these habitats and area. Hence it may be explored that while setting up of independent production units in the Industrial Park, biological corridors with natural vegetation of considerable width may be provided so that the existing richness of species, both flora and fauna, could be maintained in the Industrial Park. Conservation of existing natural waterbodies will ensure continued habitat support for waterbirds such as Lesser whistling duck, Little Grebe, Spot-billed duck, Purple swamphen, Water hen, Cormorants, Herons etc. The abundance of the Phoenix plants and the Singapore cherry plants along with other fruit trees is a huge resource for the frugivore birds and common langurs. Therefore, these fruit trees may be used for greenbelts and avenue plantations during the site development. Cavity nesting birds like Spotted Owlets, Parakeets and Hornbills will be affected by the loss of few remnant woody vegetation patches available in the area. These patches may be retained with appropriate landscape planning. There are few Protected (under Wildlife protection act 1972) and Conservation priority species (under IUCN red list) species such as Pale capped pigeon, Common monitor lizard, Indian cobra, Palm civet that are going to face displacement and disturbance due to proposed development.

4.1 Management options

Appropriate green belt development and wetland conservation measures under scientific supervision can greatly contribute towards minimizing the impact on biodiversity. Following measures are suggested for the habitat improvement and biodiversity conservation for the Industrial Park area. Green belt development: Biological corridors with native vegetation of prescribed minimum width may be provided around the site and the natural wetlands and also along the creek so that the floral and faunal fiversity could be maintained as far as

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possible in the Industrial Park area. The Phoenix plants and the Singapore cherry plants are a huge resource for the frugivore birds and common langurs. Therefore, these fruit trees may be used for greenbelts and avenue plantations during the site development. Cavity nesting birds like Spotted Owlets, Parakeets and Hornbills will be affected by the loss of few remnant woody vegetation patches available in the area. These patches are to be retained with appropriate landscape planning. Restoration activities should not be biased towards planting woody tree species alone, and should also take important shrub and grass species also into account. Conservation of natural Wetlands: The natural water-bodies should be kept intact with a green belt of plants around them. New water-bodies may also be made at some less disturbed zones with proper coverage of greenery so that the water birds can get their refuge. Conserving the woodland patches: The woodland patches inside the project site may be conserved to protect the associated fauna such as cavity nesting birds like Alexadrine parakeet (Psittacula eupatria), Rose ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri), Spotted owlet (Athene brama) etc. Developing Butterfly gardens: Within the perimeter of the project site small patches can be developed as butterfly gardens with proper plantation of larva host plant (LHP) and adult feeding plant for the butterflies. Like, Aegle marmelos is an LHP for Common Mormon (Papilio polytes), Aristolochia sp. is LHP for common rose (Atrophaneura aristolochiae), Loranthus elasticus for Common jezebel (Delias eucharis), Zizyphus mauritiana for Common silverline (Spindasis vulcanus) and Common pierrot (Castalius rosimon), Paracalyx scariosa is LHP for gram blue (Euchrysops cnejus), Passiflora sp. for tawny coster (Acraea terpsicore) etc. (Singh, 2017).

5 CONCLUSION

The proposed Industrial Park area is predominantly covered by grassland vegetation with few water-bodies and woodland patches. The present study involved a rapid

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one season study in the site. The 10 km2 study area supports diverse flora and fauna despite being an already disturbed habitat with significant proportion of alien invasive plant species among the floral assemblage. Though the area was not found to be a critically important habitat for any rare/ unique/ sensitive species of conservation importance, there are few protected species and conservation importance species recorded from the area. It is suggested that proposed development of the Industrial Park area should include the suggested management options to conserve the local biodiversity. Careful landscape planning under scientific supervision during the conversion of this site into the proposed Multi-product SEZ/Industrial Park area can greatly help in minimizing the impacts of the proposed developments on the biodiversity.

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6 REFERENCES

Ali, S., Ripley, S. D., and Dick, J. H (1987). Compact handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Anonymous (2003). The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 with the Wildlife (Protection). Amendment Act, 2002. The Gazette of India. Pp 148 Ayyappan, N. and Parthasarathy, N. (1999). Biodiversity inventory of trees in large- scale permanent plot of tropical evergreen forest at Varagalaiar, Anamalais, Western Ghats, India. Biodiversity and Conservation, 8: 1533−1544. Bassi, N., Kumar, M. D., Sharma, A. and Pardha-Saradhi, P. (2014). Status of wetlands in India: A review of extent, ecosystem benefits, threats and management strategies. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 2:1-19. BNHS, (2002). A BNHS Review of the Avifaunal List of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Buceros, ENVIS Newsletter: Avian Ecology and Inland Wetlands, 7: 4-56 Condit, R., Hubbell, S.P., LaFrankie, J.V., Sukumar, R., Manokaran, N., Foster, R.B. and Ashton, P.S. (1996). Species area and species-individuals relationships for tropical trees: a comparision of three 50-ha plots. Journal of Ecology, 84: 549−562. Curtis, J.T. and McIntosh, R.P. (1950). The interrelations of certain analytic and synthetic phytosociological characters. Ecology 31: 434−455. Curtis, R. and Frey, S. N. (2013). Effects of vegetation differences in relocated Utah prairie dog release sites. Natural Science, 05: 44-49. Fahrig, L. (2003). Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34: 487-515. Gamble, J. S. and Fischer, C.E.C. (1915–1935). Flora of Presidency of Madras. Vols. 1–3. Adlard and Son Ltd, London, UK. Pp 2017. Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. (2013) Birds of the Indian Subcontinent: India, Pakistan, , Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the Maldives. Bloomsbury Publishing.Pp 503.

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Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. (1999). Pocket guide to the birds of the Indian subcontinent. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp 384. Hooker, J.D. (1872-1897). The Flora of British India. (Vol.I-III). London. Pp 5569. IBCN, (2014). IBAs in India: Priority Sites for Conservation, Indian Bird Conservation Network. Pp 1139. Johnston, M. and Gillman, M. (1995). Tree population in low-diversity forests, Guyana. I. Floristic composition and stand structure. Biodiversity and Conservation 4: 339−362. Kehimkar, I. (2008). The Book of Indian Butterflies. Bombay natural history society and Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Pp 497. Kunte, K., and Gadgil, M. (2000), India, a Lifescape: Butterflies of Peninsular India, Universities Press. Pp 233. Kunte, K., Sondhi, S. and Roy, P. (eds.). (2017). Butterflies of India, v. 2.28. Indian Foundation for Butterflies. Lande, R. (1996). Statistics and partitioning of species diversity, and similarity among multiple communities. Oikos, 76: 5–13. Ludwig, J.A. and Reynolds, L.J. (1988). Statistical ecology: a primer on methods and computing. New York. Pp 337. Margalef, R. 1958. Information theory in ecology. General Systematics, 3: 36–71. Matthew, K.M. 1983. Flora of Tamil Nadu Carnatic. Vol. I-II. The Rapinat Herbarium, St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirapalli. Pp 2154. Menon, V. and Daniel, J.C. (2014) Field guide to Indian mammals. Dorling Kindersley, India in association with Penguin Book, India. Pp 528. MoEF & CC. (2007). State of Environment - Orissa. MoEF & CC, Government of India. Mohanta, R. and Behera, S. K. (2014)., An Annotated Preliminary Checklist of Birds Diversity in Coastal Ecotourism Area of Ganjam, Southern Odisha, India. Open Journal of Ocean and Coastal Science, 1: 83-89.

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Morris, P. and Therivel (eds.). (2001). Methods Of Environment Impact Assessment. Second ed. London: Spoon Press. Pp 509. Parthasarathy, N. (1999). Tree diversity and distribution in undisturbed and Human- impacted sites of tropical wet evergreen forest in southern Western Ghats, India. Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 1365−1381. Parthasarathy, N. (2001). Changes in forest composition and structure in three sites of tropical evergreen forest around Sengaltheri, Western Ghats. Current Science, 80: 389–393. Pascal, J.P. and Pelissier, R. (1996). Structure and floristic composition of a tropical evergreen forest in South-west India, Journal of Tropical Ecology, 12: 191-214. Phillips, E.A. (1959). Methods of Vegetation study. Henry Holt. & Co., Inc. New York. Pp 107. Phillips, O. L., Martinez, R.V., Vargas, P.N., Monteagudo, A.L., Zans, M.C., Sanchez, W.G., Cruz, A.P., Timana, M., Yali-Halla and Rose, S. (2003). Efficient plot based floristic assessment of tropical forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 19: 629– 645. Prajapati, S. H. and Prajapati. R. P. (2013). Classified Guilds in Avian Communiy With Respect To Food and Feeding Behaviour. Ind. J. Sci. Res. and Tech. 1: 1-7. Pullaiah, T. and Ramamurthy, K.S. 2002. Flora of Eastern Ghats - Hill of South East India. Vol. 2. Leguminosae (Fabaceae). Regency Publications. New Delhi. Pp 346. Pullaiah, T. and Rao, D.M. 2001. Flora of Eastern Ghats - Hill Ranges of South East India.Vol.1, Regency Publications, New Delhi. Pp 396. Pullaiah, T., Ramamurthy, K.S. and Karuppusamy, S. 2007. Flora of Eastern Ghats - Hill of South East India. Vol.3, Regency Publications, New Delhi. Pp 340. Pullaiah, T., Rani S.S. and Karuppusamy, S. 2010. Flora of Eastern Ghats - Hill Ranges of South East India.Vol.4, Regency Publications, New Delhi. Pp 642.

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Rawat, G.S. and Adhikari, B.S. (Eds.), (2015) Ecology and Management of Grassland Habitat in India, ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas.17. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Pp 244. Robin, V. V., Vishnudas, C. K. and Ramakrishnan. U. (2014). Reassessment of the distribution and threat status of the Western Ghats endemic bird, Nilgiri Pipit Anthus nilghiriensis. Current Science, 107: 622-30. Sen, S. K. (2011). Waterbird habitats of India. Birds of India. Accessed on 15 July 2017. from http://www.kolkatabirds.com/waterbird.htm. Shannon, C.E. and Weaver, W. (1963). The mathematical theory of communication, University Illinois press, Urbana, IL, India. Pp 144. Simpson, E. M. (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature 163: 688. Smith, T. M. and Smith, R. L. (2012). Elements of ecology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. Pp 705. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. (2017) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed on 19 July 2017. Vanak, A.T., Gode, A. and Kulkarni, A. (2014). Restoration and conservation of semi- arid savanna grasslands in the Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary, Report to the Maharashtra Forest Department. Maharashtra. Pp 24. Watson, M. L. (2005) Habitat fragmentation and the effects of roads on wildlife and habitats: background and literature review. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. Pp 18.

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PLATES PLATE 1 Some common tree species in the study area

Cordia dichotoma Acacia auriculiformis

Pithecellobium dulce Gmelin aasiatica

Morinda citrifolia Pandanus odoratissimus

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PLATE 2 Some common fruit yielding species in the study area

Carissa spinarum Flacourtia indica

Phoenix sylvestris Benkara malabarica

Cayra tiatrifolia Opuntia stricta var. dillenii

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PLATE 3 Some common climbers in the study area

Cajanus scarabaeoides Ipomoea marginata

Cryptolepis buchananii Antigonon leptopus

Ipomoea obscura Derris trifoliate

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PLATE 4 Some common herbs in the study area

Commelina paludosa Tribulus lanuginosis

Hybanthus enneaspermus Barleria prionitis

Striga asiatica Mimosa pudica

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PLATE 5 Some common hydrophytes in the study area

Nymphoides hydrophylla Ipomoea carnea sub sp. fistulosa

Pistia stratiotes Typha angustifolia

Marsilea quadrifolia Nymphaea nouchali

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PLATE 6 Some dominant grass species in the study area

Vetiveria zizanioides Saccharum spontaneum

Paspalidium flavidum Aristida adscensionis

Chloris barbata Dicanthium annulatum

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PLATE 7 Some common bird species in the study area

Indian Grey Hornbill White-browed Bulbul

Crested/Changeable hawk eagle Red Munia

Paddyfield Pipit Black-headed munia

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PLATE 8 Some commonbird species in the study area

Black Kite Black Kite in flight

Spotted Owlet Black Drongo

Black-breasted Weaver Zitting Cisticola

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PLATE 9 Some common bird species in the study area

Black-headed Ibis Indian Pond Heron

Cattle Egret Asian Openbill

Little Cormorant Indian Moorhen

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PLATE 10 Some common bird species in the study area

White-throated Kingfisher Pied Kingfisher

Red-wattled Lapwing Yellow-wattled Lapwing

Bronze-winged Jacana Purple Swamphen

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PLATE 11 Some common wetland birds in the study area

Little Grebe Cotton Pygmy-Goose

Lesser Whistling Teal Spot-billed Duck

Eurasian Thick-knee Cinnamon Bittern

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PLATE 12 Herpetofaunal records from the study area

Spectacled Cobra Spectacled Cobra

Garden Lizard Indian Flapshell Turtle

Skittering Frog Garden Lizard - Female

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PLATE 13 Some common butterflies recorded from the study area

Pioneer Common Silverline

Lemon Pansy Tawny coster

Angled Castor Zebra blue

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PLATE 14 Some of the Mammal species recorded from the study area

Wild pig Indian Jackal

Common langur

Asian palm civet track Jackal Scat

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PLATE 15 Landscape and project activities

Natural wetland areas within the study area Creek passing through the study area

Field work

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Cattle Grazing

Panoramic view of the campus area

View of a temple situated inside of the study area

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Checklist of the plant species recorded in the study area

IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 1. Acanthaceae Andrographis echioides Herb * 2. Acanthaceae Andrographis paniculata Herb * 3. Acanthaceae Asystasia gangetica Herb 4. Acanthaceae Barleria prionitis Shrub * 5. Acanthaceae Dipteracanthus patulus Herb * 6. Acanthaceae Hygrophila balsamica Herb Least concern 7. Acanthaceae Hygrophila salicifolia Herb Least concern 8. Acanthaceae Hygrophila schulli Herb 9. Acanthaceae Justicia adhatoda Shrub * * 10. Acanthaceae Justicia glauca Herb 11. Acanthaceae Justicia japonica Herb 12. Acanthaceae Justicia simplex Herb * 13. Acanthaceae Justicia tranquebariensis Herb 14. Acanthaceae Ruellia tuberosa Herb 15. Aizoaceae Sesuvium portulacastrum Herb * 16. Aizoaceae Trianthema portulacastrum Herb * 17. Aizoaceae Zaleya decandra Herb

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 18. Alangiaceae Alangium salvifolium Tree * * * 19. Alismataceae Sagittaria guayanensis Herb Least concern 20. Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera Herb * 21. Amaranthaceae Aerva lanata Herb * 22. Amaranthaceae Aerva sanguinolenta Herb 23. Amaranthaceae Alternanthera philoxeroides Herb 24. Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis Herb Least concern * 25. Amaranthaceae Alternanthera tenella Herb * 26. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus blitum Herb 27. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus Herb * 28. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis Herb * 29. Amaranthaceae Gomphrena serrata Herb * 30. Amaranthaceae Pupalia lappacea Herb 31. Amaryllidaceae Crinum viviparum Shrub Least concern * * 32. Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale Tree * * * 33. Anacardiaceae Lannea coromandelica Tree * 34. Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Tree Data deficient * * * 35. Annonaceae Annona squamosa Shrub * * * 36. Annonaceae Polyalthia longifolia Tree * * 37. Apiaceae Centella asiatica Herb Least concern *

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal Lower Risk/ Least 38. Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris Tree concern * * 39. Apocynaceae Carissa spinarum Shrub * * 40. Apocynaceae Holarrhena pubescens Climber Least concern * 41. Apocynaceae Ichnocarpus frutescens Climber * 42. Apocynaceae Nerium oleander Shrub Least concern * * 43. Apocynaceae Plumeria rubra Tree * * 44. Apocynaceae Rauvolfia tetraphylla Shrub * * 45. Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana divaricata Shrub * 46. Apocynaceae Thevetia peruviana Shrub * 47. Aponogetonaceae Aponogeton natans Herb Least concern 48. Araceae Pistia stratiotes Herb Least concern * * 49. Arecaceae Borassus flabellifer Tree * * * 50. Arecaceae Cocos nucifera Tree * * * 51. Arecaceae Phoenix sylvestris Tree * * * 52. Asclepiadaceae Calotropis gigantea Shrub * * 53. Asclepiadaceae Gymnema sylvestre Climber * 54. Asclepiadaceae Oxystelma esculentum Climber Least concern 55. Asclepiadaceae Pentatropis capensis Climber 56. Asclepiadaceae Pergularia daemia Climber * 57. Asclepiadaceae Telosma pallida Climber

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 58. Asclepiadaceae Tylophora indica Climber * 59. Asteraceae Chromolaena odorata Shrub 60. Asteraceae Conyza bonariensis Herb 61. Asteraceae Eclipta prostrata Herb Least concern * 62. Asteraceae Emilia sonchifolia Herb 63. Asteraceae Erigeron multiradiatus Herb 64. Asteraceae Lagascea mollis Herb 65. Asteraceae Launaea sarmentosa Herb * 66. Asteraceae Parthenium hysterophorus Shrub 67. Asteraceae Tridax procumbens Herb * 68. Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea Herb * 69. Asteraceae Wedelia chinensis Herb Least concern * * 70. Asteraceae Xanthium indicum Herb * 71. Bignoniaceae Millingtonia hortensis Tree * 72. Boraginaceae Coldenia procumbens Herb 73. Boraginaceae Cordia dichotoma Tree 74. Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicum Herb * 75. Boraginaceae Heliotropium strigosum Herb 76. Boraginaceae Heliotropium supinum Herb 77. Boraginaceae Heliotropium zeylanicum Herb

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 78. Burseraceae Commiphora caudata Tree 79. Cactaceae Cereus pterogonus Shrub * * 80. Cactaceae Opuntia stricta var. dillenii Shrub Least concern * * * 81. Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpinia bonduc Shrub * 82. Caesalpiniaceae Cassia fistula Tree * * 83. Caesalpiniaceae Cassia siamea Tree * * 84. Caesalpiniaceae Chamaecrista absus Herb Least concern * 85. Caesalpiniaceae Delonix regia Tree Least concern * 86. Caesalpiniaceae Peltophorum pterocarpum Tree * 87. Caesalpiniaceae Pterolobium hexapetalum Shrub 88. Caesalpiniaceae Senna occidentalis Herb * 89. Caesalpiniaceae Tamarindus indica Tree * * * 90. Cannaceae Canna indica Herb * * 91. Capparidaceae Capparis brevispina shrub * 92. Capparidaceae Capparis sepiaria shrub * 93. Capparidaceae Cleome viscosa Herb * 94. Caricaceae Carica papaya Tree Data deficient * * * 95. Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia Tree * * 96. Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum Herb Least concern 97. Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium ambrosioides Herb

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal Lower Risk/ Least 98. Clusiaceae Calophyllum inophyllum Tree concern * * 99. Combretaceae Quisqualis indica Shrub * 100. Combretaceae Terminalia bellirica Tree * * 101. Combretaceae Terminalia catappa Tree * * 102. Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis Herb Least concern * 103. Commelinaceae Commelina clavata Herb Least concern 104. Commelinaceae Commelina paludosa Herb 105. Commelinaceae Cyanotis axillaris Herb Least concern * 106. Commelinaceae Cyanotis tuberosa Herb Least concern * 107. Convolvulaceae Evolvulus alsinoides Herb * 108. Convolvulaceae Evolvulus nummularius Herb 109. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea carnea sub sp. fistulosa Shrub 110. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea marginata Climber 111. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea obscura Climber * 112. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-caprae Climber * 113. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea staphylina Straggler * 114. Convolvulaceae Merremia emarginata Herb Least concern * 115. Convolvulaceae Merremia tridentata Herb 116. Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis Herb * 117. Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis Climber * * *

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 118. Cucurbitaceae Ctenolepis garcinii Climber 119. Cucurbitaceae Diplocyclos palmatus Climber * 120. Cucurbitaceae Mukia maderaspatana Climber * 121. Cyperaceae Cyperus articulatus Sedge Least concern 122. Cyperaceae Cyperus distans Sedge Least concern 123. Cyperaceae Cyperus exaltatus Sedge * 124. Cyperaceae Cyperus iria Sedge Least concern * 125. Cyperaceae Cyperus laevigatus Sedge Least concern 126. Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus Sedge Least concern 127. Cyperaceae Cyperus stoloniferus Sedge Least concern * 128. Cyperaceae Fimbristylis argentea Sedge Least concern * 129. Cyperaceae Fimbristylis bisumbellata Sedge Least concern 130. Cyperaceae Fimbristylis dichotoma Sedge Least concern 131. Cyperaceae Fimbristylis miliacea Sedge 132. Cyperaceae Fimbristylis ovata Herb Least concern 133. Cyperaceae Kyllingia malanosperma Sedge 134. Dracaenaceae Sansevieria roxburghiana Herb * 135. Dracaenaceae Sansevieria trifasciata Herb * 136. Ebenaceae Diospyros montana Tree * 137. Euphorbiaceae Acalypha indica Herb *

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 138. Euphorbiaceae Bridelia retusa Tree * 139. Euphorbiaceae Croton bonplandianum Herb * 140. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia antiquorum Tree * 141. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia barnhartii Tree * 142. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta Herb * 143. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia indica Herb * 144. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia serpens Herb * 145. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia thymifolia Herb * 146. Euphorbiaceae Flueggea leucopyrus Shrub * * 147. Euphorbiaceae Jatropha gossypifolia Shrub * 148. Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus amarus Herb * * 149. Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus debilis Herb 150. Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus emblica Tree * * * 151. Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Herb * 152. Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus reticulatus Shrub * * 153. Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus urinaria Herb 154. Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus virgatus Herb * 155. Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis Shrub * 156. Euphorbiaceae Tragia involucrata Climber 157. Euphorbiaceae Trewia polycarpa Tree *

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 158. Fabaceae Alysicarpus bupleurifolius Herb Least concern * 159. Fabaceae Alysicarpus monilifer Herb * 160. Fabaceae Alysicarpus ovalifolius Herb * 161. Fabaceae Alysicarpus vaginalis Herb * 162. Fabaceae Cajanus scarabaeoides Climber Least concern * 163. Fabaceae Canavalia cathartica Climber * 164. Fabaceae Clitoria ternatea Climber * 165. Fabaceae Crotalaria linifolia Herb * 166. Fabaceae Crotalaria pallida var. obovata Herb 167. Fabaceae Dactyloctenium aegyptium Herb * 168. Fabaceae Derris trifoliata Climber * 169. Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum Herb * 170. Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium Tree * 171. Fabaceae Indigofera colutea Herb 172. Fabaceae Indigofera linifolia Herb * 173. Fabaceae Pongamia pinnata Tree * * 174. Fabaceae Pseudarthria viscida Herb * 175. Fabaceae Tephrosia purpurea Herb * 176. Fabaceae Tephrosia villosa Herb Least concern * 177. Fabaceae Vigna radiata Climber

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 178. Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia indica Shrub * 179. Hydrocharitaceae Nechamandra alternifolia Herb Least concern 180. Hypoxidaceae Curculigo orchioides Herb * 181. Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens Shrub * 182. Lamiaceae Ocimum americanum Herb * 183. Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens Herb * * 184. Lamiaceae Ocimum tenuiflorum Herb * * 185. Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis Climber 186. Lemnaceae Lemna gibba Herb Least concern * 187. Lentibulariaceae Utricularia aurea Herb Least concern 188. Lentibulariaceae Utricularia stellaris Herb 189. Loganiaceae Strychnos nux-vomica Tree * 190. Lythraceae Ammania baccifera Herb Least concern 191. Lythraceae Lagerstroemia reginae Tree * 192. Lythraceae Lawsonia inermis Shrub * * 193. Malpighiaceae Hiptage benghalensis Straggler * 194. Malvaceae Abutilon crispum Herb 195. Malvaceae Abutilon indicum Shrub * 196. Malvaceae lobatus Herb 197. Malvaceae Hibiscus micranthus Herb *

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 198. Malvaceae Hibiscus tiliaceus Tree * 199. Malvaceae Pavonia odorata Herb 200. Malvaceae Pavonia procumbens Herb 201. Malvaceae Pavonia zeylanica Herb * 202. Malvaceae Sida acuta Herb * 203. Malvaceae Sida cordata Herb * 204. Malvaceae Sida cordifolia Herb * 205. Malvaceae Urena lobata Herb * 206. Malvaceae Urena lobata subsp. sinuata Herb 207. Marsiliaceae Marsilea quadrifolia Herb Least concern * 208. Martyniaceae Martynia annua Herb * 209. Meliaceae Azadirachta indica Tree * * * 210. Meliaceae Cipadessa baccifera Shrub * * 211. Meliaceae Melia azedarach Tree * * 212. Menispermaceae Cissampelos pareira Climber * 213. Menispermaceae Cocculus hirsutus Climber 214. Menispermaceae Cyclea peltata Climber * 215. Menispermaceae Tiliacora acuminata Climber 216. Menispermaceae Tinospora cordifolia Climber * 217. Menyanthaceae Nymphoides hydrophylla Herb Least concern

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 218. Menyanthaceae Nymphoides indicum Herb Least concern 219. Mimosaceae Acacia auriculiformis Tree Least concern * 220. Mimosaceae Acacia caesia Straggler Least concern * 221. Mimosaceae Acacia farnesiana Shrub 222. Mimosaceae Acacia leucophloea Tree * 223. Mimosaceae Acacia nilotica sub sp. indica Tree * 224. Mimosaceae Albizia amara Tree * 225. Mimosaceae Albizia saman Tree * 226. Mimosaceae Dichrostachys cinerea Tree Least concern * 227. Mimosaceae Leucaena leucocephala Tree * 228. Mimosaceae Mimosa pudica Herb Least concern * 229. Mimosaceae Neptunia prostrata Herb 230. Mimosaceae Pithecellobium dulce Tree * * * 231. Mimosaceae Prosopis juliflora Tree 232. Molluginaceae Glinus oppositifolius Herb 233. Moraceae Ficus amplissima Tree * 234. Moraceae Ficus benghalensis Tree * * * 235. Moraceae Ficus hispida Tree * * 236. Moraceae Ficus microcarpa Tree * 237. Moraceae Ficus religiosa Tree * *

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 238. Moraceae Streblus asper Tree * 239. Myrtaceae Callistemon citrinus Tree * 240. Myrtaceae Eucalyptus tereticornis Tree * * 241. Myrtaceae Psidium guajava Tree * * 242. Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini Tree * * * 243. Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia chinensis Herb * 244. Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa Herb * 245. Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea glabra Shrub * 246. Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea nouchali Herb Least concern * 247. Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea pubescens Herb Least concern * * 248. Oleaceae Jasminum arborescens Climber * 249. Onagraceae Ludwigia adscendens Herb 250. Onagraceae Ludwigia octovalvis Herb Least concern 251. Onagraceae Ludwigia peruviana Herb 252. Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Herb * 253. Pandanaceae Pandanus odoratissimus Tree * * 254. Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida Climber * * 255. Pedaliaceae Pedalium murex Herb * 256. Periplocaceae Cryptolepis buchananii Climber * 257. Periplocaceae Hemidesmus indicus Climber *

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 258. Poaceae Alloteropsis cimicina Grass 259. Poaceae Apluda mutica Grass 260. Poaceae Aristida adscensionis Grass 261. Poaceae Aristida setacea Grass 262. Poaceae Bothriochloa pertusa Grass * 263. Poaceae Brachiaria distachya Grass 264. Poaceae Brachiaria ramosa Grass Least concern 265. Poaceae Brachiaria reptans Grass Least concern 266. Poaceae Cenchrus ciliaris Grass * 267. Poaceae Chloris barbata Grass * 268. Poaceae Chloris roxburghiana Grass 269. Poaceae Chrysopogon aciculatus Grass * 270. Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Grass * * 271. Poaceae Cyrtococcum trigonum Grass * 272. Poaceae Dicanthium annulatum Grass 273. Poaceae Digitaria bicornis Grass 274. Poaceae Digitaria ciliaris Grass 275. Poaceae Dimeria ornithopoda Grass Least concern 276. Poaceae Echinochloa colona Grass Least concern * 277. Poaceae Echinochloa crus - galli Grass Least concern

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 278. Poaceae Eragrostis cilianensis Grass 279. Poaceae Eragrostis ciliaris Grass 280. Poaceae Eragrostis pilosa Grass 281. Poaceae Eragrostis uniloides Grass Least concern 282. Poaceae Eriochloa procera Grass Least concern 283. Poaceae Heteropogon contortus Grass * 284. Poaceae Imperata cylindrica Grass * 285. Poaceae Leptochloa chinensis Grass 286. Poaceae Leptochloa neesii Grass Least concern 287. Poaceae Panicum maximum Grass 288. Poaceae Panicum miliaceum Grass * 289. Poaceae Paspalidium flavidum Grass Least concern 290. Poaceae Paspalidium geminatum Grass Least concern 291. Poaceae Paspalum scrobiculatum Grass Least concern 292. Poaceae Perotis indica Grass * 293. Poaceae Phragmites karka Grass Least concern * 294. Poaceae Poa annua Grass Least concern 295. Poaceae Rottboellia cochinchinensis Grass 296. Poaceae Saccharum spontaneum Grass Least concern * * 297. Poaceae Sacciolepis indica Grass

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 298. Poaceae Setaria pumila Grass 299. Poaceae Setaria verticillata Grass 300. Poaceae Sporobolus wallichii Grass 301. Poaceae Tripogon bromoides Grass 302. Poaceae Vetiveria zizanioides Grass * * 303. Polygalaceae Polygala arvensis Herb 304. Polygalaceae Polygala erioptera Herb 305. Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopus Climber * 306. Polygonaceae Persicaria barbata Herb Least concern 307. Polygonaceae Persicaria glabrum Herb Least concern 308. Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Herb * 309. Portulacaceae Portulaca quadrifida Herb 310. Rhamnaceae Scutia myrtina Shrub * 311. Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mauritiana Tree * * * 312. Rhamnaceae Ziziphus nummularia Shrub 313. Rhamnaceae Ziziphus oenoplia Shrub * * 314. Rubiaceae Benkara malabarica Shrub * 315. Rubiaceae Canthium coromandelicum Shrub * * 316. Rubiaceae Haldina cordifolia Tree * * 317. Rubiaceae Hedyotis biflora Herb *

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 318. Rubiaceae Hydrophylax maritima Herb * 319. Rubiaceae Mitragyna parvifolia Tree * 320. Rubiaceae Morinda citrifolia Tree * 321. Rubiaceae Neolamarckia cadamba Tree * * 322. Rubiaceae Pavetta indica Shrub * * 323. Rubiaceae Spermacoce articularis Herb * 324. Rubiaceae Spermacoce hispida Herb 325. Rubiaceae Spermacoce ocymoides Herb * 326. Rubiaceae Spermacoce pusilla Herb 327. Rubiaceae Tarenna asiatica Shrub * 328. Rutaceae Murraya koenigii Shrub * 329. Rutaceae Murraya paniculata Shrub * 330. Salvadoraceae Azima tetracantha Shrub * 331. Salvadoraceae Salvadora persica Tree * * 332. Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum Climber * 333. Sapindaceae Sapindus emarginatus Tree 334. Sapotaceae Madhuca longifolia Tree * * 335. Scrophulariaceae Bacopa monnieri Herb Least concern * 336. Scrophulariaceae Limnophila indica Herb Least concern 337. Scrophulariaceae Lindernia crustacea Herb Least concern

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 338. Scrophulariaceae Lindernia procumbens Herb Least concern 339. Scrophulariaceae Scoparia dulcis Herb * 340. Scrophulariaceae Striga asiatica Herb 341. Simaroubaceae Ailanthus excelsa Tree * 342. Solanaceae Datura stramonium Herb * * 343. Solanaceae Solanum americanum Herb * * 344. Solanaceae Solanum insanum Shrub * 345. Solanaceae Solanum virginianum Herb * 346. Sterculiaceae Byttneria herbacea Herb 347. Sterculiaceae Melochia corchorifolia Herb * 348. Sterculiaceae Melochia pyramidata Herb 349. Tiliaceae Corchorus aestuans Herb * 350. Tiliaceae Grewia tiliifolia Tree * 351. Tiliaceae Muntingia calabura Tree * 352. Tiliaceae Triumfetta rhomboidea Herb * 353. Trapaceae Trapa natans Herb Least concern * 354. Typhaceae Typha angustifolia Herb Least concern * 355. Ulmaceae Holoptelea integrifolia Tree * * 356. Ulmaceae Trema orientalis Tree * 357. Urticaceae Pilea microphylla Herb

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IUCN Red list Economic Importance No Family Plant Species Habit ver.2017.1 Edible Fruits Ornamental Medicinal 358. Verbenaceae Clerodendrum inerme Shrub * * 359. Verbenaceae Clerodendrum infortunatum Shrub 360. Verbenaceae Clerodendrum phlomidis Shrub * * 361. Verbenaceae Duranta erecta Shrub * 362. Verbenaceae Gmelina arborea Tree * * 363. Verbenaceae Gmelina asiatica Shrub * * 364. Verbenaceae Lantana camara var. aculeata Shrub * * 365. Verbenaceae Lantana trifolia Shrub 366. Verbenaceae Phyla nodiflora Herb Least concern * * 367. Verbenaceae Premna serratifolia Shrub 368. Verbenaceae Premna tomentosa Tree * 369. Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Herb * 370. Verbenaceae Tectona grandis Tree * * 371. Verbenaceae Vitex negundo Tree * * 372. Violaceae Hybanthus enneaspermus Herb * 373. Vitaceae Cayratia trifolia Climber 374. Vitaceae Cissus quadrangularis Climber * * 375. Vitaceae Cissus vitiginea Shrub * 376. Zygophyllaceae Tribulus lanuginosis Herb *

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Appendix 2 Geographic locations of Faunal Sampling points Point Latitude Longitude Point Latitude Longitude Point Latitude Longitude A1 19.3010 84.9148 A27 19.2932 84.9087 A53 19.3004 84.9008 A2 19.2993 84.9140 A28 19.2929 84.9106 A54 19.3021 84.8977 A3 19.3057 84.9099 A29 19.2939 84.9129 A55 19.3054 84.8959 A4 19.3054 84.9077 A30 19.2958 84.9116 A56 19.3031 84.8921 A5 19.3049 84.9057 A31 19.2983 84.9125 A57 19.3103 84.8848 A6 19.3050 84.9034 A32 19.2917 84.9067 A58 19.3090 84.8857 A7 19.3103 84.9076 A33 19.2894 84.9078 A59 19.3096 84.8887 A8 19.3094 84.9058 A34 19.2906 84.9103 A60 19.3095 84.8938 A9 19.3110 84.8992 A35 19.2907 84.9121 A61 19.3066 84.8866 A10 19.3125 84.8981 A36 19.2973 84.9183 A62 19.3062 84.8904 A11 19.3135 84.8965 A37 19.3869 84.9173 A63 19.3042 84.8918 A12 19.3156 84.8971 A38 19.2923 84.9152 A64 19.3103 84.8945 A13 19.3169 84.8955 A39 19.3003 84.9191 A65 19.3128 84.9031 A14 19.3149 84.8943 A40 19.3021 84.9166 A66 19.3109 84.9010 A15 19.3152 84.8920 A41 19.3140 84.9074 A67 19.3092 84.9026 A16 19.3147 84.8901 A42 19.3159 84.9050 A68 19.3092 84.9007 A17 19.3148 84.8881 A43 19.3181 84.9029 A69 19.3068 84.9007 A18 19.3170 84.8911 A44 19.3200 84.9014 A70 19.3044 84.9006 A19 19.3131 84.8943 A45 19.3212 84.8989 A71 19.3035 84.9204 A20 19.3213 84.8988 A46 19.3211 84.8955 A72 19.3031 84.9182 A21 19.2951 84.9065 A47 19.3154 84.9004 A22 19.2968 84.9052 A48 19.3153 84.9029 A23 19.2984 84.9043 A49 19.3138 84.9024 A24 19.3002 84.9043 A50 19.3134 84.9019 A25 19.3017 84.9032 A51 19.2949 84.9032 A26 19.3020 84.9057 A52 19.2978 84.9001

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Appendix 3 Checklist of birds recorded from the study area Feeding Status WPA No. Common Name Scientific name Family guild* ** Status*** IUCN status**** 1. Black kite Milvus migrans Accipitridae IC R Sch I (Part III) Least Concern 2. Shikra Accipiter badius Accipitridae IC R Sch I (Part III) Least Concern 3. Brahminy kite Haliastur indus Accipitridae C R Sch I Least Concern 4. Changeable hawk eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus Accipitridae C R Least Concern 5. Black shouldered kite Elanus axillaris Accipitridae IC R Sch I (Part III) Least Concern 6. White-eyed buzzard Butastur teesa Accipitridae IC R Least Concern 7. Black eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis Accipitridae C R Least Concern 8. Indian bush lark Mirafra erythroptera Alaudidae R Sch IV Least Concern 9. Ashy-crowned sparrow lark Eremopterix griseus Alaudidae GI R Sch IV Least Concern 10. Singing bush lark Mirafra cantillans Alaudidae R Sch IV Least Concern 11. White breasted kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Alcedinidae IC R Sch IV Least Concern 12. Spot-billed duck Anas poecilorhyncha Anatidae H M Sch IV Least Concern 13. Lesser whistling duck Dendrocygna javanica Anatidae O R Sch IV Least Concern 14. Cotton pygmy goose Nettapus coromandelianus Anatidae IH R Sch IV Least Concern 15. Asian palm swift Cypsiurus balasiensis Apodidae I R Least Concern 16. Indian pond heron Ardeola grayii Ardeidae C R Sch IV Least Concern 17. Cinnamon bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Ardeidae IC R Sch IV Least Concern 18. Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis Ardeidae IC R Sch IV Least Concern 19. Intermediate egret Ardea intermedia Ardeidae C R Sch IV Least Concern 20. Little egret Egretta garzetta Ardeidae IC R Sch IV Least Concern 21. Black-crowned night heron Nycticorax nycticorax Ardeidae IC R Sch IV Least Concern 22. Purple heron Ardea purpurea Ardeidae C R Sch IV Least Concern 23. Great egret Ardea alba Ardeidae IC R Sch IV Least Concern Page 83 of 87 Rapid Biodiversity study - Multi-product SEZ /Industrial Park Gopalpur

Feeding Status WPA No. Common Name Scientific name Family guild* ** Status*** IUCN status**** 24. Grey heron Ardea cinerea Ardeidae IC R Sch IV Least Concern 25. Indian grey hornbill Ocyceros birostris Bucerotidae I LM Least Concern 26. Indian thick-knee Burhinus indicus Burhinidae IC Sch IV Least Concern 27. Pied kingfisher Ceryle rudis Cerylidae C R Sch IV Least Concern 28. Red wattled lapwing Vanellus indicus Charadriidae I R Sch IV Least Concern 29. Yellow wattled lapwing Vanellus malabaricus Charadriidae I R Sch IV Least Concern 30. Aisan openbill stork Anastomus oscitans Ciconiidae C R Sch IV Least Concern 31. Zitting cisticola Cisticola juncidis Cisticolidae I R Least concern 32. Spotted dove Stigmatopelia chinensis Columbidae G R Sch IV Least Concern 33. Common pigeon Columba livia Columbidae G R Sch IV Least Concern 34. Pale-capped pigeon Columba punicea Columbidae F WV Vulnerable C2a(i) 35. Indian roller Coracias benghalensis Coraciidae IC R Sch IV Least Concern 36. House crow Corvus splendens Corvidae O R Sch V Least Concern 37. Black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Corvidae NI R Sch IV Least Concern 38. Indian jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos culminatus Corvidae O R 39. Greater coucal Centropus sinensis Cuculidae IC R Sch IV Least Concern 40. Asian koel Eudynamys scolopaceus Cuculidae FI R Sch IV Least Concern 41. Pied Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus Cuculidae I R Sch IV Least Concern 42. Cream coloured courser Cursorius cursor Glareolidae I R Least Concern 43. Bronze winged jacana Metopidius indicus Jacanidae I R Sch IV Least Concern 44. Blue-tailed bee-eater Merops philippinus Meropidae I R Least Concern 45. Blue-bearded bee-eater Nyctyornis athertoni Meropidae I R Least Concern 46. Indian robin Saxicoloides fulicatus Muscicapidae I R Sch IV Least Concern 47. Pied bushchat Saxicola caprata Muscicapidae I R Sch IV Least Concern

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Feeding Status WPA No. Common Name Scientific name Family guild* ** Status*** IUCN status**** 48. Oriental magpie robin Copsychus saularis Muscicapidae I R Sch IV Least Concern 49. Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus Nectariniidae NI R Sch IV Least Concern 50. Red avadavat Amandava amandava Passeridae GI R Sch IV Least Concern 51. Black breasted weaver Ploceus benghalensis Passeridae R Sch IV Least Concern 52. Scally breasted munia Lonchura punctulata Passeridae G R Sch IV Least Concern 53. Paddyfield pipit Anthus rufulus Passeridae I R Sch IV Least Concern 54. Black-headed munia Lonchura malacca Passeridae G R Sch IV Least Concern 55. Baya weaver Ploceus philippinus Passeridae GI R Sch IV Least Concern 56. Indian cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Phalacrocoracidae C R Sch IV Least Concern 57. Little cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Phalacrocoracidae C R Sch IV Least Concern 58. Grey francolin Francolinus pondicerianus Phasianidae G R Sch IV Least Concern 59. Streaked weaver Ploceus manyar Ploceidae R Sch IV Least Concern 60. Little grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis Podicipedidae I R Sch IV Least Concern 61. Rose-ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri Psittacidae GFN R Sch IV Least Concern 62. Alexandrine parakeet Psittacula eupatria Psittacidae R Sch IV Near Threatened 63. Red vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Pycnonotidae FNI R Sch IV Least Concern 64. White browed bulbul Pycnonotus luteolus Pycnonotidae FNI R Sch IV Least Concern 65. Purple moorhen Porphyrio poliocephalus Rallidae O R Sch IV 66. Common moorhen Gallinula chloropus Rallidae O LM Sch IV Least Concern 67. White breasted waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus Rallidae O R Sch IV Least Concern 68. Spotted owlet Athene brama Strigidae IC R Least Concern 69. Common myna Acridotheres tristis Sturnidae O R Sch IV Least Concern 70. Pied starling Gracupica contra Sturnidae O R Sch IV Least Concern 71. Jungle babbler Turdoides striata Sylviidae GIC R Sch IV Least Concern

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Feeding Status WPA No. Common Name Scientific name Family guild* ** Status*** IUCN status**** 72. Common tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius Sylviidae I R Least Concern 73. Black-headed ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus Threskiornithidae IC M Sch IV Near Threatened 74. Barred buttonquail Turnix suscitator Turnicidae R Sch IV Least Concern * C = Carnivore, F = Frugivore, G = Granivore, H = Herbivore, I = Insectivore, N = Nectarivore, O = Omnivore, ** R = Resident, M = Migrant, LM = Local migrant, WV = Winter visitor (Ref: Mohanta and Behera, 2014; Prajapati and Prajapati, 2013) *** Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 **** The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017-1

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Appendix 4 Checklist of other faunal species recorded from the study area

No. Common name Scientific name Taxa WPA status IUCN status 1 Grey mongoose Herpestes edwardsii Mammal Sch II (Part I) Least Concern 2 Indian Jackal Canis aureus indicus Mammal Sch II (Part I) 3 Common langur Semnopithecus entellus Mammal Sch II (Part I) Least Concern 4 Wild pig Sus scrofa Mammal Sch III Least Concern 5 Asian palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Mammal Sch II (Part I) Least Concern 9 Common garden lizard Calotes versicolor Reptile 10 Common Indian monitor Varanus bengalensis Reptile Sch I (Part II) Least Concern 11 Bronze back tree snake Dendrelaphis tristis Reptile Sch IV 12 Cobra Naja naja Reptile Sch II (Part II) 13 Buff striped keelback snake Amphiesma stolatum Reptile Sch IV 14 Flap-shell turtle Lissemys punctata Reptile Sch I (Part II) Lower Risk/ LC 15 Bull frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Amphibian 16 Skittering frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Amphibian 17 Rohi Labeo rohita Pisces Least Concern 18 Rosy barb Puntius conchonius Pisces 19 Slender rasbora Rasbora daniconius Pisces Least Concern 20 Bali (Local name) Schistura sp. Pisces 21 Striped dwarf catfish Mystus vittatus Pisces Least Concern 22 Wallago catfish Wallago attu Pisces Near Threatened 23 Megi (Local name) Liza tade Pisces

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